neser 0.1.1

NESER - NES Emulator in Rust - is a NES emulator written in Rust. It aims to be a high-quality, hardware-accurate emulator that is also easy to use and extend. It supports a wide range of NES games and features, including various mappers, audio processing, and input handling. NESER is designed to be modular and extensible, allowing developers to easily add new features or support for additional hardware. It can be run using one of two frontends: a native desktop application using SDL2, or a web application using WebAssembly. The desktop application provides a high-performance, feature-rich experience with support for various input devices and display options, while the web application allows users to play NES games directly in their browsers without needing to install any software in a BYOR manner (Bring Your Own Roms).
Documentation
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//! Mapper 082 – Taito X1-017
//!
//! Specifications:
//! - Fallback: Mesen2 `TaitoX1017.h` (NesDev wiki returns 403 from sandbox)
//!
//! Known Limitations:
//! - No known gameplay-blocking functional limitations are currently documented.

use crate::cartridge::BaseMapper;
use crate::cartridge::NametableLayout;
use crate::cartridge::mapper::{Mapper, MapperCapabilities};

/// Mapper 082 – Taito X1-017
///
/// Hardware: Taito X1-017
///
/// Specifications:
/// - Fallback: Mesen2 `TaitoX1017.h` (NesDev sandbox blocks direct wiki access)
/// - PRG-ROM: Up to 512 KiB (64 × 8 KiB banks); three 8 KiB switchable + last fixed
/// - CHR: Up to 256 KiB; six 1 KiB registers controlling 2×2 KB + 4×1 KB (mode-dependent)
/// - Mirroring: H / V programmable via register $7EF6 bit 0
/// - IRQ: None
/// - PRG-RAM: 5 KiB (5 × 1 KiB pages) with password-based enable per region
///
/// Memory map:
/// ```text
///  CPU $6000-$63FF  1 KB PRG-RAM (bank 0; enabled when $7EF7 == $CA)
///  CPU $6400-$67FF  1 KB PRG-RAM (bank 1; enabled when $7EF7 == $CA)
///  CPU $6800-$6BFF  1 KB PRG-RAM (bank 2; enabled when $7EF8 == $69)
///  CPU $6C00-$6FFF  1 KB PRG-RAM (bank 3; enabled when $7EF8 == $69)
///  CPU $7000-$73FF  1 KB PRG-RAM (bank 4; enabled when $7EF9 == $84)
///  CPU $7400-$7EEF  Open bus
///  CPU $7EF0-$7EFF  Registers (write-only; reads return open bus)
///  CPU $8000-$9FFF  PRG page 0 (switchable via $7EFA, bank = value >> 2)
///  CPU $A000-$BFFF  PRG page 1 (switchable via $7EFB, bank = value >> 2)
///  CPU $C000-$DFFF  PRG page 2 (switchable via $7EFC, bank = value >> 2)
///  CPU $E000-$FFFF  PRG page 3 (fixed to last bank)
/// ```
///
/// CHR layout depends on `chr_mode` (bit 1 of register $7EF6):
///
/// Mode 0 (default):
/// ```text
///  PPU $0000-$07FF  2 KB → chr_regs[0] & 0xFE
///  PPU $0800-$0FFF  2 KB → chr_regs[1] & 0xFE
///  PPU $1000-$13FF  1 KB → chr_regs[2]
///  PPU $1400-$17FF  1 KB → chr_regs[3]
///  PPU $1800-$1BFF  1 KB → chr_regs[4]
///  PPU $1C00-$1FFF  1 KB → chr_regs[5]
/// ```
///
/// Mode 1:
/// ```text
///  PPU $0000-$03FF  1 KB → chr_regs[2]
///  PPU $0400-$07FF  1 KB → chr_regs[3]
///  PPU $0800-$0BFF  1 KB → chr_regs[4]
///  PPU $0C00-$0FFF  1 KB → chr_regs[5]
///  PPU $1000-$17FF  2 KB → chr_regs[0] & 0xFE
///  PPU $1800-$1FFF  2 KB → chr_regs[1] & 0xFE
/// ```
///
/// Register map ($7EF0-$7EFF):
/// - `$7EF0`–`$7EF5`: CHR bank registers 0–5
/// - `$7EF6` bit 0: mirroring (0 = Horizontal, 1 = Vertical)
/// - `$7EF6` bit 1: CHR mode (0 = mode0, 1 = mode1)
/// - `$7EF7`: PRG-RAM enable for $6000-$67FF (password = $CA)
/// - `$7EF8`: PRG-RAM enable for $6800-$6FFF (password = $69)
/// - `$7EF9`: PRG-RAM enable for $7000-$73FF (password = $84)
/// - `$7EFA`: PRG bank 0 (bits[7:2]) for $8000-$9FFF
/// - `$7EFB`: PRG bank 1 (bits[7:2]) for $A000-$BFFF
/// - `$7EFC`: PRG bank 2 (bits[7:2]) for $C000-$DFFF
///
/// Power-on state: all registers zero, RAM disabled, page 3 fixed to last bank.
pub struct Mapper82 {
    base: BaseMapper,
    /// PRG bank selectors for pages 0–2 (bits[7:2] of write value).
    prg_regs: [u8; 3],
    /// CHR bank registers 0–5 (written via $7EF0–$7EF5).
    chr_regs: [u8; 6],
    /// CHR mode: false = mode 0, true = mode 1.
    chr_mode: bool,
    /// 5 KiB internal save RAM (5 × 1 KiB pages at offsets 0x000–0x13FF).
    ram: [u8; 0x1400],
    /// Password registers for RAM enable ($7EF7, $7EF8, $7EF9).
    ram_perm: [u8; 3],
}

impl Mapper82 {
    const PRG_BANK_SIZE: usize = 0x2000; // 8 KiB
    const CHR_BANK_SIZE: usize = 0x0400; // 1 KiB

    /// Passwords required to enable each RAM region.
    const RAM_PASS: [u8; 3] = [0xCA, 0x69, 0x84];

    pub fn new(ctx: super::mapper::MapperContext) -> Self {
        let capabilities = MapperCapabilities {
            has_chr_banking: true,
            has_dynamic_mirroring: true,
            prg_bank_size_kb: 8,
            chr_bank_size_kb: 1,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let mut base = BaseMapper::new(&ctx, capabilities);
        base.configure_prg_banking(Self::PRG_BANK_SIZE);
        base.configure_chr_banking(Self::CHR_BANK_SIZE);

        let mut mapper = Self {
            base,
            prg_regs: [0; 3],
            chr_regs: [0; 6],
            chr_mode: false,
            ram: [0; 0x1400],
            ram_perm: [0; 3],
        };

        mapper.update_banks();
        mapper
    }

    fn update_banks(&mut self) {
        self.update_prg_banks();
        self.update_chr_banks();
    }

    fn update_prg_banks(&mut self) {
        for i in 0..3 {
            self.base.select_prg_page(i, self.prg_regs[i] as i16);
        }
        self.base.select_prg_page(3, -1); // $E000 fixed to last bank
    }

    fn update_chr_banks(&mut self) {
        if self.chr_mode {
            self.apply_chr_mode1();
        } else {
            self.apply_chr_mode0();
        }
    }

    /// CHR mode 0: lower $0000–$0FFF = 2×2 KB (regs 0–1), upper $1000–$1FFF = 4×1 KB (regs 2–5).
    fn apply_chr_mode0(&mut self) {
        let b0 = (self.chr_regs[0] & 0xFE) as i16;
        let b1 = (self.chr_regs[1] & 0xFE) as i16;
        self.base.select_chr_page(0, b0);
        self.base.select_chr_page(1, b0 + 1);
        self.base.select_chr_page(2, b1);
        self.base.select_chr_page(3, b1 + 1);
        self.base.select_chr_page(4, self.chr_regs[2] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(5, self.chr_regs[3] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(6, self.chr_regs[4] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(7, self.chr_regs[5] as i16);
    }

    /// CHR mode 1: lower $0000–$0FFF = 4×1 KB (regs 2–5), upper $1000–$1FFF = 2×2 KB (regs 0–1).
    fn apply_chr_mode1(&mut self) {
        self.base.select_chr_page(0, self.chr_regs[2] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(1, self.chr_regs[3] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(2, self.chr_regs[4] as i16);
        self.base.select_chr_page(3, self.chr_regs[5] as i16);
        let b0 = (self.chr_regs[0] & 0xFE) as i16;
        let b1 = (self.chr_regs[1] & 0xFE) as i16;
        self.base.select_chr_page(4, b0);
        self.base.select_chr_page(5, b0 + 1);
        self.base.select_chr_page(6, b1);
        self.base.select_chr_page(7, b1 + 1);
    }

    /// Returns whether the RAM region covering `addr` is unlocked by its password.
    fn ram_enabled(&self, addr: u16) -> bool {
        match addr {
            0x6000..=0x67FF => self.ram_perm[0] == Self::RAM_PASS[0],
            0x6800..=0x6FFF => self.ram_perm[1] == Self::RAM_PASS[1],
            0x7000..=0x73FF => self.ram_perm[2] == Self::RAM_PASS[2],
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Reads a byte from internal RAM at `addr`. Returns `None` if the region is locked.
    fn read_ram(&self, addr: u16) -> Option<u8> {
        if self.ram_enabled(addr) {
            Some(self.ram[(addr - 0x6000) as usize])
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Decodes the nametable layout from bit 0 of a register value.
    fn decode_mirroring(value: u8) -> NametableLayout {
        if value & 0x01 != 0 {
            NametableLayout::Vertical
        } else {
            NametableLayout::Horizontal
        }
    }
}

impl Mapper for Mapper82 {
    fn base(&self) -> &BaseMapper {
        &self.base
    }

    fn base_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BaseMapper {
        &mut self.base
    }

    fn read_prg(&self, addr: u16) -> u8 {
        match addr {
            0x6000..=0x73FF => self.read_ram(addr).unwrap_or(0), // disabled RAM reads as 0
            0x7400..=0x7FFF => 0, // open bus (unmapped / write-only registers)
            0x8000..=0xFFFF => self.base.read_prg_rom(addr),
            _ => 0,
        }
    }

    fn read_prg_open_bus(&self, addr: u16, open_bus: u8) -> u8 {
        match addr {
            0x6000..=0x73FF => self.read_ram(addr).unwrap_or(open_bus),
            0x7400..=0x7FFF => open_bus,
            _ => self
                .base
                .read_prg_open_bus(addr, open_bus, |a| self.read_prg(a)),
        }
    }

    fn write_prg(&mut self, addr: u16, value: u8) {
        match addr {
            0x6000..=0x73FF => {
                if self.ram_enabled(addr) {
                    self.ram[(addr - 0x6000) as usize] = value;
                }
            }
            0x7EF0..=0x7EF5 => {
                self.chr_regs[(addr - 0x7EF0) as usize] = value;
                self.update_banks();
            }
            0x7EF6 => {
                self.base.set_mirroring(Self::decode_mirroring(value));
                self.chr_mode = (value & 0x02) != 0;
                self.update_banks();
            }
            0x7EF7..=0x7EF9 => {
                self.ram_perm[(addr - 0x7EF7) as usize] = value;
            }
            0x7EFA..=0x7EFC => {
                self.prg_regs[(addr - 0x7EFA) as usize] = value >> 2;
                self.update_banks();
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    fn registers_snapshot(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let is_vertical = self.base.mirroring() == NametableLayout::Vertical;
        let mut snapshot = vec![is_vertical as u8, self.chr_mode as u8];
        snapshot.extend_from_slice(&self.prg_regs);
        snapshot.extend_from_slice(&self.chr_regs);
        snapshot.extend_from_slice(&self.ram_perm);
        snapshot
    }

    fn restore_registers(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
        const SNAPSHOT_SIZE: usize = 14; // 2 flags + 3 prg + 6 chr + 3 ram_perm
        if data.len() < SNAPSHOT_SIZE {
            return;
        }
        self.base.set_mirroring(Self::decode_mirroring(data[0]));
        self.chr_mode = data[1] != 0;
        self.prg_regs.copy_from_slice(&data[2..5]);
        self.chr_regs.copy_from_slice(&data[5..11]);
        self.ram_perm.copy_from_slice(&data[11..14]);
        self.update_banks();
    }

    fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.prg_regs = [0; 3];
        self.chr_regs = [0; 6];
        self.chr_mode = false;
        self.ram_perm = [0; 3];
        self.base.set_mirroring(NametableLayout::Horizontal);
        self.update_banks();
    }

    fn initialize_ram(&mut self, mode: crate::console::RamInitMode) {
        crate::console::initialize_ram(&mut self.ram, mode);
        self.base.initialize_ram(mode);
    }

    fn wram_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.ram.len()
    }

    fn wram_snapshot(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        self.ram.to_vec()
    }

    fn load_wram_snapshot(&mut self, data: &[u8]) {
        let len = data.len().min(self.ram.len());
        self.ram[..len].copy_from_slice(&data[..len]);
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::cartridge::mapper::{MapperContext, create_mapper};
    use crate::cartridge::test_helpers::banked_data;

    // Use non-power-of-two sizes to prevent false-pass modulo wrapping.
    const PRG_BANKS: usize = 11; // 11 × 8 KB
    const CHR_BANKS: usize = 13; // 13 × 1 KB

    fn make_mapper() -> Mapper82 {
        let prg = banked_data(8 * 1024, PRG_BANKS);
        let chr = banked_data(1024, CHR_BANKS);
        Mapper82::new(MapperContext::new_for_test(
            82,
            prg,
            chr,
            NametableLayout::Horizontal,
        ))
    }

    // --- Registration ---

    #[test]
    fn mapper_82_is_registered() {
        let result = create_mapper(MapperContext::new_for_test(
            82,
            banked_data(8 * 1024, PRG_BANKS),
            banked_data(1024, CHR_BANKS),
            NametableLayout::Horizontal,
        ));
        assert!(result.is_ok(), "Mapper 82 must be registered");
    }

    // --- Power-on PRG state ---

    #[test]
    fn power_on_prg_8000_is_bank_0() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x8000),
            0,
            "$8000 must be PRG bank 0 at power-on"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn power_on_prg_a000_is_bank_0() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xA000),
            0,
            "$A000 must be PRG bank 0 at power-on"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn power_on_prg_c000_is_bank_0() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xC000),
            0,
            "$C000 must be PRG bank 0 at power-on"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn power_on_prg_e000_is_last_bank() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xE000),
            (PRG_BANKS - 1) as u8,
            "$E000 must be fixed to last PRG bank at power-on"
        );
    }

    // --- PRG bank switching ---

    #[test]
    fn prg_page0_switches_via_7efa() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        // value >> 2 = bank; write 8 << 2 = 0x20 to select bank 8
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFA, 8 << 2);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x8000),
            8,
            "$8000 must reflect bank written to $7EFA"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn prg_page1_switches_via_7efb() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFB, 5 << 2);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xA000),
            5,
            "$A000 must reflect bank written to $7EFB"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn prg_page2_switches_via_7efc() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFC, 3 << 2);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xC000),
            3,
            "$C000 must reflect bank written to $7EFC"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn prg_page0_bank_uses_bits_7_to_2_only() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        // value = 0b0010_0011: bits[7:2] = 0b001000 = 8, bits[1:0] ignored
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFA, (8 << 2) | 0x03);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x8000),
            8,
            "PRG bank must use bits[7:2] only"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn prg_e000_stays_fixed_after_register_writes() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFA, 5 << 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFB, 5 << 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFC, 5 << 2);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0xE000),
            (PRG_BANKS - 1) as u8,
            "$E000 must remain fixed to last bank"
        );
    }

    // --- CHR banking mode 0 ---

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode0_lower_2kb_from_reg0() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        // reg0 = 4 → 2KB at $0000 covers CHR banks 4 and 5 (LSB cleared)
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF0, 4);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0000),
            4,
            "CHR $0000 must come from reg0 bank"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0400),
            5,
            "CHR $0400 must come from reg0 bank+1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode0_reg0_lsb_is_cleared() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        // reg0 = 5 (odd) → LSB cleared → 2KB at banks 4,5
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF0, 5);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0000),
            4,
            "CHR $0000 must use reg0 with LSB cleared"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0400),
            5,
            "CHR $0400 must use reg0+1 with LSB cleared"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode0_lower_2kb_from_reg1() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        // reg1 = 6 → 2KB at $0800 covers CHR banks 6 and 7
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF1, 6);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0800),
            6,
            "CHR $0800 must come from reg1 bank"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0C00),
            7,
            "CHR $0C00 must come from reg1 bank+1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode0_upper_1kb_slots() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF2, 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF3, 3);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF4, 4);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF5, 5);
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_chr(0x1000), 2, "CHR $1000 must come from reg2");
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_chr(0x1400), 3, "CHR $1400 must come from reg3");
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_chr(0x1800), 4, "CHR $1800 must come from reg4");
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_chr(0x1C00), 5, "CHR $1C00 must come from reg5");
    }

    // --- CHR banking mode 1 ---

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode1_lower_1kb_slots_from_regs_2_to_5() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x02); // set chr_mode = 1
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF2, 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF3, 3);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF4, 4);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF5, 5);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0000),
            2,
            "mode1: CHR $0000 must come from reg2"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0400),
            3,
            "mode1: CHR $0400 must come from reg3"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0800),
            4,
            "mode1: CHR $0800 must come from reg4"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x0C00),
            5,
            "mode1: CHR $0C00 must come from reg5"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode1_upper_2kb_from_reg0() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x02); // chr_mode = 1
        // reg0 = 8 → 2KB at $1000 covers banks 8,9
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF0, 8);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x1000),
            8,
            "mode1: CHR $1000 must come from reg0 bank"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x1400),
            9,
            "mode1: CHR $1400 must come from reg0+1"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn chr_mode1_upper_2kb_from_reg1() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x02); // chr_mode = 1
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF1, 10);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x1800),
            10,
            "mode1: CHR $1800 must come from reg1 bank"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_chr(0x1C00),
            11,
            "mode1: CHR $1C00 must come from reg1+1"
        );
    }

    // --- Mirroring ---

    #[test]
    fn mirroring_bit0_0_sets_horizontal() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x00);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.get_mirroring(),
            NametableLayout::Horizontal,
            "bit 0 = 0 must select horizontal mirroring"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn mirroring_bit0_1_sets_vertical() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x01);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.get_mirroring(),
            NametableLayout::Vertical,
            "bit 0 = 1 must select vertical mirroring"
        );
    }

    // --- RAM enable / disable ---

    #[test]
    fn ram_group0_disabled_by_default() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        // Default: ram_perm[0] = 0 ≠ 0xCA → reads return open bus / 0
        let val = mapper.read_prg(0x6000);
        // When disabled, read_prg returns 0 (open bus approximation)
        assert_eq!(val, 0, "RAM group 0 must be inaccessible when disabled");
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group0_enabled_with_correct_password() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA); // correct password
        mapper.write_prg(0x6000, 0xAB); // write to RAM
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6000),
            0xAB,
            "RAM group 0 must be readable/writable when enabled with password $CA"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group0_disabled_with_wrong_password() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA); // enable first
        mapper.write_prg(0x6000, 0xAB); // write data
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0x00); // disable
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6000),
            0,
            "RAM group 0 must return 0 after password is removed"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group0_bank1_at_6400() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6400, 0x55);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6400),
            0x55,
            "RAM bank 1 at $6400 must be accessible when group 0 enabled"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group1_enabled_with_correct_password() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF8, 0x69); // correct password
        mapper.write_prg(0x6800, 0xCC);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6800),
            0xCC,
            "RAM group 1 must be accessible with password $69"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group1_bank3_at_6c00() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF8, 0x69);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6C00, 0x77);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6C00),
            0x77,
            "RAM bank 3 at $6C00 must be accessible when group 1 enabled"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group2_enabled_with_correct_password() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF9, 0x84); // correct password
        mapper.write_prg(0x7000, 0xDD);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x7000),
            0xDD,
            "RAM bank 4 at $7000 must be accessible with password $84"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_group2_top_boundary_73ff() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF9, 0x84);
        mapper.write_prg(0x73FF, 0xEE);
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x73FF),
            0xEE,
            "RAM top boundary $73FF must be accessible"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ram_groups_are_independent() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6000, 0x11);
        // Group 1 not enabled → $6800 should return 0
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6800),
            0,
            "Enabling group 0 must not enable group 1"
        );
    }

    // --- Open-bus region ---

    #[test]
    fn open_bus_region_7400_to_7eef() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        // $7400-$7EEF should return open bus (0 from read_prg)
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_prg(0x7400), 0, "$7400 must return 0 (open bus)");
        assert_eq!(mapper.read_prg(0x7EEF), 0, "$7EEF must return 0 (open bus)");
    }

    // --- No IRQ ---

    #[test]
    fn irq_never_pending() {
        let mapper = make_mapper();
        assert!(!mapper.irq_pending(), "Mapper 82 must never assert IRQ");
    }

    // --- Snapshot / restore ---

    #[test]
    fn snapshot_restore_round_trips() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFA, 5 << 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFB, 3 << 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFC, 2 << 2);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF0, 6);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF1, 8);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF6, 0x03); // vertical + mode1
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF8, 0x69);

        let snap = mapper.registers_snapshot();
        let mut restored = make_mapper();
        restored.restore_registers(&snap);

        assert_eq!(
            restored.read_prg(0x8000),
            mapper.read_prg(0x8000),
            "snapshot: $8000"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            restored.read_prg(0xA000),
            mapper.read_prg(0xA000),
            "snapshot: $A000"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            restored.read_prg(0xC000),
            mapper.read_prg(0xC000),
            "snapshot: $C000"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            restored.get_mirroring(),
            mapper.get_mirroring(),
            "snapshot: mirroring"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            restored.read_chr(0x0000),
            mapper.read_chr(0x0000),
            "snapshot: chr $0000"
        );
    }

    // --- WRAM snapshot ---

    #[test]
    fn wram_snapshot_preserves_ram_contents() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6000, 0x42);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6100, 0x99);

        let snap = mapper.wram_snapshot();
        assert_eq!(snap[0x000], 0x42, "wram snapshot byte 0 wrong");
        assert_eq!(snap[0x100], 0x99, "wram snapshot byte 0x100 wrong");
    }

    #[test]
    fn wram_snapshot_restore_round_trips() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6200, 0xAB);

        let snap = mapper.wram_snapshot();
        let mut restored = make_mapper();
        restored.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA); // enable so we can read back
        restored.load_wram_snapshot(&snap);

        assert_eq!(
            restored.read_prg(0x6200),
            0xAB,
            "wram snapshot restore must recover RAM contents"
        );
    }

    // --- Reset ---

    #[test]
    fn reset_returns_prg_to_bank_0() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EFA, 7 << 2);
        mapper.reset();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x8000),
            0,
            "$8000 must be bank 0 after reset"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn reset_disables_ram() {
        let mut mapper = make_mapper();
        mapper.write_prg(0x7EF7, 0xCA);
        mapper.write_prg(0x6000, 0x55);
        mapper.reset();
        assert_eq!(
            mapper.read_prg(0x6000),
            0,
            "RAM must be disabled after reset"
        );
    }
}