def add_one(x: int) -> int:
def inner(y: int) -> int:
return y + 1
return inner(x)
def double_twice(x: int) -> int:
def dbl(y: int) -> int:
return y * 2
return dbl(x) + dbl(x)
def shout(s: str) -> str:
def up(t: str) -> str:
return t.upper()
return up(s)