1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
#include "sofa.h"
int iauStarpv(double ra, double dec,
double pmr, double pmd, double px, double rv,
double pv[2][3])
/*
** - - - - - - - - - -
** i a u S t a r p v
** - - - - - - - - - -
**
** Convert star catalog coordinates to position+velocity vector.
**
** This function is part of the International Astronomical Union's
** SOFA (Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy) software collection.
**
** Status: support function.
**
** Given (Note 1):
** ra double right ascension (radians)
** dec double declination (radians)
** pmr double RA proper motion (radians/year)
** pmd double Dec proper motion (radians/year)
** px double parallax (arcseconds)
** rv double radial velocity (km/s, positive = receding)
**
** Returned (Note 2):
** pv double[2][3] pv-vector (au, au/day)
**
** Returned (function value):
** int status:
** 0 = no warnings
** 1 = distance overridden (Note 6)
** 2 = excessive speed (Note 7)
** 4 = solution didn't converge (Note 8)
** else = binary logical OR of the above
**
** Notes:
**
** 1) The star data accepted by this function are "observables" for an
** imaginary observer at the solar-system barycenter. Proper motion
** and radial velocity are, strictly, in terms of barycentric
** coordinate time, TCB. For most practical applications, it is
** permissible to neglect the distinction between TCB and ordinary
** "proper" time on Earth (TT/TAI). The result will, as a rule, be
** limited by the intrinsic accuracy of the proper-motion and
** radial-velocity data; moreover, the pv-vector is likely to be
** merely an intermediate result, so that a change of time unit
** would cancel out overall.
**
** In accordance with normal star-catalog conventions, the object's
** right ascension and declination are freed from the effects of
** secular aberration. The frame, which is aligned to the catalog
** equator and equinox, is Lorentzian and centered on the SSB.
**
** 2) The resulting position and velocity pv-vector is with respect to
** the same frame and, like the catalog coordinates, is freed from
** the effects of secular aberration. Should the "coordinate
** direction", where the object was located at the catalog epoch, be
** required, it may be obtained by calculating the magnitude of the
** position vector pv[0][0-2] dividing by the speed of light in
** au/day to give the light-time, and then multiplying the space
** velocity pv[1][0-2] by this light-time and adding the result to
** pv[0][0-2].
**
** Summarizing, the pv-vector returned is for most stars almost
** identical to the result of applying the standard geometrical
** "space motion" transformation. The differences, which are the
** subject of the Stumpff paper referenced below, are:
**
** (i) In stars with significant radial velocity and proper motion,
** the constantly changing light-time distorts the apparent proper
** motion. Note that this is a classical, not a relativistic,
** effect.
**
** (ii) The transformation complies with special relativity.
**
** 3) Care is needed with units. The star coordinates are in radians
** and the proper motions in radians per Julian year, but the
** parallax is in arcseconds; the radial velocity is in km/s, but
** the pv-vector result is in au and au/day.
**
** 4) The RA proper motion is in terms of coordinate angle, not true
** angle. If the catalog uses arcseconds for both RA and Dec proper
** motions, the RA proper motion will need to be divided by cos(Dec)
** before use.
**
** 5) Straight-line motion at constant speed, in the inertial frame,
** is assumed.
**
** 6) An extremely small (or zero or negative) parallax is interpreted
** to mean that the object is on the "celestial sphere", the radius
** of which is an arbitrary (large) value (see the constant PXMIN).
** When the distance is overridden in this way, the status,
** initially zero, has 1 added to it.
**
** 7) If the space velocity is a significant fraction of c (see the
** constant VMAX), it is arbitrarily set to zero. When this action
** occurs, 2 is added to the status.
**
** 8) The relativistic adjustment involves an iterative calculation.
** If the process fails to converge within a set number (IMAX) of
** iterations, 4 is added to the status.
**
** 9) The inverse transformation is performed by the function
** iauPvstar.
**
** Called:
** iauS2pv spherical coordinates to pv-vector
** iauPm modulus of p-vector
** iauZp zero p-vector
** iauPn decompose p-vector into modulus and direction
** iauPdp scalar product of two p-vectors
** iauSxp multiply p-vector by scalar
** iauPmp p-vector minus p-vector
** iauPpp p-vector plus p-vector
**
** Reference:
**
** Stumpff, P., 1985, Astron.Astrophys. 144, 232-240.
**
** This revision: 2017 March 16
**
** SOFA release 2020-07-21
**
** Copyright (C) 2020 IAU SOFA Board. See notes at end.
*/
{
/* Smallest allowed parallax */
static const double PXMIN = 1e-7;
/* Largest allowed speed (fraction of c) */
static const double VMAX = 0.5;
/* Maximum number of iterations for relativistic solution */
static const int IMAX = 100;
int i, iwarn;
double w, r, rd, rad, decd, v, x[3], usr[3], ust[3],
vsr, vst, betst, betsr, bett, betr,
dd, ddel, ur[3], ut[3],
d = 0.0, del = 0.0, /* to prevent */
odd = 0.0, oddel = 0.0, /* compiler */
od = 0.0, odel = 0.0; /* warnings */
/* Distance (au). */
if (px >= PXMIN) {
w = px;
iwarn = 0;
} else {
w = PXMIN;
iwarn = 1;
}
r = DR2AS / w;
/* Radial velocity (au/day). */
rd = DAYSEC * rv * 1e3 / DAU;
/* Proper motion (radian/day). */
rad = pmr / DJY;
decd = pmd / DJY;
/* To pv-vector (au,au/day). */
iauS2pv(ra, dec, r, rad, decd, rd, pv);
/* If excessive velocity, arbitrarily set it to zero. */
v = iauPm(pv[1]);
if (v / DC > VMAX) {
iauZp(pv[1]);
iwarn += 2;
}
/* Isolate the radial component of the velocity (au/day). */
iauPn(pv[0], &w, x);
vsr = iauPdp(x, pv[1]);
iauSxp(vsr, x, usr);
/* Isolate the transverse component of the velocity (au/day). */
iauPmp(pv[1], usr, ust);
vst = iauPm(ust);
/* Special-relativity dimensionless parameters. */
betsr = vsr / DC;
betst = vst / DC;
/* Determine the inertial-to-observed relativistic correction terms. */
bett = betst;
betr = betsr;
for (i = 0; i < IMAX; i++) {
d = 1.0 + betr;
w = betr*betr + bett*bett;
del = - w / (sqrt(1.0 - w) + 1.0);
betr = d * betsr + del;
bett = d * betst;
if (i > 0) {
dd = fabs(d - od);
ddel = fabs(del - odel);
if ((i > 1) && (dd >= odd) && (ddel >= oddel)) break;
odd = dd;
oddel = ddel;
}
od = d;
odel = del;
}
if (i >= IMAX) iwarn += 4;
/* Replace observed radial velocity with inertial value. */
w = (betsr != 0.0) ? d + del / betsr : 1.0;
iauSxp(w, usr, ur);
/* Replace observed tangential velocity with inertial value. */
iauSxp(d, ust, ut);
/* Combine the two to obtain the inertial space velocity. */
iauPpp(ur, ut, pv[1]);
/* Return the status. */
return iwarn;
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------
**
** Copyright (C) 2020
** Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy Board
** of the International Astronomical Union.
**
** =====================
** SOFA Software License
** =====================
**
** NOTICE TO USER:
**
** BY USING THIS SOFTWARE YOU ACCEPT THE FOLLOWING SIX TERMS AND
** CONDITIONS WHICH APPLY TO ITS USE.
**
** 1. The Software is owned by the IAU SOFA Board ("SOFA").
**
** 2. Permission is granted to anyone to use the SOFA software for any
** purpose, including commercial applications, free of charge and
** without payment of royalties, subject to the conditions and
** restrictions listed below.
**
** 3. You (the user) may copy and distribute SOFA source code to others,
** and use and adapt its code and algorithms in your own software,
** on a world-wide, royalty-free basis. That portion of your
** distribution that does not consist of intact and unchanged copies
** of SOFA source code files is a "derived work" that must comply
** with the following requirements:
**
** a) Your work shall be marked or carry a statement that it
** (i) uses routines and computations derived by you from
** software provided by SOFA under license to you; and
** (ii) does not itself constitute software provided by and/or
** endorsed by SOFA.
**
** b) The source code of your derived work must contain descriptions
** of how the derived work is based upon, contains and/or differs
** from the original SOFA software.
**
** c) The names of all routines in your derived work shall not
** include the prefix "iau" or "sofa" or trivial modifications
** thereof such as changes of case.
**
** d) The origin of the SOFA components of your derived work must
** not be misrepresented; you must not claim that you wrote the
** original software, nor file a patent application for SOFA
** software or algorithms embedded in the SOFA software.
**
** e) These requirements must be reproduced intact in any source
** distribution and shall apply to anyone to whom you have
** granted a further right to modify the source code of your
** derived work.
**
** Note that, as originally distributed, the SOFA software is
** intended to be a definitive implementation of the IAU standards,
** and consequently third-party modifications are discouraged. All
** variations, no matter how minor, must be explicitly marked as
** such, as explained above.
**
** 4. You shall not cause the SOFA software to be brought into
** disrepute, either by misuse, or use for inappropriate tasks, or
** by inappropriate modification.
**
** 5. The SOFA software is provided "as is" and SOFA makes no warranty
** as to its use or performance. SOFA does not and cannot warrant
** the performance or results which the user may obtain by using the
** SOFA software. SOFA makes no warranties, express or implied, as
** to non-infringement of third party rights, merchantability, or
** fitness for any particular purpose. In no event will SOFA be
** liable to the user for any consequential, incidental, or special
** damages, including any lost profits or lost savings, even if a
** SOFA representative has been advised of such damages, or for any
** claim by any third party.
**
** 6. The provision of any version of the SOFA software under the terms
** and conditions specified herein does not imply that future
** versions will also be made available under the same terms and
** conditions.
*
** In any published work or commercial product which uses the SOFA
** software directly, acknowledgement (see www.iausofa.org) is
** appreciated.
**
** Correspondence concerning SOFA software should be addressed as
** follows:
**
** By email: sofa@ukho.gov.uk
** By post: IAU SOFA Center
** HM Nautical Almanac Office
** UK Hydrographic Office
** Admiralty Way, Taunton
** Somerset, TA1 2DN
** United Kingdom
**
**--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
}