from typing import Optional
def lookup(d: dict[str, int], k: str) -> Optional[int]:
# 1-arg d.get(k) → Optional[int] (returns the value or None).
return d.get(k)
def lookup_or(d: dict[str, int], k: str) -> int:
# 2-arg d.get(k, default) is unchanged — still a concrete int.
return d.get(k, -1)
def passthrough(x: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
# Returning an already-Optional value must NOT double-wrap into Some(..).
return x