def ord_sum(s: str) -> int:
# list comprehension over a string — iterate its characters.
return sum([ord(c) for c in s])
def upper_count(s: str) -> int:
# list comp with a string-method body + filter.
return len([c.upper() for c in s if c != "a"])
def distinct_chars(s: str) -> int:
# set comprehension over a string.
return len({c for c in s})
def char_codes(s: str) -> int:
# dict comprehension over a string.
d = {c: ord(c) for c in s}
return len(d)
def digit_count(s: str) -> int:
# genexpr over a string with a predicate filter.
return sum(1 for c in s if c.isdigit())