tsrun 0.1.23

//! Statement compilation
//!
//! Compiles AST statements to bytecode instructions.

use super::Compiler;
use super::bytecode::{ConstantIndex, Op, Register};
use crate::ast::{
    BlockStatement, BreakStatement, ClassConstructor, ClassDeclaration, ClassMember, ClassMethod,
    ClassProperty, ContinueStatement, DoWhileStatement, ExportDeclaration, ForInOfLeft,
    ForInStatement, ForInit, ForOfStatement, ForStatement, IfStatement, LabeledStatement,
    MethodKind, ObjectPatternProperty, ObjectPropertyKey, Pattern, ReturnStatement, Statement,
    SwitchStatement, ThrowStatement, TryStatement, VariableDeclaration, VariableKind,
    WhileStatement,
};
use crate::error::JsError;
use crate::prelude::*;
use crate::value::{CheapClone, JsString};

impl Compiler {
    /// Compile a statement
    pub fn compile_statement_impl(&mut self, stmt: &Statement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        match stmt {
            Statement::Expression(expr_stmt) => {
                self.builder.set_span(expr_stmt.span);
                if self.track_completion {
                    // When tracking completion, compile directly to register 0
                    self.compile_expression(&expr_stmt.expression, 0)?;
                } else {
                    let dst = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    self.compile_expression(&expr_stmt.expression, dst)?;
                    // Discard the result
                    self.builder.free_register(dst);
                }
                Ok(())
            }

            Statement::VariableDeclaration(decl) => self.compile_variable_declaration(decl),

            Statement::Block(block) => self.compile_block(block),

            Statement::If(if_stmt) => self.compile_if(if_stmt),

            Statement::While(while_stmt) => self.compile_while(while_stmt),

            Statement::DoWhile(do_while) => self.compile_do_while(do_while),

            Statement::For(for_stmt) => self.compile_for(for_stmt),

            Statement::ForIn(for_in) => self.compile_for_in(for_in),

            Statement::ForOf(for_of) => self.compile_for_of(for_of),

            Statement::Switch(switch_stmt) => self.compile_switch(switch_stmt),

            Statement::Return(return_stmt) => self.compile_return(return_stmt),

            Statement::Break(break_stmt) => self.compile_break(break_stmt),

            Statement::Continue(continue_stmt) => self.compile_continue(continue_stmt),

            Statement::Throw(throw_stmt) => self.compile_throw(throw_stmt),

            Statement::Try(try_stmt) => self.compile_try(try_stmt),

            Statement::Labeled(labeled) => self.compile_labeled(labeled),

            Statement::FunctionDeclaration(func) => self.compile_function_declaration(func),

            Statement::ClassDeclaration(class) => self.compile_class_declaration(class),

            Statement::Empty => {
                // No-op
                Ok(())
            }

            Statement::Debugger => {
                self.builder.emit(Op::Debugger);
                Ok(())
            }

            // TypeScript declarations - no-ops at runtime (except enum)
            Statement::TypeAlias(_) | Statement::InterfaceDeclaration(_) => Ok(()),

            // Enum declarations create runtime objects
            Statement::EnumDeclaration(decl) => self.compile_enum_declaration(decl),

            // Namespace declarations
            Statement::NamespaceDeclaration(decl) => self.compile_namespace_declaration(decl),

            // Module declarations
            Statement::Import(_) => {
                // Import bindings are set up before bytecode execution by setup_import_bindings()
                // so imports compile to no-ops
                Ok(())
            }

            // Export declaration - compile the inner declaration and emit export bindings
            Statement::Export(export) => self.compile_export_declaration(export),
        }
    }

    /// Compile a variable declaration
    fn compile_variable_declaration(&mut self, decl: &VariableDeclaration) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(decl.span);

        let mutable = decl.kind != VariableKind::Const;
        let is_var = decl.kind == VariableKind::Var;

        for declarator in decl.declarations.iter() {
            self.builder.set_span(declarator.span);

            // Get the inferred name from simple identifier patterns
            let inferred_name = match &declarator.id {
                Pattern::Identifier(id) => Some(id.name.cheap_clone()),
                _ => None,
            };

            // Compile initializer (or undefined)
            let init_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            if let Some(init) = &declarator.init {
                // Check if this is an anonymous function being assigned to an identifier
                // If so, pass the inferred name for function.name property
                self.compile_expression_with_inferred_name(init, init_reg, inferred_name)?;
            } else {
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: init_reg });
            }

            // Bind to pattern
            self.compile_pattern_binding(&declarator.id, init_reg, mutable, is_var)?;

            self.builder.free_register(init_reg);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a block statement
    fn compile_block(&mut self, block: &BlockStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(block.span);

        // Push a new scope
        self.emit_push_scope();

        if block.body.is_empty() && self.track_completion {
            // Empty block has completion value undefined
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: 0 });
        } else {
            // Compile statements
            for stmt in block.body.iter() {
                self.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
            }
        }

        // Pop scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an if statement
    fn compile_if(&mut self, if_stmt: &IfStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(if_stmt.span);

        // Compile test
        let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&if_stmt.test, test_reg)?;

        // Jump to else/end if test is falsy
        let jump_to_else = self.builder.emit_jump_if_false(test_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(test_reg);

        // Compile consequent
        self.compile_statement_impl(&if_stmt.consequent)?;

        if let Some(alternate) = &if_stmt.alternate {
            // Jump over else block
            let jump_to_end = self.builder.emit_jump();

            // Patch jump to else
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_else);

            // Compile alternate
            self.compile_statement_impl(alternate)?;

            // Patch jump to end
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_end);
        } else {
            // Patch jump to end (no else block)
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_else);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a while statement
    fn compile_while(&mut self, while_stmt: &WhileStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(while_stmt.span);

        // Loop start (for continue)
        let loop_start = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push loop context
        self.push_loop(None);
        self.set_continue_target(loop_start);

        // Compile test
        let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&while_stmt.test, test_reg)?;

        // Jump to end if test is falsy
        let jump_to_end = self.builder.emit_jump_if_false(test_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(test_reg);

        // Compile body
        self.compile_statement_impl(&while_stmt.body)?;

        // Jump back to start
        self.builder.emit_jump_to(loop_start);

        // Patch end jump
        self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_end);

        // Pop loop context (patches break jumps)
        self.pop_loop();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a do-while statement
    fn compile_do_while(&mut self, do_while: &DoWhileStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(do_while.span);

        // Loop start
        let loop_start = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push loop context
        self.push_loop(None);

        // Compile body first
        self.compile_statement_impl(&do_while.body)?;

        // Continue target is here (after body, before test)
        let continue_target = self.builder.current_offset();
        self.set_continue_target(continue_target);

        // Compile test
        let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&do_while.test, test_reg)?;

        // Jump back to start if test is truthy
        self.builder.emit(Op::JumpIfTrue {
            cond: test_reg,
            target: loop_start as u32,
        });
        self.builder.free_register(test_reg);

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a for statement
    fn compile_for(&mut self, for_stmt: &ForStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(for_stmt.span);

        // Check if this is a for loop with let/const declaration (needs per-iteration binding)
        let per_iteration_vars = self.get_per_iteration_vars(&for_stmt.init);

        if per_iteration_vars.is_empty() {
            // No let/const vars: use simple compilation
            self.compile_for_simple(for_stmt)
        } else {
            // Has let/const vars: use per-iteration binding semantics
            self.compile_for_per_iteration(for_stmt, &per_iteration_vars)
        }
    }

    /// Get variable names that need per-iteration binding (let/const in for init)
    fn get_per_iteration_vars(&self, init: &Option<ForInit>) -> Vec<JsString> {
        if let Some(ForInit::Variable(decl)) = init
            && (decl.kind == VariableKind::Let || decl.kind == VariableKind::Const)
        {
            // Extract variable names from declarations
            let mut names = Vec::new();
            for declarator in decl.declarations.iter() {
                Self::collect_pattern_names(&declarator.id, &mut names);
            }
            return names;
        }
        Vec::new()
    }

    /// Collect variable names from a pattern
    fn collect_pattern_names(pattern: &Pattern, names: &mut Vec<JsString>) {
        match pattern {
            Pattern::Identifier(id) => names.push(id.name.cheap_clone()),
            Pattern::Object(obj) => {
                for prop in &obj.properties {
                    match prop {
                        ObjectPatternProperty::KeyValue { value, .. } => {
                            Self::collect_pattern_names(value, names);
                        }
                        ObjectPatternProperty::Rest(rest) => {
                            Self::collect_pattern_names(&rest.argument, names);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Pattern::Array(arr) => {
                for elem in arr.elements.iter().flatten() {
                    Self::collect_pattern_names(elem, names);
                }
            }
            Pattern::Rest(rest) => {
                Self::collect_pattern_names(&rest.argument, names);
            }
            Pattern::Assignment(assign) => {
                Self::collect_pattern_names(&assign.left, names);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Compile for loop without per-iteration bindings (var or expression init)
    fn compile_for_simple(&mut self, for_stmt: &ForStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Push scope for loop variable
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Compile init
        if let Some(init) = &for_stmt.init {
            match init {
                ForInit::Variable(decl) => {
                    self.compile_variable_declaration(decl)?;
                }
                ForInit::Expression(expr) => {
                    let tmp = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    self.compile_expression(expr, tmp)?;
                    self.builder.free_register(tmp);
                }
            }
        }

        // Loop test position
        let loop_test = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push loop context
        self.push_loop(None);

        // Compile test (if any)
        let jump_to_end = if let Some(test) = &for_stmt.test {
            let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(test, test_reg)?;
            let jump = self.builder.emit_jump_if_false(test_reg);
            self.builder.free_register(test_reg);
            Some(jump)
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Compile body
        self.compile_statement_impl(&for_stmt.body)?;

        // Continue target (before update)
        let continue_target = self.builder.current_offset();
        self.set_continue_target(continue_target);

        // Compile update (if any)
        if let Some(update) = &for_stmt.update {
            let tmp = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(update, tmp)?;
            self.builder.free_register(tmp);
        }

        // Jump back to test
        self.builder.emit_jump_to(loop_test);

        // Patch end jump
        if let Some(jump) = jump_to_end {
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump);
        }

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        // Pop scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile for loop with per-iteration bindings for let/const vars
    /// Each iteration gets a fresh binding, with values copied between iterations.
    ///
    /// Key insight: closures must capture the PRE-update value. To achieve this,
    /// we don't modify the per-iteration bindings during update. Instead, we
    /// compile the update to compute the new value into a register, then use
    /// that register to initialize the NEXT iteration's bindings.
    fn compile_for_per_iteration(
        &mut self,
        for_stmt: &ForStatement,
        var_names: &[JsString],
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Allocate registers to hold values between iterations
        let mut var_regs: Vec<(JsString, Register)> = Vec::new();
        for name in var_names {
            let reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            var_regs.push((name.cheap_clone(), reg));
        }

        // Push outer scope for the init
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Compile init (first iteration's values)
        if let Some(ForInit::Variable(decl)) = &for_stmt.init {
            self.compile_variable_declaration(decl)?;
        }

        // Copy initial values to registers
        for (name, reg) in &var_regs {
            let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                dst: *reg,
                name: name_idx,
            });
        }

        // Pop the init scope (we'll create per-iteration scopes in the loop)
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        // Loop start - push per-iteration scope and copy values from registers
        let loop_start = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push per-iteration scope
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Declare and initialize vars from registers (these are the values closures will capture)
        for (name, reg) in &var_regs {
            let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                name: name_idx,
                init: *reg,
                mutable: true, // let vars are mutable
            });
        }

        // Push loop context
        self.push_loop(None);

        // Compile test (if any)
        let jump_to_end = if let Some(test) = &for_stmt.test {
            let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(test, test_reg)?;
            let jump = self.builder.emit_jump_if_false(test_reg);
            self.builder.free_register(test_reg);
            Some(jump)
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Compile body (closures capture the per-iteration scope's bindings)
        self.compile_statement_impl(&for_stmt.body)?;

        // Continue target
        let continue_target = self.builder.current_offset();
        self.set_continue_target(continue_target);

        // Compile update with special handling for loop variables:
        // Instead of modifying the scope's bindings (which closures captured),
        // we evaluate the update and store results to registers for the next iteration.
        if let Some(update) = &for_stmt.update {
            // Enable loop variable redirection: any assignment to loop vars
            // will be redirected to their corresponding registers
            self.set_loop_var_redirects(var_regs.clone());

            let tmp = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(update, tmp)?;
            self.builder.free_register(tmp);

            // Disable redirection
            self.clear_loop_var_redirects();
        } else {
            // No update expression, but body may have modified loop variables.
            // Copy current scope values back to registers for next iteration.
            for (name, reg) in &var_regs {
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                    dst: *reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                });
            }
        }

        // Pop per-iteration scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        // Jump back to loop start
        self.builder.emit_jump_to(loop_start);

        // Patch end jump (jump here when test fails)
        if let Some(jump) = jump_to_end {
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump);
        }

        // If jumping out due to test failure, need to pop scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        // Free registers
        for (_, reg) in var_regs {
            self.builder.free_register(reg);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a for-in statement
    fn compile_for_in(&mut self, for_in: &ForInStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(for_in.span);

        // Push scope
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Compile the right side (object to iterate)
        let obj_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&for_in.right, obj_reg)?;

        // Get keys iterator for for-in (iterates over enumerable property keys)
        let iter_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::GetKeysIterator {
            dst: iter_reg,
            obj: obj_reg,
        });

        // Loop start
        let loop_start = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push loop context
        self.push_loop(None);
        self.set_continue_target(loop_start);

        // Get next key
        let result_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorNext {
            dst: result_reg,
            iterator: iter_reg,
        });

        // Check if done
        let jump_to_end = self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorDone {
            result: result_reg,
            target: 0,
        });
        let jump_placeholder = super::JumpPlaceholder {
            instruction_index: jump_to_end,
        };

        // Get the value
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorValue {
            dst: value_reg,
            result: result_reg,
        });

        // Bind to left side
        self.compile_for_in_of_left(&for_in.left, value_reg)?;

        // Compile body
        self.compile_statement_impl(&for_in.body)?;

        // Jump back to start
        self.builder.emit_jump_to(loop_start);

        // Patch end jump
        self.builder.patch_jump(jump_placeholder);

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        // Free registers
        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(result_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(iter_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(obj_reg);

        // Pop scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a for-of statement
    fn compile_for_of(&mut self, for_of: &ForOfStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(for_of.span);

        // Push scope
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Compile the right side (iterable)
        let obj_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&for_of.right, obj_reg)?;

        // Get iterator
        let iter_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if for_of.await_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetAsyncIterator {
                dst: iter_reg,
                obj: obj_reg,
            });
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetIterator {
                dst: iter_reg,
                obj: obj_reg,
            });
        }

        // Loop start
        let loop_start = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Push loop context with iterator register (for iterator close protocol)
        self.push_loop_with_iterator(None, Some(iter_reg));
        self.set_continue_target(loop_start);

        // Get next value
        let result_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorNext {
            dst: result_reg,
            iterator: iter_reg,
        });

        // For await...of, await the result (for true async iterators, next() returns a promise)
        if for_of.await_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::Await {
                dst: result_reg,
                promise: result_reg,
            });
        }

        // Check if done
        let jump_to_end = self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorDone {
            result: result_reg,
            target: 0,
        });
        let jump_placeholder = super::JumpPlaceholder {
            instruction_index: jump_to_end,
        };

        // Get the value
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorValue {
            dst: value_reg,
            result: result_reg,
        });

        // For await...of, also await the value (for sync iterables with promise values)
        if for_of.await_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::Await {
                dst: value_reg,
                promise: value_reg,
            });
        }

        // Bind to left side
        self.compile_for_in_of_left(&for_of.left, value_reg)?;

        // Push iterator try handler to catch exceptions and close iterator
        // The catch target will be patched after we emit the body
        let push_iter_try_idx = self.builder.emit(Op::PushIterTry {
            iterator: iter_reg,
            catch_target: 0, // Will be patched
        });

        // Compile body
        self.compile_statement_impl(&for_of.body)?;

        // Pop iterator try handler (normal completion, no exception)
        self.builder.emit(Op::PopIterTry);

        // Jump back to start
        self.builder.emit_jump_to(loop_start);

        // Exception handler: close iterator and rethrow
        // This is where PushIterTry will jump on exception
        let catch_target = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Close the iterator
        self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorClose { iterator: iter_reg });

        // Rethrow the exception
        self.builder.emit(Op::Rethrow);

        // Patch the PushIterTry catch target
        self.builder
            .patch_iter_try_target(push_iter_try_idx, catch_target as u32);

        // Patch end jump (this is where IteratorDone jumps when done)
        self.builder.patch_jump(jump_placeholder);

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        // Free registers
        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(result_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(iter_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(obj_reg);

        // Pop scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile the left side of a for-in/for-of
    fn compile_for_in_of_left(
        &mut self,
        left: &ForInOfLeft,
        value_reg: super::Register,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        match left {
            ForInOfLeft::Variable(decl) => {
                // Should have exactly one declarator
                if let Some(declarator) = decl.declarations.first() {
                    let mutable = decl.kind != VariableKind::Const;
                    let is_var = decl.kind == VariableKind::Var;
                    self.compile_pattern_binding(&declarator.id, value_reg, mutable, is_var)?;
                }
            }
            ForInOfLeft::Pattern(pattern) => {
                // Assignment to existing binding
                self.compile_pattern_assignment(pattern, value_reg)?;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a switch statement
    fn compile_switch(&mut self, switch_stmt: &SwitchStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(switch_stmt.span);

        // Compile discriminant
        let disc_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&switch_stmt.discriminant, disc_reg)?;

        // Push loop context for break (switch uses the same break mechanism)
        self.push_loop(None);

        // Collect case targets
        let mut case_jumps: Vec<super::JumpPlaceholder> = Vec::new();
        let mut default_jump: Option<super::JumpPlaceholder> = None;

        // First pass: emit comparison and jumps
        for case in switch_stmt.cases.iter() {
            if let Some(test) = &case.test {
                // Regular case
                let test_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(test, test_reg)?;

                // Compare with discriminant (strict equality)
                let cmp_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::StrictEq {
                    dst: cmp_reg,
                    left: disc_reg,
                    right: test_reg,
                });

                // Jump to case body if equal
                case_jumps.push(self.builder.emit_jump_if_true(cmp_reg));

                self.builder.free_register(cmp_reg);
                self.builder.free_register(test_reg);
            } else {
                // Default case - save for later
                default_jump = Some(self.builder.emit_jump());
            }
        }

        // Jump to end if no case matched (and no default)
        let jump_to_end = if default_jump.is_none() {
            Some(self.builder.emit_jump())
        } else {
            None
        };

        // Second pass: emit case bodies
        let mut case_jumps_iter = case_jumps.into_iter();
        for case in switch_stmt.cases.iter() {
            if case.test.is_some() {
                // Patch case jump to here
                if let Some(jump) = case_jumps_iter.next() {
                    self.builder.patch_jump(jump);
                }
            } else {
                // Patch default jump to here
                if let Some(jump) = default_jump.take() {
                    self.builder.patch_jump(jump);
                }
            }

            // Compile case statements
            for stmt in case.consequent.iter() {
                self.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
            }
        }

        // Patch jump to end
        if let Some(jump) = jump_to_end {
            self.builder.patch_jump(jump);
        }

        // Pop loop context (patches break jumps)
        self.pop_loop();

        self.builder.free_register(disc_reg);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a return statement
    fn compile_return(&mut self, return_stmt: &ReturnStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(return_stmt.span);

        // Emit IteratorClose for all enclosing for-of loops before returning
        // (iterate from innermost to outermost)
        for i in (0..self.loop_stack.len()).rev() {
            if let Some(iter_reg) = self.loop_stack.get(i).and_then(|ctx| ctx.iterator_reg) {
                self.builder.emit(Op::IteratorClose { iterator: iter_reg });
            }
        }

        if let Some(argument) = &return_stmt.argument {
            let reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

            // Mark as tail position for TCO only if the return argument is a direct call expression
            // (not a binary expression like `n * f()`, which is NOT a tail call)
            let is_direct_call = match argument.as_ref() {
                crate::ast::Expression::Call(_) => true,
                crate::ast::Expression::Parenthesized(inner, _) => {
                    matches!(inner.as_ref(), crate::ast::Expression::Call(_))
                }
                _ => false,
            };

            // Check for async TCO pattern: `return await directCall()` in async function
            let is_return_await_direct_call = self.is_async_function
                && self.try_depth == 0
                && match argument.as_ref() {
                    crate::ast::Expression::Await(await_expr) => {
                        match await_expr.argument.as_ref() {
                            crate::ast::Expression::Call(_) => true,
                            crate::ast::Expression::Parenthesized(inner, _) => {
                                matches!(inner.as_ref(), crate::ast::Expression::Call(_))
                            }
                            _ => false,
                        }
                    }
                    _ => false,
                };

            if is_direct_call && self.tco_eligible && self.try_depth == 0 {
                self.in_tail_position = true;
            }
            if is_return_await_direct_call {
                self.in_async_tail_position = true;
            }

            self.compile_expression(argument, reg)?;
            self.in_tail_position = false;
            self.in_async_tail_position = false;

            self.builder.emit(Op::Return { value: reg });
            self.builder.free_register(reg);
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::ReturnUndefined);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a break statement
    fn compile_break(&mut self, break_stmt: &BreakStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(break_stmt.span);

        // Per ES spec, break has "empty" completion value, which UpdateEmpty converts to undefined
        if self.track_completion {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: 0 });
        }

        let label = break_stmt.label.as_ref().map(|id| &id.name);
        self.add_break_jump(label)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a continue statement
    fn compile_continue(&mut self, continue_stmt: &ContinueStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(continue_stmt.span);

        // Per ES spec, continue has "empty" completion value, which UpdateEmpty converts to undefined
        if self.track_completion {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: 0 });
        }

        let label = continue_stmt.label.as_ref().map(|id| &id.name);
        self.add_continue_jump(label)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a throw statement
    fn compile_throw(&mut self, throw_stmt: &ThrowStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(throw_stmt.span);

        let reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.compile_expression(&throw_stmt.argument, reg)?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::Throw { value: reg });
        self.builder.free_register(reg);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a try statement
    fn compile_try(&mut self, try_stmt: &TryStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(try_stmt.span);

        self.try_depth += 1;

        // Emit PushTry - targets will be patched
        let push_try_idx = self.builder.emit(Op::PushTry {
            catch_target: 0,
            finally_target: 0,
        });

        // Compile try block
        self.compile_block(&try_stmt.block)?;

        // Pop try handler after successful completion
        self.builder.emit(Op::PopTry);

        // Jump to finally (if exists) or end
        let jump_after_try = self.builder.emit_jump();

        // Catch handler
        let catch_start = self.builder.current_offset();
        if let Some(handler) = &try_stmt.handler {
            self.builder.set_span(handler.span);

            // Push scope for catch variable
            self.emit_push_scope();

            // Bind exception to parameter
            if let Some(param) = &handler.param {
                let exc_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::GetException { dst: exc_reg });
                self.compile_pattern_binding(param, exc_reg, true, false)?;
                self.builder.free_register(exc_reg);
            }

            // Compile catch body
            if handler.body.body.is_empty() && self.track_completion {
                // Empty catch block has completion value undefined
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: 0 });
            } else {
                for stmt in handler.body.body.iter() {
                    self.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
                }
            }

            // Pop scope
            self.emit_pop_scope();
        }

        // Jump to finally (if exists) or end
        let jump_after_catch = self.builder.emit_jump();

        // Finally handler
        let finally_start = self.builder.current_offset();
        if let Some(finalizer) = &try_stmt.finalizer {
            self.builder.set_span(finalizer.span);

            // Compile finally block
            for stmt in finalizer.body.iter() {
                self.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
            }

            // FinallyEnd completes any pending return/throw
            self.builder.emit(Op::FinallyEnd);
        }

        // End of try-catch-finally
        let end_offset = self.builder.current_offset();

        // Patch jumps: if there's a finally block, jump TO it, otherwise jump past everything
        if try_stmt.finalizer.is_some() {
            // Jump to finally block (which will naturally fall through to end)
            self.builder
                .patch_jump_to(jump_after_try, finally_start as super::JumpTarget);
            self.builder
                .patch_jump_to(jump_after_catch, finally_start as super::JumpTarget);
        } else {
            // No finally, jump to end
            self.builder
                .patch_jump_to(jump_after_try, end_offset as super::JumpTarget);
            self.builder
                .patch_jump_to(jump_after_catch, end_offset as super::JumpTarget);
        }

        // Patch PushTry targets
        self.builder.patch_try_targets(
            push_try_idx,
            if try_stmt.handler.is_some() {
                catch_start as u32
            } else {
                0
            },
            if try_stmt.finalizer.is_some() {
                finally_start as u32
            } else {
                0
            },
        );

        self.try_depth -= 1;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a labeled statement
    fn compile_labeled(&mut self, labeled: &LabeledStatement) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(labeled.span);

        // Push loop context with label
        self.push_loop(Some(labeled.label.name.cheap_clone()));

        // Compile the body
        self.compile_statement_impl(&labeled.body)?;

        // Pop loop context
        self.pop_loop();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a function declaration
    fn compile_function_declaration(
        &mut self,
        func: &crate::ast::FunctionDeclaration,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(func.span);

        // Get function name
        let name = func.id.as_ref().map(|id| id.name.cheap_clone());

        // Compile the function body to a nested chunk
        let chunk = self.compile_function_body(
            &func.params,
            &func.body.body,
            name.clone(),
            func.generator,
            func.async_,
            false, // not an arrow function
        )?;

        // Add the chunk to constants
        let chunk_idx = self.builder.add_chunk(chunk)?;

        // Allocate register for the function object
        let dst = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Emit CreateClosure instruction
        if func.generator && func.async_ {
            self.builder
                .emit(Op::CreateAsyncGenerator { dst, chunk_idx });
        } else if func.generator {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateGenerator { dst, chunk_idx });
        } else if func.async_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateAsync { dst, chunk_idx });
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClosure { dst, chunk_idx });
        }

        // If the function has a name, declare it as a variable
        if let Some(ref fn_name) = name {
            let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(fn_name.cheap_clone())?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVarHoisted {
                name: name_idx,
                init: dst,
            });
        }

        self.builder.free_register(dst);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile function body to a nested BytecodeChunk
    pub fn compile_function_body(
        &mut self,
        params: &[crate::ast::FunctionParam],
        body: &[Statement],
        name: Option<JsString>,
        is_generator: bool,
        is_async: bool,
        is_arrow: bool,
    ) -> Result<super::BytecodeChunk, JsError> {
        use super::FunctionInfo;

        // Create a new compiler for the function body
        let mut func_compiler = Compiler::new();

        // Disable regular TCO for generators and async functions
        // (generators yield mid-function, async functions have implicit promise wrapping)
        // But async functions can use async-specific TCO for `return await fn()` pattern
        if is_generator || is_async {
            func_compiler.tco_eligible = false;
        }
        if is_async {
            func_compiler.is_async_function = true;
        }

        // Propagate source file for stack traces
        func_compiler.source_file = self.source_file.clone();
        if let Some(ref path) = self.source_file {
            func_compiler.builder.set_source_file(path.clone());
        }

        // Copy class context so private members can be accessed inside nested functions
        func_compiler.class_context_stack = self.class_context_stack.clone();

        // Reserve registers for parameters - they are passed in registers 0, 1, 2...
        // We must reserve these before any other register allocation
        if !params.is_empty() {
            func_compiler
                .builder
                .reserve_registers(params.len() as u8)?;
        }

        // Compile parameter declarations
        // Parameters will be passed via registers and need to be bound to the environment
        let mut param_names = Vec::with_capacity(params.len());
        let mut rest_param = None;

        for (idx, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
            let arg_reg = idx as u8;

            match &param.pattern {
                crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) => {
                    // In strict mode, 'eval' and 'arguments' cannot be parameter names
                    if id.name.as_ref() == "eval" || id.name.as_ref() == "arguments" {
                        return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple(
                            "Unexpected eval or arguments in strict mode",
                        ));
                    }
                    // In strict mode, duplicate parameter names are not allowed
                    if param_names.contains(&id.name) {
                        return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple(format!(
                            "Duplicate parameter name '{}' not allowed in strict mode",
                            id.name
                        )));
                    }
                    param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());

                    // Load argument from register and declare variable
                    let name_idx = func_compiler.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                        name: name_idx,
                        init: arg_reg,
                        mutable: true,
                    });
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Rest(rest) => {
                    rest_param = Some(idx);
                    if let crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) = &*rest.argument {
                        // In strict mode, 'eval' and 'arguments' cannot be parameter names
                        if id.name.as_ref() == "eval" || id.name.as_ref() == "arguments" {
                            return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple(
                                "Unexpected eval or arguments in strict mode",
                            ));
                        }
                        // In strict mode, duplicate parameter names are not allowed
                        if param_names.contains(&id.name) {
                            return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple(format!(
                                "Duplicate parameter name '{}' not allowed in strict mode",
                                id.name
                            )));
                        }
                        param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());

                        // For rest params, we'll need special handling (not fully implemented)
                        let name_idx = func_compiler.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                            name: name_idx,
                            init: arg_reg,
                            mutable: true,
                        });
                    }
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Object(_) | crate::ast::Pattern::Array(_) => {
                    // Handle destructuring patterns in function parameters
                    // The argument is in arg_reg, compile the pattern binding
                    param_names.push(JsString::from(format!("__param{}__", idx)));
                    func_compiler.compile_pattern_binding(&param.pattern, arg_reg, true, false)?;
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Assignment(assign_pat) => {
                    // Parameter with default value: param = defaultValue
                    // If argument is undefined, use default value
                    let actual_value = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;

                    // Check if arg is undefined
                    let is_undefined = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    func_compiler
                        .builder
                        .emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: is_undefined });
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::StrictEq {
                        dst: is_undefined,
                        left: arg_reg,
                        right: is_undefined,
                    });

                    let skip_default = func_compiler.builder.emit_jump_if_false(is_undefined);
                    func_compiler.builder.free_register(is_undefined);

                    // Use default value
                    func_compiler.compile_expression(&assign_pat.right, actual_value)?;
                    let skip_arg = func_compiler.builder.emit_jump();

                    // Use provided argument
                    func_compiler.builder.patch_jump(skip_default);
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::Move {
                        dst: actual_value,
                        src: arg_reg,
                    });

                    func_compiler.builder.patch_jump(skip_arg);

                    // Bind the inner pattern
                    func_compiler.compile_pattern_binding(
                        &assign_pat.left,
                        actual_value,
                        true,
                        false,
                    )?;

                    // Extract name for param_names
                    if let crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) = assign_pat.left.as_ref() {
                        param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());
                    } else {
                        param_names.push(JsString::from(format!("__param{}__", idx)));
                    }

                    func_compiler.builder.free_register(actual_value);
                }
            }
        }

        // Hoist var declarations in the function body
        func_compiler.emit_hoisted_declarations(body)?;

        // Compile the body statements
        for stmt in body {
            func_compiler.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
        }

        // Emit implicit return undefined at end
        let undefined_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
        func_compiler
            .builder
            .emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: undefined_reg });
        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::Return {
            value: undefined_reg,
        });

        // Count bindings for environment pre-sizing
        let binding_count = super::hoist::count_function_bindings(params, body, is_arrow);

        // Build the chunk with function info
        let mut chunk = func_compiler.builder.finish();
        chunk.function_info = Some(FunctionInfo {
            name,
            param_count: params.len(),
            is_generator,
            is_async,
            is_arrow,
            uses_arguments: false, // TODO: analyze function body
            uses_this: !is_arrow,
            param_names,
            rest_param,
            binding_count,
        });

        // Make sure we have enough registers for parameters
        if chunk.register_count < params.len() as u8 {
            chunk.register_count = params.len() as u8;
        }

        Ok(chunk)
    }

    /// Compile a class declaration
    fn compile_class_declaration(&mut self, class: &ClassDeclaration) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(class.span);

        // Allocate register for the class constructor
        let class_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Compile class body to register
        // Note: compile_class_body now also declares the class variable (if named)
        // so that static blocks can reference the class by name
        self.compile_class_body(class, class_reg)?;

        self.builder.free_register(class_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile class body - shared by class declarations and expressions
    ///
    /// `inferred_name`: Optional inferred name for anonymous class expressions.
    /// This is used only for the `.name` property, NOT for creating a scope binding.
    pub fn compile_class_body(
        &mut self,
        class: &ClassDeclaration,
        dst: super::bytecode::Register,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.compile_class_body_with_name(class, dst, None)
    }

    /// Compile class body with optional inferred name (for anonymous class expressions)
    pub fn compile_class_body_with_name(
        &mut self,
        class: &ClassDeclaration,
        dst: super::bytecode::Register,
        inferred_name: Option<JsString>,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get class name for constructor - prefer explicit id, fallback to inferred name
        let class_name = class
            .id
            .as_ref()
            .map(|id| id.name.cheap_clone())
            .or(inferred_name);
        // Only create inner binding if class has explicit id (not inferred name)
        let has_explicit_name = class.id.is_some();

        // Compile class decorators first - they are evaluated before the class is created
        // Evaluation order: top-to-bottom (forward iteration)
        // Application order: bottom-to-top (reverse iteration when applying)
        let mut decorator_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
        for decorator in &class.decorators {
            let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
            decorator_regs.push(dec_reg);
        }

        // Generate a unique class brand for private field access
        let class_brand = self.new_class_brand();

        // Collect class members and build private member info
        let mut constructor: Option<&ClassConstructor> = None;
        let mut instance_methods: Vec<&ClassMethod> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_methods: Vec<&ClassMethod> = Vec::new();
        let mut instance_fields: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_fields: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut instance_auto_accessors: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_auto_accessors: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_blocks: Vec<&crate::ast::BlockStatement> = Vec::new();
        let mut instance_private_fields: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_private_fields: Vec<&ClassProperty> = Vec::new();
        let mut instance_private_methods: Vec<&ClassMethod> = Vec::new();
        let mut static_private_methods: Vec<&ClassMethod> = Vec::new();
        let mut private_members = FxHashMap::default();

        for member in &class.body.members {
            match member {
                ClassMember::Constructor(ctor) => {
                    constructor = Some(ctor);
                }
                ClassMember::Method(method) => {
                    if let ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) = &method.key {
                        // This is a private method
                        private_members.insert(
                            id.name.cheap_clone(),
                            super::PrivateMemberInfo {
                                is_method: true,
                                is_static: method.static_,
                            },
                        );
                        if method.static_ {
                            static_private_methods.push(method);
                        } else {
                            instance_private_methods.push(method);
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Regular public method
                        if method.static_ {
                            static_methods.push(method);
                        } else {
                            instance_methods.push(method);
                        }
                    }
                }
                ClassMember::Property(prop) => {
                    if let ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) = &prop.key {
                        // This is a private field
                        private_members.insert(
                            id.name.cheap_clone(),
                            super::PrivateMemberInfo {
                                is_method: false,
                                is_static: prop.static_,
                            },
                        );
                        if prop.static_ {
                            static_private_fields.push(prop);
                        } else {
                            instance_private_fields.push(prop);
                        }
                    } else if prop.accessor {
                        // Auto-accessor property (accessor keyword)
                        if prop.static_ {
                            static_auto_accessors.push(prop);
                        } else {
                            instance_auto_accessors.push(prop);
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Regular public field
                        if prop.static_ {
                            static_fields.push(prop);
                        } else {
                            instance_fields.push(prop);
                        }
                    }
                }
                ClassMember::StaticBlock(block) => {
                    static_blocks.push(block);
                }
            }
        }

        // Push class context for private member access
        self.class_context_stack.push(super::ClassContext {
            brand: class_brand,
            private_members,
        });

        // Compile constructor (or create default one)
        let has_super = class.super_class.is_some();
        let ctor_chunk = if let Some(ctor) = constructor {
            self.compile_constructor_body(
                ctor,
                &instance_fields,
                &instance_private_fields,
                &instance_private_methods,
                class_brand,
                class_name.clone(),
            )?
        } else {
            self.compile_default_constructor(
                &instance_fields,
                &instance_private_fields,
                &instance_private_methods,
                class_brand,
                class_name.clone(),
                has_super,
            )?
        };

        let ctor_chunk_idx = self.builder.add_chunk(ctor_chunk)?;

        // Create constructor register and emit CreateClosure
        let ctor_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClosure {
            dst: ctor_reg,
            chunk_idx: ctor_chunk_idx,
        });

        // Compile superclass if present
        let super_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(super_class) = &class.super_class {
            self.compile_expression(super_class, super_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: super_reg });
        }

        // Create the class
        self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClass {
            dst,
            constructor: ctor_reg,
            super_class: super_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(ctor_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(super_reg);

        // Apply constructor parameter decorators (target = the class, not the constructor)
        if let Some(ctor) = constructor {
            let ctor_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(JsString::from("constructor"))?;

            for (param_index, param) in ctor.params.iter().enumerate() {
                if param.decorators.is_empty() {
                    continue;
                }

                // Get parameter name if it's a simple identifier
                let param_name_idx = match &param.pattern {
                    crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) => {
                        self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?
                    }
                    _ => self.builder.add_string(JsString::from(""))?,
                };

                // Evaluate and apply decorators for this parameter (bottom-to-top)
                let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
                for decorator in &param.decorators {
                    let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
                    dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
                }

                for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                    self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyParameterDecorator {
                        target: dst, // target is the class
                        decorator: dec_reg,
                        method_name: ctor_name_idx,
                        param_name: param_name_idx,
                        param_index: param_index as u8,
                        is_static: false,
                    });
                    self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
                }
            }
        }

        // Define instance methods (decorators are applied in compile_class_method)
        for method in &instance_methods {
            self.compile_class_method(dst, method, false)?;
        }

        // Define static methods (decorators are applied in compile_class_method)
        for method in &static_methods {
            self.compile_class_method(dst, method, true)?;
        }

        // Process instance field decorators (store initializers on class)
        // Field decorators are called after method decorators but before class decorator
        for field in &instance_fields {
            self.compile_field_decorators(dst, field, false)?;
        }

        // Process instance private field decorators
        for field in &instance_private_fields {
            self.compile_field_decorators(dst, field, false)?;
        }

        // Process static field decorators
        for field in &static_fields {
            self.compile_field_decorators(dst, field, true)?;
        }

        // Process static private field decorators
        for field in &static_private_fields {
            self.compile_field_decorators(dst, field, true)?;
        }

        // Initialize static fields (on the class constructor itself)
        for field in &static_fields {
            self.compile_static_field_initializer(dst, field)?;
        }

        // Define instance auto-accessors (on prototype)
        for accessor in &instance_auto_accessors {
            self.compile_auto_accessor(dst, accessor, false)?;
        }

        // Define static auto-accessors (on class constructor)
        for accessor in &static_auto_accessors {
            self.compile_auto_accessor(dst, accessor, true)?;
        }

        // Before running static blocks, bind the class name so code in static blocks
        // can reference the class by name (e.g., `Config.value = 42`)
        // Only create inner binding for explicit class names, not inferred names.
        // For `var C = class {}`, the binding is handled by the var declaration.
        // For `class C {}` or `var x = class C {}`, C needs an inner immutable binding.
        // If decorators are present, the binding must be mutable so we can update it
        // after decorators are applied (since decorators can replace the class).
        let has_decorators = !decorator_regs.is_empty();
        if has_explicit_name && let Some(ref name) = class_name {
            let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                name: name_idx,
                init: dst,
                mutable: has_decorators, // mutable if decorators might replace the class
            });
        }

        // Execute static blocks with `this` bound to the class constructor
        for block in &static_blocks {
            self.compile_static_block(dst, block)?;
        }

        // Initialize static private fields (on the class constructor itself)
        for field in &static_private_fields {
            self.compile_static_private_field_initializer(dst, field, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Define static private methods
        for method in &static_private_methods {
            self.compile_private_method(dst, method, true, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Define instance private methods (store on class for later installation on instances)
        for method in &instance_private_methods {
            self.compile_private_method(dst, method, false, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Pop class context
        self.class_context_stack.pop();

        // Apply class decorators in reverse order (bottom-to-top)
        // Decorators were evaluated top-to-bottom, now apply them bottom-to-top
        if !decorator_regs.is_empty() {
            // Get class name constant index (or MAX for no name)
            let class_name_idx = if let Some(ref name) = class_name {
                self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?
            } else {
                super::bytecode::ConstantIndex::MAX
            };

            // Create an empty array to collect initializers from addInitializer calls
            let initializers_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateArray {
                dst: initializers_reg,
                start: 0, // Unused when count is 0
                count: 0,
            });

            for dec_reg in decorator_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyClassDecorator {
                    class: dst,
                    decorator: dec_reg,
                    class_name: class_name_idx,
                    initializers: initializers_reg,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
            }

            // Run all collected initializers with `this` bound to the class
            self.builder.emit(Op::RunClassInitializers {
                class: dst,
                initializers: initializers_reg,
            });
            self.builder.free_register(initializers_reg);

            // Update the class name binding with the final decorated class
            // (decorators may have replaced the class)
            if has_explicit_name && let Some(ref name) = class_name {
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::SetVar {
                    name: name_idx,
                    src: dst,
                });
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a class method and emit DefineMethod/DefineAccessor
    fn compile_class_method(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        method: &ClassMethod,
        is_static: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get method name and check if it's private or computed
        enum MethodKey {
            Const(ConstantIndex, JsString),
            Computed(super::bytecode::Register),
            Private(ConstantIndex, JsString),
        }

        let key = match &method.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::Identifier(id) => {
                let name = id.name.cheap_clone();
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                MethodKey::Const(name_idx, name)
            }
            ObjectPropertyKey::String(s) => {
                let name = s.value.cheap_clone();
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                MethodKey::Const(name_idx, name)
            }
            ObjectPropertyKey::Number(lit) => {
                // Convert number to string for method name
                use crate::ast::LiteralValue;
                match &lit.value {
                    LiteralValue::Number(n) => {
                        let name = JsString::from(crate::value::number_to_string(*n));
                        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                        MethodKey::Const(name_idx, name)
                    }
                    _ => return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple("Invalid method key")),
                }
            }
            ObjectPropertyKey::Computed(expr) => {
                // Compile computed key expression to a register
                let key_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(expr, key_reg)?;
                MethodKey::Computed(key_reg)
            }
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => {
                let name = id.name.cheap_clone();
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(name.cheap_clone())?;
                MethodKey::Private(name_idx, name)
            }
        };

        // Get method name for function naming (use None for computed)
        let method_name = match &key {
            MethodKey::Const(_, name) | MethodKey::Private(_, name) => Some(name.cheap_clone()),
            MethodKey::Computed(_) => None,
        };

        // Compile method body
        let func = &method.value;
        let method_chunk = self.compile_function_body(
            &func.params,
            &func.body.body,
            method_name,
            func.generator,
            func.async_,
            false,
        )?;

        let chunk_idx = self.builder.add_chunk(method_chunk)?;

        // Allocate register for method function
        let method_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Create the method function
        if func.generator && func.async_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateAsyncGenerator {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else if func.generator {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateGenerator {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else if func.async_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateAsync {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClosure {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        }

        // Apply parameter decorators first (before method decorators)
        // Parameter decorators are called for side effects (like metadata registration)
        let func = &method.value;
        let method_name_idx = match &key {
            MethodKey::Const(idx, _) | MethodKey::Private(idx, _) => *idx,
            MethodKey::Computed(_) => self.builder.add_string(JsString::from(""))?,
        };

        for (param_index, param) in func.params.iter().enumerate() {
            if param.decorators.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            // Get parameter name if it's a simple identifier
            let param_name_idx = match &param.pattern {
                crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) => {
                    self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?
                }
                _ => self.builder.add_string(JsString::from(""))?,
            };

            // Evaluate and apply decorators for this parameter (bottom-to-top)
            let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
            for decorator in &param.decorators {
                let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
                dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
            }

            for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyParameterDecorator {
                    target: method_reg,
                    decorator: dec_reg,
                    method_name: method_name_idx,
                    param_name: param_name_idx,
                    param_index: param_index as u8,
                    is_static,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
            }
        }

        // Apply method decorators
        // Evaluation order: top-to-bottom (forward iteration)
        // Application order: bottom-to-top (reverse iteration when applying)
        if !method.decorators.is_empty() {
            // Determine kind byte: 0 = method, 1 = getter, 2 = setter
            let kind: u8 = match method.kind {
                MethodKind::Method => 0,
                MethodKind::Get => 1,
                MethodKind::Set => 2,
            };

            let is_private = matches!(&key, MethodKey::Private(_, _));

            // First, evaluate all decorator expressions (top-to-bottom)
            let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
            for decorator in &method.decorators {
                let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
                dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
            }

            // Then apply decorators (bottom-to-top)
            for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyMethodDecorator {
                    method: method_reg,
                    decorator: dec_reg,
                    name: method_name_idx,
                    kind,
                    is_static,
                    is_private,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
            }
        }

        // Emit DefineMethod or DefineAccessor based on method kind
        match (&key, &method.kind) {
            (
                MethodKey::Const(name_idx, _) | MethodKey::Private(name_idx, _),
                MethodKind::Method,
            ) => {
                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineMethod {
                    class: class_reg,
                    name: *name_idx,
                    method: method_reg,
                    is_static,
                });
            }
            (MethodKey::Computed(key_reg), MethodKind::Method) => {
                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineMethodComputed {
                    class: class_reg,
                    key: *key_reg,
                    method: method_reg,
                    is_static,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(*key_reg);
            }
            (MethodKey::Const(name_idx, _) | MethodKey::Private(name_idx, _), MethodKind::Get) => {
                // Getter only - pass undefined for setter
                let undefined_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: undefined_reg });

                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineAccessor {
                    class: class_reg,
                    name: *name_idx,
                    getter: method_reg,
                    setter: undefined_reg,
                    is_static,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(undefined_reg);
            }
            (MethodKey::Computed(key_reg), MethodKind::Get) => {
                // Getter only - pass undefined for setter
                let undefined_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: undefined_reg });

                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineAccessorComputed {
                    class: class_reg,
                    key: *key_reg,
                    getter: method_reg,
                    setter: undefined_reg,
                    is_static,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(undefined_reg);
                self.builder.free_register(*key_reg);
            }
            (MethodKey::Const(name_idx, _) | MethodKey::Private(name_idx, _), MethodKind::Set) => {
                // Setter only - pass undefined for getter
                let undefined_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: undefined_reg });

                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineAccessor {
                    class: class_reg,
                    name: *name_idx,
                    getter: undefined_reg,
                    setter: method_reg,
                    is_static,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(undefined_reg);
            }
            (MethodKey::Computed(key_reg), MethodKind::Set) => {
                // Setter only - pass undefined for getter
                let undefined_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: undefined_reg });

                self.builder.emit(Op::DefineAccessorComputed {
                    class: class_reg,
                    key: *key_reg,
                    getter: undefined_reg,
                    setter: method_reg,
                    is_static,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(undefined_reg);
                self.builder.free_register(*key_reg);
            }
        }

        self.builder.free_register(method_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile field decorators and store initializers on class
    fn compile_field_decorators(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        field: &ClassProperty,
        is_static: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Skip if no decorators
        if field.decorators.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Get field name
        let (field_name, is_private): (JsString, bool) = match &field.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::Identifier(id) => (id.name.cheap_clone(), false),
            ObjectPropertyKey::String(s) => (s.value.cheap_clone(), false),
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => (id.name.cheap_clone(), true),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Skip computed keys for now
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(field_name)?;

        // Process decorators
        // Evaluation order: top-to-bottom (forward iteration)
        // Application order: bottom-to-top (reverse iteration when applying)
        // Each decorator is called with (undefined, context) and may return an initializer
        // We chain the initializers: if decorator A returns init_A and B returns init_B,
        // the final initializer is value => init_B(init_A(value))
        // For simplicity, we store only the last non-undefined initializer for now

        // First, evaluate all decorator expressions (top-to-bottom)
        let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
        for decorator in &field.decorators {
            let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
            dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
        }

        let init_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: init_reg });

        // Then apply decorators (bottom-to-top)
        for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
            // Call decorator and get potential initializer
            self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyFieldDecorator {
                dst: init_reg,
                decorator: dec_reg,
                name: name_idx,
                is_static,
                is_private,
                is_accessor: field.accessor,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
        }

        // Store the initializer on the class (only if not undefined)
        // We'll handle this in the VM - StoreFieldInitializer only stores if not undefined
        self.builder.emit(Op::StoreFieldInitializer {
            class: class_reg,
            name: name_idx,
            initializer: init_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(init_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an auto-accessor property (accessor keyword)
    /// Creates getter/setter and applies decorators if any
    fn compile_auto_accessor(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        accessor: &ClassProperty,
        is_static: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get accessor name
        let accessor_name: JsString = match &accessor.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::Identifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            ObjectPropertyKey::String(s) => s.value.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Skip computed keys for now
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(accessor_name)?;

        // Compile initial value (or undefined)
        let init_value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(init) = &accessor.value {
            self.compile_expression(init, init_value_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined {
                dst: init_value_reg,
            });
        }

        // Create target { get, set } object for decorators
        let target_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Emit DefineAutoAccessor - creates getter/setter and returns { get, set } target
        self.builder.emit(Op::DefineAutoAccessor {
            class: class_reg,
            name: name_idx,
            init_value: init_value_reg,
            target_dst: target_reg,
            is_static,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(init_value_reg);

        // If there are decorators, apply them
        if !accessor.decorators.is_empty() {
            // Evaluate all decorator expressions (top-to-bottom)
            let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
            for decorator in &accessor.decorators {
                let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
                dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
            }

            // Apply decorators (bottom-to-top)
            // Each decorator receives target and returns potentially modified { get, set }
            for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyAutoAccessorDecorator {
                    target: target_reg,
                    decorator: dec_reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                    is_static,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
            }

            // Store the final decorated accessor
            self.builder.emit(Op::StoreAutoAccessor {
                class: class_reg,
                name: name_idx,
                accessor_obj: target_reg,
                is_static,
            });
        }

        self.builder.free_register(target_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile constructor body
    fn compile_constructor_body(
        &mut self,
        ctor: &ClassConstructor,
        instance_fields: &[&ClassProperty],
        instance_private_fields: &[&ClassProperty],
        instance_private_methods: &[&ClassMethod],
        class_brand: u32,
        name: Option<JsString>,
    ) -> Result<super::BytecodeChunk, JsError> {
        use super::FunctionInfo;

        let mut func_compiler = Compiler::new();

        // Copy the class context so private field access works inside the constructor
        func_compiler.class_context_stack = self.class_context_stack.clone();

        // Reserve registers for parameters
        if !ctor.params.is_empty() {
            func_compiler
                .builder
                .reserve_registers(ctor.params.len() as u8)?;
        }

        // Compile parameter declarations inline (same as compile_function_body)
        // Also collect parameter properties (public/private/protected) to assign to this
        let mut param_names = Vec::with_capacity(ctor.params.len());
        // Param properties: (name, value_reg, needs_free)
        // needs_free is true for registers allocated for default values
        let mut param_properties: Vec<(JsString, u8, bool)> = Vec::new();

        for (idx, param) in ctor.params.iter().enumerate() {
            let arg_reg = idx as u8;

            match &param.pattern {
                crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) => {
                    param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());
                    let name_idx = func_compiler.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                        name: name_idx,
                        init: arg_reg,
                        mutable: true,
                    });

                    // If this is a parameter property (has accessibility or readonly), record it
                    // arg_reg is a fixed argument register, doesn't need freeing
                    if param.accessibility.is_some() || param.readonly {
                        param_properties.push((id.name.cheap_clone(), arg_reg, false));
                    }
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Rest(rest) => {
                    if let crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) = &*rest.argument {
                        param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());
                        let name_idx = func_compiler.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
                            name: name_idx,
                            init: arg_reg,
                            mutable: true,
                        });
                    }
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Object(_) | crate::ast::Pattern::Array(_) => {
                    param_names.push(JsString::from(format!("__param{}__", idx)));
                    func_compiler.compile_pattern_binding(&param.pattern, arg_reg, true, false)?;
                }
                crate::ast::Pattern::Assignment(assign_pat) => {
                    let actual_value = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    let is_undefined = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    func_compiler
                        .builder
                        .emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: is_undefined });
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::StrictEq {
                        dst: is_undefined,
                        left: arg_reg,
                        right: is_undefined,
                    });

                    let skip_default = func_compiler.builder.emit_jump_if_false(is_undefined);
                    func_compiler.builder.free_register(is_undefined);

                    func_compiler.compile_expression(&assign_pat.right, actual_value)?;
                    let skip_arg = func_compiler.builder.emit_jump();

                    func_compiler.builder.patch_jump(skip_default);
                    func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::Move {
                        dst: actual_value,
                        src: arg_reg,
                    });

                    func_compiler.builder.patch_jump(skip_arg);
                    func_compiler.compile_pattern_binding(
                        &assign_pat.left,
                        actual_value,
                        true,
                        false,
                    )?;

                    if let crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) = assign_pat.left.as_ref() {
                        param_names.push(id.name.cheap_clone());
                        // If this is a parameter property, record it
                        // Note: we DON'T free actual_value here if it's a param property,
                        // because it's needed later in the param_properties loop
                        if param.accessibility.is_some() || param.readonly {
                            param_properties.push((id.name.cheap_clone(), actual_value, true));
                        } else {
                            func_compiler.builder.free_register(actual_value);
                        }
                    } else {
                        param_names.push(JsString::from(format!("__param{}__", idx)));
                        func_compiler.builder.free_register(actual_value);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Emit parameter property assignments: this.x = x
        // These happen before instance field initializers
        for (prop_name, value_reg, needs_free) in &param_properties {
            let this_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
            func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::LoadThis { dst: this_reg });
            let prop_idx = func_compiler.builder.add_string(prop_name.cheap_clone())?;
            func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                obj: this_reg,
                key: prop_idx,
                value: *value_reg,
            });
            func_compiler.builder.free_register(this_reg);
            // Free registers allocated for default values after they've been used
            if *needs_free {
                func_compiler.builder.free_register(*value_reg);
            }
        }

        // Compile instance field initializers at the start of constructor
        // These run before the user's constructor body (after super() call if extending)
        for field in instance_fields {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_field_initializer(field)?;
        }

        // Initialize instance private fields
        for field in instance_private_fields {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_private_field_initializer(field, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Install instance private methods on 'this'
        for method in instance_private_methods {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_private_method_initializer(method, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Hoist var declarations in constructor body
        func_compiler.emit_hoisted_declarations(&ctor.body.body)?;

        // Compile constructor body
        for stmt in ctor.body.body.iter() {
            func_compiler.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;
        }

        // Return this implicitly (constructor returns `this`)
        let this_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::LoadThis { dst: this_reg });
        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::Return { value: this_reg });

        // Count bindings for environment pre-sizing
        let binding_count =
            super::hoist::count_function_bindings(&ctor.params, &ctor.body.body, false);

        let mut chunk = func_compiler.builder.finish();
        chunk.function_info = Some(FunctionInfo {
            name,
            param_count: ctor.params.len(),
            param_names,
            rest_param: None,
            is_generator: false,
            is_async: false,
            is_arrow: false,
            uses_arguments: false,
            uses_this: true, // constructors use this
            binding_count,
        });

        Ok(chunk)
    }

    /// Compile default constructor (for classes without explicit constructor)
    /// For derived classes, this generates: constructor(...args) { super(...args); }
    fn compile_default_constructor(
        &mut self,
        instance_fields: &[&ClassProperty],
        instance_private_fields: &[&ClassProperty],
        instance_private_methods: &[&ClassMethod],
        class_brand: u32,
        name: Option<JsString>,
        has_super: bool,
    ) -> Result<super::BytecodeChunk, JsError> {
        use super::FunctionInfo;

        let mut func_compiler = Compiler::new();

        // Copy the class context so private field access works inside the constructor
        func_compiler.class_context_stack = self.class_context_stack.clone();

        // For derived classes, call super(...args) first to forward all arguments
        if has_super {
            // Load arguments as an array and call super with spread
            let args_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
            func_compiler
                .builder
                .emit(Op::LoadArguments { dst: args_reg });

            let result_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
            func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::SuperCallSpread {
                dst: result_reg,
                args_array: args_reg,
            });

            func_compiler.builder.free_register(result_reg);
            func_compiler.builder.free_register(args_reg);
        }

        // Compile instance field initializers (these run AFTER super() call)
        for field in instance_fields {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_field_initializer(field)?;
        }

        // Initialize instance private fields
        for field in instance_private_fields {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_private_field_initializer(field, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Install instance private methods on 'this'
        for method in instance_private_methods {
            func_compiler.compile_instance_private_method_initializer(method, class_brand)?;
        }

        // Return this
        let this_reg = func_compiler.builder.alloc_register()?;
        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::LoadThis { dst: this_reg });
        func_compiler.builder.emit(Op::Return { value: this_reg });

        let mut chunk = func_compiler.builder.finish();
        chunk.function_info = Some(FunctionInfo {
            name,
            param_count: 0,
            param_names: vec![],
            rest_param: Some(0), // Rest parameter at index 0 to collect all args
            is_generator: false,
            is_async: false,
            is_arrow: false,
            uses_arguments: has_super, // Uses arguments if we have a super call
            uses_this: true,           // constructors use this
            binding_count: 3,          // this + slack
        });

        Ok(chunk)
    }

    /// Compile instance field initializer (this.field = value)
    fn compile_instance_field_initializer(&mut self, field: &ClassProperty) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get field name
        let field_name: JsString = match &field.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::Identifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            ObjectPropertyKey::String(s) => s.value.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Skip computed/private for now
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(field_name)?;

        // Get this
        let this_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::LoadThis { dst: this_reg });

        // Compile field initializer or use undefined
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(init) = &field.value {
            self.compile_expression(init, value_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: value_reg });
        }

        // Check if there's a field initializer from decorators
        if !field.decorators.is_empty() {
            // Get new.target (the constructor)
            let class_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadNewTarget { dst: class_reg });

            // Get the stored initializer
            let init_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetFieldInitializer {
                dst: init_reg,
                class: class_reg,
                name: name_idx,
            });

            // Apply the initializer to the value (if it exists)
            self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyFieldInitializer {
                value: value_reg,
                initializer: init_reg,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(init_reg);
            self.builder.free_register(class_reg);
        }

        // Set property on this
        self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
            obj: this_reg,
            key: name_idx,
            value: value_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(this_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a static field initializer (sets property on class constructor)
    fn compile_static_field_initializer(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        field: &ClassProperty,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get field name
        let field_name: JsString = match &field.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::Identifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            ObjectPropertyKey::String(s) => s.value.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Skip computed/private for now
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(field_name)?;

        // Compile field initializer or use undefined
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(init) = &field.value {
            self.compile_expression(init, value_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: value_reg });
        }

        // Apply field initializer from decorator if present
        if !field.decorators.is_empty() {
            let init_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetFieldInitializer {
                dst: init_reg,
                class: class_reg,
                name: name_idx,
            });

            self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyFieldInitializer {
                value: value_reg,
                initializer: init_reg,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(init_reg);
        }

        // Set property on class constructor
        self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
            obj: class_reg,
            key: name_idx,
            value: value_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an instance private field initializer (this.#field = value)
    fn compile_instance_private_field_initializer(
        &mut self,
        field: &ClassProperty,
        class_brand: u32,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get field name
        let field_name: JsString = match &field.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Should only be called for private fields
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(field_name)?;

        // Get this
        let this_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::LoadThis { dst: this_reg });

        // Compile field initializer or use undefined
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(init) = &field.value {
            self.compile_expression(init, value_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: value_reg });
        }

        // Check if there's a field initializer from decorators
        if !field.decorators.is_empty() {
            // Get new.target (the constructor)
            let class_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadNewTarget { dst: class_reg });

            // Get the stored initializer
            let init_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetFieldInitializer {
                dst: init_reg,
                class: class_reg,
                name: name_idx,
            });

            // Apply the initializer to the value (if it exists)
            self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyFieldInitializer {
                value: value_reg,
                initializer: init_reg,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(init_reg);
            self.builder.free_register(class_reg);
        }

        // Define private field on this
        self.builder.emit(Op::DefinePrivateField {
            obj: this_reg,
            class_brand,
            field_name: name_idx,
            value: value_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(this_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Install an instance private method on 'this' during construction
    fn compile_instance_private_method_initializer(
        &mut self,
        method: &ClassMethod,
        class_brand: u32,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get method name
        let method_name: JsString = match &method.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Should only be called for private methods
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(method_name)?;

        // Emit instruction to install the stored private method on this
        // The method was already compiled and stored on the class during class definition
        self.builder.emit(Op::InstallPrivateMethod {
            class_brand,
            method_name: name_idx,
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a static private field initializer
    fn compile_static_private_field_initializer(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        field: &ClassProperty,
        class_brand: u32,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get field name
        let field_name: JsString = match &field.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Should only be called for private fields
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(field_name)?;

        // Compile field initializer or use undefined
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if let Some(init) = &field.value {
            self.compile_expression(init, value_reg)?;
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::LoadUndefined { dst: value_reg });
        }

        // Define private field on class constructor
        self.builder.emit(Op::DefinePrivateField {
            obj: class_reg,
            class_brand,
            field_name: name_idx,
            value: value_reg,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a private method
    fn compile_private_method(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        method: &ClassMethod,
        is_static: bool,
        class_brand: u32,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Get method name
        let method_name: JsString = match &method.key {
            ObjectPropertyKey::PrivateIdentifier(id) => id.name.cheap_clone(),
            _ => return Ok(()), // Should only be called for private methods
        };

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(method_name.cheap_clone())?;

        // Compile method body
        let func = &method.value;
        let method_chunk = self.compile_function_body(
            &func.params,
            &func.body.body,
            Some(method_name),
            func.generator,
            func.async_,
            false,
        )?;

        let chunk_idx = self.builder.add_chunk(method_chunk)?;

        // Create method function
        let method_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        if func.generator && func.async_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateAsyncGenerator {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else if func.generator {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateGenerator {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else if func.async_ {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateAsync {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        } else {
            self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClosure {
                dst: method_reg,
                chunk_idx,
            });
        }

        // Apply method decorators (if any)
        // Evaluation order: top-to-bottom (forward iteration)
        // Application order: bottom-to-top (reverse iteration when applying)
        if !method.decorators.is_empty() {
            // Determine kind byte: 0 = method, 1 = getter, 2 = setter
            let kind: u8 = match method.kind {
                MethodKind::Method => 0,
                MethodKind::Get => 1,
                MethodKind::Set => 2,
            };

            // First, evaluate all decorator expressions (top-to-bottom)
            let mut dec_regs: Vec<super::bytecode::Register> = Vec::new();
            for decorator in &method.decorators {
                let dec_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression, dec_reg)?;
                dec_regs.push(dec_reg);
            }

            // Then apply decorators (bottom-to-top)
            for dec_reg in dec_regs.into_iter().rev() {
                self.builder.emit(Op::ApplyMethodDecorator {
                    method: method_reg,
                    decorator: dec_reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                    kind,
                    is_static,
                    is_private: true,
                });

                self.builder.free_register(dec_reg);
            }
        }

        if is_static {
            // Define on class constructor directly
            self.builder.emit(Op::DefinePrivateField {
                obj: class_reg,
                class_brand,
                field_name: name_idx,
                value: method_reg,
            });
        } else {
            // Store for later installation on instances
            self.builder.emit(Op::DefinePrivateMethod {
                class: class_reg,
                class_brand,
                method_name: name_idx,
                method: method_reg,
                is_static,
            });
        }

        self.builder.free_register(method_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a static block - compiles the block body as a function and calls it with `this` = class
    fn compile_static_block(
        &mut self,
        class_reg: super::bytecode::Register,
        block: &crate::ast::BlockStatement,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        // Compile the static block body as an anonymous function
        // The function will be called immediately with `this` bound to the class constructor
        let empty_params: [crate::ast::FunctionParam; 0] = [];
        let block_chunk =
            self.compile_function_body(&empty_params, &block.body, None, false, false, false)?;
        let chunk_idx = self.builder.add_chunk(block_chunk)?;

        // Create a closure for the static block
        let block_fn_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::CreateClosure {
            dst: block_fn_reg,
            chunk_idx,
        });

        // Call the static block with `this` = class constructor
        // No arguments needed, so we use a dummy register for args_start
        let result_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::Call {
            dst: result_reg,
            callee: block_fn_reg,
            this: class_reg,
            args_start: 0, // Register is u8
            argc: 0,
        });

        self.builder.free_register(result_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(block_fn_reg);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an enum declaration
    /// TypeScript enums compile to an object with forward and reverse mappings
    fn compile_enum_declaration(
        &mut self,
        decl: &crate::ast::EnumDeclaration,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(decl.span);

        // Create the enum object
        let enum_obj = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::CreateObject { dst: enum_obj });

        // Declare the enum variable FIRST so member initializers can reference prior members
        // via EnumName.MemberName or just MemberName (for const enums)
        let enum_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(decl.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
        self.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
            name: enum_name_idx,
            init: enum_obj,
            mutable: true, // Enums are mutable like objects
        });

        // Track the current numeric value for auto-increment
        let mut current_value: i64 = 0;
        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
        let key_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Track prior member names for rewriting identifier references
        let mut prior_members: Vec<JsString> = Vec::new();

        for member in &decl.members {
            let member_name = member.id.name.cheap_clone();
            let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(member_name.cheap_clone())?;

            if let Some(ref init) = member.initializer {
                // Compile the initializer expression, rewriting references to prior enum members
                self.compile_enum_init_expression(init, value_reg, enum_obj, &prior_members)?;

                // Try to compute the numeric value for auto-increment
                // This is a simplified version - in reality, we'd need const evaluation
                if let crate::ast::Expression::Literal(lit) = init
                    && let crate::ast::LiteralValue::Number(n) = &lit.value
                {
                    current_value = *n as i64 + 1;
                }
            } else {
                // Use auto-increment value
                self.builder.emit(Op::LoadInt {
                    dst: value_reg,
                    value: current_value as i32,
                });
                current_value += 1;
            }

            // Add this member to prior members for subsequent initializers
            prior_members.push(member_name.cheap_clone());

            // Set forward mapping: EnumName.MemberName = value
            self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                obj: enum_obj,
                key: name_idx,
                value: value_reg,
            });

            // Set reverse mapping for numeric values: EnumName[value] = MemberName
            // Only for numeric values (not string enums)
            // We need to check if value is numeric at runtime for mixed enums
            let is_numeric = match &member.initializer {
                None => true,
                Some(init) => {
                    // Check for numeric literal
                    matches!(
                        init,
                        crate::ast::Expression::Literal(lit) if matches!(lit.as_ref(), crate::ast::Literal { value: crate::ast::LiteralValue::Number(_), .. })
                    ) ||
                    // Check for unary minus of numeric literal (e.g., -10)
                    matches!(
                        init,
                        crate::ast::Expression::Unary(unary)
                            if unary.operator == crate::ast::UnaryOp::Minus
                            && matches!(
                                unary.argument.as_ref(),
                                crate::ast::Expression::Literal(lit) if matches!(lit.as_ref(), crate::ast::Literal { value: crate::ast::LiteralValue::Number(_), .. })
                            )
                    )
                }
            };
            if is_numeric {
                // Load the member name as a string value
                self.builder.emit_load_string(key_reg, member_name)?;

                // Set reverse mapping: EnumName[value] = "MemberName"
                self.builder.emit(Op::SetProperty {
                    obj: enum_obj,
                    key: value_reg,
                    value: key_reg,
                });
            }
        }

        self.builder.free_register(key_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        self.builder.free_register(enum_obj);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a namespace declaration
    fn compile_namespace_declaration(
        &mut self,
        decl: &crate::ast::NamespaceDeclaration,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(decl.span);

        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(decl.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
        let ns_obj = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Check if namespace already exists (for merging)
        // Try to get existing namespace, use it if found, otherwise create new
        let existing_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

        // Try to get the existing namespace variable (returns undefined if not found)
        self.builder.emit(Op::TryGetVar {
            dst: existing_reg,
            name: name_idx,
        });

        // Check if existing is undefined - use JumpIfNullish since undefined is nullish
        // If undefined/null, jump to create new object, else use existing
        let jump_to_create = self.builder.emit_jump_if_nullish(existing_reg);

        // Use existing namespace
        self.builder.emit(Op::Move {
            dst: ns_obj,
            src: existing_reg,
        });
        let jump_to_end = self.builder.emit_jump();

        // Create new namespace object
        self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_create);
        self.builder.emit(Op::CreateObject { dst: ns_obj });
        self.builder.emit(Op::DeclareVar {
            name: name_idx,
            init: ns_obj,
            mutable: true,
        });

        self.builder.patch_jump(jump_to_end);

        // Free temporary registers
        self.builder.free_register(existing_reg);

        // Push a new scope for the namespace body
        self.emit_push_scope();

        // Compile the namespace body statements
        for stmt in decl.body.iter() {
            self.compile_statement_impl(stmt)?;

            // If the statement exports something, add it to the namespace object
            // For now, we handle exported declarations by adding them to the namespace
            if let Statement::Export(export) = stmt
                && let Some(ref decl) = export.declaration
            {
                self.add_export_to_namespace(ns_obj, decl)?;
            }
        }

        // Pop the namespace scope
        self.emit_pop_scope();

        self.builder.free_register(ns_obj);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Add an exported declaration to a namespace object
    fn add_export_to_namespace(
        &mut self,
        ns_obj: super::Register,
        decl: &Statement,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        match decl {
            Statement::VariableDeclaration(var_decl) => {
                for declarator in var_decl.declarations.iter() {
                    if let crate::ast::Pattern::Identifier(id) = &declarator.id {
                        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                        self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                            dst: value_reg,
                            name: name_idx,
                        });
                        self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                            obj: ns_obj,
                            key: name_idx,
                            value: value_reg,
                        });
                        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                    }
                }
            }
            Statement::FunctionDeclaration(func_decl) => {
                if let Some(ref id) = func_decl.id {
                    let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                        dst: value_reg,
                        name: name_idx,
                    });
                    self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                        obj: ns_obj,
                        key: name_idx,
                        value: value_reg,
                    });
                    self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                }
            }
            Statement::ClassDeclaration(class_decl) => {
                if let Some(ref id) = class_decl.id {
                    let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                        dst: value_reg,
                        name: name_idx,
                    });
                    self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                        obj: ns_obj,
                        key: name_idx,
                        value: value_reg,
                    });
                    self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                }
            }
            Statement::EnumDeclaration(enum_decl) => {
                let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(enum_decl.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                    dst: value_reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                });
                self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                    obj: ns_obj,
                    key: name_idx,
                    value: value_reg,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
            }
            Statement::NamespaceDeclaration(nested_ns) => {
                // Add nested namespace to parent namespace
                let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(nested_ns.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                    dst: value_reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                });
                self.builder.emit(Op::SetPropertyConst {
                    obj: ns_obj,
                    key: name_idx,
                    value: value_reg,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an enum initializer expression, rewriting references to prior enum members
    /// as property accesses on the enum object.
    fn compile_enum_init_expression(
        &mut self,
        expr: &crate::ast::Expression,
        dst: super::Register,
        enum_obj: super::Register,
        prior_members: &[JsString],
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        use crate::ast::Expression;

        match expr {
            // Check if this is an identifier that matches a prior enum member
            Expression::Identifier(id) => {
                if prior_members.iter().any(|m| m.as_str() == id.name.as_str()) {
                    // This is a reference to a prior member - load from enum object
                    let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    self.builder.emit(Op::GetPropertyConst {
                        dst,
                        obj: enum_obj,
                        key: name_idx,
                    });
                    Ok(())
                } else {
                    // Not a prior member - compile normally
                    self.compile_expression(expr, dst)
                }
            }

            // For binary expressions, recursively handle operands
            Expression::Binary(bin) => {
                let left_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                let right_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

                self.compile_enum_init_expression(&bin.left, left_reg, enum_obj, prior_members)?;
                self.compile_enum_init_expression(&bin.right, right_reg, enum_obj, prior_members)?;

                // Now emit the binary operation
                self.compile_binary_op(bin.operator, dst, left_reg, right_reg)?;

                self.builder.free_register(right_reg);
                self.builder.free_register(left_reg);
                Ok(())
            }

            // For unary expressions, recursively handle operand
            Expression::Unary(unary) => {
                let arg_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                self.compile_enum_init_expression(
                    &unary.argument,
                    arg_reg,
                    enum_obj,
                    prior_members,
                )?;

                // Emit the unary operation
                match unary.operator {
                    crate::ast::UnaryOp::Minus => {
                        self.builder.emit(Op::Neg { dst, src: arg_reg });
                    }
                    crate::ast::UnaryOp::Plus => {
                        self.builder.emit(Op::Plus { dst, src: arg_reg });
                    }
                    crate::ast::UnaryOp::Not => {
                        self.builder.emit(Op::Not { dst, src: arg_reg });
                    }
                    crate::ast::UnaryOp::BitNot => {
                        self.builder.emit(Op::BitNot { dst, src: arg_reg });
                    }
                    _ => {
                        // Fall back to normal compilation for other unary ops
                        self.builder.free_register(arg_reg);
                        return self.compile_expression(expr, dst);
                    }
                }

                self.builder.free_register(arg_reg);
                Ok(())
            }

            // For parenthesized expressions, handle the inner expression
            Expression::Parenthesized(expr, _) => {
                self.compile_enum_init_expression(expr, dst, enum_obj, prior_members)
            }

            // For other expressions (literals, etc.), compile normally
            _ => self.compile_expression(expr, dst),
        }
    }

    /// Compile a binary operator
    fn compile_binary_op(
        &mut self,
        operator: crate::ast::BinaryOp,
        dst: super::Register,
        left: super::Register,
        right: super::Register,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        use crate::ast::BinaryOp;
        match operator {
            BinaryOp::BitOr => self.builder.emit(Op::BitOr { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::BitAnd => self.builder.emit(Op::BitAnd { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::BitXor => self.builder.emit(Op::BitXor { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Add => self.builder.emit(Op::Add { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Sub => self.builder.emit(Op::Sub { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Mul => self.builder.emit(Op::Mul { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Div => self.builder.emit(Op::Div { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Mod => self.builder.emit(Op::Mod { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::Exp => self.builder.emit(Op::Exp { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::LShift => self.builder.emit(Op::LShift { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::RShift => self.builder.emit(Op::RShift { dst, left, right }),
            BinaryOp::URShift => self.builder.emit(Op::URShift { dst, left, right }),
            _ => {
                return Err(JsError::internal_error(format!(
                    "Unsupported binary operator in enum initializer: {:?}",
                    operator
                )));
            }
        };
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile an export declaration
    fn compile_export_declaration(&mut self, export: &ExportDeclaration) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        self.builder.set_span(export.span);

        // Skip type-only exports
        if export.type_only {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Handle re-exports: export { foo } from "./bar" or export * as ns from "./bar"
        if let Some(source) = &export.source {
            let source_idx = self.builder.add_string(source.value.cheap_clone())?;

            // Handle namespace re-export: export * as ns from "./bar"
            if let Some(ns) = &export.namespace_export {
                let export_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(ns.name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::ExportNamespace {
                    export_name: export_name_idx,
                    module_specifier: source_idx,
                });
                return Ok(());
            }

            // Handle named re-exports: export { foo, bar as baz } from "./bar"
            for spec in &export.specifiers {
                let export_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(spec.exported.name.cheap_clone())?;
                let source_key_idx = self.builder.add_string(spec.local.name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::ReExport {
                    export_name: export_name_idx,
                    source_module: source_idx,
                    source_key: source_key_idx,
                });
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Handle default export: export default expr
        if export.default
            && let Some(ref decl) = export.declaration
        {
            // export default function/class/expression
            // First compile the declaration to get the value
            let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;

            match decl.as_ref() {
                Statement::FunctionDeclaration(func) => {
                    // Compile function and store in value_reg
                    self.compile_function_expression_for_export(func, value_reg)?;
                }
                Statement::ClassDeclaration(class) => {
                    // Compile class and store in value_reg
                    self.compile_class_expression_for_export(class, value_reg)?;
                }
                Statement::Expression(expr_stmt) => {
                    // Compile expression
                    self.compile_expression(&expr_stmt.expression, value_reg)?;
                }
                _ => {
                    // Shouldn't happen - other statements can't be default exported
                    return Err(JsError::syntax_error_simple(
                        "Unexpected declaration in default export",
                    ));
                }
            }

            // Emit export binding for "default"
            let default_str = self.builder.add_string(JsString::from("default"))?;
            self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                export_name: default_str,
                binding_name: default_str,
                value: value_reg,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Handle named export declaration: export const/let/var/function/class
        if let Some(ref decl) = export.declaration {
            // First compile the declaration
            self.compile_statement_impl(decl)?;

            // Then emit export bindings for all names defined
            match decl.as_ref() {
                Statement::FunctionDeclaration(func) => {
                    if let Some(id) = &func.id {
                        // Get the function value and export it
                        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                        self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                            dst: value_reg,
                            name: name_idx,
                        });
                        self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                            export_name: name_idx,
                            binding_name: name_idx,
                            value: value_reg,
                        });
                        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                    }
                }
                Statement::ClassDeclaration(class) => {
                    if let Some(id) = &class.id {
                        // Get the class value and export it
                        let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                        let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                        self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                            dst: value_reg,
                            name: name_idx,
                        });
                        self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                            export_name: name_idx,
                            binding_name: name_idx,
                            value: value_reg,
                        });
                        self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                    }
                }
                Statement::VariableDeclaration(var_decl) => {
                    // Export each variable in the declaration
                    for declarator in var_decl.declarations.iter() {
                        self.emit_export_for_pattern(&declarator.id)?;
                    }
                }
                Statement::EnumDeclaration(enum_decl) => {
                    // Export the enum
                    let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(enum_decl.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                        dst: value_reg,
                        name: name_idx,
                    });
                    self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                        export_name: name_idx,
                        binding_name: name_idx,
                        value: value_reg,
                    });
                    self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                }
                Statement::NamespaceDeclaration(ns_decl) => {
                    // Export the namespace
                    let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                    let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(ns_decl.id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                    self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                        dst: value_reg,
                        name: name_idx,
                    });
                    self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                        export_name: name_idx,
                        binding_name: name_idx,
                        value: value_reg,
                    });
                    self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
                }
                _ => {}
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Handle named export specifiers: export { foo, bar as baz }
        for spec in &export.specifiers {
            let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
            let local_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(spec.local.name.cheap_clone())?;
            let export_name_idx = self.builder.add_string(spec.exported.name.cheap_clone())?;

            // Get the local variable value
            self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                dst: value_reg,
                name: local_name_idx,
            });

            // Export it
            self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                export_name: export_name_idx,
                binding_name: local_name_idx,
                value: value_reg,
            });

            self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Emit export bindings for a pattern (handles destructuring)
    fn emit_export_for_pattern(&mut self, pattern: &Pattern) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        match pattern {
            Pattern::Identifier(id) => {
                let value_reg = self.builder.alloc_register()?;
                let name_idx = self.builder.add_string(id.name.cheap_clone())?;
                self.builder.emit(Op::GetVar {
                    dst: value_reg,
                    name: name_idx,
                });
                self.builder.emit(Op::ExportBinding {
                    export_name: name_idx,
                    binding_name: name_idx,
                    value: value_reg,
                });
                self.builder.free_register(value_reg);
            }
            Pattern::Object(obj_pattern) => {
                for prop in &obj_pattern.properties {
                    match prop {
                        ObjectPatternProperty::KeyValue { value, .. } => {
                            self.emit_export_for_pattern(value)?;
                        }
                        ObjectPatternProperty::Rest(rest_elem) => {
                            self.emit_export_for_pattern(&rest_elem.argument)?;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Pattern::Array(arr_pattern) => {
                for p in arr_pattern.elements.iter().flatten() {
                    self.emit_export_for_pattern(p)?;
                }
            }
            Pattern::Rest(rest_elem) => {
                self.emit_export_for_pattern(&rest_elem.argument)?;
            }
            Pattern::Assignment(assign_pattern) => {
                self.emit_export_for_pattern(&assign_pattern.left)?;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a function for export default (returns value in register)
    fn compile_function_expression_for_export(
        &mut self,
        func: &crate::ast::FunctionDeclaration,
        dst: Register,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        use crate::ast::FunctionExpression;

        // Convert FunctionDeclaration to a FunctionExpression-like structure for compilation
        let func_expr = FunctionExpression {
            id: func.id.clone(),
            params: func.params.clone(),
            body: func.body.clone(),
            generator: func.generator,
            async_: func.async_,
            span: func.span,
            return_type: None,
            type_parameters: None,
        };

        self.compile_function_expression(&func_expr, dst)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Compile a class for export default (returns value in register)
    fn compile_class_expression_for_export(
        &mut self,
        class: &ClassDeclaration,
        dst: Register,
    ) -> Result<(), JsError> {
        use crate::ast::ClassExpression;

        // Convert ClassDeclaration to ClassExpression for compilation
        let class_expr = ClassExpression {
            id: class.id.clone(),
            super_class: class.super_class.clone(),
            body: class.body.clone(),
            implements: class.implements.clone(),
            type_parameters: None,
            decorators: class.decorators.clone(),
            span: class.span,
        };

        self.compile_class_expression(&class_expr, dst)?;
        Ok(())
    }
}