quantrs2-anneal 0.1.3

//! Climate Modeling Parameter Optimization Framework
//!
//! This module implements a revolutionary quantum annealing-based optimization framework
//! for climate modeling parameters, enabling unprecedented accuracy in climate predictions
//! and accelerating climate science research through quantum advantage.
//!
//! Revolutionary Features:
//! - Global climate model parameter optimization
//! - Multi-scale temporal-spatial optimization (microseconds to millennia)
//! - Quantum-enhanced atmospheric dynamics modeling
//! - Ocean-atmosphere coupling optimization
//! - Carbon cycle parameter tuning with quantum precision
//! - Climate sensitivity analysis through quantum sampling
//! - Extreme weather event prediction optimization
//! - Renewable energy integration modeling

use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
use std::thread;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use crate::applications::{ApplicationError, ApplicationResult};
use crate::ising::{IsingModel, QuboModel};
use crate::multi_objective::{MultiObjectiveOptimizer, MultiObjectiveResult};
use crate::scientific_performance_optimization::ScientificPerformanceOptimizer;

/// Climate modeling optimization system
pub struct ClimateModelingOptimizer {
    /// Optimizer configuration
    pub config: ClimateOptimizationConfig,
    /// Global climate model
    pub global_model: Arc<Mutex<GlobalClimateModel>>,
    /// Atmospheric dynamics optimizer
    pub atmosphere_optimizer: Arc<Mutex<AtmosphericDynamicsOptimizer>>,
    /// Ocean dynamics optimizer
    pub ocean_optimizer: Arc<Mutex<OceanDynamicsOptimizer>>,
    /// Carbon cycle optimizer
    pub carbon_optimizer: Arc<Mutex<CarbonCycleOptimizer>>,
    /// Energy balance optimizer
    pub energy_optimizer: Arc<Mutex<EnergyBalanceOptimizer>>,
    /// Performance optimizer
    pub performance_optimizer: Arc<Mutex<ScientificPerformanceOptimizer>>,
}

/// Climate optimization configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimateOptimizationConfig {
    /// Temporal resolution (seconds)
    pub temporal_resolution: Duration,
    /// Spatial resolution (km)
    pub spatial_resolution: f64,
    /// Optimization horizon (years)
    pub optimization_horizon: f64,
    /// Parameter sensitivity threshold
    pub sensitivity_threshold: f64,
    /// Multi-objective weights
    pub objective_weights: ClimateObjectiveWeights,
    /// Uncertainty quantification settings
    pub uncertainty_config: UncertaintyQuantificationConfig,
    /// Validation settings
    pub validation_config: ValidationConfig,
}

impl Default for ClimateOptimizationConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            temporal_resolution: Duration::from_secs(3600), // 1 hour
            spatial_resolution: 100.0,                      // 100 km
            optimization_horizon: 100.0,                    // 100 years
            sensitivity_threshold: 0.01,
            objective_weights: ClimateObjectiveWeights::default(),
            uncertainty_config: UncertaintyQuantificationConfig::default(),
            validation_config: ValidationConfig::default(),
        }
    }
}

/// Climate objective weights for multi-objective optimization
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimateObjectiveWeights {
    /// Temperature prediction accuracy weight
    pub temperature_accuracy: f64,
    /// Precipitation prediction accuracy weight
    pub precipitation_accuracy: f64,
    /// Sea level prediction accuracy weight
    pub sea_level_accuracy: f64,
    /// Extreme weather prediction weight
    pub extreme_weather_accuracy: f64,
    /// Carbon cycle accuracy weight
    pub carbon_cycle_accuracy: f64,
    /// Energy balance accuracy weight
    pub energy_balance_accuracy: f64,
    /// Model computational efficiency weight
    pub computational_efficiency: f64,
}

impl Default for ClimateObjectiveWeights {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            temperature_accuracy: 0.25,
            precipitation_accuracy: 0.20,
            sea_level_accuracy: 0.15,
            extreme_weather_accuracy: 0.15,
            carbon_cycle_accuracy: 0.10,
            energy_balance_accuracy: 0.10,
            computational_efficiency: 0.05,
        }
    }
}

/// Uncertainty quantification configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct UncertaintyQuantificationConfig {
    /// Enable Bayesian uncertainty quantification
    pub enable_bayesian_uncertainty: bool,
    /// Monte Carlo sampling size
    pub monte_carlo_samples: usize,
    /// Confidence intervals
    pub confidence_levels: Vec<f64>,
    /// Parameter correlation analysis
    pub enable_correlation_analysis: bool,
    /// Sensitivity analysis depth
    pub sensitivity_analysis_depth: usize,
}

impl Default for UncertaintyQuantificationConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            enable_bayesian_uncertainty: true,
            monte_carlo_samples: 10_000,
            confidence_levels: vec![0.68, 0.95, 0.99],
            enable_correlation_analysis: true,
            sensitivity_analysis_depth: 3,
        }
    }
}

/// Model validation configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ValidationConfig {
    /// Historical data validation period (years)
    pub historical_validation_period: f64,
    /// Cross-validation folds
    pub cross_validation_folds: usize,
    /// Validation metrics
    pub validation_metrics: Vec<ValidationMetric>,
    /// Enable ensemble validation
    pub enable_ensemble_validation: bool,
    /// Observational data sources
    pub observational_sources: Vec<ObservationalDataSource>,
}

impl Default for ValidationConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            historical_validation_period: 50.0,
            cross_validation_folds: 5,
            validation_metrics: vec![
                ValidationMetric::RMSE,
                ValidationMetric::MAE,
                ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient,
                ValidationMetric::NashSutcliffeEfficiency,
            ],
            enable_ensemble_validation: true,
            observational_sources: vec![
                ObservationalDataSource::Satellite,
                ObservationalDataSource::WeatherStations,
                ObservationalDataSource::OceanBuoys,
                ObservationalDataSource::IceCores,
            ],
        }
    }
}

/// Validation metrics for climate models
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum ValidationMetric {
    /// Root Mean Square Error
    RMSE,
    /// Mean Absolute Error
    MAE,
    /// Correlation Coefficient
    CorrelationCoefficient,
    /// Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency
    NashSutcliffeEfficiency,
    /// Index of Agreement
    IndexOfAgreement,
    /// Skill Score
    SkillScore,
}

/// Observational data sources
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ObservationalDataSource {
    /// Satellite observations
    Satellite,
    /// Weather station data
    WeatherStations,
    /// Ocean buoy data
    OceanBuoys,
    /// Ice core data
    IceCores,
    /// Tree ring data
    TreeRings,
    /// Paleoclimate proxies
    PaleoclimateProxies,
}

/// Global climate model representation
pub struct GlobalClimateModel {
    /// Model configuration
    pub config: GlobalModelConfig,
    /// Atmospheric component
    pub atmosphere: AtmosphericModel,
    /// Ocean component
    pub ocean: OceanModel,
    /// Land surface component
    pub land_surface: LandSurfaceModel,
    /// Sea ice component
    pub sea_ice: SeaIceModel,
    /// Carbon cycle component
    pub carbon_cycle: CarbonCycleModel,
    /// Model state
    pub state: ClimateModelState,
    /// Parameter space
    pub parameters: ClimateParameterSpace,
}

/// Global model configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct GlobalModelConfig {
    /// Grid resolution
    pub grid_resolution: GridResolution,
    /// Time stepping
    pub time_stepping: TimeSteppingConfig,
    /// Physics parameterizations
    pub physics_config: PhysicsConfig,
    /// Coupling configuration
    pub coupling_config: CouplingConfig,
}

/// Grid resolution specification
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct GridResolution {
    /// Longitude resolution (degrees)
    pub longitude_resolution: f64,
    /// Latitude resolution (degrees)
    pub latitude_resolution: f64,
    /// Vertical levels
    pub vertical_levels: usize,
    /// Ocean depth levels
    pub ocean_levels: usize,
}

/// Time stepping configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct TimeSteppingConfig {
    /// Atmospheric time step
    pub atmosphere_timestep: Duration,
    /// Ocean time step
    pub ocean_timestep: Duration,
    /// Land time step
    pub land_timestep: Duration,
    /// Coupling frequency
    pub coupling_frequency: Duration,
}

/// Physics parameterization configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PhysicsConfig {
    /// Radiation scheme
    pub radiation_scheme: RadiationScheme,
    /// Convection scheme
    pub convection_scheme: ConvectionScheme,
    /// Cloud microphysics
    pub cloud_microphysics: CloudMicrophysics,
    /// Turbulence parameterization
    pub turbulence_param: TurbulenceParam,
    /// Land surface scheme
    pub land_surface_scheme: LandSurfaceScheme,
}

/// Radiation schemes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RadiationScheme {
    /// RRTMG radiation scheme
    RRTMG,
    /// CAM radiation scheme
    CAM,
    /// Fu-Liou radiation scheme
    FuLiou,
    /// Rapid Radiative Transfer Model
    RRTM,
}

/// Convection schemes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ConvectionScheme {
    /// Zhang-McFarlane scheme
    ZhangMcFarlane,
    /// Kain-Fritsch scheme
    KainFritsch,
    /// Betts-Miller scheme
    BettsMiller,
    /// Mass flux scheme
    MassFlux,
}

/// Cloud microphysics schemes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CloudMicrophysics {
    /// Single moment scheme
    SingleMoment,
    /// Double moment scheme
    DoubleMoment,
    /// Morrison scheme
    Morrison,
    /// Thompson scheme
    Thompson,
}

/// Turbulence parameterizations
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TurbulenceParam {
    /// K-profile parameterization
    KProfile,
    /// Mellor-Yamada scheme
    MellorYamada,
    /// TKE-based scheme
    TKEBased,
    /// Eddy diffusivity scheme
    EddyDiffusivity,
}

/// Land surface schemes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum LandSurfaceScheme {
    /// Community Land Model
    CLM,
    /// Noah land surface model
    Noah,
    /// JULES land surface model
    JULES,
    /// ORCHIDEE model
    ORCHIDEE,
}

/// Component coupling configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CouplingConfig {
    /// Atmosphere-ocean coupling
    pub atmosphere_ocean: CouplingMethod,
    /// Atmosphere-land coupling
    pub atmosphere_land: CouplingMethod,
    /// Ocean-sea ice coupling
    pub ocean_seaice: CouplingMethod,
    /// Carbon cycle coupling
    pub carbon_coupling: CouplingMethod,
}

/// Coupling methods
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CouplingMethod {
    /// Explicit coupling
    Explicit,
    /// Implicit coupling
    Implicit,
    /// Semi-implicit coupling
    SemiImplicit,
    /// Flux correction coupling
    FluxCorrection,
}

/// Atmospheric model component
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AtmosphericModel {
    /// Dynamical core
    pub dynamical_core: DynamicalCore,
    /// Physics parameterizations
    pub physics: AtmosphericPhysics,
    /// Chemistry module
    pub chemistry: AtmosphericChemistry,
    /// Aerosol module
    pub aerosols: AerosolModel,
    /// Current state
    pub state: AtmosphericState,
}

/// Dynamical core types
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum DynamicalCore {
    /// Spectral dynamical core
    Spectral,
    /// Finite volume core
    FiniteVolume,
    /// Finite difference core
    FiniteDifference,
    /// Spectral element core
    SpectralElement,
}

/// Atmospheric physics components
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AtmosphericPhysics {
    /// Radiation module
    pub radiation: RadiationModule,
    /// Convection module
    pub convection: ConvectionModule,
    /// Cloud physics
    pub clouds: CloudPhysics,
    /// Boundary layer physics
    pub boundary_layer: BoundaryLayerPhysics,
}

/// Ocean model component
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanModel {
    /// Ocean dynamics
    pub dynamics: OceanDynamics,
    /// Ocean thermodynamics
    pub thermodynamics: OceanThermodynamics,
    /// Ocean biogeochemistry
    pub biogeochemistry: OceanBiogeochemistry,
    /// Current state
    pub state: OceanState,
}

/// Climate model state
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimateModelState {
    /// Current simulation time
    pub current_time: f64,
    /// Model variables
    pub variables: HashMap<String, VariableField>,
    /// Diagnostics
    pub diagnostics: HashMap<String, f64>,
    /// Conservation checks
    pub conservation: ConservationDiagnostics,
}

/// Variable field representation
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct VariableField {
    /// Variable name
    pub name: String,
    /// Variable units
    pub units: String,
    /// Spatial dimensions
    pub dimensions: Vec<usize>,
    /// Data values
    pub data: Vec<f64>,
    /// Metadata
    pub metadata: HashMap<String, String>,
}

/// Conservation diagnostics
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ConservationDiagnostics {
    /// Energy conservation error
    pub energy_error: f64,
    /// Mass conservation error
    pub mass_error: f64,
    /// Momentum conservation error
    pub momentum_error: f64,
    /// Water conservation error
    pub water_error: f64,
}

/// Climate parameter space
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimateParameterSpace {
    /// Atmospheric parameters
    pub atmospheric_params: HashMap<String, ParameterInfo>,
    /// Ocean parameters
    pub oceanic_params: HashMap<String, ParameterInfo>,
    /// Land surface parameters
    pub land_params: HashMap<String, ParameterInfo>,
    /// Coupling parameters
    pub coupling_params: HashMap<String, ParameterInfo>,
    /// Parameter correlations
    pub correlations: ParameterCorrelationMatrix,
}

/// Parameter information
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParameterInfo {
    /// Parameter name
    pub name: String,
    /// Parameter description
    pub description: String,
    /// Valid range
    pub range: (f64, f64),
    /// Default value
    pub default_value: f64,
    /// Current value
    pub current_value: f64,
    /// Sensitivity coefficient
    pub sensitivity: f64,
    /// Uncertainty estimate
    pub uncertainty: f64,
}

/// Parameter correlation matrix
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ParameterCorrelationMatrix {
    /// Parameter names
    pub parameter_names: Vec<String>,
    /// Correlation matrix
    pub correlations: Vec<Vec<f64>>,
    /// Confidence intervals
    pub confidence_intervals: Vec<Vec<(f64, f64)>>,
}

/// Atmospheric dynamics optimizer
pub struct AtmosphericDynamicsOptimizer {
    /// Optimization configuration
    pub config: AtmosphericOptimizationConfig,
    /// Wind field optimizer
    pub wind_optimizer: WindFieldOptimizer,
    /// Temperature optimizer
    pub temperature_optimizer: TemperatureOptimizer,
    /// Pressure optimizer
    pub pressure_optimizer: PressureOptimizer,
    /// Humidity optimizer
    pub humidity_optimizer: HumidityOptimizer,
}

/// Atmospheric optimization configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AtmosphericOptimizationConfig {
    /// Optimization targets
    pub targets: Vec<AtmosphericTarget>,
    /// Constraint types
    pub constraints: Vec<AtmosphericConstraint>,
    /// Optimization method
    pub method: OptimizationMethod,
    /// Convergence criteria
    pub convergence: ConvergenceCriteria,
}

/// Atmospheric optimization targets
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum AtmosphericTarget {
    /// Wind speed accuracy
    WindSpeedAccuracy,
    /// Temperature accuracy
    TemperatureAccuracy,
    /// Pressure accuracy
    PressureAccuracy,
    /// Humidity accuracy
    HumidityAccuracy,
    /// Storm track accuracy
    StormTrackAccuracy,
    /// Jet stream position
    JetStreamPosition,
}

/// Atmospheric constraints
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum AtmosphericConstraint {
    /// Mass conservation
    MassConservation,
    /// Energy conservation
    EnergyConservation,
    /// Momentum conservation
    MomentumConservation,
    /// Geostrophic balance
    GeostrophicBalance,
    /// Hydrostatic equilibrium
    HydrostaticEquilibrium,
}

/// Ocean dynamics optimizer
pub struct OceanDynamicsOptimizer {
    /// Optimization configuration
    pub config: OceanOptimizationConfig,
    /// Current field optimizer
    pub current_optimizer: OceanCurrentOptimizer,
    /// Temperature optimizer
    pub temperature_optimizer: OceanTemperatureOptimizer,
    /// Salinity optimizer
    pub salinity_optimizer: SalinityOptimizer,
    /// Sea level optimizer
    pub sea_level_optimizer: SeaLevelOptimizer,
}

/// Carbon cycle optimizer
pub struct CarbonCycleOptimizer {
    /// Optimization configuration
    pub config: CarbonOptimizationConfig,
    /// Atmospheric CO2 optimizer
    pub atmospheric_co2: AtmosphericCO2Optimizer,
    /// Ocean carbon optimizer
    pub ocean_carbon: OceanCarbonOptimizer,
    /// Land carbon optimizer
    pub land_carbon: LandCarbonOptimizer,
    /// Carbon feedback optimizer
    pub feedback_optimizer: CarbonFeedbackOptimizer,
}

/// Energy balance optimizer
pub struct EnergyBalanceOptimizer {
    /// Optimization configuration
    pub config: EnergyOptimizationConfig,
    /// Radiation budget optimizer
    pub radiation_budget: RadiationBudgetOptimizer,
    /// Surface energy optimizer
    pub surface_energy: SurfaceEnergyOptimizer,
    /// Latent heat optimizer
    pub latent_heat: LatentHeatOptimizer,
    /// Sensible heat optimizer
    pub sensible_heat: SensibleHeatOptimizer,
}

/// Climate optimization result
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimateOptimizationResult {
    /// Optimized parameters
    pub optimized_parameters: HashMap<String, f64>,
    /// Objective function values
    pub objective_values: HashMap<String, f64>,
    /// Model performance metrics
    pub performance_metrics: ClimatePerformanceMetrics,
    /// Uncertainty estimates
    pub uncertainty_estimates: UncertaintyEstimates,
    /// Validation results
    pub validation_results: ValidationResults,
    /// Optimization metadata
    pub metadata: OptimizationMetadata,
}

/// Climate performance metrics
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ClimatePerformanceMetrics {
    /// Global temperature trend accuracy
    pub temperature_trend_accuracy: f64,
    /// Regional precipitation accuracy
    pub precipitation_accuracy: f64,
    /// Sea level rise accuracy
    pub sea_level_accuracy: f64,
    /// Extreme event frequency accuracy
    pub extreme_event_accuracy: f64,
    /// Carbon cycle accuracy
    pub carbon_cycle_accuracy: f64,
    /// Energy balance closure
    pub energy_balance_closure: f64,
    /// Model computational performance
    pub computational_performance: ComputationalPerformance,
}

/// Computational performance metrics
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ComputationalPerformance {
    /// Simulation speed (model years per wall clock hour)
    pub simulation_speed: f64,
    /// Memory usage (GB)
    pub memory_usage: f64,
    /// CPU efficiency
    pub cpu_efficiency: f64,
    /// Parallel scaling efficiency
    pub parallel_efficiency: f64,
}

/// Uncertainty estimates
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct UncertaintyEstimates {
    /// Parameter uncertainties
    pub parameter_uncertainties: HashMap<String, f64>,
    /// Model output uncertainties
    pub output_uncertainties: HashMap<String, f64>,
    /// Confidence intervals
    pub confidence_intervals: HashMap<String, (f64, f64)>,
    /// Sensitivity indices
    pub sensitivity_indices: HashMap<String, f64>,
}

/// Validation results
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ValidationResults {
    /// Historical validation scores
    pub historical_validation: HashMap<ValidationMetric, f64>,
    /// Cross-validation scores
    pub cross_validation: HashMap<ValidationMetric, Vec<f64>>,
    /// Ensemble validation scores
    pub ensemble_validation: HashMap<ValidationMetric, f64>,
    /// Regional validation scores
    pub regional_validation: HashMap<String, HashMap<ValidationMetric, f64>>,
}

/// Optimization metadata
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct OptimizationMetadata {
    /// Optimization start time
    pub start_time: Instant,
    /// Optimization duration
    pub duration: Duration,
    /// Number of iterations
    pub iterations: usize,
    /// Convergence achieved
    pub converged: bool,
    /// Final objective value
    pub final_objective: f64,
    /// Optimization algorithm used
    pub algorithm: String,
}

impl ClimateModelingOptimizer {
    /// Create new climate modeling optimizer
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(config: ClimateOptimizationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            global_model: Arc::new(Mutex::new(GlobalClimateModel::new())),
            atmosphere_optimizer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AtmosphericDynamicsOptimizer::new())),
            ocean_optimizer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(OceanDynamicsOptimizer::new())),
            carbon_optimizer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(CarbonCycleOptimizer::new())),
            energy_optimizer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(EnergyBalanceOptimizer::new())),
            performance_optimizer: Arc::new(Mutex::new(ScientificPerformanceOptimizer::new(
                Default::default(),
            ))),
        }
    }

    /// Optimize global climate model parameters
    pub fn optimize_global_climate_model(&self) -> ApplicationResult<ClimateOptimizationResult> {
        println!("Starting global climate model optimization");

        let start_time = Instant::now();

        // Step 1: Initialize parameter space
        let parameter_space = self.initialize_parameter_space()?;

        // Step 2: Formulate multi-objective optimization problem
        let optimization_problem = self.formulate_optimization_problem(&parameter_space)?;

        // Step 3: Optimize atmospheric dynamics
        let atmosphere_result = self.optimize_atmospheric_dynamics()?;

        // Step 4: Optimize ocean dynamics
        let ocean_result = self.optimize_ocean_dynamics()?;

        // Step 5: Optimize carbon cycle
        let carbon_result = self.optimize_carbon_cycle()?;

        // Step 6: Optimize energy balance
        let energy_result = self.optimize_energy_balance()?;

        // Step 7: Perform coupled optimization
        let coupled_result = self.optimize_coupled_system(
            &atmosphere_result,
            &ocean_result,
            &carbon_result,
            &energy_result,
        )?;

        // Step 8: Validate optimized model
        let validation_results = self.validate_optimized_model(&coupled_result)?;

        // Step 9: Quantify uncertainties
        let uncertainty_estimates = self.quantify_uncertainties(&coupled_result)?;

        let duration = start_time.elapsed();

        let result = ClimateOptimizationResult {
            optimized_parameters: coupled_result,
            objective_values: self.calculate_objective_values()?,
            performance_metrics: self.calculate_performance_metrics()?,
            uncertainty_estimates,
            validation_results,
            metadata: OptimizationMetadata {
                start_time,
                duration,
                iterations: 1000,
                converged: true,
                final_objective: 0.95,
                algorithm: "Quantum Multi-Objective Annealing".to_string(),
            },
        };

        println!("Global climate optimization completed in {duration:?}");
        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Initialize parameter space for optimization
    fn initialize_parameter_space(&self) -> ApplicationResult<ClimateParameterSpace> {
        println!("Initializing climate parameter space");

        let mut atmospheric_params = HashMap::new();
        let mut oceanic_params = HashMap::new();
        let mut land_params = HashMap::new();
        let mut coupling_params = HashMap::new();

        // Initialize atmospheric parameters
        atmospheric_params.insert(
            "cloud_fraction_coefficient".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "cloud_fraction_coefficient".to_string(),
                description: "Cloud fraction parameterization coefficient".to_string(),
                range: (0.1, 2.0),
                default_value: 1.0,
                current_value: 1.0,
                sensitivity: 0.8,
                uncertainty: 0.2,
            },
        );

        atmospheric_params.insert(
            "convection_trigger_threshold".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "convection_trigger_threshold".to_string(),
                description: "Threshold for convection triggering".to_string(),
                range: (0.5, 1.5),
                default_value: 1.0,
                current_value: 1.0,
                sensitivity: 0.6,
                uncertainty: 0.15,
            },
        );

        // Initialize oceanic parameters
        oceanic_params.insert(
            "ocean_mixing_coefficient".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "ocean_mixing_coefficient".to_string(),
                description: "Ocean vertical mixing coefficient".to_string(),
                range: (0.1, 5.0),
                default_value: 1.0,
                current_value: 1.0,
                sensitivity: 0.7,
                uncertainty: 0.25,
            },
        );

        oceanic_params.insert(
            "thermohaline_strength".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "thermohaline_strength".to_string(),
                description: "Thermohaline circulation strength parameter".to_string(),
                range: (0.5, 2.0),
                default_value: 1.0,
                current_value: 1.0,
                sensitivity: 0.9,
                uncertainty: 0.3,
            },
        );

        // Initialize land surface parameters
        land_params.insert(
            "vegetation_albedo".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "vegetation_albedo".to_string(),
                description: "Vegetation albedo parameter".to_string(),
                range: (0.05, 0.3),
                default_value: 0.15,
                current_value: 0.15,
                sensitivity: 0.5,
                uncertainty: 0.05,
            },
        );

        // Initialize coupling parameters
        coupling_params.insert(
            "air_sea_momentum_transfer".to_string(),
            ParameterInfo {
                name: "air_sea_momentum_transfer".to_string(),
                description: "Air-sea momentum transfer coefficient".to_string(),
                range: (0.8, 1.5),
                default_value: 1.0,
                current_value: 1.0,
                sensitivity: 0.4,
                uncertainty: 0.1,
            },
        );

        Ok(ClimateParameterSpace {
            atmospheric_params,
            oceanic_params,
            land_params,
            coupling_params,
            correlations: ParameterCorrelationMatrix {
                parameter_names: vec![
                    "cloud_fraction_coefficient".to_string(),
                    "convection_trigger_threshold".to_string(),
                    "ocean_mixing_coefficient".to_string(),
                    "thermohaline_strength".to_string(),
                    "vegetation_albedo".to_string(),
                    "air_sea_momentum_transfer".to_string(),
                ],
                correlations: vec![vec![1.0; 6]; 6],
                confidence_intervals: vec![vec![(0.0, 1.0); 6]; 6],
            },
        })
    }

    /// Formulate multi-objective optimization problem
    fn formulate_optimization_problem(
        &self,
        parameter_space: &ClimateParameterSpace,
    ) -> ApplicationResult<IsingModel> {
        println!("Formulating quantum optimization problem");

        let num_params = parameter_space.atmospheric_params.len()
            + parameter_space.oceanic_params.len()
            + parameter_space.land_params.len()
            + parameter_space.coupling_params.len();

        // Create Ising model for parameter optimization
        let mut ising_model = IsingModel::new(num_params * 10); // 10 bits per parameter

        // Add objective terms for accuracy
        for i in 0..num_params {
            ising_model.set_bias(i, -1.0)?; // Favor optimal values
        }

        // Add coupling terms for parameter correlations
        for i in 0..num_params {
            for j in (i + 1)..num_params {
                ising_model.set_coupling(i, j, -0.1)?; // Weak coupling
            }
        }

        Ok(ising_model)
    }

    /// Optimize atmospheric dynamics parameters
    fn optimize_atmospheric_dynamics(&self) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        println!("Optimizing atmospheric dynamics parameters");

        let mut optimized_params = HashMap::new();

        // Simulate atmospheric optimization
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));

        optimized_params.insert("cloud_fraction_coefficient".to_string(), 1.2);
        optimized_params.insert("convection_trigger_threshold".to_string(), 0.8);
        optimized_params.insert("radiation_absorption_coefficient".to_string(), 1.1);
        optimized_params.insert("boundary_layer_mixing".to_string(), 1.3);

        println!("Atmospheric optimization completed");
        Ok(optimized_params)
    }

    /// Optimize ocean dynamics parameters
    fn optimize_ocean_dynamics(&self) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        println!("Optimizing ocean dynamics parameters");

        let mut optimized_params = HashMap::new();

        // Simulate ocean optimization
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));

        optimized_params.insert("ocean_mixing_coefficient".to_string(), 1.4);
        optimized_params.insert("thermohaline_strength".to_string(), 1.1);
        optimized_params.insert("eddy_diffusivity".to_string(), 0.9);
        optimized_params.insert("bottom_friction".to_string(), 1.2);

        println!("Ocean optimization completed");
        Ok(optimized_params)
    }

    /// Optimize carbon cycle parameters
    fn optimize_carbon_cycle(&self) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        println!("Optimizing carbon cycle parameters");

        let mut optimized_params = HashMap::new();

        // Simulate carbon cycle optimization
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));

        optimized_params.insert("co2_fertilization_factor".to_string(), 1.3);
        optimized_params.insert("soil_respiration_q10".to_string(), 2.1);
        optimized_params.insert("ocean_carbon_solubility".to_string(), 1.05);
        optimized_params.insert("vegetation_carbon_residence".to_string(), 0.95);

        println!("Carbon cycle optimization completed");
        Ok(optimized_params)
    }

    /// Optimize energy balance parameters
    fn optimize_energy_balance(&self) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        println!("Optimizing energy balance parameters");

        let mut optimized_params = HashMap::new();

        // Simulate energy balance optimization
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));

        optimized_params.insert("solar_constant_scaling".to_string(), 1.0);
        optimized_params.insert("greenhouse_gas_absorption".to_string(), 1.15);
        optimized_params.insert("surface_albedo_feedback".to_string(), 0.88);
        optimized_params.insert("cloud_radiative_forcing".to_string(), 1.05);

        println!("Energy balance optimization completed");
        Ok(optimized_params)
    }

    /// Optimize coupled system
    fn optimize_coupled_system(
        &self,
        atmosphere: &HashMap<String, f64>,
        ocean: &HashMap<String, f64>,
        carbon: &HashMap<String, f64>,
        energy: &HashMap<String, f64>,
    ) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        println!("Optimizing coupled climate system");

        let mut coupled_params = HashMap::new();

        // Combine all component parameters
        coupled_params.extend(atmosphere.clone());
        coupled_params.extend(ocean.clone());
        coupled_params.extend(carbon.clone());
        coupled_params.extend(energy.clone());

        // Add coupling-specific parameters
        coupled_params.insert("air_sea_momentum_transfer".to_string(), 1.08);
        coupled_params.insert("land_atmosphere_heat_exchange".to_string(), 1.12);
        coupled_params.insert("ocean_carbon_exchange".to_string(), 0.95);
        coupled_params.insert("ice_albedo_feedback".to_string(), 1.25);

        println!("Coupled system optimization completed");
        Ok(coupled_params)
    }

    /// Validate optimized model against observations
    fn validate_optimized_model(
        &self,
        parameters: &HashMap<String, f64>,
    ) -> ApplicationResult<ValidationResults> {
        println!("Validating optimized climate model");

        // Simulate validation against historical data
        thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(50));

        let mut historical_validation = HashMap::new();
        historical_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::RMSE, 0.85);
        historical_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::MAE, 0.78);
        historical_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient, 0.92);
        historical_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::NashSutcliffeEfficiency, 0.88);

        let mut cross_validation = HashMap::new();
        cross_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::RMSE, vec![0.83, 0.87, 0.85, 0.84, 0.86]);
        cross_validation.insert(
            ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient,
            vec![0.91, 0.93, 0.92, 0.90, 0.94],
        );

        let mut ensemble_validation = HashMap::new();
        ensemble_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::RMSE, 0.82);
        ensemble_validation.insert(ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient, 0.94);

        let mut regional_validation = HashMap::new();
        let mut arctic_scores = HashMap::new();
        arctic_scores.insert(ValidationMetric::RMSE, 0.78);
        arctic_scores.insert(ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient, 0.89);
        regional_validation.insert("Arctic".to_string(), arctic_scores);

        let mut tropical_scores = HashMap::new();
        tropical_scores.insert(ValidationMetric::RMSE, 0.87);
        tropical_scores.insert(ValidationMetric::CorrelationCoefficient, 0.93);
        regional_validation.insert("Tropical".to_string(), tropical_scores);

        println!("Model validation completed");
        Ok(ValidationResults {
            historical_validation,
            cross_validation,
            ensemble_validation,
            regional_validation,
        })
    }

    /// Quantify parameter and model uncertainties
    fn quantify_uncertainties(
        &self,
        parameters: &HashMap<String, f64>,
    ) -> ApplicationResult<UncertaintyEstimates> {
        println!("Quantifying model uncertainties");

        let mut parameter_uncertainties = HashMap::new();
        let mut output_uncertainties = HashMap::new();
        let mut confidence_intervals = HashMap::new();
        let mut sensitivity_indices = HashMap::new();

        // Simulate uncertainty quantification
        for (param_name, _value) in parameters {
            parameter_uncertainties.insert(param_name.clone(), 0.1);
            confidence_intervals.insert(param_name.clone(), (0.05, 0.15));
            sensitivity_indices.insert(param_name.clone(), 0.2);
        }

        output_uncertainties.insert("global_temperature".to_string(), 0.5);
        output_uncertainties.insert("precipitation".to_string(), 0.8);
        output_uncertainties.insert("sea_level".to_string(), 0.3);

        println!("Uncertainty quantification completed");
        Ok(UncertaintyEstimates {
            parameter_uncertainties,
            output_uncertainties,
            confidence_intervals,
            sensitivity_indices,
        })
    }

    /// Calculate objective function values
    fn calculate_objective_values(&self) -> ApplicationResult<HashMap<String, f64>> {
        let mut objectives = HashMap::new();

        objectives.insert("temperature_accuracy".to_string(), 0.92);
        objectives.insert("precipitation_accuracy".to_string(), 0.88);
        objectives.insert("sea_level_accuracy".to_string(), 0.94);
        objectives.insert("extreme_weather_accuracy".to_string(), 0.85);
        objectives.insert("carbon_cycle_accuracy".to_string(), 0.90);
        objectives.insert("energy_balance_accuracy".to_string(), 0.96);
        objectives.insert("computational_efficiency".to_string(), 0.78);

        Ok(objectives)
    }

    /// Calculate performance metrics
    const fn calculate_performance_metrics(&self) -> ApplicationResult<ClimatePerformanceMetrics> {
        Ok(ClimatePerformanceMetrics {
            temperature_trend_accuracy: 0.93,
            precipitation_accuracy: 0.87,
            sea_level_accuracy: 0.95,
            extreme_event_accuracy: 0.84,
            carbon_cycle_accuracy: 0.91,
            energy_balance_closure: 0.98,
            computational_performance: ComputationalPerformance {
                simulation_speed: 15.5,
                memory_usage: 256.0,
                cpu_efficiency: 0.85,
                parallel_efficiency: 0.78,
            },
        })
    }
}

// Placeholder implementations for component optimizers
impl GlobalClimateModel {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: GlobalModelConfig {
                grid_resolution: GridResolution {
                    longitude_resolution: 1.0,
                    latitude_resolution: 1.0,
                    vertical_levels: 50,
                    ocean_levels: 30,
                },
                time_stepping: TimeSteppingConfig {
                    atmosphere_timestep: Duration::from_secs(1800),
                    ocean_timestep: Duration::from_secs(3600),
                    land_timestep: Duration::from_secs(1800),
                    coupling_frequency: Duration::from_secs(3600),
                },
                physics_config: PhysicsConfig {
                    radiation_scheme: RadiationScheme::RRTMG,
                    convection_scheme: ConvectionScheme::ZhangMcFarlane,
                    cloud_microphysics: CloudMicrophysics::DoubleMoment,
                    turbulence_param: TurbulenceParam::KProfile,
                    land_surface_scheme: LandSurfaceScheme::CLM,
                },
                coupling_config: CouplingConfig {
                    atmosphere_ocean: CouplingMethod::SemiImplicit,
                    atmosphere_land: CouplingMethod::Explicit,
                    ocean_seaice: CouplingMethod::Implicit,
                    carbon_coupling: CouplingMethod::FluxCorrection,
                },
            },
            atmosphere: AtmosphericModel {
                dynamical_core: DynamicalCore::FiniteVolume,
                physics: AtmosphericPhysics {
                    radiation: RadiationModule::new(),
                    convection: ConvectionModule::new(),
                    clouds: CloudPhysics::new(),
                    boundary_layer: BoundaryLayerPhysics::new(),
                },
                chemistry: AtmosphericChemistry::new(),
                aerosols: AerosolModel::new(),
                state: AtmosphericState::new(),
            },
            ocean: OceanModel {
                dynamics: OceanDynamics::new(),
                thermodynamics: OceanThermodynamics::new(),
                biogeochemistry: OceanBiogeochemistry::new(),
                state: OceanState::new(),
            },
            land_surface: LandSurfaceModel::new(),
            sea_ice: SeaIceModel::new(),
            carbon_cycle: CarbonCycleModel::new(),
            state: ClimateModelState {
                current_time: 0.0,
                variables: HashMap::new(),
                diagnostics: HashMap::new(),
                conservation: ConservationDiagnostics {
                    energy_error: 0.0,
                    mass_error: 0.0,
                    momentum_error: 0.0,
                    water_error: 0.0,
                },
            },
            parameters: ClimateParameterSpace {
                atmospheric_params: HashMap::new(),
                oceanic_params: HashMap::new(),
                land_params: HashMap::new(),
                coupling_params: HashMap::new(),
                correlations: ParameterCorrelationMatrix {
                    parameter_names: vec![],
                    correlations: vec![],
                    confidence_intervals: vec![],
                },
            },
        }
    }
}

macro_rules! impl_new_for_component {
    ($name:ident) => {
        impl $name {
            pub const fn new() -> Self {
                Self {}
            }
        }
    };
}

// Component implementations
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RadiationModule {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ConvectionModule {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CloudPhysics {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct BoundaryLayerPhysics {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AtmosphericChemistry {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AerosolModel {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AtmosphericState {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanDynamics {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanThermodynamics {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanBiogeochemistry {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanState {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct LandSurfaceModel {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SeaIceModel {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CarbonCycleModel {}

impl_new_for_component!(RadiationModule);
impl_new_for_component!(ConvectionModule);
impl_new_for_component!(CloudPhysics);
impl_new_for_component!(BoundaryLayerPhysics);
impl_new_for_component!(AtmosphericChemistry);
impl_new_for_component!(AerosolModel);
impl_new_for_component!(AtmosphericState);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanDynamics);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanThermodynamics);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanBiogeochemistry);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanState);
impl_new_for_component!(LandSurfaceModel);
impl_new_for_component!(SeaIceModel);
impl_new_for_component!(CarbonCycleModel);

impl AtmosphericDynamicsOptimizer {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: AtmosphericOptimizationConfig {
                targets: vec![
                    AtmosphericTarget::TemperatureAccuracy,
                    AtmosphericTarget::WindSpeedAccuracy,
                ],
                constraints: vec![
                    AtmosphericConstraint::EnergyConservation,
                    AtmosphericConstraint::MassConservation,
                ],
                method: OptimizationMethod::QuantumAnnealing,
                convergence: ConvergenceCriteria::default(),
            },
            wind_optimizer: WindFieldOptimizer::new(),
            temperature_optimizer: TemperatureOptimizer::new(),
            pressure_optimizer: PressureOptimizer::new(),
            humidity_optimizer: HumidityOptimizer::new(),
        }
    }
}

// More component optimizers
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct WindFieldOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct TemperatureOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct PressureOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct HumidityOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanOptimizationConfig {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanCurrentOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanTemperatureOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SalinityOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SeaLevelOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CarbonOptimizationConfig {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct AtmosphericCO2Optimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OceanCarbonOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct LandCarbonOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct CarbonFeedbackOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct EnergyOptimizationConfig {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct RadiationBudgetOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SurfaceEnergyOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct LatentHeatOptimizer {}
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SensibleHeatOptimizer {}

impl_new_for_component!(WindFieldOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(TemperatureOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(PressureOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(HumidityOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanOptimizationConfig);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanCurrentOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanTemperatureOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(SalinityOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(SeaLevelOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(CarbonOptimizationConfig);
impl_new_for_component!(AtmosphericCO2Optimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(OceanCarbonOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(LandCarbonOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(CarbonFeedbackOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(EnergyOptimizationConfig);
impl_new_for_component!(RadiationBudgetOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(SurfaceEnergyOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(LatentHeatOptimizer);
impl_new_for_component!(SensibleHeatOptimizer);

impl OceanDynamicsOptimizer {
    const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: OceanOptimizationConfig::new(),
            current_optimizer: OceanCurrentOptimizer::new(),
            temperature_optimizer: OceanTemperatureOptimizer::new(),
            salinity_optimizer: SalinityOptimizer::new(),
            sea_level_optimizer: SeaLevelOptimizer::new(),
        }
    }
}

impl CarbonCycleOptimizer {
    const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: CarbonOptimizationConfig::new(),
            atmospheric_co2: AtmosphericCO2Optimizer::new(),
            ocean_carbon: OceanCarbonOptimizer::new(),
            land_carbon: LandCarbonOptimizer::new(),
            feedback_optimizer: CarbonFeedbackOptimizer::new(),
        }
    }
}

impl EnergyBalanceOptimizer {
    const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: EnergyOptimizationConfig::new(),
            radiation_budget: RadiationBudgetOptimizer::new(),
            surface_energy: SurfaceEnergyOptimizer::new(),
            latent_heat: LatentHeatOptimizer::new(),
            sensible_heat: SensibleHeatOptimizer::new(),
        }
    }
}

/// Optimization methods
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum OptimizationMethod {
    /// Quantum annealing
    QuantumAnnealing,
    /// Genetic algorithm
    GeneticAlgorithm,
    /// Particle swarm optimization
    ParticleSwarm,
    /// Bayesian optimization
    BayesianOptimization,
}

/// Convergence criteria
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ConvergenceCriteria {
    /// Maximum iterations
    pub max_iterations: usize,
    /// Tolerance for objective function
    pub objective_tolerance: f64,
    /// Tolerance for parameter changes
    pub parameter_tolerance: f64,
}

impl Default for ConvergenceCriteria {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            max_iterations: 1000,
            objective_tolerance: 1e-6,
            parameter_tolerance: 1e-8,
        }
    }
}

/// Create example climate modeling optimizer
pub fn create_example_climate_optimizer() -> ApplicationResult<ClimateModelingOptimizer> {
    let config = ClimateOptimizationConfig::default();
    Ok(ClimateModelingOptimizer::new(config))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_climate_optimizer_creation() {
        let optimizer =
            create_example_climate_optimizer().expect("should create climate optimizer");
        assert_eq!(optimizer.config.spatial_resolution, 100.0);
        assert_eq!(optimizer.config.optimization_horizon, 100.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_climate_config_defaults() {
        let config = ClimateOptimizationConfig::default();
        assert_eq!(config.temporal_resolution, Duration::from_secs(3600));
        assert_eq!(config.spatial_resolution, 100.0);
        assert!(config.uncertainty_config.enable_bayesian_uncertainty);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parameter_space_initialization() {
        let optimizer =
            create_example_climate_optimizer().expect("should create climate optimizer");
        let parameter_space = optimizer
            .initialize_parameter_space()
            .expect("should initialize parameter space");

        assert!(!parameter_space.atmospheric_params.is_empty());
        assert!(!parameter_space.oceanic_params.is_empty());
        assert!(!parameter_space.land_params.is_empty());
        assert!(!parameter_space.coupling_params.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_objective_weights() {
        let weights = ClimateObjectiveWeights::default();
        let total_weight = weights.temperature_accuracy
            + weights.precipitation_accuracy
            + weights.sea_level_accuracy
            + weights.extreme_weather_accuracy
            + weights.carbon_cycle_accuracy
            + weights.energy_balance_accuracy
            + weights.computational_efficiency;
        assert!((total_weight - 1.0).abs() < 1e-10);
    }
}