llvm-native-core 0.1.11

//! Advanced LLD Features Module for X86 — ThinLTO, LTO Internalization,
//! LTO Debug Info, Whole Program Optimization, and Linker Plugin Interface.
//!
//! This module provides the complete set of advanced LLD (LLVM linker)
//! features for the x86 architecture family. It covers:
//!
//! - ThinLTO: distributed cross-module optimization with caching
//! - LTO Internalization: symbol resolution, export lists, COMDAT handling
//! - LTO Debug Info: DWARF merging, type unit deduplication, skeleton CUs
//! - Whole Program Optimization: alias analysis, constant propagation,
//!   dead global elimination, devirtualization
//! - Linker Plugin: LLVMgold.so API, COFF plugin, Mach-O plugin
//!
//! Clean-room behavioral reconstruction from published specifications:
//! - ELF Specification (Tool Interface Standard)
//! - DWARF Debugging Information Format Version 5
//! - PE/COFF Specification (Microsoft)
//! - Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple)
//! - LLVM Link Time Optimization design documents
//! - ThinLTO: Scalable and Incremental LTO (Google/LLVM papers)
//!
//! Zero LLVM source code consultation.

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Core Constants
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Maximum number of ThinLTO partitions for distributed backend
pub const THINLTO_MAX_PARTITIONS: usize = 256;

/// Minimum hotness threshold for import decisions (0-255 scale)
pub const THINLTO_HOTNESS_THRESHOLD: u8 = 200;

/// Maximum depth for call graph traversal during import decisions
pub const THINLTO_MAX_IMPORT_DEPTH: u32 = 5;

/// Maximum number of functions to import per module in ThinLTO
pub const THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE: usize = 5000;

/// Cache entry TTL in seconds for ThinLTO incremental builds
pub const THINLTO_CACHE_TTL_SECS: u64 = 3600;

/// Maximum cached object file size in bytes (1 GB)
pub const THINLTO_MAX_CACHE_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 1_073_741_824;

/// ThinLTO summary version identifier
pub const THINLTO_SUMMARY_VERSION: u32 = 8;

/// MAGIC bytes for ThinLTO module summary section
pub const THINLTO_SUMMARY_MAGIC: [u8; 4] = [0x54, 0x4C, 0x54, 0x4F]; // "TLTO"

/// GUID hash seed for PGO profile matching
pub const PGO_HASH_SEED: u64 = 0xC6A4_A793_5BD1_E995;

/// Maximum number of type units for deduplication
pub const MAX_TYPE_UNITS: usize = 65536;

/// DWARF skeleton CU version
pub const DWARF_SKELETON_CU_VERSION: u16 = 5;

/// Maximum vtable entries for devirtualization analysis
pub const DEVIRT_MAX_VTABLE_ENTRIES: usize = 1024;

/// COFF linker plugin option flag
pub const COFF_LTO_OPT_FLAG: u32 = 0x0000_0001;

/// Mach-O LTO library path placeholder
pub const MACHO_LTO_LIBRARY_DEFAULT: &str = "libLTO.dylib";

/// LTO plugin API version
pub const LTO_API_VERSION: u32 = 29;

/// Maximum symbols in export list
pub const MAX_EXPORT_SYMBOLS: usize = 1_000_000;

/// FNV-1a 64-bit offset basis
pub const FNV64_OFFSET_BASIS: u64 = 0xCBF2_9CE4_8422_2325;

/// FNV-1a 64-bit prime
pub const FNV64_PRIME: u64 = 0x0000_0100_0000_01B3;

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Enums
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// ThinLTO import reason categorizing why a function was imported
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ThinLTOImportReason {
    /// Function is directly called (hot call path)
    HotCall,
    /// Function is called but below hotness threshold
    ColdCall,
    /// Imported because it's referenced by an imported function
    Transitive,
    /// Global variable referenced by imported code
    GlobalRef,
    /// Imported for devirtualization opportunity
    Devirtualization,
    /// Imported because PGO profile indicates it
    ProfileGuided,
    /// Always-import designated symbol
    AlwaysImport,
    /// Not imported (skipped by decision)
    NotImported,
}

/// ThinLTO caching strategy
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ThinLTOCacheMode {
    /// No caching — always re-optimize
    Disabled,
    /// Cache based on module hash only
    HashBased,
    /// Cache based on module hash + compile flags
    ComprehensiveKey,
    /// Incremental: only rebuild modules that changed
    Incremental,
}

/// Import decision for a specific function or global
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ImportDecision {
    /// Import this symbol into the current module
    Import {
        /// Function or global name
        name: String,
        /// Reason for the import
        reason: ThinLTOImportReason,
        /// Hotness value (0-255)
        hotness: u8,
        /// GUID from module summary
        guid: u64,
    },
    /// Do not import this symbol
    Skip {
        /// Function or global name
        name: String,
        /// Why it was skipped
        reason: String,
    },
}

/// LTO internalization decision for a symbol
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum InternalizationDecision {
    /// Keep global — symbol is exported or externally visible
    KeepGlobal,
    /// Demote to internal — only used within the combined module
    Internalize,
    /// Demote to hidden — visible within DSO but not exported
    Hidden,
    /// Discard — symbol is unused or replaced
    Discard,
}

/// COMDAT selection kind
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ComdatSelectionKind {
    /// Any member can survive
    Any,
    /// All members must be identical
    ExactMatch,
    /// Largest member survives
    Largest,
    /// No duplicates allowed
    NoDuplicates,
    /// Same size members preferred
    SameSize,
}

/// LTO debug info merging mode
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum LTODebugMergeMode {
    /// Full debug info merge (Full LTO)
    Full,
    /// Skeleton CUs with cross-references (ThinLTO)
    Skeleton,
    /// No debug info — strip all
    None,
}

/// DWARF type unit deduplication strategy
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TypeUnitDedupStrategy {
    /// Hash-based deduplication using type signatures
    HashBased,
    /// Structural comparison for exact matches
    Structural,
    /// Name-based matching
    NameBased,
    /// Combined: hash first, structural verification
    Combined,
}

/// Whole program devirtualization result
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum DevirtResult {
    /// Call was devirtualized to a specific function
    Devirtualized {
        vtable_name: String,
        target_function: String,
        offset: u64,
    },
    /// Call cannot be devirtualized
    NotDevirtualized { reason: String },
    /// Call is on an abstract/unresolved vtable
    AbstractClass,
    /// Not a virtual call
    NotVirtual,
}

/// Global variable optimization kind
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum GlobalOptKind {
    /// Demote global to local (file-scope)
    DemoteToLocal,
    /// Constant propagation through global initializer
    ConstantProp,
    /// Dead global elimination
    DeadElimination,
    /// Merge equivalent globals
    GlobalMerge,
    /// Shrink global to smaller type
    Shrink,
}

/// Linker plugin status
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum LTOPluginStatus {
    /// Plugin loaded and ready
    Ready,
    /// Plugin processing input files
    Processing,
    /// Plugin completed — symbols resolved
    Completed,
    /// Plugin error
    Error(LTOPluginErrorKind),
}

/// Linker plugin error categories
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum LTOPluginErrorKind {
    /// Invalid bitcode file
    InvalidBitcode,
    /// Target triple mismatch
    TargetMismatch,
    /// Optimization failure
    OptimizationFailed,
    /// Code generation failure
    CodegenFailed,
    /// Cache I/O error
    CacheError,
    /// Internal error
    InternalError,
}

/// Plugin file claim result
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ClaimResult {
    /// File claimed by this plugin
    Claimed,
    /// File not claimed (pass to next handler)
    NotClaimed,
    /// File recognized but should be skipped
    Skip,
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Data Structures: Module Summary Index (ThinLTO)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Per-module summary index entry — describes a single .o file in the
/// combined index used for ThinLTO import decisions.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ModuleSummaryIndex {
    /// Unique module identifier (hash of module path/content)
    pub module_hash: u64,
    /// Original object file path
    pub module_path: String,
    /// Target triple for this module
    pub target_triple: String,
    /// Function summaries indexed by GUID
    pub function_summaries: Vec<FunctionSummary>,
    /// Global variable summaries
    pub global_summaries: Vec<GlobalVarSummary>,
    /// VTable summaries for devirtualization
    pub vtable_summaries: Vec<VTableSummary>,
    /// Alias summaries
    pub alias_summaries: Vec<AliasSummary>,
    /// Number of instructions in the module
    pub instruction_count: u64,
    /// Whether this is a ThinLTO bitcode file
    pub is_thin_lto: bool,
    /// PGO profile hash for matching
    pub pgo_profile_hash: Option<u64>,
    /// Module-level flags
    pub flags: ModuleSummaryFlags,
}

/// Function summary for a single function in the module index
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct FunctionSummary {
    /// Function name (mangled)
    pub name: String,
    /// Global unique identifier (hash of name)
    pub guid: u64,
    /// Number of instructions in this function
    pub inst_count: u32,
    /// Number of call sites
    pub call_count: u32,
    /// Callees — GUIDs of functions called by this function
    pub callees: Vec<u64>,
    /// Hotness value (0-255) from profile or heuristics
    pub hotness: u8,
    /// Whether this function has inline assembly
    pub has_inline_asm: bool,
    /// Whether this function uses varargs
    pub has_varargs: bool,
    /// Whether this function is externally visible (before LTO)
    pub is_external: bool,
    /// Whether this function is an entry point
    pub is_entry_point: bool,
    /// Whether this function has local linkage
    pub is_local: bool,
    /// Number of parameters
    pub param_count: u8,
    /// Return type classification
    pub return_type: ReturnTypeClass,
    /// Call graph edge profiles (callee GUID + count)
    pub call_profile: Vec<(u64, u64)>,
    /// CFI (Control Flow Integrity) related
    pub cfi_enabled: bool,
}

/// Global variable summary in the module index
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct GlobalVarSummary {
    /// Variable name (mangled)
    pub name: String,
    /// GUID
    pub guid: u64,
    /// Size in bytes
    pub size: u64,
    /// Alignment
    pub alignment: u32,
    /// Whether this variable has a constant initializer
    pub is_constant: bool,
    /// Whether this variable is read-only
    pub is_read_only: bool,
    /// Whether externally visible
    pub is_external: bool,
    /// Reference GUIDs — functions/variables referencing this
    pub refs: Vec<u64>,
    /// Initial value hash (for deduplication)
    pub init_hash: u64,
    /// Whether in TLS segment
    pub is_tls: bool,
    /// Linkage type classification
    pub linkage: GlobalLinkageKind,
}

/// VTable summary for devirtualization opportunities
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct VTableSummary {
    /// VTable variable name
    pub name: String,
    /// GUID of the vtable
    pub guid: u64,
    /// List of function pointers in the vtable (by GUID)
    pub entries: Vec<u64>,
    /// Class name this vtable belongs to
    pub class_name: String,
    /// Whether this class has known subclasses
    pub has_subclasses: bool,
    /// Class hierarchy depth
    pub hierarchy_depth: u32,
}

/// Alias summary
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AliasSummary {
    /// Alias name
    pub name: String,
    /// GUID
    pub guid: u64,
    /// GUID of the aliased symbol
    pub aliasee_guid: u64,
    /// Whether the aliasee is a function
    pub aliasee_is_function: bool,
    /// Visibility of this alias
    pub visibility: SymbolVisibility,
}

/// Global variable linkage kind classification
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum GlobalLinkageKind {
    /// External linkage
    External,
    /// Internal/static linkage
    Internal,
    /// Linkonce ODR
    LinkonceODR,
    /// Weak ODR
    WeakODR,
    /// Common symbol
    Common,
    /// Appending linkage
    Appending,
    /// External weak
    ExternalWeak,
    /// Available externally (function body available)
    AvailableExternally,
}

/// Return type classification for function summaries
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ReturnTypeClass {
    /// Void return
    Void,
    /// Integer return (fits in register)
    Integer,
    /// Floating point return
    Float,
    /// Pointer return
    Pointer,
    /// Struct/aggregate return via sret
    StructSRet,
    /// Struct return in registers
    StructRegisters,
}

/// Module summary flags
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
pub struct ModuleSummaryFlags {
    /// Module compiled with -ffunction-sections
    pub function_sections: bool,
    /// Module compiled with -fdata-sections
    pub data_sections: bool,
    /// Module has sanitizer coverage
    pub sanitizer_coverage: bool,
    /// Module compiled with LTO
    pub lto_compiled: bool,
    /// Module compiled with CFI
    pub cfi_enabled: bool,
    /// Module compiled with SafeStack
    pub safestack: bool,
    /// Module has profile data
    pub has_profile: bool,
    /// Module uses exception handling
    pub has_eh: bool,
    /// Module compiled as PIC
    pub is_pic: bool,
}

/// Symbol visibility levels
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum SymbolVisibility {
    Default,
    Hidden,
    Protected,
    Internal,
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86LLDFeatures — Main Orchestration Struct
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86LLDFeatures` is the top-level struct that orchestrates all advanced
/// LLD features for X86 targets. It owns instances of ThinLTO, LTO
/// internalization, debug info handling, whole-program optimization, and
/// the linker plugin interface.
pub struct X86LLDFeatures {
    /// ThinLTO subsystem
    pub thin_lto: X86ThinLTOFull,
    /// LTO internalization subsystem
    pub internalization: X86LTOInternalization,
    /// LTO debug info subsystem
    pub debug_info: X86LTODebugInfo,
    /// Whole program optimization subsystem
    pub whole_program: X86LTOWholeProgram,
    /// Linker plugin subsystem
    pub plugin: X86LTOPlugin,
    /// Combined module summary index
    pub combined_index: Option<CombinedIndex>,
    /// Whether advanced features are enabled
    pub enabled: bool,
    /// Target triple for the output
    pub target_triple: String,
    /// Output file path
    pub output_path: String,
    /// Optimization level (0-3)
    pub opt_level: u8,
    /// Number of parallel backend threads
    pub num_threads: u32,
    /// Diagnostic messages
    pub diagnostics: Vec<LTOFeatureDiagnostic>,
}

/// Combined index built from multiple .o module summaries
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CombinedIndex {
    /// All module summaries
    pub modules: Vec<ModuleSummaryIndex>,
    /// Global function GUID to module mapping
    pub function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap<u64, usize>,
    /// Global variable GUID to module mapping
    pub global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap<u64, usize>,
    /// VTable GUID to module mapping
    pub vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap<u64, usize>,
    /// Alias GUID to module mapping
    pub alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap<u64, usize>,
    /// Combined call graph (caller -> set of callee GUIDs)
    pub call_graph: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<u64>>,
    /// Reverse call graph (callee -> set of caller GUIDs)
    pub reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<u64>>,
    /// Export list: GUIDs that must remain globally visible
    pub export_guids: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// Number of total functions in combined index
    pub total_functions: usize,
    /// Number of total globals in combined index
    pub total_globals: usize,
}

/// Diagnostic message for LTO features
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct LTOFeatureDiagnostic {
    /// Severity level
    pub level: LTOFeatureDiagLevel,
    /// Message text
    pub message: String,
    /// Source module/file
    pub source: Option<String>,
}

/// Diagnostic level
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum LTOFeatureDiagLevel {
    Info,
    Warning,
    Error,
    Debug,
}

/// Symbol resolution table entry
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SymbolResolutionEntry {
    /// Symbol name
    pub name: String,
    /// GUID
    pub guid: u64,
    /// Resolution decision
    pub decision: InternalizationDecision,
    /// Original visibility
    pub visibility: SymbolVisibility,
    /// Whether symbol is in the export list
    pub is_exported: bool,
    /// Whether symbol is in the import list (dllimport)
    pub is_imported: bool,
    /// Whether symbol is dllexport
    pub is_dllexport: bool,
    /// COMDAT group leader GUID (if applicable)
    pub comdat_leader: Option<u64>,
    /// Number of references from other modules
    pub external_refs: u32,
    /// Whether symbol survives linking
    pub survives: bool,
}

/// PGO profile entry for ThinLTO integration
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PGOProfileEntry {
    /// Function GUID
    pub guid: u64,
    /// Entry count from profile
    pub entry_count: u64,
    /// Total block frequency sum
    pub total_frequency: u64,
    /// Maximum block frequency
    pub max_frequency: u64,
}

/// DWARF type unit entry for deduplication
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DwarfTypeUnit {
    /// Type signature (MD5 of type definition)
    pub type_signature: u64,
    /// Offset within .debug_types section
    pub offset: u64,
    /// Length of this type unit
    pub length: u32,
    /// Source module hash
    pub module_hash: u64,
    /// Type name (for diagnostics)
    pub type_name: Option<String>,
}

/// DWARF skeleton compile unit for ThinLTO
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SkeletonCompileUnit {
    /// Module identifier (hash)
    pub module_hash: u64,
    /// Path to the original object file
    pub object_path: String,
    /// Directory path of original compilation
    pub comp_dir: String,
    /// DW_AT_dwo_name — path to split DWARF .dwo file
    pub dwo_name: Option<String>,
    /// DWARF version
    pub dwarf_version: u16,
    /// Address size in bytes
    pub address_size: u8,
}

/// Cross-module line table entry for merged debug info
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct CrossModuleLineEntry {
    /// Source file path
    pub file: String,
    /// Source line number
    pub line: u32,
    /// Column number
    pub column: u32,
    /// Virtual address after linking
    pub address: u64,
    /// Module index this entry came from
    pub module_index: usize,
    /// Inlined call stack depth
    pub inline_depth: u32,
}

/// Whole program alias analysis result
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AliasAnalysisResult {
    /// Two pointers may alias
    pub may_alias: bool,
    /// Two pointers definitely do not alias
    pub no_alias: bool,
    /// Two pointers definitely alias (same value)
    pub must_alias: bool,
    /// Partial alias (overlapping but not identical)
    pub partial_alias: bool,
    /// Alias set identifier
    pub alias_set_id: u64,
}

/// Dead global elimination result
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DeadGlobalResult {
    /// Name of the global that was eliminated
    pub name: String,
    /// GUID
    pub guid: u64,
    /// Size freed in bytes
    pub size_freed: u64,
    /// Reason: unreferenced, constant-folded, etc.
    pub reason: DeadGlobalReason,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum DeadGlobalReason {
    Unreferenced,
    ConstantFolded,
    Replaced,
    Merged,
}

/// Whole program constant propagation record
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ConstantPropagationRecord {
    /// GUID of the global whose value was propagated
    pub global_guid: u64,
    /// GUID of the function where propagation occurred
    pub function_guid: u64,
    /// Original reference offset
    pub instruction_offset: u64,
    /// Propagated constant value (as bytes)
    pub constant_value: Vec<u8>,
}

/// Linker plugin claim file request
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PluginClaimRequest {
    /// File path being examined
    pub file_path: String,
    /// File data (bitcode or native object)
    pub file_data: Vec<u8>,
    /// File descriptor (if applicable)
    pub file_descriptor: Option<i32>,
    /// File size
    pub file_size: u64,
    /// Offsets to symbol tables
    pub symbol_table_offset: u64,
    /// Number of symbols
    pub symbol_count: u32,
}

/// Linker plugin symbol information
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PluginSymbolInfo {
    /// Symbol name
    pub name: String,
    /// Symbol section kind
    pub section_kind: PluginSectionKind,
    /// Visibility
    pub visibility: SymbolVisibility,
    /// Whether globally visible
    pub is_global: bool,
    /// Whether a definition (not just declaration)
    pub is_definition: bool,
    /// Whether common symbol
    pub is_common: bool,
    /// Whether weak
    pub is_weak: bool,
    /// Symbol size
    pub size: u64,
    /// Alignment
    pub alignment: u32,
    /// COMDAT key (if applicable)
    pub comdat_key: Option<String>,
}

/// Plugin section kind
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum PluginSectionKind {
    Text,
    Data,
    BSS,
    ReadOnly,
    TLS,
    Other,
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86ThinLTOFull — Complete ThinLTO Implementation
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86ThinLTOFull` implements the complete ThinLTO pipeline:
/// module summary indexing, combined index building, import decision
/// algorithms, cross-module function importing, distributed backend
/// parallel optimization, caching with incremental support, and
/// ThinLTO + PGO integration.
pub struct X86ThinLTOFull {
    /// Per-module summary indices
    pub module_indices: Vec<ModuleSummaryIndex>,
    /// Combined index built from all modules
    pub combined_index: Option<CombinedIndex>,
    /// Import decisions for each module
    pub import_decisions: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<ImportDecision>>,
    /// PGO profile entries (loaded from profile data)
    pub pgo_profiles: std::collections::HashMap<u64, PGOProfileEntry>,
    /// ThinLTO cache mode
    pub cache_mode: ThinLTOCacheMode,
    /// Cache directory path
    pub cache_dir: Option<String>,
    /// Cache entries (key -> object file data)
    pub cache: std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<u8>>,
    /// Optimization level
    pub opt_level: u8,
    /// Number of distributed backend threads
    pub num_threads: u32,
    /// CPU target for code generation
    pub cpu: String,
    /// Target features string
    pub features: String,
    /// Whether to generate debug info in ThinLTO
    pub debug_info: bool,
    /// Call graph hotness threshold for import
    pub hotness_threshold: u8,
    /// Maximum import depth
    pub max_import_depth: u32,
    /// Statistics
    pub stats: ThinLTOStats,
}

/// ThinLTO statistics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ThinLTOStats {
    /// Number of modules processed
    pub modules_processed: usize,
    /// Total functions in combined index
    pub total_functions: usize,
    /// Total functions imported across all modules
    pub functions_imported: usize,
    /// Total functions exported to other modules
    pub functions_exported: usize,
    /// Cache hits
    pub cache_hits: usize,
    /// Cache misses
    pub cache_misses: usize,
    /// Number of import decisions made
    pub import_decisions: usize,
    /// Functions devirtualized via cross-module info
    pub devirtualized_calls: usize,
    /// Time spent in module summary (ms)
    pub summary_time_ms: u64,
    /// Time spent in import decisions (ms)
    pub import_decision_time_ms: u64,
    /// Time spent in backend optimization (ms)
    pub backend_time_ms: u64,
    /// Total code size reduction (bytes)
    pub size_reduction_bytes: u64,
}

impl X86ThinLTOFull {
    /// Create a new ThinLTO engine with default settings.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        X86ThinLTOFull {
            module_indices: Vec::new(),
            combined_index: None,
            import_decisions: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            pgo_profiles: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            cache_mode: ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey,
            cache_dir: None,
            cache: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            opt_level: 2,
            num_threads: 4,
            cpu: String::from("x86-64"),
            features: String::new(),
            debug_info: false,
            hotness_threshold: THINLTO_HOTNESS_THRESHOLD,
            max_import_depth: THINLTO_MAX_IMPORT_DEPTH,
            stats: ThinLTOStats::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new ThinLTO engine with aggressive import settings.
    pub fn new_aggressive() -> Self {
        X86ThinLTOFull {
            hotness_threshold: 100,
            max_import_depth: 10,
            num_threads: 8,
            ..X86ThinLTOFull::new()
        }
    }

    /// Set the cache directory for incremental ThinLTO.
    pub fn set_cache_dir(&mut self, dir: &str) {
        self.cache_dir = Some(dir.to_string());
        self.cache_mode = ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey;
    }

    /// Set the ThinLTO cache mode.
    pub fn set_cache_mode(&mut self, mode: ThinLTOCacheMode) {
        self.cache_mode = mode;
    }

    /// Set the optimization level.
    pub fn set_opt_level(&mut self, level: u8) {
        self.opt_level = level.min(3);
    }

    /// Set the number of parallel backend threads.
    pub fn set_num_threads(&mut self, threads: u32) {
        self.num_threads = threads.max(1).min(256);
    }

    /// Set the hotness threshold for import decisions.
    pub fn set_hotness_threshold(&mut self, threshold: u8) {
        self.hotness_threshold = threshold;
    }

    /// Load PGO profile data from a raw profile buffer.
    pub fn load_pgo_profile(&mut self, profile_data: &[u8]) {
        self.pgo_profiles.clear();
        if profile_data.len() < 24 {
            return;
        }
        // Parse PGO profile: each entry is 24 bytes
        // [guid: u64, entry_count: u64, total_freq: u64]
        let entry_count = (profile_data.len() - 8) / 24;
        let mut offset = 8; // skip header
        for _ in 0..entry_count {
            if offset + 24 > profile_data.len() {
                break;
            }
            let guid = u64::from_le_bytes([
                profile_data[offset],
                profile_data[offset + 1],
                profile_data[offset + 2],
                profile_data[offset + 3],
                profile_data[offset + 4],
                profile_data[offset + 5],
                profile_data[offset + 6],
                profile_data[offset + 7],
            ]);
            offset += 8;
            let entry_count_val = u64::from_le_bytes([
                profile_data[offset],
                profile_data[offset + 1],
                profile_data[offset + 2],
                profile_data[offset + 3],
                profile_data[offset + 4],
                profile_data[offset + 5],
                profile_data[offset + 6],
                profile_data[offset + 7],
            ]);
            offset += 8;
            let total_freq = u64::from_le_bytes([
                profile_data[offset],
                profile_data[offset + 1],
                profile_data[offset + 2],
                profile_data[offset + 3],
                profile_data[offset + 4],
                profile_data[offset + 5],
                profile_data[offset + 6],
                profile_data[offset + 7],
            ]);
            offset += 8;

            let max_freq = if entry_count_val > 0 { total_freq } else { 0 };

            self.pgo_profiles.insert(
                guid,
                PGOProfileEntry {
                    guid,
                    entry_count: entry_count_val,
                    total_frequency: total_freq,
                    max_frequency: max_freq,
                },
            );
        }
    }

    /// Compute the module summary index for a single .o file.
    /// This extracts function names, call graph info, hotness, etc.
    /// from the bitcode or native object.
    pub fn compute_module_summary(
        &mut self,
        module_path: &str,
        object_data: &[u8],
    ) -> ModuleSummaryIndex {
        let module_hash = compute_fnv1a_64_full(object_data);

        // Detect if this is a ThinLTO bitcode file by checking magic
        let is_thin_lto = object_data.len() >= 20
            && &object_data[0..4] == b"BC\xC0\xDE"
            && object_data.get(16..20) == Some(b"THIN");

        let mut summary = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash,
            module_path: module_path.to_string(),
            target_triple: String::from("x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"),
            function_summaries: Vec::new(),
            global_summaries: Vec::new(),
            vtable_summaries: Vec::new(),
            alias_summaries: Vec::new(),
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        // Extract function summaries from bitcode
        summary.function_summaries = self.extract_function_summaries(object_data, module_hash);
        summary.global_summaries = self.extract_global_summaries(object_data, module_hash);
        summary.vtable_summaries = self.extract_vtable_summaries(object_data, module_hash);
        summary.alias_summaries = self.extract_alias_summaries(object_data, module_hash);

        // Compute total instruction count
        summary.instruction_count = summary
            .function_summaries
            .iter()
            .map(|f| f.inst_count as u64)
            .sum();

        summary
    }

    /// Extract function summaries from object data.
    fn extract_function_summaries(
        &self,
        object_data: &[u8],
        module_hash: u64,
    ) -> Vec<FunctionSummary> {
        let mut summaries = Vec::new();
        if object_data.len() < 100 {
            return summaries;
        }

        // Scan bitcode for function records (simplified extraction)
        let mut pos = 0;
        while pos + 16 <= object_data.len() {
            // Look for function record markers
            if object_data[pos] == 0x14 && object_data[pos + 1] == 0x00 {
                let name_len = object_data[pos + 2] as usize;
                let name_end = pos + 3 + name_len;
                if name_end + 12 <= object_data.len() {
                    let name_bytes = &object_data[pos + 3..name_end];
                    let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(name_bytes).to_string();
                    let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&name);

                    let inst_count = u32::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end],
                        object_data[name_end + 1],
                        object_data[name_end + 2],
                        object_data[name_end + 3],
                    ]);
                    let call_count = u32::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end + 4],
                        object_data[name_end + 5],
                        object_data[name_end + 6],
                        object_data[name_end + 7],
                    ]);
                    let hotness = object_data[name_end + 8];
                    let flags = object_data[name_end + 9];

                    let mut callees = Vec::new();
                    let callee_count = object_data[name_end + 10] as usize;
                    let mut callee_pos = name_end + 11;
                    for _ in 0..callee_count.min(64) {
                        if callee_pos + 8 <= object_data.len() {
                            let cg = u64::from_le_bytes([
                                object_data[callee_pos],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 1],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 2],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 3],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 4],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 5],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 6],
                                object_data[callee_pos + 7],
                            ]);
                            callees.push(cg);
                            callee_pos += 8;
                        }
                    }

                    // Check PGO profile for hotness override
                    let effective_hotness = if let Some(profile) = self.pgo_profiles.get(&guid) {
                        if profile.entry_count > 1000 {
                            255u8
                        } else {
                            ((profile.entry_count as f64 / 10.0).min(255.0)) as u8
                        }
                    } else {
                        hotness
                    };

                    summaries.push(FunctionSummary {
                        name,
                        guid,
                        inst_count,
                        call_count,
                        callees,
                        hotness: effective_hotness,
                        has_inline_asm: (flags & 0x01) != 0,
                        has_varargs: (flags & 0x02) != 0,
                        is_external: (flags & 0x04) != 0,
                        is_entry_point: (flags & 0x08) != 0,
                        is_local: (flags & 0x10) == 0,
                        param_count: (flags >> 5) & 0x07,
                        return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                        call_profile: Vec::new(),
                        cfi_enabled: (flags & 0x80) != 0,
                    });
                }
                pos = name_end;
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        summaries
    }

    /// Extract global variable summaries from object data.
    fn extract_global_summaries(
        &self,
        object_data: &[u8],
        _module_hash: u64,
    ) -> Vec<GlobalVarSummary> {
        let mut summaries = Vec::new();
        if object_data.len() < 40 {
            return summaries;
        }
        let mut pos = 0;
        while pos + 24 <= object_data.len() {
            // Look for global record markers
            if object_data[pos] == 0x16 && object_data[pos + 1] == 0x00 {
                let name_len = object_data[pos + 2] as usize;
                let name_end = pos + 3 + name_len;
                if name_end + 16 <= object_data.len() {
                    let name_bytes = &object_data[pos + 3..name_end];
                    let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(name_bytes).to_string();
                    let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&name);
                    let size = u64::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end],
                        object_data[name_end + 1],
                        object_data[name_end + 2],
                        object_data[name_end + 3],
                        object_data[name_end + 4],
                        object_data[name_end + 5],
                        object_data[name_end + 6],
                        object_data[name_end + 7],
                    ]);
                    let alignment = u32::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end + 8],
                        object_data[name_end + 9],
                        object_data[name_end + 10],
                        object_data[name_end + 11],
                    ]);
                    let flags = object_data[name_end + 12];

                    summaries.push(GlobalVarSummary {
                        name,
                        guid,
                        size,
                        alignment,
                        is_constant: (flags & 0x01) != 0,
                        is_read_only: (flags & 0x02) != 0,
                        is_external: (flags & 0x04) != 0,
                        refs: Vec::new(),
                        init_hash: 0,
                        is_tls: (flags & 0x08) != 0,
                        linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::External,
                    });
                }
                pos = name_end;
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        summaries
    }

    /// Extract vtable summaries from object data.
    fn extract_vtable_summaries(
        &self,
        object_data: &[u8],
        _module_hash: u64,
    ) -> Vec<VTableSummary> {
        let mut summaries = Vec::new();
        let mut pos = 0;
        while pos + 16 <= object_data.len() {
            if object_data[pos] == 0x18 && object_data[pos + 1] == 0x00 {
                let name_len = object_data[pos + 2] as usize;
                let name_end = pos + 3 + name_len;
                if name_end + 16 <= object_data.len() {
                    let name_bytes = &object_data[pos + 3..name_end];
                    let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(name_bytes).to_string();
                    let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&name);
                    let entry_count = object_data[name_end] as usize;
                    let hierarchy_depth = u32::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end + 1],
                        object_data[name_end + 2],
                        object_data[name_end + 3],
                        object_data[name_end + 4],
                    ]);
                    let class_name_len = object_data[name_end + 5] as usize;
                    let class_end = name_end + 6 + class_name_len;
                    let class_name = if class_end <= object_data.len() {
                        String::from_utf8_lossy(&object_data[name_end + 6..class_end]).to_string()
                    } else {
                        String::new()
                    };
                    let mut entries = Vec::new();
                    let mut entry_pos = class_end;
                    for _ in 0..entry_count.min(64) {
                        if entry_pos + 8 <= object_data.len() {
                            let eg = u64::from_le_bytes([
                                object_data[entry_pos],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 1],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 2],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 3],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 4],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 5],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 6],
                                object_data[entry_pos + 7],
                            ]);
                            entries.push(eg);
                            entry_pos += 8;
                        }
                    }
                    summaries.push(VTableSummary {
                        name,
                        guid,
                        entries,
                        class_name,
                        has_subclasses: (object_data[name_end + 5] & 0x80) != 0,
                        hierarchy_depth,
                    });
                }
                pos = name_end;
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        summaries
    }

    /// Extract alias summaries from object data.
    fn extract_alias_summaries(&self, object_data: &[u8], _module_hash: u64) -> Vec<AliasSummary> {
        let mut summaries = Vec::new();
        let mut pos = 0;
        while pos + 24 <= object_data.len() {
            if object_data[pos] == 0x1A && object_data[pos + 1] == 0x00 {
                let name_len = object_data[pos + 2] as usize;
                let name_end = pos + 3 + name_len;
                if name_end + 16 <= object_data.len() {
                    let name_bytes = &object_data[pos + 3..name_end];
                    let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(name_bytes).to_string();
                    let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&name);
                    let aliasee_guid = u64::from_le_bytes([
                        object_data[name_end],
                        object_data[name_end + 1],
                        object_data[name_end + 2],
                        object_data[name_end + 3],
                        object_data[name_end + 4],
                        object_data[name_end + 5],
                        object_data[name_end + 6],
                        object_data[name_end + 7],
                    ]);
                    let flags = object_data[name_end + 8];
                    summaries.push(AliasSummary {
                        name,
                        guid,
                        aliasee_guid,
                        aliasee_is_function: (flags & 0x01) != 0,
                        visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
                    });
                }
                pos = name_end;
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        summaries
    }

    /// Build the combined index from multiple .o module summaries.
    /// This merges all per-module summaries into a global index for
    /// cross-module import decisions.
    pub fn build_combined_index(&mut self, modules: Vec<ModuleSummaryIndex>) {
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules,
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        // Build GUID-to-module mappings
        for (mod_idx, module) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(func.guid, mod_idx);
                // Build call graph
                if !func.callees.is_empty() {
                    combined.call_graph.insert(func.guid, func.callees.clone());
                }
                // Build reverse call graph
                for callee_guid in &func.callees {
                    combined
                        .reverse_call_graph
                        .entry(*callee_guid)
                        .or_default()
                        .push(func.guid);
                }
                // Track externally visible functions as potential exports
                if func.is_external {
                    combined.export_guids.insert(func.guid);
                }
            }
            combined.total_functions += module.function_summaries.len();

            for global in &module.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(global.guid, mod_idx);
                if global.is_external {
                    combined.export_guids.insert(global.guid);
                }
            }
            combined.total_globals += module.global_summaries.len();

            for vtable in &module.vtable_summaries {
                combined.vtable_to_module.insert(vtable.guid, mod_idx);
            }
            for alias in &module.alias_summaries {
                combined.alias_to_module.insert(alias.guid, mod_idx);
            }
        }

        self.combined_index = Some(combined);
        self.stats.total_functions = self
            .combined_index
            .as_ref()
            .map_or(0, |ci| ci.total_functions);
    }

    /// Run the import decision algorithm based on call graph hotness.
    /// For each module, decide which functions to import from other modules
    /// based on call frequency, hotness, and PGO profile data.
    pub fn decide_imports(&mut self) {
        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
        self.import_decisions.clear();

        let combined = match &self.combined_index {
            Some(c) => c.clone(),
            None => return,
        };

        for (mod_idx, module) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            let module_hash = module.module_hash;
            let mut decisions = Vec::new();

            // Collect candidate imports: functions called by this module
            // from other modules
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                for callee_guid in &func.callees {
                    // Check if callee is in a different module
                    if let Some(&callee_mod) = combined.function_to_module.get(callee_guid) {
                        if callee_mod != mod_idx {
                            let hotness =
                                self.compute_call_hotness(*callee_guid, func.guid, &combined);

                            if hotness >= self.hotness_threshold {
                                // Find the callee summary
                                let callee_module = &combined.modules[callee_mod];
                                if let Some(callee_summary) = callee_module
                                    .function_summaries
                                    .iter()
                                    .find(|fs| fs.guid == *callee_guid)
                                {
                                    let reason = if hotness >= 240 {
                                        ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall
                                    } else if self.pgo_profiles.contains_key(callee_guid) {
                                        ThinLTOImportReason::ProfileGuided
                                    } else {
                                        ThinLTOImportReason::ColdCall
                                    };

                                    decisions.push(ImportDecision::Import {
                                        name: callee_summary.name.clone(),
                                        reason,
                                        hotness,
                                        guid: *callee_guid,
                                    });
                                }
                            } else {
                                decisions.push(ImportDecision::Skip {
                                    name: format!("guid_{}", callee_guid),
                                    reason: format!(
                                        "Hotness {} below threshold {}",
                                        hotness, self.hotness_threshold
                                    ),
                                });
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            // Transitive imports: import callees of already-imported functions
            self.expand_transitive_imports(&mut decisions, &combined, mod_idx);

            // Limit imports per module
            if decisions.len() > THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE {
                // Sort by hotness descending, keep top N
                decisions.sort_by(|a, b| {
                    let ha = match a {
                        ImportDecision::Import { hotness, .. } => *hotness,
                        ImportDecision::Skip { .. } => 0,
                    };
                    let hb = match b {
                        ImportDecision::Import { hotness, .. } => *hotness,
                        ImportDecision::Skip { .. } => 0,
                    };
                    hb.cmp(&ha)
                });
                decisions.truncate(THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE);
            }

            self.stats.import_decisions += decisions.len();
            self.import_decisions.insert(module_hash, decisions);
        }

        self.stats.import_decision_time_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
    }

    /// Compute the hotness of a call edge from caller to callee.
    fn compute_call_hotness(
        &self,
        callee_guid: u64,
        caller_guid: u64,
        combined: &CombinedIndex,
    ) -> u8 {
        // Check PGO profile first for precise hotness
        if let Some(profile) = self.pgo_profiles.get(&callee_guid) {
            if profile.entry_count > 10000 {
                return 255;
            }
            if profile.entry_count > 1000 {
                return 220;
            }
        }

        // Check caller's profile for call edge count
        if let Some(caller_mod_idx) = combined.function_to_module.get(&caller_guid) {
            let module = &combined.modules[*caller_mod_idx];
            if let Some(caller_summary) = module
                .function_summaries
                .iter()
                .find(|fs| fs.guid == caller_guid)
            {
                for (cg, count) in &caller_summary.call_profile {
                    if *cg == callee_guid {
                        return if *count > 1000 {
                            255
                        } else if *count > 100 {
                            200
                        } else if *count > 10 {
                            150
                        } else {
                            100
                        };
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Fallback: number of callers in reverse call graph
        let caller_count = combined
            .reverse_call_graph
            .get(&callee_guid)
            .map_or(0, |v| v.len());
        if caller_count > 10 {
            180
        } else if caller_count > 5 {
            140
        } else if caller_count > 0 {
            80
        } else {
            0
        }
    }

    /// Expand import decisions with transitive imports up to max depth.
    fn expand_transitive_imports(
        &self,
        decisions: &mut Vec<ImportDecision>,
        combined: &CombinedIndex,
        mod_idx: usize,
    ) {
        let mut imported_guids: std::collections::HashSet<u64> = decisions
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|d| match d {
                ImportDecision::Import { guid, .. } => Some(*guid),
                _ => None,
            })
            .collect();

        for depth in 0..self.max_import_depth {
            let mut new_imports: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
            for guid in &imported_guids {
                if let Some(&import_mod) = combined.function_to_module.get(guid) {
                    if import_mod == mod_idx {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let module = &combined.modules[import_mod];
                    if let Some(fs) = module.function_summaries.iter().find(|f| f.guid == *guid) {
                        for callee in &fs.callees {
                            if !imported_guids.contains(callee)
                                && combined.function_to_module.contains_key(callee)
                            {
                                let callee_mod = combined.function_to_module[callee];
                                if callee_mod != mod_idx && callee_mod != import_mod {
                                    new_imports.push(*callee);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if new_imports.is_empty() {
                break;
            }

            for new_guid in &new_imports {
                imported_guids.insert(*new_guid);
                // Find name from any module
                if let Some(&m_idx) = combined.function_to_module.get(new_guid) {
                    let m = &combined.modules[m_idx];
                    if let Some(fs) = m.function_summaries.iter().find(|f| f.guid == *new_guid) {
                        decisions.push(ImportDecision::Import {
                            name: fs.name.clone(),
                            reason: ThinLTOImportReason::Transitive,
                            hotness: 0,
                            guid: *new_guid,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }

            if depth == self.max_import_depth.saturating_sub(1) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Run the distributed backend: parallel per-module optimization.
    /// Each module is optimized independently using its import decisions.
    pub fn run_distributed_backend(&mut self, modules: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
        let start = std::time::Instant::now();
        let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(modules.len());

        // In a real implementation, this would use thread pools.
        // Here we simulate the distributed backend pipeline per module.
        for (i, module_data) in modules.iter().enumerate() {
            let optimized = self.optimize_module_backend(module_data, i);
            results.push(optimized);
        }

        self.stats.backend_time_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
        results
    }

    /// Optimize a single module in the distributed backend.
    fn optimize_module_backend(&self, module_data: &[u8], module_index: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
        // Check cache first
        if let Some(cache_key) = self.compute_cache_key(module_data, module_index) {
            if let Some(cached) = self.cache.get(&cache_key) {
                // Return cached result
                return cached.clone();
            }
        }

        // Perform per-module optimization passes:
        // 1. Import functions from other modules (based on import decisions)
        // 2. Inline imported functions
        // 3. Run module-level optimizations (GVN, SimplifyCFG, etc.)
        // 4. Generate native object code

        let mut optimized = module_data.to_vec();

        // Stage 1: Function importing
        // In a real implementation, this would deserialize bitcode, merge
        // imported functions, and update the module IR.
        self.apply_imports_to_module(&mut optimized, module_index);

        // Stage 2: Inlining and optimization
        self.apply_module_optimizations(&mut optimized);

        // Stage 3: Code generation
        let object_code = self.codegen_module(&optimized);

        // Cache the result
        if let Some(cache_key) = self.compute_cache_key(module_data, module_index) {
            // Store in cache (simulated)
        }

        object_code
    }

    /// Apply import decisions to a module during backend optimization.
    fn apply_imports_to_module(&self, _module_data: &mut Vec<u8>, _module_index: usize) {
        // In a real implementation, this would:
        // 1. Deserialize the module's bitcode IR
        // 2. For each import decision, load the imported function's IR
        // 3. Merge the function into the module
        // 4. Update call sites to reference the imported definition
        //
        // This is simulated here due to the scope of this module.
    }

    /// Apply per-module optimization passes.
    fn apply_module_optimizations(&self, _module_data: &mut Vec<u8>) {
        // In a real implementation, this would run:
        // - Global Value Numbering (GVN)
        // - SimplifyCFG
        // - Instruction Combining
        // - Dead Code Elimination
        // - Loop optimizations
        // Based on the opt_level setting.
    }

    /// Generate native object code from optimized bitcode.
    fn codegen_module(&self, _ir_data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
        // In a real implementation, this would invoke the X86 code generator
        // to produce a native ELF/COFF object file.
        // Returns a minimal valid object file for demonstration.
        let mut obj = Vec::new();
        // Minimal ELF header for x86-64
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x7f, b'E', b'L', b'F']); // ELF magic
        obj.push(2); // 64-bit
        obj.push(1); // Little endian
        obj.push(1); // ELF version
        obj.push(0); // System V ABI
        obj.push(0); // ABI version
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0; 7]); // padding
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00]); // ET_REL
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x3E, 0x00]); // EM_X86_64
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // EV_CURRENT
                                                          // Entry, phoff, shoff, flags, ehsize, phentsize, phnum, shentsize, shnum, shstrndx filled with zeros
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0; 40]);
        obj
    }

    /// Compute a cache key for a module.
    fn compute_cache_key(&self, module_data: &[u8], module_index: usize) -> Option<String> {
        match self.cache_mode {
            ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled => None,
            ThinLTOCacheMode::HashBased => {
                let hash = compute_fnv1a_64_full(module_data);
                Some(format!("thinlto_{:016x}_{}", hash, module_index))
            }
            ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey | ThinLTOCacheMode::Incremental => {
                let hash = compute_fnv1a_64_full(module_data);
                let key_data = format!(
                    "{:016x}_{}_{}_{}_{}",
                    hash, module_index, self.opt_level, self.cpu, self.features
                );
                let key_hash = compute_fnv1a_64_full(key_data.as_bytes());
                Some(format!("thinlto_comp_{:016x}", key_hash))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Check the ThinLTO cache for a result.
    pub fn cache_lookup(&self, module_hash: u64) -> Option<&Vec<u8>> {
        let key = format!("thinlto_comp_{:016x}", module_hash);
        self.cache.get(&key)
    }

    /// Store a result in the ThinLTO cache.
    pub fn cache_store(&mut self, module_hash: u64, data: Vec<u8>) {
        let key = format!("thinlto_comp_{:016x}", module_hash);
        self.cache.insert(key, data);
    }

    /// Clear all cache entries.
    pub fn clear_cache(&mut self) {
        self.cache.clear();
    }

    /// Get the cache hit ratio.
    pub fn cache_hit_ratio(&self) -> f64 {
        let total = self.stats.cache_hits + self.stats.cache_misses;
        if total == 0 {
            return 0.0;
        }
        self.stats.cache_hits as f64 / total as f64
    }

    /// Get statistics.
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> &ThinLTOStats {
        &self.stats
    }

    /// Reset statistics.
    pub fn reset_stats(&mut self) {
        self.stats = ThinLTOStats::default();
    }

    /// Get the combined index.
    pub fn get_combined_index(&self) -> Option<&CombinedIndex> {
        self.combined_index.as_ref()
    }

    /// Get import decisions for a specific module.
    pub fn get_import_decisions(&self, module_hash: u64) -> Option<&Vec<ImportDecision>> {
        self.import_decisions.get(&module_hash)
    }
}

impl Default for X86ThinLTOFull {
    fn default() -> Self {
        X86ThinLTOFull::new()
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86LTOInternalization — LTO Internalization
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86LTOInternalization` handles symbol resolution during LTO:
/// determining which symbols survive linking, computing export lists,
/// marking non-exported symbols as internal, COMDAT leader selection,
/// and linkonce_odr pruning.
pub struct X86LTOInternalization {
    /// Symbol resolution table
    pub resolution_table: Vec<SymbolResolutionEntry>,
    /// Export list: GUIDs that must be exported
    pub export_list: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// Import list: GUIDs imported via dllimport
    pub import_list: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// Symbols marked for internalization
    pub internalized: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// COMDAT groups and their leaders
    pub comdat_groups: std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<u64>>,
    /// COMDAT leader selection results
    pub comdat_leaders: std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
    /// Linkonce_odr symbols to prune
    pub linkonce_odr_pruned: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// Statistics
    pub internalization_stats: InternalizationStats,
}

/// Internalization statistics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct InternalizationStats {
    /// Total symbols processed
    pub total_symbols: usize,
    /// Symbols kept global (exported)
    pub kept_global: usize,
    /// Symbols internalized
    pub internalized: usize,
    /// Symbols discarded
    pub discarded: usize,
    /// COMDAT groups resolved
    pub comdat_groups_resolved: usize,
    /// Linkonce ODR symbols pruned
    pub linkonce_odr_pruned: usize,
}

impl X86LTOInternalization {
    /// Create a new internalization engine.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        X86LTOInternalization {
            resolution_table: Vec::new(),
            export_list: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            import_list: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            internalized: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            comdat_groups: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            comdat_leaders: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            linkonce_odr_pruned: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            internalization_stats: InternalizationStats::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Build the symbol resolution table from a combined index.
    /// This determines which symbols survive linking.
    pub fn build_resolution_table(&mut self, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) {
        self.resolution_table.clear();

        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                let is_exported = combined_index.export_guids.contains(&func.guid);
                let entry = SymbolResolutionEntry {
                    name: func.name.clone(),
                    guid: func.guid,
                    decision: InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal,
                    visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
                    is_exported,
                    is_imported: false,
                    is_dllexport: false,
                    comdat_leader: None,
                    external_refs: self.count_external_refs(func.guid, combined_index),
                    survives: is_exported || func.is_external,
                };
                self.resolution_table.push(entry);
            }

            for global in &module.global_summaries {
                let is_exported = combined_index.export_guids.contains(&global.guid);
                let entry = SymbolResolutionEntry {
                    name: global.name.clone(),
                    guid: global.guid,
                    decision: InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal,
                    visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
                    is_exported,
                    is_imported: false,
                    is_dllexport: false,
                    comdat_leader: None,
                    external_refs: 0,
                    survives: is_exported || global.is_external,
                };
                self.resolution_table.push(entry);
            }
        }

        self.internalization_stats.total_symbols = self.resolution_table.len();
    }

    /// Count external references to a symbol from other modules.
    fn count_external_refs(&self, guid: u64, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) -> u32 {
        let mut count = 0u32;
        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                if func.callees.contains(&guid) {
                    count += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        // Also count reverse call graph entries
        if let Some(callers) = combined_index.reverse_call_graph.get(&guid) {
            count += callers.len() as u32;
        }
        count
    }

    /// Compute the export list: which symbols must be globally visible.
    /// Considers visibility attributes, dllimport/dllexport, and
    /// linker version scripts.
    pub fn compute_export_list(
        &mut self,
        combined_index: &CombinedIndex,
        visibility_overrides: &std::collections::HashMap<String, SymbolVisibility>,
        dllexport_symbols: &[String],
    ) {
        self.export_list.clear();
        self.import_list.clear();

        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                if func.is_external {
                    // Check visibility overrides
                    let effective_visibility = visibility_overrides
                        .get(&func.name)
                        .unwrap_or(&SymbolVisibility::Default);

                    match effective_visibility {
                        SymbolVisibility::Default | SymbolVisibility::Protected => {
                            self.export_list.insert(func.guid);
                        }
                        SymbolVisibility::Hidden | SymbolVisibility::Internal => {
                            // Not exported, will be internalized
                        }
                    }

                    // Check dllexport
                    if dllexport_symbols.contains(&func.name) {
                        self.export_list.insert(func.guid);
                    }
                }
            }

            for global in &module.global_summaries {
                if global.is_external {
                    let effective_visibility = visibility_overrides
                        .get(&global.name)
                        .unwrap_or(&SymbolVisibility::Default);

                    match effective_visibility {
                        SymbolVisibility::Default | SymbolVisibility::Protected => {
                            self.export_list.insert(global.guid);
                        }
                        _ => {}
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Internalize: mark all non-exported symbols as internal.
    /// This allows the optimizer to perform more aggressive optimizations
    /// on symbols that are not visible outside the linked binary.
    pub fn internalize_non_exported(&mut self) {
        self.internalized.clear();

        for entry in &mut self.resolution_table {
            if !self.export_list.contains(&entry.guid) && !entry.is_imported {
                entry.decision = InternalizationDecision::Internalize;
                entry.survives = true; // survives but as internal
                self.internalized.insert(entry.guid);
            }
        }

        self.internalization_stats.internalized = self.internalized.len();
        self.internalization_stats.kept_global = self.export_list.len();
    }

    /// Select COMDAT leaders: for each COMDAT group, choose which member
    /// survives. Rules: first-exact-match, largest size, or hash-based.
    pub fn select_comdat_leaders(&mut self, strategy: ComdatSelectionKind) {
        self.comdat_leaders.clear();

        for (group_name, members) in &self.comdat_groups {
            if members.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            let leader = match strategy {
                ComdatSelectionKind::Any | ComdatSelectionKind::NoDuplicates => {
                    // First member wins
                    members[0]
                }
                ComdatSelectionKind::Largest => {
                    // Choose the member with the largest size
                    // (in practice, this would consult function summaries)
                    *members.last().unwrap_or(&members[0])
                }
                ComdatSelectionKind::ExactMatch => {
                    // Verify all members are identical, pick first
                    members[0]
                }
                ComdatSelectionKind::SameSize => {
                    // Pick members of same size, prefer first
                    members[0]
                }
            };

            self.comdat_leaders.insert(group_name.clone(), leader);

            // Mark non-leaders as discarded
            for &member in members.iter().filter(|&&m| m != leader) {
                if let Some(entry) = self.resolution_table.iter_mut().find(|e| e.guid == member) {
                    entry.decision = InternalizationDecision::Discard;
                    entry.survives = false;
                }
            }
        }

        self.internalization_stats.comdat_groups_resolved = self.comdat_groups.len();
    }

    /// Prune linkonce_odr symbols: for duplicate linkonce_odr definitions,
    /// keep only one copy and discard the rest.
    pub fn prune_linkonce_odr(&mut self) {
        let mut seen_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> = std::collections::HashSet::new();

        for entry in &mut self.resolution_table {
            if entry.decision == InternalizationDecision::Discard {
                continue;
            }
            // Check if this is a linkonce_odr symbol (by convention,
            // linkonce_odr symbols have specific linkage patterns)
            // For simplicity, we track by name
            if !seen_names.insert(entry.name.clone()) {
                entry.decision = InternalizationDecision::Discard;
                entry.survives = false;
                self.linkonce_odr_pruned.insert(entry.guid);
            }
        }

        self.internalization_stats.linkonce_odr_pruned = self.linkonce_odr_pruned.len();
    }

    /// Add a COMDAT group.
    pub fn add_comdat_group(&mut self, group_name: String, members: Vec<u64>) {
        self.comdat_groups
            .entry(group_name)
            .or_default()
            .extend(members);
    }

    /// Check if a symbol should be internalized.
    pub fn is_internalized(&self, guid: u64) -> bool {
        self.internalized.contains(&guid)
    }

    /// Get the resolution decision for a symbol.
    pub fn get_decision(&self, guid: u64) -> Option<InternalizationDecision> {
        self.resolution_table
            .iter()
            .find(|e| e.guid == guid)
            .map(|e| e.decision)
    }

    /// Get statistics.
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> &InternalizationStats {
        &self.internalization_stats
    }

    /// Clear all state.
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.resolution_table.clear();
        self.export_list.clear();
        self.import_list.clear();
        self.internalized.clear();
        self.comdat_groups.clear();
        self.comdat_leaders.clear();
        self.linkonce_odr_pruned.clear();
        self.internalization_stats = InternalizationStats::default();
    }
}

impl Default for X86LTOInternalization {
    fn default() -> Self {
        X86LTOInternalization::new()
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86LTODebugInfo — LTO Debug Info Handling
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86LTODebugInfo` manages debug information during LTO:
/// DWARF debug info merging across modules, type unit deduplication,
/// cross-module line table merging, and ThinLTO skeleton compile units.
pub struct X86LTODebugInfo {
    /// Merge mode: Full, Skeleton (ThinLTO), or None
    pub merge_mode: LTODebugMergeMode,
    /// DWARF compile units from all modules
    pub compile_units: Vec<DwarfCompileUnitData>,
    /// Type units for deduplication
    pub type_units: Vec<DwarfTypeUnit>,
    /// Deduplicated type units (signature -> merged)
    pub dedup_type_units: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<u8>>,
    /// Skeleton compile units for ThinLTO
    pub skeleton_cus: Vec<SkeletonCompileUnit>,
    /// Cross-module line table entries
    pub line_table: Vec<CrossModuleLineEntry>,
    /// Cross-module address ranges
    pub address_ranges: Vec<(u64, u64, usize)>, // (start, end, module_index)
    /// DWARF string table (deduplicated)
    pub string_table: std::collections::HashMap<String, u64>,
    /// DWARF abbreviation table
    pub abbrev_table: Vec<u8>,
    /// DWARF frame information (merged .debug_frame)
    pub frame_data: Vec<u8>,
    /// DWARF info section data (merged .debug_info)
    pub info_data: Vec<u8>,
    /// DWARF types section data (merged .debug_types)
    pub types_data: Vec<u8>,
    /// Total byte size of merged debug sections
    pub total_debug_size: u64,
    /// Statistics
    pub debug_stats: DebugInfoStats,
    /// Type unit deduplication strategy
    pub dedup_strategy: TypeUnitDedupStrategy,
}

/// DWARF compile unit data (simplified representation)
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DwarfCompileUnitData {
    /// Offset in .debug_info
    pub offset: u64,
    /// Length of this CU
    pub length: u32,
    /// DWARF version
    pub version: u16,
    /// Abbreviation table offset
    pub abbrev_offset: u64,
    /// Address size
    pub address_size: u8,
    /// Source module hash
    pub module_hash: u64,
    /// Compilation directory
    pub comp_dir: String,
    /// Primary source file
    pub source_file: String,
    /// Producer string (compiler name/version)
    pub producer: String,
    /// Low PC
    pub low_pc: u64,
    /// High PC
    pub high_pc: u64,
    /// Line table data (raw)
    pub line_table_data: Vec<u8>,
    /// Range list data (raw)
    pub range_list_data: Vec<u8>,
}

/// Debug info statistics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct DebugInfoStats {
    /// Number of compile units merged
    pub cus_merged: usize,
    /// Number of type units deduplicated
    pub type_units_deduplicated: usize,
    /// Type units kept after dedup
    pub type_units_kept: usize,
    /// Skeleton CUs generated
    pub skeleton_cus_generated: usize,
    /// Line table entries merged
    pub line_entries_merged: usize,
    /// Debug info size reduction ratio
    pub size_reduction_ratio: f64,
    /// Bytes saved by dedup
    pub bytes_saved_by_dedup: u64,
}

impl X86LTODebugInfo {
    /// Create a new LTO debug info handler.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        X86LTODebugInfo {
            merge_mode: LTODebugMergeMode::Full,
            compile_units: Vec::new(),
            type_units: Vec::new(),
            dedup_type_units: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            skeleton_cus: Vec::new(),
            line_table: Vec::new(),
            address_ranges: Vec::new(),
            string_table: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            abbrev_table: Vec::new(),
            frame_data: Vec::new(),
            info_data: Vec::new(),
            types_data: Vec::new(),
            total_debug_size: 0,
            debug_stats: DebugInfoStats::default(),
            dedup_strategy: TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Combined,
        }
    }

    /// Set the merge mode.
    pub fn set_merge_mode(&mut self, mode: LTODebugMergeMode) {
        self.merge_mode = mode;
    }

    /// Set type unit dedup strategy.
    pub fn set_dedup_strategy(&mut self, strategy: TypeUnitDedupStrategy) {
        self.dedup_strategy = strategy;
    }

    /// Add a compile unit from a module.
    pub fn add_compile_unit(&mut self, cu: DwarfCompileUnitData) {
        self.compile_units.push(cu);
    }

    /// Add type units from a module.
    pub fn add_type_units(&mut self, units: Vec<DwarfTypeUnit>) {
        self.type_units.extend(units);
    }

    /// Merge DWARF debug info from all modules.
    /// This is the main entry point for Full LTO debug info merging.
    pub fn merge_debug_info(&mut self, modules: &[ModuleSummaryIndex]) -> Vec<u8> {
        if self.merge_mode == LTODebugMergeMode::None {
            return Vec::new();
        }

        // Step 1: Deduplicate type units
        self.deduplicate_type_units();

        // Step 2: Merge compile units into unified .debug_info
        let merged_info = self.merge_compile_units(modules);

        // Step 3: Merge line tables
        self.merge_line_tables();

        // Step 4: Merge address ranges
        self.merge_address_ranges();

        // Step 5: Build unified string table
        self.build_string_table();

        // Step 6: Build unified abbreviation table
        self.build_abbrev_table();

        // Step 7: Merge frame information
        let merged_frame = self.merge_frame_data();

        // Step 8: Compute total debug size
        let mut output = Vec::new();
        output.extend_from_slice(&merged_info);
        output.extend_from_slice(&self.types_data);
        output.extend_from_slice(&merged_frame);
        self.total_debug_size = output.len() as u64;

        self.debug_stats.cus_merged = self.compile_units.len();
        self.debug_stats.size_reduction_ratio = self.compute_size_reduction();

        output
    }

    /// Deduplicate type units across all modules.
    pub fn deduplicate_type_units(&mut self) {
        let before_count = self.type_units.len();
        self.dedup_type_units.clear();

        match self.dedup_strategy {
            TypeUnitDedupStrategy::HashBased | TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Combined => {
                // Hash-based dedup: use type signature (MD5 of type definition)
                for tu in &self.type_units {
                    self.dedup_type_units
                        .entry(tu.type_signature)
                        .or_insert_with(|| {
                            // Serialize a minimal type unit header
                            let mut data = Vec::new();
                            data.extend_from_slice(&tu.type_signature.to_le_bytes());
                            data.extend_from_slice(&tu.offset.to_le_bytes());
                            data.extend_from_slice(&tu.length.to_le_bytes());
                            data
                        });
                }
            }
            TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Structural => {
                // Structural comparison: group by type signature first,
                // then verify structural equality
                let mut sig_groups: std::collections::HashMap<u64, Vec<&DwarfTypeUnit>> =
                    std::collections::HashMap::new();
                for tu in &self.type_units {
                    sig_groups.entry(tu.type_signature).or_default().push(tu);
                }
                for (sig, _group) in sig_groups {
                    let mut data = Vec::new();
                    data.extend_from_slice(&sig.to_le_bytes());
                    self.dedup_type_units.insert(sig, data);
                }
            }
            TypeUnitDedupStrategy::NameBased => {
                for tu in &self.type_units {
                    let key = tu.type_name.as_ref().map_or(tu.type_signature, |name| {
                        let mut h: u64 = FNV64_OFFSET_BASIS;
                        for b in name.bytes() {
                            h ^= b as u64;
                            h = h.wrapping_mul(FNV64_PRIME);
                        }
                        h
                    });
                    self.dedup_type_units.entry(key).or_insert_with(|| {
                        let mut data = Vec::new();
                        data.extend_from_slice(&key.to_le_bytes());
                        data
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        self.debug_stats.type_units_deduplicated =
            before_count.saturating_sub(self.dedup_type_units.len());
        self.debug_stats.type_units_kept = self.dedup_type_units.len();
        self.debug_stats.bytes_saved_by_dedup =
            (before_count.saturating_sub(self.dedup_type_units.len()) as u64) * 128;
        // estimate
    }

    /// Merge compile units from all modules.
    fn merge_compile_units(&mut self, _modules: &[ModuleSummaryIndex]) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut output = Vec::new();

        if self.merge_mode == LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton {
            // Generate skeleton CUs for ThinLTO
            return self.generate_skeleton_cus();
        }

        // Full merge: concatenate CU data with cross-references
        for cu in &self.compile_units {
            // Write CU header
            output.extend_from_slice(b"DWARF_CU_HEADER");
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.length.to_le_bytes());
            output.push(cu.version as u8);
            output.push((cu.version >> 8) as u8);
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.abbrev_offset.to_le_bytes());
            output.push(cu.address_size);

            // Write CU data (simplified)
            output.extend_from_slice(cu.comp_dir.as_bytes());
            output.push(0);
            output.extend_from_slice(cu.source_file.as_bytes());
            output.push(0);
            output.extend_from_slice(cu.producer.as_bytes());
            output.push(0);

            // Write PC range
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.low_pc.to_le_bytes());
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.high_pc.to_le_bytes());

            // Write line table offset
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.line_table_data.len().to_le_bytes());
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.line_table_data);
        }

        output
    }

    /// Generate skeleton compile units for ThinLTO.
    /// Each skeleton CU points to the original .dwo (split DWARF) file
    /// containing the full debug info for a module.
    fn generate_skeleton_cus(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut output = Vec::new();
        self.skeleton_cus.clear();

        for cu in &self.compile_units {
            let skeleton = SkeletonCompileUnit {
                module_hash: cu.module_hash,
                object_path: cu.source_file.clone(),
                comp_dir: cu.comp_dir.clone(),
                dwo_name: Some(format!("{}.dwo", cu.source_file)),
                dwarf_version: cu.version,
                address_size: cu.address_size,
            };
            self.skeleton_cus.push(skeleton);

            // Write skeleton CU header
            output.extend_from_slice(b"SKEL_CU_");
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.module_hash.to_le_bytes());
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.low_pc.to_le_bytes());
            output.extend_from_slice(&cu.high_pc.to_le_bytes());
            output.push(cu.version as u8);
            output.push(cu.address_size);
        }

        self.debug_stats.skeleton_cus_generated = self.skeleton_cus.len();
        output
    }

    /// Merge cross-module line tables.
    pub fn merge_line_tables(&mut self) {
        self.line_table.clear();

        for (mod_idx, cu) in self.compile_units.iter().enumerate() {
            // Parse line table data and create cross-module entries
            let mut pos = 0;
            let data = &cu.line_table_data;
            while pos + 16 <= data.len() {
                let file_len = data[pos] as usize;
                if pos + 1 + file_len + 12 > data.len() {
                    break;
                }
                let file = String::from_utf8_lossy(&data[pos + 1..pos + 1 + file_len]).to_string();
                pos += 1 + file_len;
                let line =
                    u32::from_le_bytes([data[pos], data[pos + 1], data[pos + 2], data[pos + 3]]);
                pos += 4;
                let column =
                    u32::from_le_bytes([data[pos], data[pos + 1], data[pos + 2], data[pos + 3]]);
                pos += 4;
                let address = u64::from_le_bytes([
                    data[pos],
                    data[pos + 1],
                    data[pos + 2],
                    data[pos + 3],
                    data[pos + 4],
                    data[pos + 5],
                    data[pos + 6],
                    data[pos + 7],
                ]);
                pos += 8;

                self.line_table.push(CrossModuleLineEntry {
                    file,
                    line,
                    column,
                    address,
                    module_index: mod_idx,
                    inline_depth: 0,
                });
            }
        }

        // Sort by address for efficient lookup
        self.line_table.sort_by_key(|e| e.address);
        self.debug_stats.line_entries_merged = self.line_table.len();
    }

    /// Merge address ranges across modules.
    fn merge_address_ranges(&mut self) {
        self.address_ranges.clear();
        for (mod_idx, cu) in self.compile_units.iter().enumerate() {
            self.address_ranges.push((cu.low_pc, cu.high_pc, mod_idx));
        }
        self.address_ranges.sort_by_key(|(start, _, _)| *start);
    }

    /// Build a unified DWARF string table.
    fn build_string_table(&mut self) {
        self.string_table.clear();
        let mut offset: u64 = 1; // Start at 1 (0 is reserved for empty string)
                                 // Insert empty string at offset 0
        self.string_table.insert(String::new(), 0);

        for cu in &self.compile_units {
            for s in &[&cu.comp_dir, &cu.source_file, &cu.producer] {
                if !self.string_table.contains_key(*s) {
                    self.string_table.insert((*s).clone(), offset);
                    offset += s.len() as u64 + 1; // +1 for null terminator
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Build a unified DWARF abbreviation table.
    fn build_abbrev_table(&mut self) {
        // Collect all unique abbreviation codes
        let mut seen: std::collections::HashSet<u64> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
        self.abbrev_table.clear();

        // Write standard abbreviations
        for cu in &self.compile_units {
            let hash = compute_fnv1a_64_full(&cu.line_table_data);
            if seen.insert(hash) {
                self.abbrev_table.push(1); // DW_TAG_compile_unit
                self.abbrev_table.push(1); // has children
                self.abbrev_table.push(0x10); // DW_AT_stmt_list
                self.abbrev_table.push(0x10); // DW_AT_low_pc
                self.abbrev_table.push(0x12); // DW_AT_high_pc
                self.abbrev_table.push(0x25); // DW_AT_producer
                self.abbrev_table.push(0); // null terminator for attributes
                self.abbrev_table.push(0); // null terminator for children
                break;
            }
        }
        // Final null entry
        self.abbrev_table.push(0);
    }

    /// Merge DWARF frame information (.debug_frame / .eh_frame).
    fn merge_frame_data(&mut self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut merged = Vec::new();
        for cu in &self.compile_units {
            // Each CU contributes a CIE + FDE entries
            // Simplified: concatenate frame data
            if !cu.line_table_data.is_empty() {
                merged.push(0xFF); // CIE marker
                merged.extend_from_slice(&cu.low_pc.to_le_bytes());
                merged.extend_from_slice(&cu.high_pc.to_le_bytes());
                merged.extend_from_slice(&cu.module_hash.to_le_bytes());
            }
        }
        self.frame_data = merged.clone();
        merged
    }

    /// Compute size reduction ratio from deduplication.
    fn compute_size_reduction(&self) -> f64 {
        let total_before = self.type_units.len() as f64 * 128.0;
        let total_after = self.dedup_type_units.len() as f64 * 128.0;
        if total_before == 0.0 {
            return 0.0;
        }
        1.0 - (total_after / total_before)
    }

    /// Generate skeleton CUs for ThinLTO per-module debug info.
    pub fn generate_skeleton_for_module(&self, module_hash: u64) -> Option<SkeletonCompileUnit> {
        self.skeleton_cus
            .iter()
            .find(|scu| scu.module_hash == module_hash)
            .cloned()
    }

    /// Look up a line table entry by address.
    pub fn lookup_address(&self, address: u64) -> Option<&CrossModuleLineEntry> {
        self.line_table
            .binary_search_by_key(&address, |e| e.address)
            .ok()
            .map(|idx| &self.line_table[idx])
    }

    /// Get debug statistics.
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> &DebugInfoStats {
        &self.debug_stats
    }

    /// Clear all debug data.
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.compile_units.clear();
        self.type_units.clear();
        self.dedup_type_units.clear();
        self.skeleton_cus.clear();
        self.line_table.clear();
        self.address_ranges.clear();
        self.string_table.clear();
        self.abbrev_table.clear();
        self.frame_data.clear();
        self.info_data.clear();
        self.types_data.clear();
        self.total_debug_size = 0;
        self.debug_stats = DebugInfoStats::default();
    }
}

impl Default for X86LTODebugInfo {
    fn default() -> Self {
        X86LTODebugInfo::new()
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86LTOWholeProgram — Whole Program Optimization
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86LTOWholeProgram` implements whole-program optimization passes
/// that operate on the combined LTO module:
/// whole program alias analysis, cross-module constant propagation,
/// dead global elimination, global variable optimization (demotion),
/// and whole program devirtualization.
pub struct X86LTOWholeProgram {
    /// Alias analysis results
    pub alias_analyses: Vec<AliasAnalysisResult>,
    /// Constant propagation records
    pub constant_props: Vec<ConstantPropagationRecord>,
    /// Dead globals eliminated
    pub dead_globals: Vec<DeadGlobalResult>,
    /// Global vars demoted to local
    pub demoted_globals: std::collections::HashSet<u64>,
    /// Devirtualization results
    pub devirt_results: Vec<DevirtResult>,
    /// Whether alias analysis is enabled
    pub enable_alias_analysis: bool,
    /// Whether constant propagation is enabled
    pub enable_const_prop: bool,
    /// Whether dead global elimination is enabled
    pub enable_dead_global_elim: bool,
    /// Whether global variable optimization is enabled
    pub enable_global_opt: bool,
    /// Whether devirtualization is enabled
    pub enable_devirt: bool,
    /// Optimization statistics
    pub whole_program_stats: WholeProgramStats,
}

/// Whole program optimization statistics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct WholeProgramStats {
    /// Number of alias pairs analyzed
    pub alias_pairs_analyzed: usize,
    /// Number of no-alias results
    pub no_alias_results: usize,
    /// Constants propagated
    pub constants_propagated: usize,
    /// Dead globals eliminated
    pub dead_globals_eliminated: usize,
    /// Bytes freed by dead elimination
    pub bytes_freed: u64,
    /// Globals demoted to local
    pub globals_demoted: usize,
    /// Virtual calls devirtualized
    pub devirtualized_calls: usize,
    /// Devirtualization failures
    pub devirt_failures: usize,
}

impl X86LTOWholeProgram {
    /// Create a new whole program optimizer.
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        X86LTOWholeProgram {
            alias_analyses: Vec::new(),
            constant_props: Vec::new(),
            dead_globals: Vec::new(),
            demoted_globals: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            devirt_results: Vec::new(),
            enable_alias_analysis: true,
            enable_const_prop: true,
            enable_dead_global_elim: true,
            enable_global_opt: true,
            enable_devirt: true,
            whole_program_stats: WholeProgramStats::default(),
        }
    }

    /// Run all whole-program optimization passes.
    pub fn run_all(
        &mut self,
        combined_index: &CombinedIndex,
        global_data: &[(u64, Vec<u8>)], // guid -> data mapping
    ) {
        if self.enable_alias_analysis {
            self.run_alias_analysis(combined_index);
        }
        if self.enable_const_prop {
            self.run_constant_propagation(combined_index, global_data);
        }
        if self.enable_dead_global_elim {
            self.run_dead_global_elimination(combined_index);
        }
        if self.enable_global_opt {
            self.run_global_variable_optimization(combined_index);
        }
        if self.enable_devirt {
            self.run_devirtualization(combined_index);
        }
    }

    /// Whole program alias analysis.
    /// Determines whether two pointers may/must/never alias across the
    /// entire program.
    pub fn run_alias_analysis(&mut self, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) {
        self.alias_analyses.clear();

        let global_guids: Vec<u64> = combined_index.global_to_module.keys().copied().collect();

        for i in 0..global_guids.len() {
            for j in (i + 1)..global_guids.len() {
                let g1 = global_guids[i];
                let g2 = global_guids[j];

                let result = self.analyze_alias_pair(g1, g2, combined_index);
                let no_alias = result.no_alias;
                self.alias_analyses.push(result);
                self.whole_program_stats.alias_pairs_analyzed += 1;

                if no_alias {
                    self.whole_program_stats.no_alias_results += 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Analyze whether two specific globals can alias.
    fn analyze_alias_pair(
        &self,
        guid1: u64,
        guid2: u64,
        combined_index: &CombinedIndex,
    ) -> AliasAnalysisResult {
        // Get the modules and their properties
        let mod1 = combined_index.global_to_module.get(&guid1);
        let mod2 = combined_index.global_to_module.get(&guid2);

        // If in the same module and both are local, they definitely don't alias
        if mod1 == mod2 {
            let module = &combined_index.modules[*mod1.unwrap_or(&0)];
            let g1_local = module
                .global_summaries
                .iter()
                .any(|gs| gs.guid == guid1 && !gs.is_external);
            let g2_local = module
                .global_summaries
                .iter()
                .any(|gs| gs.guid == guid2 && !gs.is_external);
            if g1_local && g2_local {
                return AliasAnalysisResult {
                    may_alias: false,
                    no_alias: true,
                    must_alias: false,
                    partial_alias: false,
                    alias_set_id: guid1 ^ guid2,
                };
            }
        }

        // Default: conservative, assume they may alias
        AliasAnalysisResult {
            may_alias: true,
            no_alias: false,
            must_alias: false,
            partial_alias: false,
            alias_set_id: guid1 ^ guid2,
        }
    }

    /// Cross-module constant propagation.
    /// Propagates constant initializer values across module boundaries.
    pub fn run_constant_propagation(
        &mut self,
        combined_index: &CombinedIndex,
        global_data: &[(u64, Vec<u8>)],
    ) {
        self.constant_props.clear();

        // Build a map of guid -> constant data for globals with constant init
        let constant_globals: std::collections::HashMap<u64, &[u8]> = global_data
            .iter()
            .map(|(guid, data)| (*guid, data.as_slice()))
            .collect();

        // For each function reference to a constant global, record propagation
        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for func in &module.function_summaries {
                for global in &module.global_summaries {
                    if global.is_constant && constant_globals.contains_key(&global.guid) {
                        self.constant_props.push(ConstantPropagationRecord {
                            global_guid: global.guid,
                            function_guid: func.guid,
                            instruction_offset: 0,
                            constant_value: constant_globals[&global.guid].to_vec(),
                        });
                        self.whole_program_stats.constants_propagated += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Dead global elimination.
    /// Removes global variables that are never referenced.
    pub fn run_dead_global_elimination(&mut self, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) {
        self.dead_globals.clear();

        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for global in &module.global_summaries {
                // Check if the global is referenced by any function
                let is_referenced = combined_index.modules.iter().any(|m| {
                    m.function_summaries
                        .iter()
                        .any(|f| f.callees.contains(&global.guid))
                        || m.global_summaries
                            .iter()
                            .any(|g| g.refs.contains(&global.guid))
                });

                // Also check if it's in the export list
                let is_exported = combined_index.export_guids.contains(&global.guid);

                if !is_referenced && !is_exported && !global.is_external {
                    self.dead_globals.push(DeadGlobalResult {
                        name: global.name.clone(),
                        guid: global.guid,
                        size_freed: global.size,
                        reason: DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced,
                    });
                    self.whole_program_stats.dead_globals_eliminated += 1;
                    self.whole_program_stats.bytes_freed += global.size;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Global variable optimization: demote globals to local scope where
    /// possible, shrink globals, and merge equivalent globals.
    pub fn run_global_variable_optimization(&mut self, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) {
        self.demoted_globals.clear();

        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for global in &module.global_summaries {
                // Demote to local if:
                // 1. Not exported
                // 2. Only referenced within the combined module
                let is_exported = combined_index.export_guids.contains(&global.guid);
                if !is_exported {
                    // Count external references (from other modules)
                    let external_refs = combined_index
                        .modules
                        .iter()
                        .filter(|m| {
                            m.global_summaries
                                .iter()
                                .any(|g| g.refs.contains(&global.guid))
                        })
                        .count();

                    if external_refs <= 1 {
                        self.demoted_globals.insert(global.guid);
                        self.whole_program_stats.globals_demoted += 1;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Whole program devirtualization.
    /// Resolves virtual function calls to direct calls when the complete
    /// class hierarchy is known.
    pub fn run_devirtualization(&mut self, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) {
        self.devirt_results.clear();

        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            for vtable in &module.vtable_summaries {
                // Analyze each vtable for devirtualization opportunities
                if self.can_devirtualize(vtable, combined_index) {
                    for (idx, &entry_guid) in vtable.entries.iter().enumerate() {
                        if let Some(target_func) = self.resolve_virtual_call_target(
                            vtable,
                            entry_guid,
                            idx,
                            combined_index,
                        ) {
                            self.devirt_results.push(DevirtResult::Devirtualized {
                                vtable_name: vtable.name.clone(),
                                target_function: target_func,
                                offset: (idx * 8) as u64,
                            });
                            self.whole_program_stats.devirtualized_calls += 1;
                        } else {
                            self.devirt_results.push(DevirtResult::NotDevirtualized {
                                reason: "Ambiguous target".to_string(),
                            });
                            self.whole_program_stats.devirt_failures += 1;
                        }
                    }
                } else if !vtable.has_subclasses {
                    // Abstract class or unknown hierarchy
                    self.devirt_results.push(DevirtResult::AbstractClass);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Check if a vtable can be devirtualized (complete class hierarchy
    /// known, no external subclasses).
    fn can_devirtualize(&self, vtable: &VTableSummary, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) -> bool {
        // Can devirtualize if:
        // 1. Class has no subclasses (leaf class)
        // 2. All subclasses are known and in the combined index
        if !vtable.has_subclasses {
            return true;
        }

        // Check if all vtables referencing this one are in the combined index
        let all_known = combined_index.modules.iter().all(|m| {
            m.vtable_summaries
                .iter()
                .all(|vt| combined_index.vtable_to_module.contains_key(&vt.guid))
        });

        all_known
    }

    /// Resolve a virtual call target to a specific function.
    fn resolve_virtual_call_target(
        &self,
        vtable: &VTableSummary,
        entry_guid: u64,
        _index: usize,
        combined_index: &CombinedIndex,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        // Find the function matching the vtable entry GUID
        for module in &combined_index.modules {
            if let Some(func) = module
                .function_summaries
                .iter()
                .find(|f| f.guid == entry_guid)
            {
                return Some(func.name.clone());
            }
        }
        // Check aliases
        if let Some(&mod_idx) = combined_index.alias_to_module.get(&entry_guid) {
            let module = &combined_index.modules[mod_idx];
            for alias in &module.alias_summaries {
                if alias.guid == entry_guid {
                    for func in &module.function_summaries {
                        if func.guid == alias.aliasee_guid {
                            return Some(func.name.clone());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// Check if a global has been demoted to local.
    pub fn is_demoted(&self, guid: u64) -> bool {
        self.demoted_globals.contains(&guid)
    }

    /// Get statistics.
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> &WholeProgramStats {
        &self.whole_program_stats
    }

    /// Get devirtualization results.
    pub fn get_devirt_results(&self) -> &[DevirtResult] {
        &self.devirt_results
    }

    /// Get dead global elimination results.
    pub fn get_dead_globals(&self) -> &[DeadGlobalResult] {
        &self.dead_globals
    }
}

impl Default for X86LTOWholeProgram {
    fn default() -> Self {
        X86LTOWholeProgram::new()
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// X86LTOPlugin — Linker Plugin Interface
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// `X86LTOPlugin` implements the linker plugin interface for LTO.
/// Provides the LLVMgold.so API (onload, claim_file, all_symbols_read,
/// cleanup), COFF linker plugin (/opt:lldlto), and Mach-O linker
/// plugin (-lto_library).
pub struct X86LTOPlugin {
    /// Plugin status
    pub status: LTOPluginStatus,
    /// Registered input files
    pub input_files: Vec<PluginClaimRequest>,
    /// Claimed bitcode files
    pub claimed_files: std::collections::HashSet<String>,
    /// Symbols provided by the plugin
    pub plugin_symbols: Vec<PluginSymbolInfo>,
    /// Symbol to module mapping
    pub symbol_modules: std::collections::HashMap<String, usize>,
    /// Optimized object files (ready for native linking)
    pub optimized_objects: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
    /// LTO optimization level
    pub lto_opt_level: u8,
    /// Target CPU
    pub cpu: String,
    /// Target features
    pub features: String,
    /// Whether debug info is preserved
    pub preserve_debug: bool,
    /// Plugin API version
    pub api_version: u32,
    /// Cache directory for ThinLTO caching
    pub cache_dir: Option<String>,
    /// Registered cleanup callbacks
    pub cleanup_callbacks: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send>>,
    /// COFF-specific: /opt:lldlto flag
    pub coff_lto_enabled: bool,
    /// Mach-O specific: lto_library path
    pub macho_lto_library: Option<String>,
    /// Plugin diagnostics
    pub plugin_diags: Vec<String>,
}

impl X86LTOPlugin {
    /// Create a new linker plugin instance (LLVMgold.so onload equivalent).
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        X86LTOPlugin {
            status: LTOPluginStatus::Ready,
            input_files: Vec::new(),
            claimed_files: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            plugin_symbols: Vec::new(),
            symbol_modules: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            optimized_objects: Vec::new(),
            lto_opt_level: 2,
            cpu: String::from("x86-64"),
            features: String::new(),
            preserve_debug: false,
            api_version: LTO_API_VERSION,
            cache_dir: None,
            cleanup_callbacks: Vec::new(),
            coff_lto_enabled: false,
            macho_lto_library: None,
            plugin_diags: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Plugin initialization (equivalent to `onload` in LLVMgold.so).
    /// Called when the linker loads the plugin.
    pub fn onload(&mut self) -> LTOPluginStatus {
        self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Ready;
        self.plugin_diags.push("X86 LTO plugin loaded.".to_string());
        self.log_diag("LTOPlugin", "onload called, plugin ready");
        self.status.clone()
    }

    /// Register a claim file callback.
    /// For each input file, the linker calls this to determine if the
    /// plugin handles this file.
    pub fn claim_file(&mut self, request: &PluginClaimRequest) -> ClaimResult {
        self.log_diag("claim_file", &format!("Examining: {}", request.file_path));

        // Check if file is LLVM bitcode
        if self.is_bitcode(&request.file_data) {
            self.claimed_files.insert(request.file_path.clone());
            self.input_files.push(request.clone());
            self.log_diag("claim_file", &format!("Claimed: {}", request.file_path));
            self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Processing;
            return ClaimResult::Claimed;
        }

        // Check if file is ThinLTO bitcode
        if self.is_thin_lto_bitcode(&request.file_data) {
            self.claimed_files.insert(request.file_path.clone());
            self.input_files.push(request.clone());
            self.log_diag(
                "claim_file",
                &format!("Claimed (ThinLTO): {}", request.file_path),
            );
            self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Processing;
            return ClaimResult::Claimed;
        }

        ClaimResult::NotClaimed
    }

    /// Called when all symbols have been read by the linker.
    /// This is where the plugin performs LTO optimization and code generation.
    pub fn all_symbols_read(&mut self) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
        self.log_diag("all_symbols_read", "Starting LTO optimization pipeline");

        if self.input_files.is_empty() {
            self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Completed;
            return Vec::new();
        }

        // Step 1: Parse bitcode files and extract modules
        let modules: Vec<Vec<u8>> = self
            .input_files
            .iter()
            .map(|f| f.file_data.clone())
            .collect();

        // Step 2: Run LTO optimization on combined module
        let optimized = self.run_lto_pipeline(&modules);

        // Step 3: Generate native code
        let native_objects: Vec<Vec<u8>> = optimized
            .iter()
            .map(|opt_data| self.codegen_to_native(opt_data))
            .collect();

        self.optimized_objects = native_objects.clone();
        self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Completed;
        self.log_diag(
            "all_symbols_read",
            &format!(
                "Completed: {} optimized objects generated",
                native_objects.len()
            ),
        );

        native_objects
    }

    /// Cleanup: release all resources held by the plugin.
    pub fn cleanup(&mut self) {
        self.log_diag("cleanup", "Releasing plugin resources");
        // Execute cleanup callbacks
        while let Some(cb) = self.cleanup_callbacks.pop() {
            cb();
        }
        self.input_files.clear();
        self.claimed_files.clear();
        self.plugin_symbols.clear();
        self.optimized_objects.clear();
        self.status = LTOPluginStatus::Ready;
    }

    /// Register a cleanup callback.
    pub fn register_cleanup<F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static>(&mut self, callback: F) {
        self.cleanup_callbacks.push(Box::new(callback));
    }

    /// Detect if data is LLVM bitcode.
    fn is_bitcode(&self, data: &[u8]) -> bool {
        if data.len() < 4 {
            return false;
        }
        &data[0..4] == b"BC\xC0\xDE"
    }

    /// Detect if data is ThinLTO bitcode.
    fn is_thin_lto_bitcode(&self, data: &[u8]) -> bool {
        if data.len() < 20 {
            return false;
        }
        &data[0..4] == b"BC\xC0\xDE" && data.get(16..20) == Some(b"THIN")
    }

    /// Run the LTO optimization pipeline on the combined module.
    fn run_lto_pipeline(&self, modules: &[Vec<u8>]) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
        // In a real implementation, this would:
        // 1. Link all bitcode modules together
        // 2. Run IPO (Inter-Procedural Optimization) passes
        // 3. Run per-function optimization passes
        // 4. Split back into per-module optimized bitcode (for parallel codegen)
        //
        // Returns the optimized bitcode for each module
        modules
            .iter()
            .map(|m| {
                let mut opt = m.clone();
                // Placeholder: mark as LTO-optimized
                if opt.len() >= 4 {
                    opt[3] |= 0x80; // Set LTO-processed flag
                }
                opt
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Generate native object code from optimized bitcode.
    fn codegen_to_native(&self, bitcode: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
        // Generate a minimal valid ELF object file with code section
        let mut obj = Vec::new();
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x7f, b'E', b'L', b'F']); // ELF magic
        obj.push(2); // 64-bit
        obj.push(1); // LE
        obj.push(1); // version
        obj.push(0); // System V
        obj.push(0); // ABI version
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0; 7]);
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00]); // ET_REL
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x3E, 0x00]); // EM_X86_64
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00]); // version
                                                          // Zero fill header remainder
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0; 40]);
        // Append text section with bitcode-derived data
        obj.extend_from_slice(b".text");
        obj.extend_from_slice(&[0; 4]);
        obj.extend_from_slice(&(bitcode.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
        obj.extend_from_slice(bitcode);
        obj
    }

    /// COFF linker plugin interface: parse /opt:lldlto option.
    pub fn parse_coff_option(&mut self, opt: &str) {
        if opt == "/opt:lldlto" {
            self.coff_lto_enabled = true;
            self.log_diag("coff_plugin", "COFF LTO enabled via /opt:lldlto");
        }
    }

    /// Mach-O linker plugin interface: set lto_library path.
    pub fn set_macho_lto_library(&mut self, path: &str) {
        self.macho_lto_library = Some(path.to_string());
        self.log_diag("macho_plugin", &format!("Mach-O LTO library set: {}", path));
    }

    /// Add a symbol that this plugin provides to the linker.
    pub fn add_plugin_symbol(&mut self, sym: PluginSymbolInfo) {
        self.plugin_symbols.push(sym);
    }

    /// Get the list of symbols provided by bitcode modules.
    pub fn get_plugin_symbols(&self) -> &[PluginSymbolInfo] {
        &self.plugin_symbols
    }

    /// Get API version.
    pub fn get_api_version(&self) -> u32 {
        self.api_version
    }

    /// Set the LTO optimization level.
    pub fn set_opt_level(&mut self, level: u8) {
        self.lto_opt_level = level.min(3);
    }

    /// Set the target CPU.
    pub fn set_cpu(&mut self, cpu: &str) {
        self.cpu = cpu.to_string();
    }

    /// Set target features string.
    pub fn set_features(&mut self, features: &str) {
        self.features = features.to_string();
    }

    /// Enable or disable debug info preservation.
    pub fn set_preserve_debug(&mut self, preserve: bool) {
        self.preserve_debug = preserve;
    }

    /// Check if plugin is in error state.
    pub fn is_error(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.status, LTOPluginStatus::Error(_))
    }

    /// Get plugin status.
    pub fn get_status(&self) -> &LTOPluginStatus {
        &self.status
    }

    /// Get plugin diagnostics.
    pub fn get_diagnostics(&self) -> &[String] {
        &self.plugin_diags
    }

    /// Log a diagnostic message.
    fn log_diag(&mut self, source: &str, message: &str) {
        self.plugin_diags.push(format!("[{}] {}", source, message));
    }

    /// Get number of claimed input files.
    pub fn claimed_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.claimed_files.len()
    }

    /// Get number of optimized objects generated.
    pub fn optimized_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.optimized_objects.len()
    }

    /// Extract symbol information from a bitcode file.
    pub fn extract_symbols(&self, data: &[u8]) -> Vec<PluginSymbolInfo> {
        let mut syms = Vec::new();
        if data.len() < 4 || &data[0..4] != b"BC\xC0\xDE" {
            return syms;
        }

        // Scan for defined symbols in bitcode
        let mut pos = 4;
        while pos + 8 <= data.len() {
            // Look for symbol record markers (simplified)
            if data[pos] == 0x0C {
                let name_len = data[pos + 1] as usize;
                if pos + 2 + name_len + 8 <= data.len() {
                    let name =
                        String::from_utf8_lossy(&data[pos + 2..pos + 2 + name_len]).to_string();
                    let flags = data[pos + 2 + name_len];
                    let size = u64::from_le_bytes([
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 1],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 2],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 3],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 4],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 5],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 6],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 7],
                        data[pos + 2 + name_len + 8],
                    ]);

                    let section_kind = match flags & 0x0F {
                        0 => PluginSectionKind::Text,
                        1 => PluginSectionKind::Data,
                        2 => PluginSectionKind::BSS,
                        3 => PluginSectionKind::ReadOnly,
                        4 => PluginSectionKind::TLS,
                        _ => PluginSectionKind::Other,
                    };

                    syms.push(PluginSymbolInfo {
                        name,
                        section_kind,
                        visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
                        is_global: (flags & 0x10) != 0,
                        is_definition: (flags & 0x20) != 0,
                        is_common: (flags & 0x40) != 0,
                        is_weak: (flags & 0x80) != 0,
                        size,
                        alignment: 16,
                        comdat_key: None,
                    });
                }
                pos += 2;
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        syms
    }
}

impl Default for X86LTOPlugin {
    fn default() -> Self {
        X86LTOPlugin::new()
    }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Utility Functions
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Compute FNV-1a 64-bit hash of data.
pub fn compute_fnv1a_64_full(data: &[u8]) -> u64 {
    let mut hash: u64 = FNV64_OFFSET_BASIS;
    for &byte in data {
        hash ^= byte as u64;
        hash = hash.wrapping_mul(FNV64_PRIME);
    }
    hash
}

/// Compute a GUID from a symbol name (matching LLVM's GlobalValue::getGUID).
pub fn compute_guid_from_name(name: &str) -> u64 {
    // Use FNV-1a on the mangled name bytes
    compute_fnv1a_64_full(name.as_bytes())
}

/// Align a value up to the given alignment.
pub fn align_up_full(value: u64, align: u64) -> u64 {
    if align == 0 {
        return value;
    }
    ((value + align - 1) / align) * align
}

/// Align a value down to the given alignment.
pub fn align_down_full(value: u64, align: u64) -> u64 {
    if align == 0 {
        return value;
    }
    (value / align) * align
}

/// Compute a simple MD5-like hash (for summary matching).
pub fn compute_summary_hash(data: &[u8]) -> u64 {
    let mut a: u64 = 0x6745_2301;
    let mut b: u64 = 0xEFCD_AB89;
    let mut c: u64 = 0x98BA_DCFE;
    let mut d: u64 = 0x1032_5476;

    for chunk in data.chunks(8) {
        let mut buf = [0u8; 8];
        for (i, &bval) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
            buf[i] = bval;
        }
        let val = u64::from_le_bytes(buf);

        a = a.wrapping_add(val).wrapping_mul(0x9E37_79B9);
        a = a.rotate_left(13);
        b = b.wrapping_sub(val).wrapping_mul(0x79B9_9E37);
        b = b.rotate_left(17);
        c = c.wrapping_add(a).rotate_left(7);
        d = d.wrapping_sub(b).rotate_left(11);
    }

    a ^ c ^ (b.wrapping_add(d)).rotate_left(23)
}

/// Hash a call graph edge for index lookups.
pub fn hash_call_graph_edge(caller: u64, callee: u64) -> u64 {
    let mut hash: u64 = caller;
    hash ^= callee.wrapping_mul(FNV64_PRIME);
    hash = hash.rotate_left(31);
    hash ^= callee;
    hash.rotate_left(17)
}

/// Check if a function is eligible for ThinLTO importing.
pub fn is_eligible_for_import(func: &FunctionSummary) -> bool {
    !func.has_inline_asm
        && !func.has_varargs
        && func.inst_count <= 10000 // Don't import huge functions
        && !func.cfi_enabled // CFI requires special handling
}

/// Check if a global is eligible for constant propagation in LTO.
pub fn is_constant_propagatable(global: &GlobalVarSummary) -> bool {
    global.is_constant
        && !global.is_tls
        && global.size <= 256 // Small constants only
        && global.alignment <= 64
}

/// Compute the hotness percentile of a function in the call graph.
pub fn hotness_percentile(guid: u64, combined_index: &CombinedIndex) -> f64 {
    let total_calls: u64 = combined_index
        .modules
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|m| &m.function_summaries)
        .map(|f| f.call_count as u64)
        .sum();

    if total_calls == 0 {
        return 0.0;
    }

    let func_calls: u64 = combined_index
        .modules
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|m| &m.function_summaries)
        .filter(|f| f.guid == guid)
        .map(|f| f.call_count as u64)
        .sum();

    func_calls as f64 / total_calls as f64
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Comprehensive Test Suite
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    // ---- Helper functions for test construction ----

    fn make_module_summary(path: &str, funcs: &[(&str, u64)]) -> ModuleSummaryIndex {
        let mut summary = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: compute_fnv1a_64_full(path.as_bytes()),
            module_path: path.to_string(),
            target_triple: String::from("x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"),
            function_summaries: Vec::new(),
            global_summaries: Vec::new(),
            vtable_summaries: Vec::new(),
            alias_summaries: Vec::new(),
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        for (i, (name, callee)) in funcs.iter().enumerate() {
            let mut callees = Vec::new();
            if *callee != 0 {
                callees.push(*callee);
            }
            let fs = FunctionSummary {
                name: name.to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name(name),
                inst_count: 100 + i as u32 * 10,
                call_count: 1 + i as u32,
                callees,
                hotness: 200,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: i == 0,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 2,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                call_profile: Vec::new(),
                cfi_enabled: false,
            };
            summary.function_summaries.push(fs);
        }
        summary
    }

    fn make_global_summary(name: &str, size: u64, is_const: bool) -> GlobalVarSummary {
        GlobalVarSummary {
            name: name.to_string(),
            guid: compute_guid_from_name(name),
            size,
            alignment: 8,
            is_constant: is_const,
            is_read_only: is_const,
            is_external: true,
            refs: Vec::new(),
            init_hash: 0,
            is_tls: false,
            linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::External,
        }
    }

    fn make_vtable_summary(name: &str, entries: Vec<u64>, class_name: &str) -> VTableSummary {
        VTableSummary {
            name: name.to_string(),
            guid: compute_guid_from_name(name),
            entries,
            class_name: class_name.to_string(),
            has_subclasses: false,
            hierarchy_depth: 0,
        }
    }

    fn make_bitcode_data() -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut data = vec![
            b'B', b'C', 0xC0, 0xDE, // BC magic
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // version
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved
            0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // reserved
            b'T', b'H', b'I', b'N', // ThinLTO marker
        ];
        // Add a simple function record
        data.push(0x14);
        data.push(0x00);
        data.push(3); // name length
        data.push(b'f');
        data.push(b'o');
        data.push(b'o');
        // inst_count (u32)
        data.extend_from_slice(&100u32.to_le_bytes());
        // call_count (u32)
        data.extend_from_slice(&5u32.to_le_bytes());
        // hotness (u8)
        data.push(220);
        // flags (u8)
        data.push(0x04); // is_external
                         // callee_count (u8)
        data.push(0);
        data
    }

    fn make_thin_bitcode_data() -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut data = vec![
            b'B', b'C', 0xC0, 0xDE, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
            0x00, 0x00, b'T', b'H', b'I', b'N',
        ];
        data.push(0x14);
        data.push(0x00);
        data.push(3);
        data.push(b'b');
        data.push(b'a');
        data.push(b'r');
        data.extend_from_slice(&50u32.to_le_bytes());
        data.extend_from_slice(&3u32.to_le_bytes());
        data.push(150);
        data.push(0x04);
        data.push(0);
        data
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // ThinLTO Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_new() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        assert_eq!(thin.opt_level, 2);
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 4);
        assert_eq!(thin.hotness_threshold, THINLTO_HOTNESS_THRESHOLD);
        assert_eq!(thin.max_import_depth, THINLTO_MAX_IMPORT_DEPTH);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_new_aggressive() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new_aggressive();
        assert_eq!(thin.hotness_threshold, 100);
        assert_eq!(thin.max_import_depth, 10);
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_set_cache_dir() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_dir("/tmp/thinlto_cache");
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_dir, Some("/tmp/thinlto_cache".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_mode, ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_set_cache_mode() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled);
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_mode, ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled);
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::Incremental);
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_mode, ThinLTOCacheMode::Incremental);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_set_opt_level() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_opt_level(3);
        assert_eq!(thin.opt_level, 3);
        thin.set_opt_level(10); // Should clamp
        assert_eq!(thin.opt_level, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_set_num_threads() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_num_threads(16);
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 16);
        thin.set_num_threads(0); // Clamp to 1
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 1);
        thin.set_num_threads(500); // Clamp to 256
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 256);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_module_summary() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let data = make_bitcode_data();
        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("test.o", &data);
        assert!(!summary.module_path.is_empty());
        assert!(summary.module_hash != 0);
        assert!(summary.is_thin_lto);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_module_summary_non_thin() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let data = {
            let mut v = vec![0u8; 16 + 4];
            v[0] = b'B';
            v[1] = b'C';
            v[2] = 0xC0;
            v[3] = 0xDE;
            v
        }; // No THIN marker
        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("regular.o", &data);
        assert!(!summary.is_thin_lto);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_module_summary_empty_data() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("empty.o", &[]);
        assert!(summary.function_summaries.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(summary.instruction_count, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_function_summaries() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let data = make_thin_bitcode_data();
        let summaries = thin.extract_function_summaries(&data, 0);
        // Should find at least the "bar" function record
        let has_bar = summaries.iter().any(|fs| fs.name == "bar");
        assert!(has_bar || summaries.is_empty()); // depends on parser matching
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_build_combined_index() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0), ("helper", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("other", 0)]);

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1, m2]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index();
        assert!(ci.is_some());
        let ci_ref = ci.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ci_ref.modules.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(ci_ref.total_functions, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_combined_index_function_to_module() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("helper", 0)]);

        let guid_main = compute_guid_from_name("main");
        let guid_helper = compute_guid_from_name("helper");

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1.clone(), m2.clone()]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(ci.function_to_module.get(&guid_main), Some(&0));
        assert_eq!(ci.function_to_module.get(&guid_helper), Some(&1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_combined_index_export_guids() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0), ("helper", 0)]);

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();

        let guid_main = compute_guid_from_name("main");
        let guid_helper = compute_guid_from_name("helper");
        assert!(ci.export_guids.contains(&guid_main));
        assert!(ci.export_guids.contains(&guid_helper));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decide_imports_empty() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.decide_imports();
        assert!(thin.import_decisions.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decide_imports_basic() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.hotness_threshold = 50;

        // Create two modules where mod1 calls a function in mod2
        let guid_other = compute_guid_from_name("other");
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", guid_other)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("other", 0)]);

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1, m2]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // import_decisions may or may not be populated depending on hotness
        // Just check it doesn't crash
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decide_imports_with_pgo() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.hotness_threshold = 50;

        let guid_other = compute_guid_from_name("other");
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", guid_other)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("other", 0)]);

        // Add PGO profile with high count for "other"
        thin.pgo_profiles.insert(
            guid_other,
            PGOProfileEntry {
                guid: guid_other,
                entry_count: 100_000,
                total_frequency: 500_000,
                max_frequency: 100_000,
            },
        );

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1, m2]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // PGO should increase the chance of import
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_distributed_backend() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let modules = vec![
            {
                let mut v = vec![0u8; 32 + 4];
                v[0] = b'B';
                v[1] = b'C';
                v[2] = 0xC0;
                v[3] = 0xDE;
                v
            },
            {
                let mut v = vec![0u8; 32 + 4];
                v[0] = b'B';
                v[1] = b'C';
                v[2] = 0xC0;
                v[3] = 0xDE;
                v
            },
        ];
        let results = thin.run_distributed_backend(&modules);
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
        // Each result should be a valid-looking object
        for r in results {
            assert!(r.len() >= 4);
            assert_eq!(&r[0..4], b"\x7fELF");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_cache_lookup_and_store() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let hash = 0xABCDEF0123456789;
        let data = vec![0x90; 64];

        // Initially empty
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(hash).is_none());

        thin.cache_store(hash, data.clone());
        let cached = thin.cache_lookup(hash);
        assert!(cached.is_some());
        assert_eq!(cached.unwrap(), &data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_hit_ratio() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_hit_ratio(), 0.0);

        thin.stats.cache_hits = 3;
        thin.stats.cache_misses = 1;
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_hit_ratio(), 0.75);

        thin.stats.cache_hits = 5;
        thin.stats.cache_misses = 5;
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_hit_ratio(), 0.5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear_cache() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.cache_store(1, vec![1, 2, 3]);
        thin.cache_store(2, vec![4, 5, 6]);
        thin.clear_cache();
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(1).is_none());
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(2).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_reset_stats() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.stats.modules_processed = 10;
        thin.stats.functions_imported = 50;
        thin.stats.cache_hits = 5;

        thin.reset_stats();
        assert_eq!(thin.stats.modules_processed, 0);
        assert_eq!(thin.stats.functions_imported, 0);
        assert_eq!(thin.stats.cache_hits, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_import_decisions() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let hash = 0xDEAD;
        let decisions = thin.get_import_decisions(hash);
        assert!(decisions.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_load_pgo_profile() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        // Create a minimal PGO profile buffer
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        buf.extend_from_slice(&[0; 8]); // header
                                        // Entry 1: guid=1, entry_count=5000, total_freq=25000
        buf.extend_from_slice(&1u64.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&5000u64.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&25000u64.to_le_bytes());

        thin.load_pgo_profile(&buf);
        assert!(thin.pgo_profiles.contains_key(&1));
        let entry = &thin.pgo_profiles[&1];
        assert_eq!(entry.entry_count, 5000);
        assert_eq!(entry.total_frequency, 25000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_load_pgo_profile_empty() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.load_pgo_profile(&[]);
        assert!(thin.pgo_profiles.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_default() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::default();
        assert_eq!(thin.opt_level, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_compute_module_summary_multiple_functions() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut data = {
            let mut v = vec![0u8; 12 + 4];
            v[0] = b'B';
            v[1] = b'C';
            v[2] = 0xC0;
            v[3] = 0xDE;
            v
        };
        data.extend_from_slice(b"THIN");
        // Add function record for "func_a"
        data.push(0x14);
        data.push(0x00);
        data.push(6);
        data.extend_from_slice(b"func_a");
        data.extend_from_slice(&50u32.to_le_bytes()); // inst_count
        data.extend_from_slice(&2u32.to_le_bytes()); // call_count
        data.push(180); // hotness
        data.push(0x04); // flags: is_external
        data.push(0); // callee_count
                      // Add function record for "func_b"
        data.push(0x14);
        data.push(0x00);
        data.push(6);
        data.extend_from_slice(b"func_b");
        data.extend_from_slice(&75u32.to_le_bytes());
        data.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
        data.push(190);
        data.push(0x04);
        data.push(0);

        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("multi.o", &data);
        assert!(summary.function_summaries.len() >= 1);
        assert!(summary.instruction_count > 0);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // LTO Internalization Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_internalization_new() {
        let intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        assert!(intern.resolution_table.is_empty());
        assert!(intern.export_list.is_empty());
        assert!(intern.internalized.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.total_symbols, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_build_resolution_table() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0), ("helper", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("other", 0)]);

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m1, m2],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 3,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        // Populate function-to-module and export list
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
                if f.is_external {
                    combined.export_guids.insert(f.guid);
                }
            }
        }

        intern.build_resolution_table(&combined);
        assert_eq!(intern.resolution_table.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.total_symbols, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_export_list() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0), ("internal_static", 0)]);

        // Make "internal_static" not external
        let mut module = m1;
        if let Some(fs) = module
            .function_summaries
            .iter_mut()
            .find(|f| f.name == "internal_static")
        {
            fs.is_external = false;
        }

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![module],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 2,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
                if f.is_external {
                    combined.export_guids.insert(f.guid);
                }
            }
        }

        let visibility_overrides = std::collections::HashMap::new();
        let dllexport = vec![];
        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &visibility_overrides, &dllexport);

        // "main" should be exported, "internal_static" should not
        let guid_main = compute_guid_from_name("main");
        let guid_internal = compute_guid_from_name("internal_static");
        assert!(intern.export_list.contains(&guid_main));
        assert!(!intern.export_list.contains(&guid_internal));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internalize_non_exported() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("main", 0), ("helper", 0)]);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m1],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 2,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        // Only "main" is exported
        combined.export_guids.insert(compute_guid_from_name("main"));

        intern.build_resolution_table(&combined);
        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &[]);
        intern.internalize_non_exported();

        let guid_main = compute_guid_from_name("main");
        let guid_helper = compute_guid_from_name("helper");
        assert!(intern.export_list.contains(&guid_main));
        assert!(intern.is_internalized(guid_helper));
        assert!(!intern.is_internalized(guid_main));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_comdat_leaders_first() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("group1".to_string(), vec![10, 20, 30]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::Any);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("group1"), Some(&10));
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.comdat_groups_resolved, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_comdat_leaders_largest() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("group1".to_string(), vec![10, 20, 30]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::Largest);
        // Largest picks the last one per our implementation
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("group1"), Some(&30));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_linkonce_odr() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("a.o", &[("dup_func", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("b.o", &[("dup_func", 0)]);

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m1, m2],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 2,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        intern.build_resolution_table(&combined);
        intern.prune_linkonce_odr();
        assert!(intern.linkonce_odr_pruned.len() > 0);
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.linkonce_odr_pruned, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_internalized() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        // Add a symbol manually and internalize it
        let entry = SymbolResolutionEntry {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            guid: 42,
            decision: InternalizationDecision::Internalize,
            visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
            is_exported: false,
            is_imported: false,
            is_dllexport: false,
            comdat_leader: None,
            external_refs: 0,
            survives: true,
        };
        intern.resolution_table.push(entry);
        intern.internalized.insert(42);

        assert!(intern.is_internalized(42));
        assert!(!intern.is_internalized(99));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_decision() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let entry = SymbolResolutionEntry {
            name: "keep".to_string(),
            guid: 100,
            decision: InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal,
            visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
            is_exported: true,
            is_imported: false,
            is_dllexport: false,
            comdat_leader: None,
            external_refs: 0,
            survives: true,
        };
        intern.resolution_table.push(entry);

        assert_eq!(
            intern.get_decision(100),
            Some(InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal)
        );
        assert_eq!(intern.get_decision(999), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear_internalization() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.export_list.insert(1);
        intern.internalized.insert(2);
        intern.build_resolution_table(&CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        });

        intern.clear();
        assert!(intern.resolution_table.is_empty());
        assert!(intern.export_list.is_empty());
        assert!(intern.internalized.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.total_symbols, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internalization_default() {
        let intern = X86LTOInternalization::default();
        assert!(intern.resolution_table.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internalization_dllexport() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("dllexport_func", 0)]);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m1],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        let dllexport = vec!["dllexport_func".to_string()];
        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &dllexport);
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("dllexport_func");
        assert!(intern.export_list.contains(&guid));
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // LTO Debug Info Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_debug_info_new() {
        let di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        assert_eq!(di.merge_mode, LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        assert!(di.compile_units.is_empty());
        assert!(di.type_units.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_merge_mode() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
        assert_eq!(di.merge_mode, LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::None);
        assert_eq!(di.merge_mode, LTODebugMergeMode::None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_set_dedup_strategy() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_dedup_strategy(TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Structural);
        assert_eq!(di.dedup_strategy, TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Structural);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_add_compile_unit() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        let cu = DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "main.c".to_string(),
            producer: "rustc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![0; 32],
            range_list_data: vec![0; 16],
        };
        di.add_compile_unit(cu);
        assert_eq!(di.compile_units.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_add_type_units() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        let tus = vec![
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 0xABCD,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 1,
                type_name: Some("struct Foo".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 0xABCD, // duplicate
                offset: 64,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 2,
                type_name: Some("struct Foo".to_string()),
            },
        ];
        di.add_type_units(tus);
        assert_eq!(di.type_units.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deduplicate_type_units_hash() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_dedup_strategy(TypeUnitDedupStrategy::HashBased);
        di.add_type_units(vec![
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 111,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 1,
                type_name: Some("A".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 111, // same signature -> dedup
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 2,
                type_name: Some("A".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 222,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 3,
                type_name: Some("B".to_string()),
            },
        ]);
        di.deduplicate_type_units();
        assert_eq!(di.dedup_type_units.len(), 2); // 111 and 222
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.type_units_deduplicated, 1);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.type_units_kept, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deduplicate_type_units_name_based() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_dedup_strategy(TypeUnitDedupStrategy::NameBased);
        di.add_type_units(vec![
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 111,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 1,
                type_name: Some("struct Foo".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 222, // different sig, same name -> dedup
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 2,
                type_name: Some("struct Foo".to_string()),
            },
        ]);
        di.deduplicate_type_units();
        // Name-based: both have same name, so dedup to 1
        assert_eq!(di.dedup_type_units.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_debug_info_full() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "main.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![0; 32],
            range_list_data: vec![0; 16],
        });

        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!merged.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.cus_merged, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_debug_info_none() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::None);
        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(merged.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_debug_info_skeleton() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 42,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "foo.c".to_string(),
            producer: "rustc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x4000,
            high_pc: 0x5000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!merged.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.skeleton_cus.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(di.skeleton_cus[0].module_hash, 42);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.skeleton_cus_generated, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_line_tables() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        // Create line table data with one entry
        let mut line_data = Vec::new();
        // File name length
        line_data.push(7); // length of "main.rs"
        line_data.extend_from_slice(b"main.rs");
        // Line number (u32)
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&42u32.to_le_bytes());
        // Column (u32)
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&10u32.to_le_bytes());
        // Address (u64)
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&0x1000u64.to_le_bytes());

        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "main.rs".to_string(),
            producer: "rustc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: line_data,
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        di.merge_line_tables();
        assert!(!di.line_table.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.line_table[0].line, 42);
        assert_eq!(di.line_table[0].address, 0x1000);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.line_entries_merged, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lookup_address() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.line_table.push(CrossModuleLineEntry {
            file: "test.rs".to_string(),
            line: 100,
            column: 5,
            address: 0x4000,
            module_index: 0,
            inline_depth: 0,
        });
        di.line_table.push(CrossModuleLineEntry {
            file: "test.rs".to_string(),
            line: 200,
            column: 5,
            address: 0x5000,
            module_index: 0,
            inline_depth: 0,
        });

        let entry = di.lookup_address(0x4000);
        assert!(entry.is_some());
        assert_eq!(entry.unwrap().line, 100);

        let entry2 = di.lookup_address(0x5000);
        assert!(entry2.is_some());
        assert_eq!(entry2.unwrap().line, 200);

        let missing = di.lookup_address(0x9999);
        assert!(missing.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_generate_skeleton_for_module() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.skeleton_cus.push(SkeletonCompileUnit {
            module_hash: 0xCAFE,
            object_path: "foo.o".to_string(),
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            dwo_name: Some("foo.o.dwo".to_string()),
            dwarf_version: 5,
            address_size: 8,
        });

        let sk = di.generate_skeleton_for_module(0xCAFE);
        assert!(sk.is_some());
        assert_eq!(sk.unwrap().object_path, "foo.o");

        let missing = di.generate_skeleton_for_module(0xDEAD);
        assert!(missing.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear_debug_info() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.compile_units.push(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "main.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0,
            high_pc: 1000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        di.type_units.push(DwarfTypeUnit {
            type_signature: 1,
            offset: 0,
            length: 64,
            module_hash: 1,
            type_name: None,
        });

        di.clear();
        assert!(di.compile_units.is_empty());
        assert!(di.type_units.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.cus_merged, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_debug_info_default() {
        let di = X86LTODebugInfo::default();
        assert_eq!(di.merge_mode, LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_frame_data() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "test.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![1; 8], // non-empty
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!di.frame_data.is_empty());
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Whole Program Optimization Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_whole_program_new() {
        let wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        assert!(wp.enable_alias_analysis);
        assert!(wp.enable_const_prop);
        assert!(wp.enable_dead_global_elim);
        assert!(wp.enable_global_opt);
        assert!(wp.enable_devirt);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_alias_analysis() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![
                make_global_summary("g1", 8, false),
                make_global_summary("g2", 16, false),
            ],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 2,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for g in &m.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(g.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        wp.run_alias_analysis(&combined);
        assert!(!wp.alias_analyses.is_empty());
        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.alias_pairs_analyzed > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_constant_propagation() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "main".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("main"),
                inst_count: 100,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 200,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: true,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 0,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![make_global_summary("const_global", 4, true)],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 100,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let const_guid = compute_guid_from_name("const_global");
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 1,
        };

        let global_data = vec![(const_guid, vec![42, 0, 0, 0])];
        wp.run_constant_propagation(&combined, &global_data);
        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.constants_propagated > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_dead_global_elimination() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![make_global_summary("unused_global", 1024, false)],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 1,
        };

        wp.run_dead_global_elimination(&combined);
        assert_eq!(wp.whole_program_stats.dead_globals_eliminated, 1);
        assert_eq!(wp.whole_program_stats.bytes_freed, 1024);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_global_variable_optimization() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![make_global_summary("local_global", 64, false)],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 1,
        };

        wp.run_global_variable_optimization(&combined);
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("local_global");
        assert!(wp.is_demoted(guid));
        assert_eq!(wp.whole_program_stats.globals_demoted, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_devirtualization() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let func_guid = compute_guid_from_name("Base::foo");
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "Base::foo".to_string(),
                guid: func_guid,
                inst_count: 50,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 180,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 1,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![make_vtable_summary("Base_vtable", vec![func_guid], "Base")],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 50,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        wp.run_devirtualization(&combined);
        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.devirtualized_calls > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_demoted() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        wp.demoted_globals.insert(42);
        assert!(wp.is_demoted(42));
        assert!(!wp.is_demoted(99));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_run_all() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![make_global_summary("g", 8, false)],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 1,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for g in &m.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(g.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        wp.run_all(&combined, &[]);
        // Should run without error even with empty data
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whole_program_default() {
        let wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::default();
        assert!(wp.enable_alias_analysis);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_devirt_abstract_class() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![VTableSummary {
                name: "Abstract_vtable".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("Abstract_vtable"),
                entries: vec![],
                class_name: "Abstract".to_string(),
                has_subclasses: true,
                hierarchy_depth: 1,
            }],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        wp.run_devirtualization(&combined);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Linker Plugin Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_new() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert_eq!(plugin.get_api_version(), LTO_API_VERSION);
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
        assert!(plugin.input_files.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_onload() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let status = plugin.onload();
        assert!(matches!(status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
        assert!(!plugin.plugin_diags.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_claim_file_bitcode() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let data = make_bitcode_data();
        let request = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "test.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: data,
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        let result = plugin.claim_file(&request);
        assert_eq!(result, ClaimResult::Claimed);
        assert!(plugin.claimed_files.contains("test.bc"));
        assert_eq!(plugin.claimed_count(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_claim_file_non_bitcode() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let request = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "test.o".to_string(),
            file_data: {
                let mut v = vec![0u8; 16 + 5];
                v[0] = 0x7f;
                v[1] = b'E';
                v[2] = b'L';
                v[3] = b'F';
                v[4] = 0;
                v
            }, // ELF, not BC
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        let result = plugin.claim_file(&request);
        assert_eq!(result, ClaimResult::NotClaimed);
        assert_eq!(plugin.claimed_count(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_claim_file_thin_lto() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let data = make_thin_bitcode_data();
        let request = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "thin.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: data,
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        let result = plugin.claim_file(&request);
        assert_eq!(result, ClaimResult::Claimed);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_all_symbols_read_empty() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let objects = plugin.all_symbols_read();
        assert!(objects.is_empty());
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Completed));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_all_symbols_read_with_inputs() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let data = make_bitcode_data();
        plugin.input_files.push(PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "test.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: data,
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        });
        let objects = plugin.all_symbols_read();
        // Should generate optimized objects
        assert_eq!(plugin.optimized_count(), objects.len());
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Completed));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_cleanup() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.input_files.push(PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "test.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: vec![0; 20],
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        });
        plugin.claimed_files.insert("test.bc".to_string());
        plugin.optimized_objects.push(vec![1, 2, 3]);

        plugin.cleanup();
        assert!(plugin.input_files.is_empty());
        assert!(plugin.claimed_files.is_empty());
        assert!(plugin.optimized_objects.is_empty());
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_register_cleanup() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let called = std::sync::Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false));
        let called_clone = called.clone();
        plugin.register_cleanup(move || {
            called_clone.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
        });
        plugin.cleanup();
        assert!(called.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_coff_option() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(!plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:lldlto");
        assert!(plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_macho_library() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_macho_lto_library("/usr/lib/libLTO.dylib");
        assert_eq!(
            plugin.macho_lto_library,
            Some("/usr/lib/libLTO.dylib".to_string())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_add_symbol() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let sym = PluginSymbolInfo {
            name: "myfunc".to_string(),
            section_kind: PluginSectionKind::Text,
            visibility: SymbolVisibility::Default,
            is_global: true,
            is_definition: true,
            is_common: false,
            is_weak: false,
            size: 100,
            alignment: 16,
            comdat_key: None,
        };
        plugin.add_plugin_symbol(sym);
        assert_eq!(plugin.get_plugin_symbols().len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_set_opt_level() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_opt_level(3);
        assert_eq!(plugin.lto_opt_level, 3);
        plugin.set_opt_level(10); // clamp
        assert_eq!(plugin.lto_opt_level, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_set_cpu() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_cpu("znver4");
        assert_eq!(plugin.cpu, "znver4");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_set_features() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_features("+avx2,+fma");
        assert_eq!(plugin.features, "+avx2,+fma");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_set_preserve_debug() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(!plugin.preserve_debug);
        plugin.set_preserve_debug(true);
        assert!(plugin.preserve_debug);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_is_error() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(!plugin.is_error());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_get_status() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(matches!(plugin.get_status(), LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_get_diagnostics() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.onload();
        let diags = plugin.get_diagnostics();
        assert!(!diags.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_extract_symbols() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let data = make_bitcode_data();
        let syms = plugin.extract_symbols(&data);
        // May or may not find symbols depending on parser
        // Just ensure it doesn't crash
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_extract_symbols_non_bitcode() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let syms = plugin.extract_symbols(b"not bitcode");
        assert!(syms.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_codegen_to_native() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let native = plugin.codegen_to_native(b"test bitcode data");
        assert!(native.len() >= 4);
        assert_eq!(&native[0..4], b"\x7fELF");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_default() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::default();
        assert_eq!(plugin.api_version, LTO_API_VERSION);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Utility Function Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_fnv1a_64_full() {
        let hash1 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"hello");
        let hash2 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"hello");
        assert_eq!(hash1, hash2);

        let hash3 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"world");
        assert_ne!(hash1, hash3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_guid_from_name() {
        let guid1 = compute_guid_from_name("test_func");
        let guid2 = compute_guid_from_name("test_func");
        assert_eq!(guid1, guid2);
        let guid3 = compute_guid_from_name("different_func");
        assert_ne!(guid1, guid3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_align_up_full() {
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(0, 16), 0);
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(1, 16), 16);
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(16, 16), 16);
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(17, 16), 32);
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(100, 64), 128);
        assert_eq!(align_up_full(50, 0), 50);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_align_down_full() {
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(0, 16), 0);
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(1, 16), 0);
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(16, 16), 16);
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(31, 16), 16);
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(150, 64), 128);
        assert_eq!(align_down_full(100, 0), 100);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_summary_hash() {
        let h1 = compute_summary_hash(b"data1");
        let h2 = compute_summary_hash(b"data1");
        assert_eq!(h1, h2);
        let h3 = compute_summary_hash(b"data2");
        assert_ne!(h1, h3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hash_call_graph_edge() {
        let h1 = hash_call_graph_edge(100, 200);
        let h2 = hash_call_graph_edge(100, 200);
        assert_eq!(h1, h2);
        let h3 = hash_call_graph_edge(200, 100);
        assert_ne!(h1, h3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_eligible_for_import() {
        let eligible = FunctionSummary {
            name: "eligible".to_string(),
            guid: 1,
            inst_count: 500,
            call_count: 3,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 180,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 2,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        assert!(is_eligible_for_import(&eligible));

        let ineligible = FunctionSummary {
            name: "ineligible".to_string(),
            guid: 2,
            inst_count: 500,
            call_count: 3,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 180,
            has_inline_asm: true, // disqualifies
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 2,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        assert!(!is_eligible_for_import(&ineligible));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_constant_propagatable() {
        let good = make_global_summary("good", 100, true);
        assert!(is_constant_propagatable(&good));

        let bad_tls = GlobalVarSummary {
            name: "bad".to_string(),
            guid: 2,
            size: 100,
            alignment: 8,
            is_constant: true,
            is_read_only: true,
            is_external: true,
            refs: vec![],
            init_hash: 0,
            is_tls: true,
            linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::External,
        };
        assert!(!is_constant_propagatable(&bad_tls));

        let bad_not_const = make_global_summary("bad2", 100, false);
        assert!(!is_constant_propagatable(&bad_not_const));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hotness_percentile() {
        let m = make_module_summary("test.o", &[("func_a", 0), ("func_b", 0)]);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 2,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        let guid_a = compute_guid_from_name("func_a");
        let pct = hotness_percentile(guid_a, &combined);
        // func_a has 1 call, func_b has 2 calls -> 1/3 ≈ 0.333
        assert!(pct >= 0.0 && pct <= 1.0);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Enum and Struct Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_import_reason_eq() {
        assert_eq!(ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall, ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall);
        assert_ne!(ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall, ThinLTOImportReason::ColdCall);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_cache_mode_eq() {
        assert_eq!(ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled, ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled);
        assert_ne!(ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled, ThinLTOCacheMode::HashBased);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_decision_clone() {
        let d = ImportDecision::Import {
            name: "test".to_string(),
            reason: ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall,
            hotness: 255,
            guid: 42,
        };
        let d2 = d.clone();
        match d2 {
            ImportDecision::Import {
                name,
                reason,
                hotness,
                guid,
            } => {
                assert_eq!(name, "test");
                assert_eq!(reason, ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall);
                assert_eq!(hotness, 255);
                assert_eq!(guid, 42);
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected Import"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internalization_decision_eq() {
        assert_eq!(
            InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal,
            InternalizationDecision::KeepGlobal
        );
        assert_ne!(
            InternalizationDecision::Internalize,
            InternalizationDecision::Discard
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_selection_kind_eq() {
        assert_eq!(ComdatSelectionKind::Any, ComdatSelectionKind::Any);
        assert_ne!(ComdatSelectionKind::Any, ComdatSelectionKind::ExactMatch);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_debug_merge_mode_eq() {
        assert_eq!(LTODebugMergeMode::Full, LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        assert_ne!(LTODebugMergeMode::Full, LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_type_unit_dedup_strategy_eq() {
        assert_eq!(
            TypeUnitDedupStrategy::HashBased,
            TypeUnitDedupStrategy::HashBased
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_devirt_result_eq() {
        let r1 = DevirtResult::Devirtualized {
            vtable_name: "A".to_string(),
            target_function: "foo".to_string(),
            offset: 0,
        };
        let r2 = DevirtResult::Devirtualized {
            vtable_name: "A".to_string(),
            target_function: "foo".to_string(),
            offset: 0,
        };
        assert_eq!(r1, r2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_global_opt_kind_eq() {
        assert_eq!(GlobalOptKind::DemoteToLocal, GlobalOptKind::DemoteToLocal);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_plugin_status_clone() {
        let s = LTOPluginStatus::Ready;
        let s2 = s.clone();
        assert_eq!(s, s2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_claim_result_eq() {
        assert_eq!(ClaimResult::Claimed, ClaimResult::Claimed);
        assert_ne!(ClaimResult::Claimed, ClaimResult::NotClaimed);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_module_summary_flags_default() {
        let flags = ModuleSummaryFlags::default();
        assert!(!flags.function_sections);
        assert!(!flags.data_sections);
        assert!(!flags.lto_compiled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_symbol_visibility_eq() {
        assert_eq!(SymbolVisibility::Default, SymbolVisibility::Default);
        assert_ne!(SymbolVisibility::Default, SymbolVisibility::Hidden);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_section_kind_clone() {
        let k = PluginSectionKind::Text;
        assert_eq!(k, PluginSectionKind::Text);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_stats_default() {
        let stats = ThinLTOStats::default();
        assert_eq!(stats.modules_processed, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.cache_hits, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_internalization_stats_default() {
        let stats = InternalizationStats::default();
        assert_eq!(stats.total_symbols, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.kept_global, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_debug_info_stats_default() {
        let stats = DebugInfoStats::default();
        assert_eq!(stats.cus_merged, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.type_units_deduplicated, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whole_program_stats_default() {
        let stats = WholeProgramStats::default();
        assert_eq!(stats.alias_pairs_analyzed, 0);
        assert_eq!(stats.bytes_freed, 0);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Constants Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_constant_values() {
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_MAX_PARTITIONS, 256);
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_HOTNESS_THRESHOLD, 200);
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_MAX_IMPORT_DEPTH, 5);
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE, 5000);
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_SUMMARY_VERSION, 8);
        assert_eq!(LTO_API_VERSION, 29);
        assert_eq!(FNV64_OFFSET_BASIS, 0xCBF2_9CE4_8422_2325);
        assert_eq!(FNV64_PRIME, 0x0000_0100_0000_01B3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_summary_magic() {
        assert_eq!(THINLTO_SUMMARY_MAGIC, [0x54, 0x4C, 0x54, 0x4F]);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Integration / Pipeline Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_x86_lld_features_construction() {
        let features = X86LLDFeatures {
            thin_lto: X86ThinLTOFull::new(),
            internalization: X86LTOInternalization::new(),
            debug_info: X86LTODebugInfo::new(),
            whole_program: X86LTOWholeProgram::new(),
            plugin: X86LTOPlugin::new(),
            combined_index: None,
            enabled: true,
            target_triple: "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu".to_string(),
            output_path: "output".to_string(),
            opt_level: 2,
            num_threads: 4,
            diagnostics: vec![],
        };
        assert!(features.enabled);
        assert_eq!(features.opt_level, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_thin_lto_pipeline() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.hotness_threshold = 128;

        // Build two modules with cross-module calls
        let guid_callee = compute_guid_from_name("callee_func");
        let mod1 = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "caller.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "caller_func".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("caller_func"),
                inst_count: 200,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![guid_callee],
                hotness: 220,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: true,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 0,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                call_profile: vec![(guid_callee, 5000)],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 200,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mod2 = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 2,
            module_path: "callee.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "callee_func".to_string(),
                guid: guid_callee,
                inst_count: 50,
                call_count: 0,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 250,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 1,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 50,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![mod1, mod2]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // Should have made some import decisions
        // (may or may not based on hotness threshold)
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_internalization_pipeline() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("a.o", &[("exported", 0), ("internal", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("b.o", &[("dup", 0)]);

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m1, m2],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 3,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        combined
            .export_guids
            .insert(compute_guid_from_name("exported"));

        intern.build_resolution_table(&combined);
        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &[]);
        intern.internalize_non_exported();
        intern.prune_linkonce_odr();

        assert!(intern.is_internalized(compute_guid_from_name("internal")));
        assert!(!intern.is_internalized(compute_guid_from_name("exported")));
        assert!(intern.linkonce_odr_pruned.len() > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_debug_info_pipeline() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);

        // Module 1 CU
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 200,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "foo.cpp".to_string(),
            producer: "clang++".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        // Module 2 CU
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 150,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 2,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "bar.cpp".to_string(),
            producer: "clang++".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x2000,
            high_pc: 0x3000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        // Type units with duplicates
        di.add_type_units(vec![
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 0xABCD,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 1,
                type_name: Some("struct Point".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 0xABCD,
                offset: 64,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 2,
                type_name: Some("struct Point".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 0xEF01,
                offset: 0,
                length: 48,
                module_hash: 1,
                type_name: Some("class Matrix".to_string()),
            },
        ]);

        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!merged.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.cus_merged, 2);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.type_units_kept, 2);
        assert!(di.debug_stats.type_units_deduplicated > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_whole_program_pipeline() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let func_guid = compute_guid_from_name("Derived::method");

        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "combined.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "Derived::method".to_string(),
                guid: func_guid,
                inst_count: 80,
                call_count: 5,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 200,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 1,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![
                make_global_summary("global_x", 8, false),
                make_global_summary("global_y", 8, false),
                make_global_summary("global_unused", 4096, false),
            ],
            vtable_summaries: vec![make_vtable_summary(
                "Derived_vtable",
                vec![func_guid],
                "Derived",
            )],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 80,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 3,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for g in &m.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(g.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        let global_data: Vec<(u64, Vec<u8>)> = vec![];
        wp.run_all(&combined, &global_data);

        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.dead_globals_eliminated > 0);
        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.globals_demoted > 0);
        assert!(wp.whole_program_stats.devirtualized_calls > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_plugin_pipeline() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();

        // onload
        plugin.onload();

        // claim_file for bitcode
        let bc_data = make_bitcode_data();
        let req = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "input.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: bc_data,
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 20,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        assert_eq!(plugin.claim_file(&req), ClaimResult::Claimed);

        // claim_file for non-bitcode
        let elf_req = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "input.o".to_string(),
            file_data: {
                let mut v = vec![0u8; 20 + 5];
                v[0] = 0x7f;
                v[1] = b'E';
                v[2] = b'L';
                v[3] = b'F';
                v[4] = 0;
                v
            },
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 24,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        assert_eq!(plugin.claim_file(&elf_req), ClaimResult::NotClaimed);

        // all_symbols_read -> optimize and codegen
        let objects = plugin.all_symbols_read();
        assert!(!objects.is_empty());
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Completed));

        // cleanup
        plugin.cleanup();
        assert!(matches!(plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_thin_lto_with_pgo() {
        // End-to-end: build modules, add PGO, decide imports, run backend
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.hotness_threshold = 100;

        let guid_callee = compute_guid_from_name("hot_function");

        // Add PGO profile showing hot_function is very hot
        thin.pgo_profiles.insert(
            guid_callee,
            PGOProfileEntry {
                guid: guid_callee,
                entry_count: 1_000_000,
                total_frequency: 5_000_000,
                max_frequency: 1_000_000,
            },
        );

        let mod1 = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 100,
            module_path: "main.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "main".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("main"),
                inst_count: 300,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![guid_callee],
                hotness: 200,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: true,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 2,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                call_profile: vec![(guid_callee, 10000)],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 300,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mod2 = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 200,
            module_path: "lib.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "hot_function".to_string(),
                guid: guid_callee,
                inst_count: 100,
                call_count: 0,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 255,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 1,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 100,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![mod1, mod2]);
        thin.decide_imports();

        // We expect that hot_function was imported into main module
        let module_hash = 100;
        let decisions = thin.get_import_decisions(module_hash);
        // Hot function should be imported given PGO profile + hotness
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_e2e_lto_debug_skeleton() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);

        for i in 0..5 {
            di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
                offset: 0,
                length: 100,
                version: 5,
                abbrev_offset: 0,
                address_size: 8,
                module_hash: i as u64,
                comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
                source_file: format!("file_{}.cpp", i),
                producer: "clang++".to_string(),
                low_pc: 0x1000 * (i as u64 + 1),
                high_pc: 0x1000 * (i as u64 + 2),
                line_table_data: vec![],
                range_list_data: vec![],
            });
        }

        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!merged.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.skeleton_cus.len(), 5);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.skeleton_cus_generated, 5);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Stress / Edge Case Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_stress_many_modules() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut modules = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..100 {
            let m = make_module_summary(&format!("mod{}.o", i), &[(&format!("func_{}", i), 0)]);
            modules.push(m);
        }
        thin.build_combined_index(modules);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // Should complete without panic
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stress_many_type_units() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        let mut tus = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..1000u64 {
            tus.push(DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: i,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: i % 10,
                type_name: Some(format!("Type_{}", i)),
            });
        }
        di.add_type_units(tus);
        di.deduplicate_type_units();
        assert_eq!(di.dedup_type_units.len(), 1000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stress_many_comdat_groups() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        for i in 0..500 {
            intern.add_comdat_group(
                format!("group_{}", i),
                vec![i as u64 * 10, i as u64 * 10 + 1],
            );
        }
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::Any);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.len(), 500);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_edge_case_empty_combined_index() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        assert!(thin.import_decisions.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_edge_case_zero_length_data() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("empty.o", &[]);
        assert!(summary.function_summaries.is_empty());
        assert!(summary.global_summaries.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_edge_case_very_hot_function() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("super_hot");
        thin.pgo_profiles.insert(
            guid,
            PGOProfileEntry {
                guid,
                entry_count: u64::MAX,
                total_frequency: u64::MAX,
                max_frequency: u64::MAX,
            },
        );

        let m = make_module_summary("hot.o", &[("super_hot", 0)]);
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // Should handle extremely large profile values
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_edge_case_align_overflow() {
        // Test alignment with values near u64::MAX
        let result = align_up_full(u64::MAX - 5, 16);
        // Should not overflow/panic
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_stats_accumulation() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.stats.modules_processed = 5;
        thin.stats.functions_imported = 100;
        thin.stats.cache_hits = 20;
        thin.stats.cache_misses = 10;

        let stats = thin.get_stats();
        assert_eq!(stats.modules_processed, 5);
        assert_eq!(stats.functions_imported, 100);
        assert_eq!(stats.cache_hits, 20);

        thin.reset_stats();
        let stats2 = thin.get_stats();
        assert_eq!(stats2.modules_processed, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whole_program_devirt_edge_cases() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();

        // Empty vtable entries
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "edge.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![VTableSummary {
                name: "EmptyVTable".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("EmptyVTable"),
                entries: vec![],
                class_name: "Empty".to_string(),
                has_subclasses: false,
                hierarchy_depth: 0,
            }],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        wp.run_devirtualization(&combined);
        // Empty vtable should result in AbstractClass or no results
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_is_bitcode_edge() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        // Test with various edge cases
        // Too short
        // Wrong magic
        // Exact match at boundary
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_x86_lld_features_full_construction() {
        let features = X86LLDFeatures {
            thin_lto: X86ThinLTOFull::new_aggressive(),
            internalization: X86LTOInternalization::new(),
            debug_info: X86LTODebugInfo::new(),
            whole_program: X86LTOWholeProgram::new(),
            plugin: X86LTOPlugin::new(),
            combined_index: None,
            enabled: true,
            target_triple: "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc".to_string(),
            output_path: "output.exe".to_string(),
            opt_level: 2,
            num_threads: 8,
            diagnostics: vec![],
        };
        assert!(features.enabled);
        assert_eq!(features.target_triple, "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc");
        assert_eq!(features.output_path, "output.exe");
        assert_eq!(features.num_threads, 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_return_type_class_all_variants() {
        assert_eq!(ReturnTypeClass::Void as u8, 0);
        let all = vec![
            ReturnTypeClass::Void,
            ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            ReturnTypeClass::Float,
            ReturnTypeClass::Pointer,
            ReturnTypeClass::StructSRet,
            ReturnTypeClass::StructRegisters,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_global_linkage_kind_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            GlobalLinkageKind::External,
            GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
            GlobalLinkageKind::LinkonceODR,
            GlobalLinkageKind::WeakODR,
            GlobalLinkageKind::Common,
            GlobalLinkageKind::Appending,
            GlobalLinkageKind::ExternalWeak,
            GlobalLinkageKind::AvailableExternally,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_selection_kind_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            ComdatSelectionKind::Any,
            ComdatSelectionKind::ExactMatch,
            ComdatSelectionKind::Largest,
            ComdatSelectionKind::NoDuplicates,
            ComdatSelectionKind::SameSize,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_feature_diag_level_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Info,
            LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Warning,
            LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Error,
            LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Debug,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_import_reason_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall,
            ThinLTOImportReason::ColdCall,
            ThinLTOImportReason::Transitive,
            ThinLTOImportReason::GlobalRef,
            ThinLTOImportReason::Devirtualization,
            ThinLTOImportReason::ProfileGuided,
            ThinLTOImportReason::AlwaysImport,
            ThinLTOImportReason::NotImported,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 8);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Distributed Backend Partition Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_distributed_backend_single_module() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let modules = vec![{
            let mut v = vec![0u8; 64 + 4];
            v[0] = b'B';
            v[1] = b'C';
            v[2] = 0xC0;
            v[3] = 0xDE;
            v
        }];
        let results = thin.run_distributed_backend(&modules);
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 1);
        assert!(results[0].len() > 40);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_distributed_backend_multiple_modules() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let modules: Vec<Vec<u8>> = (0..10)
            .map(|i| {
                let mut v = vec![b'B', b'C', 0xC0, 0xDE];
                v.extend_from_slice(&[0; 60]);
                v[4] = i as u8;
                v
            })
            .collect();
        let results = thin.run_distributed_backend(&modules);
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 10);
        for r in &results {
            assert_eq!(&r[0..4], b"\x7fELF");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_distributed_backend_empty() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let results = thin.run_distributed_backend(&[]);
        assert!(results.is_empty());
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // ThinLTO Caching Advanced Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_eviction_by_size() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        // Fill cache with many entries
        for i in 0..1000u64 {
            thin.cache_store(i, vec![i as u8; 128]);
        }
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(0).is_some());
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(999).is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_key_uniqueness() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.cache_store(0xAAAA, vec![1, 2, 3]);
        thin.cache_store(0xBBBB, vec![4, 5, 6]);
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_lookup(0xAAAA), Some(&vec![1, 2, 3]));
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_lookup(0xBBBB), Some(&vec![4, 5, 6]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_overwrite() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.cache_store(1, vec![1, 1, 1]);
        thin.cache_store(1, vec![2, 2, 2]);
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_lookup(1), Some(&vec![2, 2, 2]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_disabled_mode() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::Disabled);
        let key = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3], 0);
        assert!(key.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_hash_mode_key() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::HashBased);
        let key = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3, 4], 7);
        assert!(key.is_some());
        assert!(key.unwrap().contains("thinlto_"));
        assert!(key.unwrap().contains("_7"));
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // PGO Integration Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_pgo_profile_loading_multiple_entries() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 8]; // header
        for i in 1..=10u64 {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&i.to_le_bytes()); // guid
            buf.extend_from_slice(&(i * 100).to_le_bytes()); // entry_count
            buf.extend_from_slice(&(i * 500).to_le_bytes()); // total_freq
        }
        thin.load_pgo_profile(&buf);
        assert_eq!(thin.pgo_profiles.len(), 10);
        assert_eq!(thin.pgo_profiles[&5].entry_count, 500);
        assert_eq!(thin.pgo_profiles[&10].entry_count, 1000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pgo_profile_hotness_override() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("hot_func");

        // Load PGO with very high count
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 8];
        buf.extend_from_slice(&guid.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&100_000u64.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&500_000u64.to_le_bytes());
        thin.load_pgo_profile(&buf);

        // Create module with that function
        let m = make_module_summary("hot.o", &[("hot_func", 0)]);
        // Override hotness to something lower
        let mut mod_copy = m;
        if let Some(fs) = mod_copy.function_summaries.first_mut() {
            fs.hotness = 50;
        }
        let summary = thin.compute_module_summary("hot.o", &[]);
        // PGO should have been consulted during extraction
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pgo_profile_truncated_data() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let buf = {
            let mut v = vec![0u8; 8];
            v.extend_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3]);
            v
        }; // truncated entry
        thin.load_pgo_profile(&buf);
        assert!(thin.pgo_profiles.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_pgo_profile_cold_function() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("cold_func");
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; 8];
        buf.extend_from_slice(&guid.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&10u64.to_le_bytes()); // very low count
        buf.extend_from_slice(&50u64.to_le_bytes());
        thin.load_pgo_profile(&buf);

        let entry = &thin.pgo_profiles[&guid];
        // entry_count 10 -> hotness should be low (~1)
        let expected_hotness = ((entry.entry_count as f64 / 10.0).min(255.0)) as u8;
        assert!(expected_hotness < 10);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Import Decision Algorithm Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_import_decision_transitive_depth_1() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.max_import_depth = 1;
        thin.hotness_threshold = 50;

        let guid_b = compute_guid_from_name("func_b");
        let guid_c = compute_guid_from_name("func_c");

        // mod_a calls func_b, func_b calls func_c
        let mod_a = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "a.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "func_a".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("func_a"),
                inst_count: 50,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![guid_b],
                hotness: 250,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: true,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 0,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                call_profile: vec![(guid_b, 5000)],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 50,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mod_b = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 2,
            module_path: "b.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "func_b".to_string(),
                guid: guid_b,
                inst_count: 30,
                call_count: 1,
                callees: vec![guid_c],
                hotness: 200,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 1,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![(guid_c, 3000)],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 30,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mod_c = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 3,
            module_path: "c.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                name: "func_c".to_string(),
                guid: guid_c,
                inst_count: 20,
                call_count: 0,
                callees: vec![],
                hotness: 100,
                has_inline_asm: false,
                has_varargs: false,
                is_external: true,
                is_entry_point: false,
                is_local: false,
                param_count: 0,
                return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                call_profile: vec![],
                cfi_enabled: false,
            }],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 20,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        thin.build_combined_index(vec![mod_a, mod_b, mod_c]);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // func_b should be imported into a; func_c may or may not be transitive
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_decision_max_imports_cap() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.hotness_threshold = 10; // very low, import many

        let mut modules = Vec::new();
        let mut callee_guids = Vec::new();

        // Create a caller module that calls 100 functions in other modules
        for i in 1..=100u64 {
            let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&format!("callee_{}", i));
            callee_guids.push(guid);

            modules.push(ModuleSummaryIndex {
                module_hash: i + 100,
                module_path: format!("lib{}.o", i),
                target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
                function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                    name: format!("callee_{}", i),
                    guid,
                    inst_count: 20,
                    call_count: 0,
                    callees: vec![],
                    hotness: 200,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                }],
                global_summaries: vec![],
                vtable_summaries: vec![],
                alias_summaries: vec![],
                instruction_count: 20,
                is_thin_lto: true,
                pgo_profile_hash: None,
                flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
            });
        }

        modules.insert(
            0,
            ModuleSummaryIndex {
                module_hash: 1,
                module_path: "main.o".to_string(),
                target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
                function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                    name: "main".to_string(),
                    guid: compute_guid_from_name("main"),
                    inst_count: 500,
                    call_count: 100,
                    callees: callee_guids.clone(),
                    hotness: 255,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: true,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 2,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                    call_profile: callee_guids.iter().map(|&g| (g, 1000)).collect(),
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                }],
                global_summaries: vec![],
                vtable_summaries: vec![],
                alias_summaries: vec![],
                instruction_count: 500,
                is_thin_lto: true,
                pgo_profile_hash: None,
                flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
            },
        );

        thin.build_combined_index(modules);
        thin.decide_imports();

        // Import decisions for main should be capped at THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE
        let decisions = thin.get_import_decisions(1);
        if let Some(dec) = decisions {
            let import_count = dec
                .iter()
                .filter(|d| matches!(d, ImportDecision::Import { .. }))
                .count();
            assert!(import_count <= THINLTO_MAX_IMPORTS_PER_MODULE);
        }
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // COMDAT Leader Selection Advanced Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_exact_match_strategy() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("exact_group".to_string(), vec![10, 20, 30]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::ExactMatch);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("exact_group"), Some(&10));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_no_duplicates_strategy() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("nodup_group".to_string(), vec![100, 200]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::NoDuplicates);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("nodup_group"), Some(&100));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_same_size_strategy() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("samesize_group".to_string(), vec![5, 10, 15]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::SameSize);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("samesize_group"), Some(&5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_empty_group() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.add_comdat_group("empty_group".to_string(), vec![]);
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::Any);
        assert!(intern.comdat_leaders.get("empty_group").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_comdat_multiple_groups() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        for i in 0..20 {
            intern.add_comdat_group(format!("group_{}", i), vec![i * 3, i * 3 + 1, i * 3 + 2]);
        }
        intern.select_comdat_leaders(ComdatSelectionKind::Any);
        assert_eq!(intern.comdat_leaders.len(), 20);
        assert_eq!(intern.internalization_stats.comdat_groups_resolved, 20);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Debug Info Advanced Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_line_tables_multiple_entries() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        let mut line_data = Vec::new();

        // Entry 1
        line_data.push(4);
        line_data.extend_from_slice(b"a.rs");
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&10u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&0x1000u64.to_le_bytes());

        // Entry 2
        line_data.push(4);
        line_data.extend_from_slice(b"a.rs");
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&20u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&0x1010u64.to_le_bytes());

        // Entry 3
        line_data.push(4);
        line_data.extend_from_slice(b"b.rs");
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&30u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&5u32.to_le_bytes());
        line_data.extend_from_slice(&0x1020u64.to_le_bytes());

        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 200,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "main.rs".to_string(),
            producer: "rustc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: line_data,
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        di.merge_line_tables();
        assert_eq!(di.line_table.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(di.line_table[0].line, 10);
        assert_eq!(di.line_table[1].line, 20);
        assert_eq!(di.line_table[2].file, "b.rs");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merge_address_ranges() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "a.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x3000,
            high_pc: 0x4000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 2,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "b.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });

        // Trigger merge via merge_debug_info
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        di.merge_debug_info(&[]);

        assert_eq!(di.address_ranges.len(), 2);
        // Should be sorted by start address: 0x1000 before 0x3000
        assert_eq!(di.address_ranges[0].0, 0x1000);
        assert_eq!(di.address_ranges[1].0, 0x3000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_skeleton_cu_dwo_name() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 99,
            comp_dir: "/build".to_string(),
            source_file: "lib.cpp".to_string(),
            producer: "clang++".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x5000,
            high_pc: 0x6000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        di.merge_debug_info(&[]);

        assert_eq!(di.skeleton_cus.len(), 1);
        let sk = &di.skeleton_cus[0];
        assert_eq!(sk.object_path, "lib.cpp");
        assert_eq!(sk.comp_dir, "/build");
        assert_eq!(sk.dwarf_version, 5);
        assert_eq!(sk.dwo_name, Some("lib.cpp.dwo".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dedup_type_units_structural() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_dedup_strategy(TypeUnitDedupStrategy::Structural);
        di.add_type_units(vec![
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 1,
                offset: 0,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 10,
                type_name: Some("X".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 1,
                offset: 64,
                length: 64,
                module_hash: 20,
                type_name: Some("X".to_string()),
            },
            DwarfTypeUnit {
                type_signature: 2,
                offset: 0,
                length: 48,
                module_hash: 30,
                type_name: Some("Y".to_string()),
            },
        ]);
        di.deduplicate_type_units();
        assert_eq!(di.dedup_type_units.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.type_units_deduplicated, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_debug_string_table_dedup() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/common".to_string(),
            source_file: "shared.c".to_string(),
            producer: "gcc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 2,
            comp_dir: "/common".to_string(),
            source_file: "shared.c".to_string(),
            producer: "gcc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x2000,
            high_pc: 0x3000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        di.merge_debug_info(&[]);

        // /common should appear only once in string table
        let common_entries: Vec<_> = di.string_table.keys().filter(|k| *k == "/common").collect();
        assert_eq!(common_entries.len(), 1);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Whole Program Optimization Advanced Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_alias_analysis_same_module_local() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "same.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![
                GlobalVarSummary {
                    name: "local_a".to_string(),
                    guid: compute_guid_from_name("local_a"),
                    size: 8,
                    alignment: 8,
                    is_constant: false,
                    is_read_only: false,
                    is_external: false,
                    refs: vec![],
                    init_hash: 0,
                    is_tls: false,
                    linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
                },
                GlobalVarSummary {
                    name: "local_b".to_string(),
                    guid: compute_guid_from_name("local_b"),
                    size: 8,
                    alignment: 8,
                    is_constant: false,
                    is_read_only: false,
                    is_external: false,
                    refs: vec![],
                    init_hash: 0,
                    is_tls: false,
                    linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
                },
            ],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 2,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for g in &m.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(g.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        wp.run_alias_analysis(&combined);
        assert!(!wp.alias_analyses.is_empty());
        // Both are local in same module -> should be no_alias
        let result = &wp.alias_analyses[0];
        assert!(result.no_alias);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dead_global_not_exported() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "dead.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![GlobalVarSummary {
                name: "orphan_data".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("orphan_data"),
                size: 65536,
                alignment: 16,
                is_constant: false,
                is_read_only: false,
                is_external: false,
                refs: vec![],
                init_hash: 0,
                is_tls: false,
                linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
            }],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 1,
        };

        wp.run_dead_global_elimination(&combined);
        assert_eq!(wp.dead_globals.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(wp.dead_globals[0].name, "orphan_data");
        assert_eq!(wp.dead_globals[0].size_freed, 65536);
        assert_eq!(wp.dead_globals[0].reason, DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_global_demotion_with_refs() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let guid_a = compute_guid_from_name("glob_a");
        let guid_b = compute_guid_from_name("glob_b");

        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "refs.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![
                GlobalVarSummary {
                    name: "glob_a".to_string(),
                    guid: guid_a,
                    size: 16,
                    alignment: 8,
                    is_constant: false,
                    is_read_only: false,
                    is_external: false,
                    refs: vec![guid_b],
                    init_hash: 0,
                    is_tls: false,
                    linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
                },
                GlobalVarSummary {
                    name: "glob_b".to_string(),
                    guid: guid_b,
                    size: 8,
                    alignment: 8,
                    is_constant: true,
                    is_read_only: true,
                    is_external: false,
                    refs: vec![],
                    init_hash: 0,
                    is_tls: false,
                    linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
                },
            ],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 2,
        };

        wp.run_global_variable_optimization(&combined);
        // Both are not exported and only referenced within combined module
        assert!(wp.is_demoted(guid_a));
        assert!(wp.is_demoted(guid_b));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_devirtualization_multi_entry_vtable() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let g1 = compute_guid_from_name("Shape::area");
        let g2 = compute_guid_from_name("Shape::perimeter");
        let g3 = compute_guid_from_name("Shape::draw");

        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "shape.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![
                FunctionSummary {
                    name: "Shape::area".to_string(),
                    guid: g1,
                    inst_count: 60,
                    call_count: 3,
                    callees: vec![],
                    hotness: 200,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Float,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                },
                FunctionSummary {
                    name: "Shape::perimeter".to_string(),
                    guid: g2,
                    inst_count: 70,
                    call_count: 2,
                    callees: vec![],
                    hotness: 180,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Float,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                },
                FunctionSummary {
                    name: "Shape::draw".to_string(),
                    guid: g3,
                    inst_count: 40,
                    call_count: 1,
                    callees: vec![],
                    hotness: 150,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 1,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                },
            ],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![VTableSummary {
                name: "Shape_vtable".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("Shape_vtable"),
                entries: vec![g1, g2, g3],
                class_name: "Shape".to_string(),
                has_subclasses: false,
                hierarchy_depth: 0,
            }],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 170,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };

        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 3,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        wp.run_devirtualization(&combined);
        assert_eq!(wp.whole_program_stats.devirtualized_calls, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_devirtualization_with_subclasses_block() {
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "abstract.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![VTableSummary {
                name: "Animal_vtable".to_string(),
                guid: compute_guid_from_name("Animal_vtable"),
                entries: vec![compute_guid_from_name("Animal::speak")],
                class_name: "Animal".to_string(),
                has_subclasses: true,
                hierarchy_depth: 2,
            }],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        wp.run_devirtualization(&combined);
        // Has subclasses so can't devirtualize easily - should get AbstractClass
        assert!(wp
            .devirt_results
            .iter()
            .any(|r| matches!(r, DevirtResult::AbstractClass)));
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Plugin COFF/Mach-O Specific Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_coff_parse_opt() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:lldlto");
        assert!(plugin.coff_lto_enabled);

        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:ref");
        // Should not affect LTO flag
        assert!(plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_coff_not_enabled_by_default() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(!plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_macho_default_library() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(plugin.macho_lto_library.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_macho_set_library() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_macho_lto_library(MACHO_LTO_LIBRARY_DEFAULT);
        assert_eq!(
            plugin.macho_lto_library,
            Some(MACHO_LTO_LIBRARY_DEFAULT.to_string())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_symbol_info_construction() {
        let sym = PluginSymbolInfo {
            name: "my_symbol".to_string(),
            section_kind: PluginSectionKind::Text,
            visibility: SymbolVisibility::Hidden,
            is_global: false,
            is_definition: true,
            is_common: false,
            is_weak: true,
            size: 256,
            alignment: 32,
            comdat_key: Some("comdat_my_symbol".to_string()),
        };
        assert_eq!(sym.name, "my_symbol");
        assert_eq!(sym.section_kind, PluginSectionKind::Text);
        assert!(sym.is_weak);
        assert_eq!(sym.size, 256);
        assert_eq!(sym.alignment, 32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_claim_multiple_files() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        for i in 0..10 {
            let data = make_bitcode_data();
            let req = PluginClaimRequest {
                file_path: format!("input_{}.bc", i),
                file_data: data,
                file_descriptor: None,
                file_size: 20,
                symbol_table_offset: 0,
                symbol_count: i,
            };
            assert_eq!(plugin.claim_file(&req), ClaimResult::Claimed);
        }
        assert_eq!(plugin.claimed_count(), 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_extract_symbols_with_records() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        // Build bitcode with embedded symbol records
        let mut data = {
            let mut v = vec![0u8; 12 + 4];
            v[0] = b'B';
            v[1] = b'C';
            v[2] = 0xC0;
            v[3] = 0xDE;
            v
        };
        // Symbol record: marker 0x0C, name_len=3, name="foo", flags=0x30, size=100
        data.push(0x0C);
        data.push(3); // name_len
        data.extend_from_slice(b"foo");
        data.push(0x30); // flags: is_global + is_definition
        data.extend_from_slice(&100u64.to_le_bytes());

        let syms = plugin.extract_symbols(&data);
        assert_eq!(syms.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(syms[0].name, "foo");
        assert!(syms[0].is_global);
        assert!(syms[0].is_definition);
        assert_eq!(syms[0].size, 100);
        assert_eq!(syms[0].section_kind, PluginSectionKind::Text);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_error_status_propagation() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert!(!plugin.is_error());
        // Error status is set by actual operations that can fail
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_diagnostics_accumulate() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.onload();
        let diag_count_after_onload = plugin.get_diagnostics().len();
        assert!(diag_count_after_onload > 0);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Call Graph and Hotness Analysis Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_call_hotness_from_profile() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let callee_guid = 100;
        let caller_guid = 200;

        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: {
                let mut m = std::collections::HashMap::new();
                m.insert(
                    callee_guid,
                    vec![caller_guid, caller_guid + 1, caller_guid + 2],
                );
                m
            },
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };

        let hotness = thin.compute_call_hotness(callee_guid, caller_guid, &combined);
        // 3 callers -> hotness > 0
        assert!(hotness > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_eligible_for_import_varargs_disqualifies() {
        let func = FunctionSummary {
            name: "varargs_func".to_string(),
            guid: 999,
            inst_count: 100,
            call_count: 2,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 200,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: true,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 3,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        assert!(!is_eligible_for_import(&func));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_eligible_for_import_cfi_disqualifies() {
        let func = FunctionSummary {
            name: "cfi_func".to_string(),
            guid: 998,
            inst_count: 100,
            call_count: 2,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 200,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 1,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: true,
        };
        assert!(!is_eligible_for_import(&func));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_eligible_for_import_huge_function() {
        let func = FunctionSummary {
            name: "huge".to_string(),
            guid: 997,
            inst_count: 20000,
            call_count: 5,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 255,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 2,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        assert!(!is_eligible_for_import(&func));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_constant_propagatable_large_size() {
        let global = GlobalVarSummary {
            name: "big_const".to_string(),
            guid: 500,
            size: 1024,
            alignment: 64,
            is_constant: true,
            is_read_only: true,
            is_external: false,
            refs: vec![],
            init_hash: 0,
            is_tls: false,
            linkage: GlobalLinkageKind::Internal,
        };
        assert!(!is_constant_propagatable(&global));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hotness_percentile_zero_total() {
        let combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        let pct = hotness_percentile(42, &combined);
        assert_eq!(pct, 0.0);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Serialization and Round-Trip Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_function_summary_round_trip_fields() {
        let fs = FunctionSummary {
            name: "roundtrip_test".to_string(),
            guid: compute_guid_from_name("roundtrip_test"),
            inst_count: 1234,
            call_count: 56,
            callees: vec![1, 2, 3],
            hotness: 220,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: true,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 3,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Pointer,
            call_profile: vec![(10, 100), (20, 200)],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        let cloned = fs.clone();
        assert_eq!(cloned.name, "roundtrip_test");
        assert_eq!(cloned.inst_count, 1234);
        assert_eq!(cloned.callees, vec![1, 2, 3]);
        assert_eq!(cloned.call_profile, vec![(10, 100), (20, 200)]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_import_decision_debug_fmt() {
        let d = ImportDecision::Import {
            name: "fmt_test".to_string(),
            reason: ThinLTOImportReason::HotCall,
            hotness: 255,
            guid: 0xDEADBEEF,
        };
        let debug_str = format!("{:?}", d);
        assert!(debug_str.contains("Import"));
        assert!(debug_str.contains("fmt_test"));

        let s = ImportDecision::Skip {
            name: "skip_me".to_string(),
            reason: "too cold".to_string(),
        };
        let debug_str2 = format!("{:?}", s);
        assert!(debug_str2.contains("Skip"));
        assert!(debug_str2.contains("skip_me"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_devirt_result_debug_fmt() {
        let r = DevirtResult::Devirtualized {
            vtable_name: "Base".to_string(),
            target_function: "Base::virt".to_string(),
            offset: 8,
        };
        let s = format!("{:?}", r);
        assert!(s.contains("Devirtualized"));

        let r2 = DevirtResult::NotDevirtualized {
            reason: "unknown vtable".to_string(),
        };
        let s2 = format!("{:?}", r2);
        assert!(s2.contains("NotDevirtualized"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_plugin_status_debug() {
        let s = LTOPluginStatus::Error(LTOPluginErrorKind::InvalidBitcode);
        let d = format!("{:?}", s);
        assert!(d.contains("Error"));
        assert!(d.contains("InvalidBitcode"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_module_summary_flags_non_default() {
        let flags = ModuleSummaryFlags {
            function_sections: true,
            data_sections: true,
            sanitizer_coverage: true,
            lto_compiled: true,
            cfi_enabled: true,
            safestack: true,
            has_profile: true,
            has_eh: true,
            is_pic: true,
        };
        assert!(flags.function_sections);
        assert!(flags.data_sections);
        assert!(flags.lto_compiled);
        assert!(flags.is_pic);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Concurrency and Thread-Safety Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_thin_lto_stats_independent() {
        let mut t1 = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut t2 = X86ThinLTOFull::new();

        t1.stats.modules_processed = 10;
        t2.stats.modules_processed = 20;

        assert_eq!(t1.stats.modules_processed, 10);
        assert_eq!(t2.stats.modules_processed, 20);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_states_independent() {
        let mut p1 = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let mut p2 = X86LTOPlugin::new();

        p1.onload();
        assert!(matches!(p1.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
        assert!(matches!(p2.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Comprehensive Pipeline Integration Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_full_pipeline_thin_lto_to_internalization() {
        // Build modules, ThinLTO import, then internalize
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("mod1.o", &[("entry", 0), ("helper", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("mod2.o", &[("lib_func", 0)]);
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1, m2]);
        thin.decide_imports();

        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap().clone();
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        intern.build_resolution_table(&ci);
        intern.compute_export_list(&ci, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &[]);
        intern.internalize_non_exported();

        // entry should be exported (is_external + entry_point)
        let entry_guid = compute_guid_from_name("entry");
        assert!(intern.export_list.contains(&entry_guid));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_full_pipeline_debug_to_whole_program() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 1,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "prog.c".to_string(),
            producer: "clang".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x1000,
            high_pc: 0x2000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        let _merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);

        // Now run whole-program on the debugged code
        let mut wp = X86LTOWholeProgram::new();
        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "prog.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![],
            global_summaries: vec![make_global_summary("g", 8, false)],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 0,
            is_thin_lto: false,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 0,
            total_globals: 1,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for g in &m.global_summaries {
                combined.global_to_module.insert(g.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        wp.run_all(&combined, &[]);
        assert_eq!(wp.whole_program_stats.globals_demoted, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_features_struct_integration() {
        let mut features = X86LLDFeatures {
            thin_lto: X86ThinLTOFull::new(),
            internalization: X86LTOInternalization::new(),
            debug_info: X86LTODebugInfo::new(),
            whole_program: X86LTOWholeProgram::new(),
            plugin: X86LTOPlugin::new(),
            combined_index: None,
            enabled: true,
            target_triple: "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu".to_string(),
            output_path: "/tmp/a.out".to_string(),
            opt_level: 2,
            num_threads: 4,
            diagnostics: vec![LTOFeatureDiagnostic {
                level: LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Info,
                message: "Features initialized".to_string(),
                source: Some("x86_lld_features".to_string()),
            }],
        };

        // Compute summaries
        let data = make_thin_bitcode_data();
        let summary = features.thin_lto.compute_module_summary("test.o", &data);
        assert!(summary.is_thin_lto);

        // Build combined index
        features.thin_lto.build_combined_index(vec![summary]);
        let ci = features.thin_lto.get_combined_index().unwrap().clone();

        // Internalize
        features.internalization.build_resolution_table(&ci);
        features
            .internalization
            .compute_export_list(&ci, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &[]);
        features.internalization.internalize_non_exported();

        // Run whole program
        features.whole_program.run_all(&ci, &[]);

        // Plugin ready
        assert!(matches!(features.plugin.status, LTOPluginStatus::Ready));

        // Diagnostics
        assert_eq!(features.diagnostics.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(features.diagnostics[0].level, LTOFeatureDiagLevel::Info);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_features_disabled_mode() {
        let features = X86LLDFeatures {
            thin_lto: X86ThinLTOFull::new(),
            internalization: X86LTOInternalization::new(),
            debug_info: X86LTODebugInfo::new(),
            whole_program: X86LTOWholeProgram::new(),
            plugin: X86LTOPlugin::new(),
            combined_index: None,
            enabled: false,
            target_triple: "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu".to_string(),
            output_path: String::new(),
            opt_level: 0,
            num_threads: 1,
            diagnostics: vec![],
        };
        assert!(!features.enabled);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Fuzz and Robustness Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_random_bitcode_input() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        // Completely random data shouldn't crash
        let data: Vec<u8> = (0..1000).map(|i| (i * 37 + 13) as u8).collect();
        let _summary = thin.compute_module_summary("random.o", &data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_max_guid_values() {
        let guid = u64::MAX;
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.cache_store(guid, vec![0xFF; 256]);
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(guid).is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_duplicate_module_paths() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let m1 = make_module_summary("dup.o", &[("a", 0)]);
        let m2 = make_module_summary("dup.o", &[("b", 0)]);
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m1, m2]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ci.modules.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_very_deep_call_graph() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.max_import_depth = 10;

        let mut modules = Vec::new();
        let mut prev_guid = 0u64;
        for depth in 0..20u64 {
            let name = format!("func_{}", depth);
            let guid = compute_guid_from_name(&name);
            let mut callees = Vec::new();
            if depth > 0 {
                callees.push(prev_guid);
            }
            modules.push(ModuleSummaryIndex {
                module_hash: depth + 1,
                module_path: format!("d{}.o", depth),
                target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
                function_summaries: vec![FunctionSummary {
                    name,
                    guid,
                    inst_count: 30,
                    call_count: if callees.is_empty() { 0 } else { 1 },
                    callees,
                    hotness: 200,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: depth == 0,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                }],
                global_summaries: vec![],
                vtable_summaries: vec![],
                alias_summaries: vec![],
                instruction_count: 30,
                is_thin_lto: true,
                pgo_profile_hash: None,
                flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
            });
            prev_guid = guid;
        }

        thin.build_combined_index(modules);
        thin.decide_imports();
        // Should not hang or overflow stack
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_combined_index_memory_usage() {
        // Build a large combined index to ensure no excessive allocation
        let mut modules = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..200u64 {
            let mut funcs = Vec::new();
            for j in 0..5u64 {
                let guid = i * 1000 + j;
                funcs.push(FunctionSummary {
                    name: format!("f_{}_{}", i, j),
                    guid,
                    inst_count: 50,
                    call_count: 3,
                    callees: vec![guid + 1, guid + 2],
                    hotness: 100,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 2,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                });
            }
            modules.push(ModuleSummaryIndex {
                module_hash: i,
                module_path: format!("m{}.o", i),
                target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
                function_summaries: funcs,
                global_summaries: vec![],
                vtable_summaries: vec![],
                alias_summaries: vec![],
                instruction_count: 250,
                is_thin_lto: true,
                pgo_profile_hash: None,
                flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
            });
        }

        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.build_combined_index(modules);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ci.total_functions, 1000);
        assert_eq!(ci.modules.len(), 200);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // ThinLTO Incremental Caching Advanced Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_incremental_cache_same_module_no_rebuild() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::Incremental);
        let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
        let key = thin.compute_cache_key(&data, 0).unwrap();
        thin.cache.insert(key.clone(), vec![9, 9, 9]);
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(compute_fnv1a_64_full(&data)).is_none()); // different key scheme
                                                                            // Cache hit should work via store/lookup directly
        thin.cache_store(0x1234, vec![5, 6, 7, 8]);
        assert_eq!(thin.cache_lookup(0x1234), Some(&vec![5, 6, 7, 8]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_incremental_cache_module_changed_rebuild() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::Incremental);
        let data_v1 = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let data_v2 = vec![1, 2, 4]; // changed
        let key1 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(&data_v1);
        let key2 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(&data_v2);
        assert_ne!(key1, key2);
        thin.cache_store(key1, vec![10, 20, 30]);
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(key1).is_some());
        assert!(thin.cache_lookup(key2).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_key_different_modules() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey);
        let key_a = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3], 0);
        let key_b = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3], 1);
        assert!(key_a.is_some() && key_b.is_some());
        assert_ne!(key_a, key_b); // Different module indices
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cache_key_different_opt_levels() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_cache_mode(ThinLTOCacheMode::ComprehensiveKey);
        thin.set_opt_level(2);
        let key_o2 = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3], 0);
        thin.set_opt_level(3);
        let key_o3 = thin.compute_cache_key(&[1, 2, 3], 0);
        assert!(key_o2.is_some() && key_o3.is_some());
        assert_ne!(key_o2, key_o3);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // ThinLTO Partition Scheduling Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_partition_assignment_balanced() {
        // Simulate partition assignment: distribute modules across threads
        let num_modules = 256;
        let num_threads = 8;
        let per_thread = num_modules / num_threads;
        assert_eq!(per_thread, 32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_partition_assignment_uneven() {
        let num_modules = 100;
        let num_threads = 7;
        let per_thread = num_modules / num_threads;
        let remainder = num_modules % num_threads;
        assert_eq!(per_thread, 14);
        assert_eq!(remainder, 2);
        let total = per_thread * num_threads + remainder;
        assert_eq!(total, 100);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_partition_max_limit() {
        assert!(THINLTO_MAX_PARTITIONS >= 256);
        // Test with max partitions
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        thin.set_num_threads(THINLTO_MAX_PARTITIONS as u32);
        assert_eq!(thin.num_threads, 256);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // DWARF Expression and Location List Processing Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_dwarf_expression_merge_across_modules() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        // Module 1: variable at DW_OP_fbreg -8
        let cu1 = DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 150,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 0xA,
            comp_dir: "/proj".to_string(),
            source_file: "a.cpp".to_string(),
            producer: "g++".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x4000,
            high_pc: 0x4100,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        };
        // Module 2: variable at DW_OP_fbreg -16
        let cu2 = DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 150,
            length: 150,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 0xB,
            comp_dir: "/proj".to_string(),
            source_file: "b.cpp".to_string(),
            producer: "g++".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x4100,
            high_pc: 0x4200,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        };
        di.add_compile_unit(cu1);
        di.add_compile_unit(cu2);
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        let merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        assert!(!merged.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(di.debug_stats.cus_merged, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_skeleton_cu_address_range_preserved() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Skeleton);
        di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
            offset: 0,
            length: 100,
            version: 5,
            abbrev_offset: 0,
            address_size: 8,
            module_hash: 999,
            comp_dir: "/src".to_string(),
            source_file: "lib.rs".to_string(),
            producer: "rustc".to_string(),
            low_pc: 0x100000,
            high_pc: 0x101000,
            line_table_data: vec![],
            range_list_data: vec![],
        });
        let _merged = di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        let sk = di.generate_skeleton_for_module(999).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(sk.module_hash, 999);
        assert_eq!(sk.dwarf_version, 5);
        assert_eq!(sk.address_size, 8);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Cross-Module Inlining Decision Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_cross_module_inline_small_function() {
        let func = FunctionSummary {
            name: "tiny_inline_candidate".to_string(),
            guid: 0xCAFE,
            inst_count: 5, // very small
            call_count: 1,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 255,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 1,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Integer,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        // Small functions with high hotness are good inline candidates
        assert!(is_eligible_for_import(&func));
        assert!(func.inst_count <= 100);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cross_module_no_inline_large_function() {
        let func = FunctionSummary {
            name: "huge_no_inline".to_string(),
            guid: 0xBEEF,
            inst_count: 5000,
            call_count: 10,
            callees: vec![],
            hotness: 250,
            has_inline_asm: false,
            has_varargs: false,
            is_external: true,
            is_entry_point: false,
            is_local: false,
            param_count: 5,
            return_type: ReturnTypeClass::StructSRet,
            call_profile: vec![],
            cfi_enabled: false,
        };
        // Eligible for import but large (LTO will decide not to inline)
        assert!(is_eligible_for_import(&func));
        assert!(func.inst_count > 1000);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Visible Symbol Export Handling Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_visibility_override_hidden() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m = make_module_summary("vis.o", &[("hidden_func", 0)]);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        let mut visibility_overrides = std::collections::HashMap::new();
        visibility_overrides.insert("hidden_func".to_string(), SymbolVisibility::Hidden);

        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &visibility_overrides, &[]);
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("hidden_func");
        assert!(!intern.export_list.contains(&guid)); // Hidden -> not exported
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_visibility_override_protected() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let m = make_module_summary("vis.o", &[("prot_func", 0)]);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }
        let mut visibility_overrides = std::collections::HashMap::new();
        visibility_overrides.insert("prot_func".to_string(), SymbolVisibility::Protected);

        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &visibility_overrides, &[]);
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("prot_func");
        assert!(intern.export_list.contains(&guid)); // Protected -> exported
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // DeadGlobalReason Enum Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_dead_global_reason_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced,
            DeadGlobalReason::ConstantFolded,
            DeadGlobalReason::Replaced,
            DeadGlobalReason::Merged,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 4);
        assert_eq!(
            DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced,
            DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced
        );
        assert_ne!(DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced, DeadGlobalReason::Merged);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dead_global_result_clone() {
        let dg = DeadGlobalResult {
            name: "dead".to_string(),
            guid: 42,
            size_freed: 1024,
            reason: DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced,
        };
        let dg2 = dg.clone();
        assert_eq!(dg2.name, "dead");
        assert_eq!(dg2.guid, 42);
        assert_eq!(dg2.size_freed, 1024);
        assert_eq!(dg2.reason, DeadGlobalReason::Unreferenced);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // LTOPluginErrorKind Enum Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_plugin_error_kind_all_variants() {
        let all = vec![
            LTOPluginErrorKind::InvalidBitcode,
            LTOPluginErrorKind::TargetMismatch,
            LTOPluginErrorKind::OptimizationFailed,
            LTOPluginErrorKind::CodegenFailed,
            LTOPluginErrorKind::CacheError,
            LTOPluginErrorKind::InternalError,
        ];
        assert_eq!(all.len(), 6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lto_plugin_status_error() {
        let status = LTOPluginStatus::Error(LTOPluginErrorKind::CacheError);
        match status {
            LTOPluginStatus::Error(kind) => assert_eq!(kind, LTOPluginErrorKind::CacheError),
            _ => panic!("Expected Error status"),
        }
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Module Summary Extraction Edge Case Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_vtable_entries_empty() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let data = vec![0u8; 16]; // No vtable records
        let vtables = thin.extract_vtable_summaries(&data, 0);
        assert!(vtables.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_alias_entries_empty() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let data = vec![0u8; 24];
        let aliases = thin.extract_alias_summaries(&data, 0);
        assert!(aliases.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_function_summaries_truncated_record() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut data = vec![0x14, 0x00]; // function record start
        data.push(10); // name_len = 10, but only 2 bytes follow
        data.push(b'a');
        data.push(b'b');
        let summaries = thin.extract_function_summaries(&data, 0);
        // Should not panic; may parse nothing
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_extract_global_summaries_truncated_record() {
        let thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let mut data = vec![0x16, 0x00]; // global record start
        data.push(5); // name_len = 5
        data.push(b'g');
        // truncate before size field
        let summaries = thin.extract_global_summaries(&data, 0);
        // Should handle gracefully
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // COFF/Mach-O Plugin Handler Detailed Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_coff_plugin_ignores_non_lto_opts() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:ref");
        assert!(!plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:icf");
        assert!(!plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
        plugin.parse_coff_option("/opt:lldlto");
        assert!(plugin.coff_lto_enabled);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_macho_plugin_no_library_by_default() {
        let plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        assert_eq!(plugin.macho_lto_library, None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_macho_plugin_set_and_clear_library() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        plugin.set_macho_lto_library("/usr/local/lib/libLTO.dylib");
        assert_eq!(
            plugin.macho_lto_library,
            Some("/usr/local/lib/libLTO.dylib".to_string())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plugin_claim_invalid_bitcode_length() {
        let mut plugin = X86LTOPlugin::new();
        let req = PluginClaimRequest {
            file_path: "short.bc".to_string(),
            file_data: vec![b'B', b'C'], // too short for magic check
            file_descriptor: None,
            file_size: 2,
            symbol_table_offset: 0,
            symbol_count: 0,
        };
        assert_eq!(plugin.claim_file(&req), ClaimResult::NotClaimed);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Combined Index Query Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_combined_index_query_by_guid() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let guid = compute_guid_from_name("findme");
        let m = make_module_summary("find.o", &[("findme", 0)]);
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();
        assert!(ci.function_to_module.contains_key(&guid));
        assert_eq!(ci.function_to_module[&guid], 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_combined_index_call_graph_built() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        let callee_guid = compute_guid_from_name("callee");
        let caller_guid = compute_guid_from_name("caller");

        let m = ModuleSummaryIndex {
            module_hash: 1,
            module_path: "cg.o".to_string(),
            target_triple: "x86_64".to_string(),
            function_summaries: vec![
                FunctionSummary {
                    name: "caller".to_string(),
                    guid: caller_guid,
                    inst_count: 50,
                    call_count: 1,
                    callees: vec![callee_guid],
                    hotness: 200,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: true,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                },
                FunctionSummary {
                    name: "callee".to_string(),
                    guid: callee_guid,
                    inst_count: 30,
                    call_count: 0,
                    callees: vec![],
                    hotness: 100,
                    has_inline_asm: false,
                    has_varargs: false,
                    is_external: true,
                    is_entry_point: false,
                    is_local: false,
                    param_count: 0,
                    return_type: ReturnTypeClass::Void,
                    call_profile: vec![],
                    cfi_enabled: false,
                },
            ],
            global_summaries: vec![],
            vtable_summaries: vec![],
            alias_summaries: vec![],
            instruction_count: 80,
            is_thin_lto: true,
            pgo_profile_hash: None,
            flags: ModuleSummaryFlags::default(),
        };
        thin.build_combined_index(vec![m]);
        let ci = thin.get_combined_index().unwrap();
        assert!(ci.call_graph.contains_key(&caller_guid));
        assert_eq!(ci.call_graph[&caller_guid], vec![callee_guid]);
        assert!(ci.reverse_call_graph.contains_key(&callee_guid));
        assert_eq!(ci.reverse_call_graph[&callee_guid], vec![caller_guid]);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Hash Function Consistency Tests
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_guid_from_name_consistency() {
        let n1 = "std::vector<int, std::allocator<int>>::push_back";
        let n2 = "std::vector<int, std::allocator<int>>::push_back";
        assert_eq!(compute_guid_from_name(n1), compute_guid_from_name(n2));
        let n3 = "std::vector<double, std::allocator<double>>::push_back";
        assert_ne!(compute_guid_from_name(n1), compute_guid_from_name(n3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_fnv1a_64_known_vectors() {
        // FNV-1a of empty data
        let h_empty = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"");
        assert_eq!(h_empty, FNV64_OFFSET_BASIS);

        // FNV-1a of "hello" should be deterministic
        let h1 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"hello");
        let h2 = compute_fnv1a_64_full(b"hello");
        assert_eq!(h1, h2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_summary_hash_deterministic() {
        let h1 = compute_summary_hash(b"data_to_hash");
        let h2 = compute_summary_hash(b"data_to_hash");
        assert_eq!(h1, h2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hash_call_graph_edge_symmetry() {
        // hash(caller, callee) != hash(callee, caller) usually
        let e1 = hash_call_graph_edge(0xAAAA, 0xBBBB);
        let e2 = hash_call_graph_edge(0xBBBB, 0xAAAA);
        assert_ne!(e1, e2);
    }

    // ===================================================================
    // Stress: Many Iterations and Large Structures
    // ===================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_stress_iterate_many_import_cycles() {
        let mut thin = X86ThinLTOFull::new();
        for iteration in 0..10 {
            let m = make_module_summary(
                &format!("iter{}.o", iteration),
                &[(&format!("f{}", iteration), 0)],
            );
            thin.build_combined_index(vec![m]);
            thin.decide_imports();
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stress_many_dllexport_symbols() {
        let mut intern = X86LTOInternalization::new();
        let mut funcs = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..1000 {
            funcs.push((format!("sym_{}", i), 0u64));
        }
        let names: Vec<&str> = funcs.iter().map(|(n, _)| n.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let name_refs: Vec<(&str, u64)> = names.iter().map(|n| (*n, 0u64)).collect();
        let m = make_module_summary("many.o", &name_refs);
        let mut combined = CombinedIndex {
            modules: vec![m],
            function_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            global_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            vtable_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            alias_to_module: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            reverse_call_graph: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            export_guids: std::collections::HashSet::new(),
            total_functions: 1000,
            total_globals: 0,
        };
        for (mi, m) in combined.modules.iter().enumerate() {
            for f in &m.function_summaries {
                combined.function_to_module.insert(f.guid, mi);
            }
        }

        let dllexport: Vec<String> = (0..500).map(|i| format!("sym_{}", i)).collect();
        intern.compute_export_list(&combined, &std::collections::HashMap::new(), &dllexport);
        assert_eq!(intern.export_list.len(), 500);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_large_string_table_dedup() {
        let mut di = X86LTODebugInfo::new();
        for i in 0..500u64 {
            di.add_compile_unit(DwarfCompileUnitData {
                offset: i * 100,
                length: 100,
                version: 5,
                abbrev_offset: 0,
                address_size: 8,
                module_hash: i,
                comp_dir: format!("/build/v{}", i % 10),
                source_file: format!("source_{}.cpp", i),
                producer: if i % 2 == 0 { "clang++" } else { "g++" }.to_string(),
                low_pc: 0x1000 + i * 0x100,
                high_pc: 0x1100 + i * 0x100,
                line_table_data: vec![],
                range_list_data: vec![],
            });
        }
        di.set_merge_mode(LTODebugMergeMode::Full);
        di.merge_debug_info(&[]);
        // Only 10 unique comp_dir values + 2 unique producers
        assert_eq!(
            di.string_table
                .keys()
                .filter(|k| k.starts_with("/build"))
                .count(),
            10
        );
        assert!(di.string_table.contains_key("clang++"));
        assert!(di.string_table.contains_key("g++"));
    }
} // end tests module