hrx-rs 0.8.13

Owned native AMD GPU and NPU execution with Loom compilation
Documentation
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use super::graph::{Backend, NodeState, Operation, Prepared, Slot, Use};
use super::*;
#[cfg(feature = "npu")]
use crate::benchmark::percentile;
use std::{
    sync::{
        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
        mpsc,
    },
    time::Duration,
};
#[test]
#[ignore = "requires native GPU"]
fn allocation_stream_does_not_retain_released_tracked_storage() -> Result<()> {
    let manager = crate::residency::ResidencyManager::new(1024)?;
    let runtime = Runtime::with_options(RuntimeOptions {
        memory_budget: Some(manager.budget()),
        ..Default::default()
    })?;
    let buffer = runtime.allocate(1024, MemoryPlacement::GpuLocal)?;
    let native = buffer.storage.native.as_ref().unwrap().clone();
    assert_eq!(manager.statistics().reserved_bytes, 1024);
    drop(buffer);
    assert_eq!(manager.statistics().reserved_bytes, 0);
    assert!(
        native.exclusively_owned(),
        "released storage remains on the allocation stream"
    );
    Ok(())
}
#[test]
fn mapped_views_limit_bytes_but_reserve_the_whole_allocation() {
    let runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    let root = buffer(&runtime);
    let view = root.slice(7..19).unwrap();
    assert!(view.is_host_visible());
    let mut write = view.map_write().unwrap();
    write.fill(42);
    assert!(matches!(root.try_map_read(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    assert!(matches!(
        root.slice(32..48).unwrap().map_write(),
        Err(Error::Busy(_))
    ));
    drop(write);
    let read = view.map_read().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(&*read, &[42; 12]);
    assert!(matches!(root.try_map_write(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    drop(read);
    let read = root.map_read().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(&read[..7], &[0; 7]);
    assert_eq!(&read[7..19], &[42; 12]);
    assert!(read[19..].iter().all(|&v| v == 0));
}

pub(super) fn buffer(runtime: &Runtime) -> Buffer {
    // Storage owns the only handle and supplies the same leases as native memory.
    #[allow(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync)]
    let memory = Arc::new(std::cell::UnsafeCell::new([0u8; 256]));
    Buffer {
        storage: Arc::new(Storage {
            native: None,
            accounted: false,
            gpu: None,
            pointer: memory.get().cast::<u8>(),
            bytes: 256,
            shared: true,
            host: Mutex::new(HostState::default()),
            visibility: Mutex::new(Visibility::new()),
            runtime: runtime.inner.clone(),
            _test_memory: Some(memory),
            _reservation: None,
        }),
    }
}

#[test]
fn interval_frontiers_preserve_reference_order_and_compact_repeated_writes() {
    use std::collections::BTreeSet;
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let mut root = buffer(&runtime);
    Arc::get_mut(&mut root.storage).unwrap().shared = false;
    let mut random = 1234567u64;
    for _ in 0..if cfg!(miri) { 2 } else { 64 } {
        let mut frontier = dependencies::Frontier::default();
        let mut history: Vec<Vec<Use>> = Vec::new();
        let mut ancestors: Vec<BTreeSet<usize>> = Vec::new();
        for node in 0..if cfg!(miri) { 16 } else { 64 } {
            let mut uses = Vec::new();
            for _ in 0..2 {
                random = random.wrapping_mul(6364136223846793005).wrapping_add(1);
                let start = ((random >> 32) as usize % 16) * 8;
                let length = ((random >> 40) as usize % 16 + 1) * 8;
                let access =
                    [Access::Read, Access::Write, Access::ReadWrite][(random >> 48) as usize % 3];
                uses.push(Use {
                    view: root.slice(start..start + length).unwrap(),
                    access,
                });
            }
            let mut reach = BTreeSet::new();
            for previous in frontier.dependencies(node, &uses) {
                assert!(previous < node);
                reach.insert(previous);
                reach.extend(&ancestors[previous]);
            }
            for (previous, old) in history.iter().enumerate() {
                if old.iter().any(|a| uses.iter().any(|b| a.conflicts(b))) {
                    assert!(
                        reach.contains(&previous),
                        "lost conflict {previous} -> {node}"
                    );
                }
            }
            let summary = dependencies::summarize(uses.clone());
            for old in &history {
                assert_eq!(
                    dependencies::conflicts(&dependencies::summarize(old.clone()), &summary),
                    old.iter().any(|a| uses.iter().any(|b| a.conflicts(b)))
                );
            }
            ancestors.push(reach);
            history.push(uses);
        }
    }
    let mut frontier = dependencies::Frontier::default();
    let uses = vec![Use {
        view: root.view(),
        access: Access::Write,
    }];
    for node in 0..2048 {
        assert_eq!(
            frontier.dependencies(node, &uses),
            if node == 0 { vec![] } else { vec![node - 1] }
        );
    }
    assert_eq!(
        dependencies::summarize((0..2048).flat_map(|_| uses.clone())).len(),
        1
    );
}
pub(super) fn mock(
    runtime: &Runtime,
    engine: Engine,
    buffer: &Buffer,
    access: Access,
    action: impl Fn() -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
) -> ExecutableGraph {
    let uses = vec![Use {
        view: buffer.view(),
        access,
    }];
    ExecutableGraph {
        inner: Arc::new(Prepared {
            quarantined: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
            signals: (0..runtime.options.graph_slots)
                .map(|_| completion::Signal::new())
                .collect(),
            runtime: runtime.inner.clone(),
            parallel: false,
            operations: vec![Operation {
                lane: GpuLane::Compute,
                copy_bytes: 0,
                backend: Backend::Mock(engine, Arc::new(action)),
                uses: uses.clone(),
                dependencies: vec![],
            }],
            uses,
            slots: Mutex::new(
                (0..runtime.options.graph_slots)
                    .map(|_| Slot {
                        nodes: vec![NodeState::Pending],
                        occupied: false,
                        failure: None,
                    })
                    .collect(),
            ),
        }),
    }
}

#[test]
fn native_stages_share_compute_but_leave_transfer_lanes_available() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let compute = mock(
        &runtime,
        Engine::Gpu,
        &buffer(&runtime),
        Access::Write,
        || Ok(()),
    );
    let mut upload = mock(
        &runtime,
        Engine::Gpu,
        &buffer(&runtime),
        Access::Write,
        || Ok(()),
    );
    Arc::get_mut(&mut upload.inner).unwrap().operations[0].lane = GpuLane::Upload;
    // SAFETY: mock session and operations use no device resources.
    let mut native = unsafe { NativeSession::new(&runtime, (), |_| Ok(())) };
    let completion = unsafe {
        native.run(|_| {
            let completion = compute.submit().unwrap();
            upload.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
            assert!(
                !completion.is_complete(),
                "compute ran inside a native stage"
            );
            completion
        })
    }
    .unwrap();
    completion.wait().unwrap();
}

#[test]
fn native_stages_count_toward_submission_capacity() {
    let runtime = Runtime::with_options(RuntimeOptions {
        max_submissions: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    })
    .unwrap();
    let graph = mock(
        &runtime,
        Engine::Gpu,
        &buffer(&runtime),
        Access::Write,
        || Ok(()),
    );
    // SAFETY: no device work in this host-only fixture.
    let mut native = unsafe { NativeSession::new(&runtime, (), |_| Ok(())) };
    unsafe {
        native.run(|_| {
            assert!(matches!(graph.submit(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
            let runtime = runtime.clone();
            std::thread::spawn(move || {
                let mut other = NativeSession::new(&runtime, (), |_| panic!("unadmitted fence"));
                assert!(matches!(
                    other.run::<()>(|_| panic!("unadmitted stage")),
                    Err(Error::Busy(_))
                ));
            })
            .join()
            .unwrap();
        })
    }
    .unwrap();
    graph.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
}

#[test]
fn failed_dependency_does_not_poison_or_quarantine_untouched_output() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let output = buffer(&runtime);
    // This tests dependency propagation, not native failure quarantine (covered
    // separately). An already failed producer needs no deliberately leaked
    // native owner or worker threads, so the consumer remains testable in Miri.
    let signal = completion::Signal::new();
    signal.reset();
    signal.finish(Some(Arc::new(Error::DeviceLost("injected".into()))));
    let failure = Completion::new(signal, Arc::downgrade(&runtime.inner.core));
    let runs = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
    let seen = runs.clone();
    let consumer = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &output, Access::Write, move || {
        seen.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Ok(())
    });
    let dependent = consumer
        .submit_after(std::slice::from_ref(&failure))
        .unwrap();
    assert!(dependent.wait().is_err());
    assert_eq!(runs.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
    assert!(!consumer.inner.quarantined.load(Ordering::Acquire));
    drop(dependent);
    consumer.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(runs.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);
    assert!(output.map_read().is_ok());
}

pub(super) fn runtime_without_workers() -> Runtime {
    let options = RuntimeOptions::default();
    Runtime {
        inner: Arc::new(RuntimeOwner {
            core: Arc::new(Core::new(options.max_submissions)),
            workers: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
            gpu_index: options.gpu_index,
            copy_streams: std::array::from_fn(|_| Mutex::new(None)),
            allocation_stream: Mutex::new(None),
        }),
        options,
    }
}

#[test]
fn independent_gpu_lanes_can_run_together() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let (started, received) = mpsc::channel();
    let mut releases = Vec::new();
    let mut completions = Vec::new();
    for lane in [GpuLane::Upload, GpuLane::Compute, GpuLane::Download] {
        let storage = buffer(&runtime);
        let (release, released) = mpsc::channel();
        releases.push(release);
        let released = Mutex::new(released);
        let started = started.clone();
        let mut graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &storage, Access::Write, move || {
            started.send(lane).unwrap();
            released
                .lock()
                .unwrap()
                .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
                .map_err(|error| Error::Message(error.to_string()))?;
            Ok(())
        });
        Arc::get_mut(&mut graph.inner).unwrap().operations[0].lane = lane;
        completions.push(graph.submit().unwrap());
    }
    let observed = (0..3)
        .map(|_| received.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(3)))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    for release in releases {
        let _ = release.send(());
    }
    for completion in completions {
        completion.wait().unwrap();
    }
    assert!(
        observed.iter().all(|result| result.is_ok()),
        "lanes were serialized: {observed:?}"
    );
}

#[test]
fn gpu_lane_changes_preserve_conflicting_submission_order() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let storage = buffer(&runtime);
    let sequence = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
    let mut completions = Vec::new();
    for (index, lane) in [GpuLane::Upload, GpuLane::Compute, GpuLane::Download]
        .into_iter()
        .enumerate()
    {
        let sequence = sequence.clone();
        let mut graph = mock(
            &runtime,
            Engine::Gpu,
            &storage,
            Access::ReadWrite,
            move || {
                assert_eq!(sequence.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst), index);
                Ok(())
            },
        );
        Arc::get_mut(&mut graph.inner).unwrap().operations[0].lane = lane;
        completions.push(graph.submit().unwrap());
    }
    for completion in completions {
        completion.wait().unwrap();
    }
    assert_eq!(sequence.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 3);
}

#[test]
fn writer_waits_for_all_readers_completed_out_of_order() {
    let runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let reads = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Read, || Ok(()));
    let writes = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &buffer, Access::Write, || Ok(()));
    let first = reads.submit().unwrap();
    let second = reads.submit().unwrap();
    let writer = writes.submit().unwrap();
    let core = &runtime.inner.core;

    scheduler::help(core, &writer.signal);
    assert!(!writer.is_complete());
    // Read/read submissions may finish in either order, even from one graph.
    second.wait().unwrap();
    scheduler::help(core, &writer.signal);
    assert!(!writer.is_complete());
    first.wait().unwrap();
    writer.wait().unwrap();
    // Reusing slots must not retain dependency counts from an earlier run.
    drop((first, second, writer));
    writes.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
}

#[test]
fn cancelling_a_blocked_job_preserves_other_dependencies() {
    let runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    let shared = buffer(&runtime);
    let separate = buffer(&runtime);
    let writes = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &shared, Access::Write, || Ok(()));
    let cancelled = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &shared, Access::Write, || {
        panic!("cancelled work must not execute")
    });
    let reads = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &shared, Access::Read, || Ok(()));
    let independent = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &separate, Access::Write, || Ok(()));
    let first = writes.submit().unwrap();
    let middle = cancelled.submit().unwrap();
    let last = reads.submit().unwrap();
    let other = independent.submit().unwrap();
    let core = &runtime.inner.core;

    scheduler::help(core, &last.signal);
    assert!(!last.is_complete());
    middle.cancel();
    assert!(matches!(middle.wait(), Err(Error::Cancelled)));
    scheduler::help(core, &last.signal);
    assert!(!last.is_complete());
    other.wait().unwrap();
    first.wait().unwrap();
    last.wait().unwrap();
}

#[test]
fn aliases_and_host_guards_share_one_access_domain() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let alias = buffer.clone();
    let mut write = buffer.map_write().unwrap();
    write[0] = 7;
    assert!(matches!(alias.try_map_read(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    assert!(matches!(alias.try_map_write(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    let graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &alias, Access::Read, || Ok(()));
    assert!(matches!(graph.submit(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    drop(write);
    let read = alias.map_read().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(read[0], 7);
    let second = buffer.map_read().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(second[0], 7);
    graph.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
    assert!(matches!(buffer.try_map_write(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
}
#[test]
fn conflicts_order_across_submissions_and_detached_handles() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let value = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
    let (started_tx, started_rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let (release_tx, release_rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let release_rx = Mutex::new(release_rx);
    let writer_value = value.clone();
    let producer = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Write, move || {
        started_tx.send(()).unwrap();
        release_rx.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
        writer_value.store(42, Ordering::Release);
        Ok(())
    });
    let reader_value = value.clone();
    let consumer = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &buffer, Access::Read, move || {
        assert_eq!(reader_value.load(Ordering::Acquire), 42);
        Ok(())
    });
    drop(producer.submit().unwrap());
    started_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap();
    let done = consumer.submit().unwrap();
    assert!(!done.wait_timeout(Duration::from_millis(10)).unwrap());
    assert!(matches!(buffer.try_map_read(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
    drop(producer);
    release_tx.send(()).unwrap();
    assert!(done.wait_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap());
}
#[test]
fn independent_engines_progress_while_another_device_waits() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let a = buffer(&runtime);
    let b = buffer(&runtime);
    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let rx = Mutex::new(rx);
    let gpu = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &a, Access::Write, move || {
        rx.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
        Ok(())
    });
    let npu = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &b, Access::Write, || Ok(()));
    let first = gpu.submit().unwrap();
    let second = npu.submit().unwrap();
    assert!(second.wait_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2)).unwrap());
    assert!(!first.is_complete());
    tx.send(()).unwrap();
    first.wait().unwrap();
}
#[test]
fn independent_regions_in_one_graph_progress_with_a_host_waiter() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let a = buffer(&runtime);
    let b = buffer(&runtime);
    let (release_tx, release_rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let release_rx = Mutex::new(release_rx);
    let (ready_tx, ready_rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let mut graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &a, Access::Write, move || {
        release_rx.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
        Ok(())
    });
    let prepared = Arc::get_mut(&mut graph.inner).unwrap();
    prepared.parallel = true;
    let usage = Use {
        view: b.view(),
        access: Access::Write,
    };
    prepared.uses.push(usage.clone());
    prepared.operations.push(Operation {
        lane: GpuLane::Compute,
        copy_bytes: 0,
        dependencies: vec![],
        uses: vec![usage],
        backend: Backend::Mock(
            Engine::Npu,
            Arc::new(move || {
                ready_tx.send(()).unwrap();
                Ok(())
            }),
        ),
    });
    for slot in prepared.slots.get_mut().unwrap() {
        slot.nodes.push(NodeState::Pending);
    }
    let completion = graph.submit().unwrap();
    std::thread::scope(|scope| {
        let mapping = scope.spawn(|| {
            let guard = a.map_read().unwrap();
            assert_eq!(guard[0], 0);
        });
        let progressed = ready_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(2));
        release_tx.send(()).unwrap();
        completion.wait().unwrap();
        mapping.join().unwrap();
        assert!(progressed.is_ok(), "independent NPU region was stalled");
    });
}
#[test]
fn cancellation_drains_running_work_and_prevents_dependents() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(1);
    let rx = Mutex::new(rx);
    let producer = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Write, move || {
        rx.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();
        Ok(())
    });
    let calls = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
    let count = calls.clone();
    let consumer = mock(&runtime, Engine::Npu, &buffer, Access::Read, move || {
        count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Ok(())
    });
    let first = producer.submit().unwrap();
    let second = consumer.submit().unwrap();
    second.cancel();
    tx.send(()).unwrap();
    first.wait().unwrap();
    assert!(matches!(second.wait(), Err(Error::Cancelled)));
    assert_eq!(calls.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0);
}
#[test]
fn retained_observers_apply_bounded_backpressure() {
    let runtime = Runtime::with_options(RuntimeOptions {
        graph_slots: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    })
    .unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Read, || Ok(()));
    let done = graph.submit().unwrap();
    done.wait().unwrap();
    assert!(matches!(graph.submit(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
}
#[test]
fn view_bounds_and_writable_alias_contracts_are_rejected() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    assert!(buffer.slice(0..257).is_err());
    assert!(buffer.slice(128..256).unwrap().slice(0..129).is_err());
    let binding = BindingContract {
        bytes: 128,
        alignment: 4,
        access: Access::ReadWrite,
        layout: "bytes".into(),
    };
    let contract = KernelContract {
        bindings: vec![binding.clone(), binding],
        constants: vec![],
    };
    assert!(
        contract
            .check(&[buffer.view(), buffer.slice(0..128).unwrap()])
            .is_err()
    );
    assert!(
        contract
            .check(&[
                buffer.slice(0..128).unwrap(),
                buffer.slice(128..256).unwrap()
            ])
            .is_ok()
    );
}

#[test]
fn a_completed_single_slot_can_be_reused_immediately() {
    let runtime = Runtime::with_options(RuntimeOptions {
        graph_slots: 1,
        ..Default::default()
    })
    .unwrap();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    let graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Read, || Ok(()));
    for _ in 0..256 {
        graph.submit().unwrap().wait().unwrap();
    }
}

#[test]
#[cfg_attr(
    miri,
    ignore = "intentionally quarantines an uncertain native allocation"
)]
fn uncertain_failure_poison_is_shared_and_resources_are_quarantined() {
    let runtime = Runtime::new().unwrap();
    let manager = crate::residency::ResidencyManager::new(256).unwrap();
    let mut buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    Arc::get_mut(&mut buffer.storage).unwrap()._reservation =
        Some(manager.budget().reserve(256).unwrap());
    let weak = Arc::downgrade(&buffer.storage);
    let alias = buffer.clone();
    let graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Write, || {
        Err(crate::Error::Backend {
            backend: "test",
            operation: "partial submit",
            code: -2,
            message: "injected abort failure".into(),
        })
    });
    let completion = graph.submit().unwrap();
    assert!(matches!(
        completion.wait(),
        Err(crate::Error::Execution { .. })
    ));
    assert!(matches!(
        alias.try_map_read(),
        Err(crate::Error::DeviceLost(_))
    ));
    assert!(matches!(graph.submit(), Err(crate::Error::DeviceLost(_))));
    drop(completion);
    drop(graph);
    drop(alias);
    drop(buffer);
    drop(runtime);
    assert!(weak.upgrade().is_some());
    assert_eq!(manager.statistics().reserved_bytes, 256);
    assert!(manager.budget().reserve(1).is_err());
}

#[test]
#[cfg(feature = "npu")]
#[ignore = "requires XDNA2, shared ABI 1 and HRX_TEST_NPU_DIR; prints paired backend baseline"]
fn heterogeneous_latency_against_direct_backend() -> Result<()> {
    use std::time::Instant;
    let runtime = Runtime::new()?;
    let program = runtime.npu(0)?;
    let artifact = crate::loom::Compiler::for_target(None, program.target())?
        .module(include_str!("../../tests/kernels/copy.xdna.loom"))
        .compile(&crate::loom::Specialization::new("copy").with_config("copy.packets", "256"))?;
    let bytes = 1 << 20;
    let binding = |bytes, access| BindingContract {
        bytes,
        alignment: 4,
        access,
        layout: "passthrough".into(),
    };
    let kernel = unsafe {
        program.load_artifact(
            &artifact,
            1,
            KernelContract {
                bindings: vec![binding(bytes, Access::Read), binding(bytes, Access::Write)],
                constants: vec![],
            },
        )
    }?;
    let a = runtime.allocate(bytes, MemoryPlacement::Shared(program.clone()))?;
    let c = runtime.allocate(bytes, MemoryPlacement::Shared(program.clone()))?;
    let mut graph = runtime.graph();
    graph.fill(a.view(), 0x3d)?;
    graph.npu(&kernel, &[a.view(), c.view()])?;
    let graph = graph.prepare()?;
    let direct = || -> Result<()> {
        for operation in &graph.inner.operations {
            operation.run()?;
        }
        Ok(())
    };
    for _ in 0..10 {
        graph.submit()?.wait()?;
        direct()?;
    }
    let mut scheduled = Vec::with_capacity(100);
    let mut baseline = Vec::with_capacity(100);
    let before = runtime.statistics();
    for iteration in 0..100 {
        if iteration % 2 == 0 {
            let start = Instant::now();
            direct()?;
            baseline.push(start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
            let start = Instant::now();
            graph.submit()?.wait()?;
            scheduled.push(start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
        } else {
            let start = Instant::now();
            graph.submit()?.wait()?;
            scheduled.push(start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
            let start = Instant::now();
            direct()?;
            baseline.push(start.elapsed().as_secs_f64());
        }
    }
    baseline.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
    scheduled.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
    let after = runtime.statistics();
    assert_eq!(before.allocations, after.allocations);
    assert_eq!(before.imports, after.imports);
    assert_eq!(after.copied_bytes, 0);
    assert!(c.map_read()?.iter().all(|&b| b == 0x3d));
    println!(
        "paired_direct_p50_us={:.3} scheduled_p50_us={:.3} ratio={:.3} scheduled_p95_us={:.3}",
        percentile(&baseline, 50) * 1e6,
        percentile(&scheduled, 50) * 1e6,
        percentile(&scheduled, 50) / percentile(&baseline, 50),
        percentile(&scheduled, 95) * 1e6
    );
    Ok(())
}

#[test]
fn host_sync_releases_scheduler_lock_and_rolls_back_failed_leases() {
    // This test exercises lease acquisition, not device execution. No workers
    // can contend for the lock, so try_lock directly detects a retained lock.
    let runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    let buffer = buffer(&runtime);
    for write in [false, true] {
        let result = buffer.acquire_with(write, false, || {
            assert!(runtime.inner.core.state.try_lock().is_ok());
            let graph = mock(&runtime, Engine::Gpu, &buffer, Access::Write, || Ok(()));
            assert!(matches!(graph.submit(), Err(Error::Busy(_))));
            Err(Error::Message("injected sync failure".into()))
        });
        assert!(result.is_err());
        // Neither a failed reader nor a failed writer leaves a phantom lease.
        drop(buffer.try_map_write().unwrap());
    }
}

#[test]
fn cache_transitions_flush_host_writes_for_both_devices() {
    for (producer, consumer, to_device) in [
        (Engine::Host, Engine::Gpu, true),
        (Engine::Host, Engine::Npu, true),
        (Engine::Gpu, Engine::Host, false),
        (Engine::Gpu, Engine::Npu, true),
        (Engine::Npu, Engine::Host, false),
        (Engine::Npu, Engine::Gpu, false),
    ] {
        let mut visibility = Visibility::new();
        visibility.wrote(producer);
        assert!(!visibility.visible[consumer as usize]);
        assert_eq!(visibility.sync_to_device(consumer), to_device);
    }
}

#[test]
fn completion_releases_submission_owners_before_waking_observers() {
    use std::{
        future::Future,
        pin::Pin,
        sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
        task::{Context, Wake, Waker},
    };
    struct Owner(Arc<AtomicBool>);
    impl Drop for Owner {
        fn drop(&mut self) {
            self.0.store(true, Ordering::Release);
        }
    }
    struct Observer {
        released: Arc<AtomicBool>,
        observed: AtomicBool,
    }
    impl Wake for Observer {
        fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
            self.observed
                .store(self.released.load(Ordering::Acquire), Ordering::Release);
        }
    }
    let runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    let released = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
    let owner = Owner(released.clone());
    let graph = mock(
        &runtime,
        Engine::Gpu,
        &buffer(&runtime),
        Access::Read,
        move || {
            let _retained = &owner;
            Ok(())
        },
    );
    let mut completion = graph.submit().unwrap();
    drop(graph);
    let observer = Arc::new(Observer {
        released,
        observed: AtomicBool::new(false),
    });
    let waker = Waker::from(observer.clone());
    assert!(
        Pin::new(&mut completion)
            .poll(&mut Context::from_waker(&waker))
            .is_pending()
    );
    completion.wait().unwrap();
    assert!(
        observer.observed.load(Ordering::Acquire),
        "completion woke its observer before releasing the submission owner"
    );
}

#[test]
fn completion_waker_can_drop_its_observer_and_reuse_the_only_graph_slot() {
    use std::{
        future::Future,
        pin::Pin,
        task::{Context, Wake, Waker},
    };
    struct Resubmit {
        graph: ExecutableGraph,
        prior: Mutex<Option<Completion>>,
        next: Mutex<Option<Result<Completion>>>,
    }
    impl Wake for Resubmit {
        fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
            drop(self.prior.lock().unwrap().take());
            *self.next.lock().unwrap() = Some(self.graph.submit());
        }
    }
    let mut runtime = runtime_without_workers();
    runtime.options.graph_slots = 1;
    runtime.inner.core.state.lock().unwrap().capacity = 1;
    let graph = mock(
        &runtime,
        Engine::Gpu,
        &buffer(&runtime),
        Access::Read,
        || Ok(()),
    );
    let completion = graph.submit().unwrap();
    let signal = completion.signal.clone();
    let observer = Arc::new(Resubmit {
        graph,
        prior: Mutex::new(Some(completion)),
        next: Mutex::new(None),
    });
    let waker = Waker::from(observer.clone());
    assert!(
        Pin::new(observer.prior.lock().unwrap().as_mut().unwrap())
            .poll(&mut Context::from_waker(&waker))
            .is_pending()
    );
    scheduler::help(&runtime.inner.core, &signal);
    observer
        .next
        .lock()
        .unwrap()
        .take()
        .unwrap()
        .unwrap()
        .wait()
        .unwrap();
}