Struct systemd_unit::unit::Unit

pub struct Unit {
    pub name: String,
    pub description: Option<String>,
    pub documentation: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub wants: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub requires: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub requisite: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub binds_to: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub part_of: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub conflicts: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub before: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub after: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub on_failure: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub propagates_reload_to: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub joins_namespace_of: Option<Vec<String>>,
    pub requires_mounts_for: Option<Vec<PathBuf>>,
    pub on_failure_job_mode: Option<OnFailureJobMode>,
    pub ignore_on_isolate: Option<bool>,
    pub stop_when_unneeded: Option<bool>,
    pub refuse_manual_start: Option<bool>,
    pub refuse_manual_stop: Option<bool>,
    pub allow_isolate: Option<bool>,
    pub default_dependencies: Option<bool>,
    pub collect_mode: Option<CollectMode>,
    pub failure_action: Option<Action>,
    pub success_action: Option<Action>,
    pub failure_action_exit_status: Option<u8>,
    pub success_action_exit_status: Option<u8>,
    pub job_timeout_sec: Option<i64>,
    pub job_running_timeout_sec: Option<i64>,
    pub job_timeout_action: Option<Action>,
    pub job_timeout_reboot_argument: Option<String>,
    pub start_limit_interval_sec: Option<i64>,
    pub start_limit_burst: Option<i64>,
    pub start_limit_action: Option<Action>,
    pub reboot_argument: Option<String>,
    pub source_path: Option<PathBuf>,
}

systemd.unit — Unit configuration

Information below from: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.unit.html

Synopsis

service.service, socket.socket, device.device, mount.mount, automount.automount, swap.swap, target.target, path.path, timer.timer, slice.slice, scope.scope System Unit Search Path

/etc/systemd/system.control/* /run/systemd/system.control/* /run/systemd/transient/* /run/systemd/generator.early/* /etc/systemd/system/* /etc/systemd/systemd.attached/* /run/systemd/system/* /run/systemd/systemd.attached/* /run/systemd/generator/* … /usr/lib/systemd/system/* /run/systemd/generator.late/* User Unit Search Path

~/.config/systemd/user.control/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user.control/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/transient/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.early/* $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user/* $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/systemd/user/* /etc/systemd/user/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/* /run/systemd/user/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator/* $XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user/* $XDG_DATA_DIRS/systemd/user/* … /usr/lib/systemd/user/* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.late/* Description

A unit file is a plain text ini-style file that encodes information about a service, a socket, a device, a mount point, an automount point, a swap file or partition, a start-up target, a watched file system path, a timer controlled and supervised by systemd(1), a resource management slice or a group of externally created processes. See systemd.syntax(7) for a general description of the syntax.

This man page lists the common configuration options of all the unit types. These options need to be configured in the Unit or [Install] sections of the unit files.

In addition to the generic Unit and [Install] sections described here, each unit may have a type-specific section, e.g. [Service] for a service unit. See the respective man pages for more information: systemd.service(5), systemd.socket(5), systemd.device(5), systemd.mount(5), systemd.automount(5), systemd.swap(5), systemd.target(5), systemd.path(5), systemd.timer(5), systemd.slice(5), systemd.scope(5).

Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during compilation, described in the next section.

Valid unit names consist of a “name prefix” and a dot and a suffix specifying the unit type. The “unit prefix” must consist of one or more valid characters (ASCII letters, digits, “:”, “-”, “_”, “.”, and “"). The total length of the unit name including the suffix must not exceed 256 characters. The type suffix must be one of “.service”, “.socket”, “.device”, “.mount”, “.automount”, “.swap”, “.target”, “.path”, “.timer”, “.slice”, or “.scope”.

Units names can be parameterized by a single argument called the “instance name”. The unit is then constructed based on a “template file” which serves as the definition of multiple services or other units. A template unit must have a single “@” at the end of the name (right before the type suffix). The name of the full unit is formed by inserting the instance name between “@” and the unit type suffix. In the unit file itself, the instance parameter may be referred to using “%i” and other specifiers, see below.

Unit files may contain additional options on top of those listed here. If systemd encounters an unknown option, it will write a warning log message but continue loading the unit. If an option or section name is prefixed with X-, it is ignored completely by systemd. Options within an ignored section do not need the prefix. Applications may use this to include additional information in the unit files.

Units can be aliased (have an alternative name), by creating a symlink from the new name to the existing name in one of the unit search paths. For example, systemd-networkd.service has the alias dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service, created during installation as a symlink, so when systemd is asked through D-Bus to load dbus-org.freedesktop.network1.service, it’ll load systemd-networkd.service. As another example, default.target — the default system target started at boot — is commonly symlinked (aliased) to either multi-user.target or graphical.target to select what is started by default. Alias names may be used in commands like disable, start, stop, status, and similar, and in all unit dependency directives, including Wants=, Requires=, Before=, After=. Aliases cannot be used with the preset command.

Aliases obey the following restrictions: a unit of a certain type (“.service”, “.socket”, …) can only be aliased by a name with the same type suffix. A plain unit (not a template or an instance), may only be aliased by a plain name. A template instance may only be aliased by another template instance, and the instance part must be identical. A template may be aliased by another template (in which case the alias applies to all instances of the template). As a special case, a template instance (e.g. “alias@inst.service”) may be a symlink to different template (e.g. “template@inst.service”). In that case, just this specific instance is aliased, while other instances of the template (e.g. “alias@foo.service”, “alias@bar.service”) are not aliased. Those rule preserve the requirement that the instance (if any) is always uniquely defined for a given unit and all its aliases.

Unit files may specify aliases through the Alias= directive in the [Install] section. When the unit is enabled, symlinks will be created for those names, and removed when the unit is disabled. For example, reboot.target specifies Alias=ctrl-alt-del.target, so when enabled, the symlink /etc/systemd/systemd/ctrl-alt-del.service pointing to the reboot.target file will be created, and when Ctrl+Alt+Del is invoked, systemd will look for the ctrl-alt-del.service and execute reboot.service. systemd does not look at the [Install] section at all during normal operation, so any directives in that section only have an effect through the symlinks created during enablement.

Along with a unit file foo.service, the directory foo.service.wants/ may exist. All unit files symlinked from such a directory are implicitly added as dependencies of type Wants= to the unit. Similar functionality exists for Requires= type dependencies as well, the directory suffix is .requires/ in this case. This functionality is useful to hook units into the start-up of other units, without having to modify their unit files. For details about the semantics of Wants=, see below. The preferred way to create symlinks in the .wants/ or .requires/ directory of a unit file is by embedding the dependency in [Install] section of the target unit, and creating the symlink in the file system with the enable or preset commands of systemctl(1).

Along with a unit file foo.service, a “drop-in” directory foo.service.d/ may exist. All files with the suffix “.conf” from this directory will be parsed after the unit file itself is parsed. This is useful to alter or add configuration settings for a unit, without having to modify unit files. Drop-in files must contain appropriate section headers. For instantiated units, this logic will first look for the instance “.d/” subdirectory (e.g. “foo@bar.service.d/”) and read its “.conf” files, followed by the template “.d/” subdirectory (e.g. “foo@.service.d/”) and the “.conf” files there. Moreover for units names containing dashes (“-”), the set of directories generated by truncating the unit name after all dashes is searched too. Specifically, for a unit name foo-bar-baz.service not only the regular drop-in directory foo-bar-baz.service.d/ is searched but also both foo-bar-.service.d/ and foo-.service.d/. This is useful for defining common drop-ins for a set of related units, whose names begin with a common prefix. This scheme is particularly useful for mount, automount and slice units, whose systematic naming structure is built around dashes as component separators. Note that equally named drop-in files further down the prefix hierarchy override those further up, i.e. foo-bar-.service.d/10-override.conf overrides foo-.service.d/10-override.conf.

In cases of unit aliases (described above), dropins for the aliased name and all aliases are loaded. In the example of default.target aliasing graphical.target, default.target.d/, default.target.wants/, default.target.requires/, graphical.target.d/, graphical.target.wants/, graphical.target.requires/ would all be read. For templates, dropins for the template, any template aliases, the template instance, and all alias instances are read. When just a specific template instance is aliased, then the dropins for the target template, the target template instance, and the alias template instance are read.

In addition to /etc/systemd/system, the drop-in “.d/” directories for system services can be placed in /usr/lib/systemd/system or /run/systemd/system directories. Drop-in files in /etc/ take precedence over those in /run/ which in turn take precedence over those in /usr/lib/. Drop-in files under any of these directories take precedence over unit files wherever located. Multiple drop-in files with different names are applied in lexicographic order, regardless of which of the directories they reside in.

Units also support a top-level drop-in with type.d/, where type may be e.g. “service” or “socket”, that allows altering or adding to the settings of all corresponding unit files on the system. The formatting and precedence of applying drop-in configurations follow what is defined above. Configurations in type.d/ have the lowest precedence compared to settings in the name specific override directories. So the contents of foo-.service.d/10-override.conf would override service.d/10-override.conf.

Note that while systemd offers a flexible dependency system between units it is recommended to use this functionality only sparingly and instead rely on techniques such as bus-based or socket-based activation which make dependencies implicit, resulting in a both simpler and more flexible system.

As mentioned above, a unit may be instantiated from a template file. This allows creation of multiple units from a single configuration file. If systemd looks for a unit configuration file, it will first search for the literal unit name in the file system. If that yields no success and the unit name contains an “@” character, systemd will look for a unit template that shares the same name but with the instance string (i.e. the part between the “@” character and the suffix) removed. Example: if a service getty@tty3.service is requested and no file by that name is found, systemd will look for getty@.service and instantiate a service from that configuration file if it is found. To refer to the instance string from within the configuration file you may use the special “%i” specifier in many of the configuration options. See below for details.

If a unit file is empty (i.e. has the file size 0) or is symlinked to /dev/null, its configuration will not be loaded and it appears with a load state of “masked”, and cannot be activated. Use this as an effective way to fully disable a unit, making it impossible to start it even manually.

The unit file format is covered by the Interface Portability and Stability Promise. String Escaping for Inclusion in Unit Names

Sometimes it is useful to convert arbitrary strings into unit names. To facilitate this, a method of string escaping is used, in order to map strings containing arbitrary byte values (except NUL) into valid unit names and their restricted character set. A common special case are unit names that reflect paths to objects in the file system hierarchy. Example: a device unit dev-sda.device refers to a device with the device node /dev/sda in the file system.

The escaping algorithm operates as follows: given a string, any “/” character is replaced by “-”, and all other characters which are not ASCII alphanumerics or “_” are replaced by C-style “\x2d” escapes. In addition, “.” is replaced with such a C-style escape when it would appear as the first character in the escaped string.

When the input qualifies as absolute file system path, this algorithm is extended slightly: the path to the root directory “/” is encoded as single dash “-”. In addition, any leading, trailing or duplicate “/” characters are removed from the string before transformation. Example: /foo//bar/baz/ becomes “foo-bar-baz”.

This escaping is fully reversible, as long as it is known whether the escaped string was a path (the unescaping results are different for paths and non-path strings). The systemd-escape(1) command may be used to apply and reverse escaping on arbitrary strings. Use systemd-escape –path to escape path strings, and systemd-escape without –path otherwise. Automatic dependencies Implicit Dependencies

A number of unit dependencies are implicitly established, depending on unit type and unit configuration. These implicit dependencies can make unit configuration file cleaner. For the implicit dependencies in each unit type, please refer to section “Implicit Dependencies” in respective man pages.

For example, service units with Type=dbus automatically acquire dependencies of type Requires= and After= on dbus.socket. See systemd.service(5) for details. Default Dependencies

Default dependencies are similar to implicit dependencies, but can be turned on and off by setting DefaultDependencies= to yes (the default) and no, while implicit dependencies are always in effect. See section “Default Dependencies” in respective man pages for the effect of enabling DefaultDependencies= in each unit types.

For example, target units will complement all configured dependencies of type Wants= or Requires= with dependencies of type After= unless DefaultDependencies=no is set in the specified units. See systemd.target(5) for details. Note that this behavior can be turned off by setting DefaultDependencies=no. Unit File Load Path

Unit files are loaded from a set of paths determined during compilation, described in the two tables below. Unit files found in directories listed earlier override files with the same name in directories lower in the list.

When the variable $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH is set, the contents of this variable overrides the unit load path. If $SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH ends with an empty component (“:”), the usual unit load path will be appended to the contents of the variable.

Table 1. Load path when running in system mode (–system). Path Description /etc/systemd/system.control Persistent and transient configuration created using the dbus API /run/systemd/system.control /run/systemd/transient Dynamic configuration for transient units /run/systemd/generator.early Generated units with high priority (see early-dir in systemd.generator(7)) /etc/systemd/system System units created by the administrator /run/systemd/system Runtime units /run/systemd/generator Generated units with medium priority (see normal-dir in systemd.generator(7)) /usr/local/lib/systemd/system System units installed by the administrator /usr/lib/systemd/system System units installed by the distribution package manager /run/systemd/generator.late Generated units with low priority (see late-dir in systemd.generator(7))

Table 2. Load path when running in user mode (–user). Path Description $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user.control or ~/.config/systemd/user.control Persistent and transient configuration created using the dbus API ($XDG_CONFIG_HOME is used if set, ~/.config otherwise) $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user.control /run/systemd/transient Dynamic configuration for transient units /run/systemd/generator.early Generated units with high priority (see early-dir in systemd.generator(7)) $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user or $HOME/.config/systemd/user User configuration ($XDG_CONFIG_HOME is used if set, ~/.config otherwise) $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS/systemd/user or /etc/xdg/systemd/user Additional configuration directories as specified by the XDG base directory specification ($XDG_CONFIG_DIRS is used if set, /etc/xdg otherwise) /etc/systemd/user User units created by the administrator $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user Runtime units (only used when $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set) /run/systemd/user Runtime units $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator Generated units with medium priority (see normal-dir in systemd.generator(7)) $XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user or $HOME/.local/share/systemd/user Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory ($XDG_DATA_HOME is used if set, ~/.local/share otherwise) $XDG_DATA_DIRS/systemd/user or /usr/local/share/systemd/user and /usr/share/systemd/user Additional data directories as specified by the XDG base directory specification ($XDG_DATA_DIRS is used if set, /usr/local/share and /usr/share otherwise) $dir/systemd/user for each $dir in $XDG_DATA_DIRS Additional locations for installed user units, one for each entry in $XDG_DATA_DIRS /usr/local/lib/systemd/user User units installed by the administrator /usr/lib/systemd/user User units installed by the distribution package manager $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/generator.late Generated units with low priority (see late-dir in systemd.generator(7))

The set of load paths for the user manager instance may be augmented or changed using various environment variables. And environment variables may in turn be set using environment generators, see systemd.environment-generator(7). In particular, $XDG_DATA_HOME and $XDG_DATA_DIRS may be easily set using systemd-environment-d-generator(8). Thus, directories listed here are just the defaults. To see the actual list that would be used based on compilation options and current environment use

systemd-analyze –user unit-paths

Moreover, additional units might be loaded into systemd from directories not on the unit load path by creating a symlink pointing to a unit file in the directories. You can use systemctl link for this operation. See systemctl(1) for its usage and precaution. Unit Garbage Collection

The system and service manager loads a unit’s configuration automatically when a unit is referenced for the first time. It will automatically unload the unit configuration and state again when the unit is not needed anymore (“garbage collection”). A unit may be referenced through a number of different mechanisms:

• Another loaded unit references it with a dependency such as After=, Wants=, …

• The unit is currently starting, running, reloading or stopping.

• The unit is currently in the failed state. (But see below.)

• A job for the unit is pending.

• The unit is pinned by an active IPC client program.

• The unit is a special “perpetual” unit that is always active and loaded. Examples for perpetual units are the root mount unit -.mount or the scope unit init.scope that the service manager itself lives in.

• The unit has running processes associated with it.

The garbage collection logic may be altered with the CollectMode= option, which allows configuration whether automatic unloading of units that are in failed state is permissible, see below.

Note that when a unit’s configuration and state is unloaded, all execution results, such as exit codes, exit signals, resource consumption and other statistics are lost, except for what is stored in the log subsystem.

Use systemctl daemon-reload or an equivalent command to reload unit configuration while the unit is already loaded. In this case all configuration settings are flushed out and replaced with the new configuration (which however might not be in effect immediately), however all runtime state is saved/restored.

TODO: Add the conditions as well, from the link above. TODO: ADd the [Install] section.

Fields

name: String

The logical name of the unit, as the file would be named.

description: Option<String>

Description= A human readable name for the unit. This is used by systemd (and other UIs) as the label for the unit, so this string should identify the unit rather than describe it, despite the name. “Apache2 Web Server” is a good example. Bad examples are “high-performance light-weight HTTP server” (too generic) or “Apache2” (too specific and meaningless for people who do not know Apache). systemd will use this string as a noun in status messages (“Starting description…”, “Started description.”, “Reached target description.”, “Failed to start description.”), so it should be capitalized, and should not be a full sentence or a phrase with a continuous verb. Bad examples include “exiting the container” or “updating the database once per day.”.

documentation: Option<Vec<String>>

Documentation= A space-separated list of URIs referencing documentation for this unit or its configuration. Accepted are only URIs of the types “http://”, “https://”, “file:”, “info:”, “man:”. For more information about the syntax of these URIs, see uri(7). The URIs should be listed in order of relevance, starting with the most relevant. It is a good idea to first reference documentation that explains what the unit’s purpose is, followed by how it is configured, followed by any other related documentation. This option may be specified more than once, in which case the specified list of URIs is merged. If the empty string is assigned to this option, the list is reset and all prior assignments will have no effect.

wants: Option<Vec<String>>

Wants= Configures (weak) requirement dependencies on other units. This option may be specified more than once or multiple space-separated units may be specified in one option in which case dependencies for all listed names will be created. Dependencies of this type may also be configured outside of the unit configuration file by adding a symlink to a .wants/ directory accompanying the unit file. For details, see above.

Units listed in this option will be started if the configuring unit is. However, if the listed units fail to start or cannot be added to the transaction, this has no impact on the validity of the transaction as a whole, and this unit will still be started. This is the recommended way to hook the start-up of one unit to the start-up of another unit.

Note that requirement dependencies do not influence the order in which services are started or stopped. This has to be configured independently with the After= or Before= options. If unit foo.service pulls in unit bar.service as configured with Wants= and no ordering is configured with After= or Before=, then both units will be started simultaneously and without any delay between them if foo.service is activated.

requires: Option<Vec<String>>

Requires= Similar to Wants=, but declares a stronger requirement dependency. Dependencies of this type may also be configured by adding a symlink to a .requires/ directory accompanying the unit file.

If this unit gets activated, the units listed will be activated as well. If one of the other units fails to activate, and an ordering dependency After= on the failing unit is set, this unit will not be started. Besides, with or without specifying After=, this unit will be stopped if one of the other units is explicitly stopped.

Often, it is a better choice to use Wants= instead of Requires= in order to achieve a system that is more robust when dealing with failing services.

Note that this dependency type does not imply that the other unit always has to be in active state when this unit is running. Specifically: failing condition checks (such as ConditionPathExists=, ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=, … — see below) do not cause the start job of a unit with a Requires= dependency on it to fail. Also, some unit types may deactivate on their own (for example, a service process may decide to exit cleanly, or a device may be unplugged by the user), which is not propagated to units having a Requires= dependency. Use the BindsTo= dependency type together with After= to ensure that a unit may never be in active state without a specific other unit also in active state (see below).

requisite: Option<Vec<String>>

Requisite= Similar to Requires=. However, if the units listed here are not started already, they will not be started and the starting of this unit will fail immediately. Requisite= does not imply an ordering dependency, even if both units are started in the same transaction. Hence this setting should usually be combined with After=, to ensure this unit is not started before the other unit.

When Requisite=b.service is used on a.service, this dependency will show as RequisiteOf=a.service in property listing of b.service. RequisiteOf= dependency cannot be specified directly.

binds_to: Option<Vec<String>>

BindsTo= Configures requirement dependencies, very similar in style to Requires=. However, this dependency type is stronger: in addition to the effect of Requires= it declares that if the unit bound to is stopped, this unit will be stopped too. This means a unit bound to another unit that suddenly enters inactive state will be stopped too. Units can suddenly, unexpectedly enter inactive state for different reasons: the main process of a service unit might terminate on its own choice, the backing device of a device unit might be unplugged or the mount point of a mount unit might be unmounted without involvement of the system and service manager.

When used in conjunction with After= on the same unit the behaviour of BindsTo= is even stronger. In this case, the unit bound to strictly has to be in active state for this unit to also be in active state. This not only means a unit bound to another unit that suddenly enters inactive state, but also one that is bound to another unit that gets skipped due to a failed condition check (such as ConditionPathExists=, ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=, … — see below) will be stopped, should it be running. Hence, in many cases it is best to combine BindsTo= with After=.

When BindsTo=b.service is used on a.service, this dependency will show as BoundBy=a.service in property listing of b.service. BoundBy= dependency cannot be specified directly.

part_of: Option<Vec<String>>

PartOf= Configures dependencies similar to Requires=, but limited to stopping and restarting of units. When systemd stops or restarts the units listed here, the action is propagated to this unit. Note that this is a one-way dependency — changes to this unit do not affect the listed units.

When PartOf=b.service is used on a.service, this dependency will show as ConsistsOf=a.service in property listing of b.service. ConsistsOf= dependency cannot be specified directly.

conflicts: Option<Vec<String>>

Conflicts= A space-separated list of unit names. Configures negative requirement dependencies. If a unit has a Conflicts= setting on another unit, starting the former will stop the latter and vice versa.

Note that this setting does not imply an ordering dependency, similarly to the Wants= and Requires= dependencies described above. This means that to ensure that the conflicting unit is stopped before the other unit is started, an After= or Before= dependency must be declared. It doesn’t matter which of the two ordering dependencies is used, because stop jobs are always ordered before start jobs, see the discussion in Before=/After= below.

If unit A that conflicts with unit B is scheduled to be started at the same time as B, the transaction will either fail (in case both are required parts of the transaction) or be modified to be fixed (in case one or both jobs are not a required part of the transaction). In the latter case, the job that is not required will be removed, or in case both are not required, the unit that conflicts will be started and the unit that is conflicted is stopped.

before: Option<Vec<String>>

Before=, After= These two settings expect a space-separated list of unit names. They may be specified more than once, in which case dependencies for all listed names are created.

Those two settings configure ordering dependencies between units. If unit foo.service contains the setting Before=bar.service and both units are being started, bar.service’s start-up is delayed until foo.service has finished starting up. After= is the inverse of Before=, i.e. while Before= ensures that the configured unit is started before the listed unit begins starting up, After= ensures the opposite, that the listed unit is fully started up before the configured unit is started.

When two units with an ordering dependency between them are shut down, the inverse of the start-up order is applied. I.e. if a unit is configured with After= on another unit, the former is stopped before the latter if both are shut down. Given two units with any ordering dependency between them, if one unit is shut down and the other is started up, the shutdown is ordered before the start-up. It doesn’t matter if the ordering dependency is After= or Before=, in this case. It also doesn’t matter which of the two is shut down, as long as one is shut down and the other is started up; the shutdown is ordered before the start-up in all cases. If two units have no ordering dependencies between them, they are shut down or started up simultaneously, and no ordering takes place. It depends on the unit type when precisely a unit has finished starting up. Most importantly, for service units start-up is considered completed for the purpose of Before=/After= when all its configured start-up commands have been invoked and they either failed or reported start-up success. Note that this does includes ExecStartPost= (or ExecStopPost= for the shutdown case).

Note that those settings are independent of and orthogonal to the requirement dependencies as configured by Requires=, Wants=, Requisite=, or BindsTo=. It is a common pattern to include a unit name in both the After= and Wants= options, in which case the unit listed will be started before the unit that is configured with these options.

Note that Before= dependencies on device units have no effect and are not supported. Devices generally become available as a result of an external hotplug event, and systemd creates the corresponding device unit without delay.

after: Option<Vec<String>>

Before=, After= These two settings expect a space-separated list of unit names. They may be specified more than once, in which case dependencies for all listed names are created.

Those two settings configure ordering dependencies between units. If unit foo.service contains the setting Before=bar.service and both units are being started, bar.service’s start-up is delayed until foo.service has finished starting up. After= is the inverse of Before=, i.e. while Before= ensures that the configured unit is started before the listed unit begins starting up, After= ensures the opposite, that the listed unit is fully started up before the configured unit is started.

When two units with an ordering dependency between them are shut down, the inverse of the start-up order is applied. I.e. if a unit is configured with After= on another unit, the former is stopped before the latter if both are shut down. Given two units with any ordering dependency between them, if one unit is shut down and the other is started up, the shutdown is ordered before the start-up. It doesn’t matter if the ordering dependency is After= or Before=, in this case. It also doesn’t matter which of the two is shut down, as long as one is shut down and the other is started up; the shutdown is ordered before the start-up in all cases. If two units have no ordering dependencies between them, they are shut down or started up simultaneously, and no ordering takes place. It depends on the unit type when precisely a unit has finished starting up. Most importantly, for service units start-up is considered completed for the purpose of Before=/After= when all its configured start-up commands have been invoked and they either failed or reported start-up success. Note that this does includes ExecStartPost= (or ExecStopPost= for the shutdown case).

Note that those settings are independent of and orthogonal to the requirement dependencies as configured by Requires=, Wants=, Requisite=, or BindsTo=. It is a common pattern to include a unit name in both the After= and Wants= options, in which case the unit listed will be started before the unit that is configured with these options.

Note that Before= dependencies on device units have no effect and are not supported. Devices generally become available as a result of an external hotplug event, and systemd creates the corresponding device unit without delay.

on_failure: Option<Vec<String>>

OnFailure= A space-separated list of one or more units that are activated when this unit enters the “failed” state. A service unit using Restart= enters the failed state only after the start limits are reached.

propagates_reload_to: Option<Vec<String>>

PropagatesReloadTo=, ReloadPropagatedFrom= A space-separated list of one or more units where reload requests on this unit will be propagated to, or reload requests on the other unit will be propagated to this unit, respectively. Issuing a reload request on a unit will automatically also enqueue a reload request on all units that the reload request shall be propagated to via these two settings.

joins_namespace_of: Option<Vec<String>>

JoinsNamespaceOf= For units that start processes (such as service units), lists one or more other units whose network and/or temporary file namespace to join. This only applies to unit types which support the PrivateNetwork=, NetworkNamespacePath= and PrivateTmp= directives (see systemd.exec(5) for details). If a unit that has this setting set is started, its processes will see the same /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and network namespace as one listed unit that is started. If multiple listed units are already started, it is not defined which namespace is joined. Note that this setting only has an effect if PrivateNetwork=/NetworkNamespacePath= and/or PrivateTmp= is enabled for both the unit that joins the namespace and the unit whose namespace is joined.

requires_mounts_for: Option<Vec<PathBuf>>

RequiresMountsFor= Takes a space-separated list of absolute paths. Automatically adds dependencies of type Requires= and After= for all mount units required to access the specified path.

Mount points marked with noauto are not mounted automatically through local-fs.target, but are still honored for the purposes of this option, i.e. they will be pulled in by this unit.

on_failure_job_mode: Option<OnFailureJobMode>

OnFailureJobMode= Takes a value of “fail”, “replace”, “replace-irreversibly”, “isolate”, “flush”, “ignore-dependencies” or “ignore-requirements”. Defaults to “replace”. Specifies how the units listed in OnFailure= will be enqueued. See systemctl(1)’s –job-mode= option for details on the possible values. If this is set to “isolate”, only a single unit may be listed in OnFailure=.

ignore_on_isolate: Option<bool>

IgnoreOnIsolate= Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit will not be stopped when isolating another unit. Defaults to false for service, target, socket, timer, and path units, and true for slice, scope, device, swap, mount, and automount units.

TODO: Make this adapt to different unit types

stop_when_unneeded: Option<bool>

StopWhenUnneeded= Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit will be stopped when it is no longer used. Note that, in order to minimize the work to be executed, systemd will not stop units by default unless they are conflicting with other units, or the user explicitly requested their shut down. If this option is set, a unit will be automatically cleaned up if no other active unit requires it. Defaults to false.

refuse_manual_start: Option<bool>

RefuseManualStart=, RefuseManualStop= Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit can only be activated or deactivated indirectly. In this case, explicit start-up or termination requested by the user is denied, however if it is started or stopped as a dependency of another unit, start-up or termination will succeed. This is mostly a safety feature to ensure that the user does not accidentally activate units that are not intended to be activated explicitly, and not accidentally deactivate units that are not intended to be deactivated. These options default to false.

refuse_manual_stop: Option<bool>

RefuseManualStart=, RefuseManualStop= Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit can only be activated or deactivated indirectly. In this case, explicit start-up or termination requested by the user is denied, however if it is started or stopped as a dependency of another unit, start-up or termination will succeed. This is mostly a safety feature to ensure that the user does not accidentally activate units that are not intended to be activated explicitly, and not accidentally deactivate units that are not intended to be deactivated. These options default to false.

allow_isolate: Option<bool>

AllowIsolate= Takes a boolean argument. If true, this unit may be used with the systemctl isolate command. Otherwise, this will be refused. It probably is a good idea to leave this disabled except for target units that shall be used similar to runlevels in SysV init systems, just as a precaution to avoid unusable system states. This option defaults to false.

default_dependencies: Option<bool>

DefaultDependencies= Takes a boolean argument. If yes, (the default), a few default dependencies will implicitly be created for the unit. The actual dependencies created depend on the unit type. For example, for service units, these dependencies ensure that the service is started only after basic system initialization is completed and is properly terminated on system shutdown. See the respective man pages for details. Generally, only services involved with early boot or late shutdown should set this option to no. It is highly recommended to leave this option enabled for the majority of common units. If set to no, this option does not disable all implicit dependencies, just non-essential ones.

collect_mode: Option<CollectMode>

CollectMode= Tweaks the “garbage collection” algorithm for this unit. Takes one of inactive or inactive-or-failed. If set to inactive the unit will be unloaded if it is in the inactive state and is not referenced by clients, jobs or other units — however it is not unloaded if it is in the failed state. In failed mode, failed units are not unloaded until the user invoked systemctl reset-failed on them to reset the failed state, or an equivalent command. This behaviour is altered if this option is set to inactive-or-failed: in this case the unit is unloaded even if the unit is in a failed state, and thus an explicitly resetting of the failed state is not necessary. Note that if this mode is used unit results (such as exit codes, exit signals, consumed resources, …) are flushed out immediately after the unit completed, except for what is stored in the logging subsystem. Defaults to inactive.

failure_action: Option<Action>

FailureAction=, SuccessAction= Configure the action to take when the unit stops and enters a failed state or inactive state. Takes one of none, reboot, reboot-force, reboot-immediate, poweroff, poweroff-force, poweroff-immediate, exit, and exit-force. In system mode, all options are allowed. In user mode, only none, exit, and exit-force are allowed. Both options default to none.

success_action: Option<Action>

FailureAction=, SuccessAction= Configure the action to take when the unit stops and enters a failed state or inactive state. Takes one of none, reboot, reboot-force, reboot-immediate, poweroff, poweroff-force, poweroff-immediate, exit, and exit-force. In system mode, all options are allowed. In user mode, only none, exit, and exit-force are allowed. Both options default to none.

If none is set, no action will be triggered. reboot causes a reboot following the normal shutdown procedure (i.e. equivalent to systemctl reboot). reboot-force causes a forced reboot which will terminate all processes forcibly but should cause no dirty file systems on reboot (i.e. equivalent to systemctl reboot -f) and reboot-immediate causes immediate execution of the reboot(2) system call, which might result in data loss (i.e. equivalent to systemctl reboot -ff). Similarly, poweroff, poweroff-force, poweroff-immediate have the effect of powering down the system with similar semantics. exit causes the manager to exit following the normal shutdown procedure, and exit-force causes it terminate without shutting down services. When exit or exit-force is used by default the exit status of the main process of the unit (if this applies) is returned from the service manager. However, this may be overridden with FailureActionExitStatus=/SuccessActionExitStatus=, see below.

failure_action_exit_status: Option<u8>

FailureActionExitStatus=, SuccessActionExitStatus= Controls the exit status to propagate back to an invoking container manager (in case of a system service) or service manager (in case of a user manager) when the FailureAction=/SuccessAction= are set to exit or exit-force and the action is triggered. By default the exit status of the main process of the triggering unit (if this applies) is propagated. Takes a value in the range 0…255 or the empty string to request default behaviour.

success_action_exit_status: Option<u8>

See failure_action_exit_status.

job_timeout_sec: Option<i64>

JobTimeoutSec=, JobRunningTimeoutSec= When a job for this unit is queued, a timeout JobTimeoutSec= may be configured. Similarly, JobRunningTimeoutSec= starts counting when the queued job is actually started. If either time limit is reached, the job will be cancelled, the unit however will not change state or even enter the “failed” mode. This value defaults to “infinity” (job timeouts disabled), except for device units (JobRunningTimeoutSec= defaults to DefaultTimeoutStartSec=). NB: this timeout is independent from any unit-specific timeout (for example, the timeout set with TimeoutStartSec= in service units) as the job timeout has no effect on the unit itself, only on the job that might be pending for it. Or in other words: unit-specific timeouts are useful to abort unit state changes, and revert them. The job timeout set with this option however is useful to abort only the job waiting for the unit state to change.

job_running_timeout_sec: Option<i64>

See job_timeout_sec.

job_timeout_action: Option<Action>

JobTimeoutAction=, JobTimeoutRebootArgument= JobTimeoutAction= optionally configures an additional action to take when the timeout is hit, see description of JobTimeoutSec= and JobRunningTimeoutSec= above. It takes the same values as StartLimitAction=. Defaults to none. JobTimeoutRebootArgument= configures an optional reboot string to pass to the reboot(2) system call.

job_timeout_reboot_argument: Option<String>

JobTimeoutAction=, JobTimeoutRebootArgument= JobTimeoutAction= optionally configures an additional action to take when the timeout is hit, see description of JobTimeoutSec= and JobRunningTimeoutSec= above. It takes the same values as StartLimitAction=. Defaults to none. JobTimeoutRebootArgument= configures an optional reboot string to pass to the reboot(2) system call.

start_limit_interval_sec: Option<i64>

StartLimitIntervalSec=interval, StartLimitBurst=burst Configure unit start rate limiting. Units which are started more than burst times within an interval time interval are not permitted to start any more. Use StartLimitIntervalSec= to configure the checking interval (defaults to DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec= in manager configuration file, set it to 0 to disable any kind of rate limiting). Use StartLimitBurst= to configure how many starts per interval are allowed (defaults to DefaultStartLimitBurst= in manager configuration file). These configuration options are particularly useful in conjunction with the service setting Restart= (see systemd.service(5)); however, they apply to all kinds of starts (including manual), not just those triggered by the Restart= logic. Note that units which are configured for Restart= and which reach the start limit are not attempted to be restarted anymore; however, they may still be restarted manually at a later point, after the interval has passed. From this point on, the restart logic is activated again. Note that systemctl reset-failed will cause the restart rate counter for a service to be flushed, which is useful if the administrator wants to manually start a unit and the start limit interferes with that. Note that this rate-limiting is enforced after any unit condition checks are executed, and hence unit activations with failing conditions do not count towards this rate limit. This setting does not apply to slice, target, device, and scope units, since they are unit types whose activation may either never fail, or may succeed only a single time.

When a unit is unloaded due to the garbage collection logic (see above) its rate limit counters are flushed out too. This means that configuring start rate limiting for a unit that is not referenced continuously has no effect.

start_limit_burst: Option<i64>

StartLimitIntervalSec=interval, StartLimitBurst=burst Configure unit start rate limiting. Units which are started more than burst times within an interval time interval are not permitted to start any more. Use StartLimitIntervalSec= to configure the checking interval (defaults to DefaultStartLimitIntervalSec= in manager configuration file, set it to 0 to disable any kind of rate limiting). Use StartLimitBurst= to configure how many starts per interval are allowed (defaults to DefaultStartLimitBurst= in manager configuration file). These configuration options are particularly useful in conjunction with the service setting Restart= (see systemd.service(5)); however, they apply to all kinds of starts (including manual), not just those triggered by the Restart= logic. Note that units which are configured for Restart= and which reach the start limit are not attempted to be restarted anymore; however, they may still be restarted manually at a later point, after the interval has passed. From this point on, the restart logic is activated again. Note that systemctl reset-failed will cause the restart rate counter for a service to be flushed, which is useful if the administrator wants to manually start a unit and the start limit interferes with that. Note that this rate-limiting is enforced after any unit condition checks are executed, and hence unit activations with failing conditions do not count towards this rate limit. This setting does not apply to slice, target, device, and scope units, since they are unit types whose activation may either never fail, or may succeed only a single time.

When a unit is unloaded due to the garbage collection logic (see above) its rate limit counters are flushed out too. This means that configuring start rate limiting for a unit that is not referenced continuously has no effect.

start_limit_action: Option<Action>

StartLimitAction= Configure an additional action to take if the rate limit configured with StartLimitIntervalSec= and StartLimitBurst= is hit. Takes the same values as the FailureAction=/SuccessAction= settings. If none is set, hitting the rate limit will trigger no action except that the start will not be permitted. Defaults to none.

reboot_argument: Option<String>

RebootArgument= Configure the optional argument for the reboot(2) system call if StartLimitAction= or FailureAction= is a reboot action. This works just like the optional argument to systemctl reboot command.

source_path: Option<PathBuf>

SourcePath= A path to a configuration file this unit has been generated from. This is primarily useful for implementation of generator tools that convert configuration from an external configuration file format into native unit files. This functionality should not be used in normal units.

Trait Implementations

impl Debug for Unit

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Default for Unit

fn default() -> Unit

Returns the “default value” for a type.

impl Display for Unit

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Serialize for Unit

fn serialize<__S>(&self, __serializer: __S) -> Result<__S::Ok, __S::Error> where
    __S: Serializer, 

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer.