Struct BoundingBox3D 

pub struct BoundingBox3D {
    pub min_x: f64,
    pub min_y: f64,
    pub min_z: f64,
    pub max_x: f64,
    pub max_y: f64,
    pub max_z: f64,
}

A 3D axis-aligned bounding box.

Represents a rectangular volume defined by minimum and maximum coordinates in three dimensions (x, y, z).

Fields

min_x: f64

Minimum x coordinate

min_y: f64

Minimum y coordinate

min_z: f64

Minimum z coordinate (altitude/elevation)

max_x: f64

Maximum x coordinate

max_y: f64

Maximum y coordinate

max_z: f64

Maximum z coordinate (altitude/elevation)

Implementations

impl BoundingBox3D

pub fn new( min_x: f64, min_y: f64, min_z: f64, max_x: f64, max_y: f64, max_z: f64, ) -> BoundingBox3D

Create a new 3D bounding box from minimum and maximum coordinates.

Arguments

• min_x - Minimum x coordinate
• min_y - Minimum y coordinate
• min_z - Minimum z coordinate (altitude/elevation)
• max_x - Maximum x coordinate
• max_y - Maximum y coordinate
• max_z - Maximum z coordinate (altitude/elevation)

Examples

use spatio_types::bbox::BoundingBox3D;

let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 100.0);

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (lines 137-140)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (lines 133-136)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn center(&self) -> (f64, f64, f64)

Get the center point of the bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 150)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn width(&self) -> f64

Get the width (x dimension) of the bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 141)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn height(&self) -> f64

Get the height (y dimension) of the bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 142)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn depth(&self) -> f64

Get the depth (z dimension) of the bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 144)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn volume(&self) -> f64

Get the volume of the bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 147)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn contains_point(&self, x: f64, y: f64, z: f64) -> bool

Check if a 3D point is contained within this bounding box.

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 157)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn intersects(&self, other: &BoundingBox3D) -> bool

Check if this bounding box intersects with another 3D bounding box.

pub fn expand(&self, amount: f64) -> BoundingBox3D

Expand the bounding box by a given amount in all directions.

pub fn to_2d(&self) -> BoundingBox2D

Project the 3D bounding box to a 2D bounding box (discarding z).

Examples found in repository

examples/bounding_boxes.rs (line 179)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== Spatio - Bounding Box Examples ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;
    println!("✓ Created in-memory database\n");

    // ========================================
    // 1. Basic 2D Bounding Box Operations
    // ========================================
    println!("1. Basic 2D Bounding Box");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Create a bounding box for Manhattan
    let manhattan = BoundingBox2D::new(
        -74.0479, 40.6829, // Southwest corner (Battery Park)
        -73.9067, 40.8820, // Northeast corner (Inwood)
    );

    println!("   Manhattan bounding box:");
    println!(
        "     Min: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.min_x(),
        manhattan.min_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Max: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.max_x(),
        manhattan.max_y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
        manhattan.center().x(),
        manhattan.center().y()
    );
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        manhattan.width(),
        manhattan.height()
    );

    // Check if points are within Manhattan
    let times_square = Point::new(-73.9855, 40.7580);
    let brooklyn_bridge = Point::new(-73.9969, 40.7061);
    let statue_of_liberty = Point::new(-74.0445, 40.6892);
    let jfk_airport = Point::new(-73.7781, 40.6413);

    println!("\n   Point containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Times Square: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&times_square)
    );
    println!(
        "     Brooklyn Bridge: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&brooklyn_bridge)
    );
    println!(
        "     Statue of Liberty: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&statue_of_liberty)
    );
    println!(
        "     JFK Airport: {}",
        manhattan.contains_point(&jfk_airport)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 2. Bounding Box Intersection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n2. Bounding Box Intersection");
    println!("-----------------------------");

    // Create bounding boxes for different NYC boroughs
    let manhattan_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0479, 40.6829, -73.9067, 40.8820);
    let brooklyn_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.0421, 40.5707, -73.8333, 40.7395);
    let queens_bbox = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9626, 40.5431, -73.7004, 40.8007);

    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Brooklyn: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&brooklyn_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Manhattan ∩ Queens: {}",
        manhattan_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );
    println!(
        "   Brooklyn ∩ Queens: {}",
        brooklyn_bbox.intersects(&queens_bbox)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 3. Expanding Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n3. Expanding Bounding Boxes");
    println!("----------------------------");

    let central_park = BoundingBox2D::new(-73.9812, 40.7644, -73.9492, 40.8003);
    println!("   Central Park original:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        central_park.width(),
        central_park.height()
    );

    // Expand by 0.01 degrees (~1 km)
    let expanded = central_park.expand(0.01);
    println!("\n   Expanded by 0.01°:");
    println!(
        "     Width: {:.4}°, Height: {:.4}°",
        expanded.width(),
        expanded.height()
    );
    println!(
        "     Growth: {:.4}° in each direction",
        (expanded.width() - central_park.width()) / 2.0
    );

    // ========================================
    // 4. 3D Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n4. 3D Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------");

    // Create a 3D bounding box for a tall building's footprint with height
    let one_world_trade = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0134, 40.7127, 0.0, // Ground level southwest
        -74.0118, 40.7143, 541.0, // Top level northeast (541m height)
    );

    println!("   One World Trade Center:");
    println!(
        "     Footprint: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        one_world_trade.width(),
        one_world_trade.height()
    );
    println!("     Height: {:.1} meters", one_world_trade.depth());
    println!(
        "     Volume: {:.6} cubic degrees×meters",
        one_world_trade.volume()
    );

    let (cx, cy, cz) = one_world_trade.center();
    println!("     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {:.1}m)", cx, cy, cz);

    // Check if points at different altitudes are within the building
    println!("\n   Altitude containment checks:");
    println!(
        "     Ground level (0m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 0.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Mid-level (270m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 270.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Top (540m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 540.0)
    );
    println!(
        "     Above (600m): {}",
        one_world_trade.contains_point(-74.0126, 40.7135, 600.0)
    );

    // ========================================
    // 5. 3D to 2D Projection
    // ========================================
    println!("\n5. 3D to 2D Projection");
    println!("----------------------");

    let building_3d = BoundingBox3D::new(-74.0, 40.7, 0.0, -73.9, 40.8, 200.0);
    let building_2d = building_3d.to_2d();

    println!("   3D Bounding Box:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}° × {:.1}m",
        building_3d.width(),
        building_3d.height(),
        building_3d.depth()
    );

    println!("\n   Projected to 2D:");
    println!(
        "     Dimensions: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        building_2d.width(),
        building_2d.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 6. Temporal Bounding Boxes
    // ========================================
    println!("\n6. Temporal Bounding Boxes");
    println!("--------------------------");

    // Track how a delivery zone changes over time
    let morning_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.01, 40.71, -73.99, 40.73);
    let afternoon_zone = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.74);

    let morning_time = SystemTime::now();
    let afternoon_time = SystemTime::now();

    let temporal_morning = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(morning_zone.clone(), morning_time);
    let temporal_afternoon = TemporalBoundingBox2D::new(afternoon_zone.clone(), afternoon_time);

    println!("   Morning delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_morning.bbox().width(),
        temporal_morning.bbox().height()
    );

    println!("\n   Afternoon delivery zone:");
    println!(
        "     Area: {:.4}° × {:.4}°",
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().width(),
        temporal_afternoon.bbox().height()
    );

    println!(
        "     Expansion: {:.4}° wider, {:.4}° taller",
        afternoon_zone.width() - morning_zone.width(),
        afternoon_zone.height() - morning_zone.height()
    );

    // ========================================
    // 7. Storing Bounding Boxes in Database
    // ========================================
    println!("\n7. Storing Bounding Boxes");
    println!("-------------------------");

    // Serialize and store bounding boxes
    let bbox_json = serde_json::to_vec(&manhattan)?;
    db.insert("zones:manhattan", bbox_json, None)?;

    let bbox3d_json = serde_json::to_vec(&one_world_trade)?;
    db.insert("buildings:wtc", bbox3d_json, None)?;

    println!("   ✓ Stored Manhattan bounding box");
    println!("   ✓ Stored One World Trade Center 3D box");

    // Retrieve and deserialize
    if let Some(data) = db.get("zones:manhattan")? {
        let retrieved: BoundingBox2D = serde_json::from_slice(&data)?;
        println!("\n   Retrieved Manhattan box:");
        println!(
            "     Center: ({:.4}, {:.4})",
            retrieved.center().x(),
            retrieved.center().y()
        );
    }

    // ========================================
    // 8. Practical Use Cases
    // ========================================
    println!("\n8. Practical Use Cases");
    println!("----------------------");

    // Geofencing
    let delivery_area = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.70, -73.98, 40.75);
    let current_location = Point::new(-74.00, 40.72);

    if delivery_area.contains_point(&current_location) {
        println!("   ✓ Delivery driver is within service area");
    } else {
        println!("   ✗ Delivery driver is outside service area");
    }

    // Airspace management
    let airspace = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.1, 40.6, 0.0, // Ground level
        -73.8, 40.9, 3000.0, // 3000m ceiling
    );
    let drone_altitude = 150.0; // meters
    let drone_location = (-74.0, 40.75, drone_altitude);

    if airspace.contains_point(drone_location.0, drone_location.1, drone_location.2) {
        println!("   ✓ Drone is within authorized airspace");
    }

    // Region overlap detection
    let zone_a = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.05, 40.70, -74.00, 40.75);
    let zone_b = BoundingBox2D::new(-74.02, 40.72, -73.97, 40.77);

    if zone_a.intersects(&zone_b) {
        println!("   ⚠ Service zones A and B overlap - coordination needed");
    }

    println!("\n=== Bounding Box Examples Complete! ===");
    println!("\nKey Features Demonstrated:");
    println!("  • Create and manipulate 2D/3D bounding boxes");
    println!("  • Check point containment");
    println!("  • Detect box intersections");
    println!("  • Expand regions");
    println!("  • Project 3D to 2D");
    println!("  • Track temporal changes");
    println!("  • Serialize and store in database");
    println!("  • Geofencing and airspace management");

    Ok(())
}

Trait Implementations

impl Clone for BoundingBox3D

fn clone(&self) -> BoundingBox3D

Returns a duplicate of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for BoundingBox3D

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for BoundingBox3D

fn deserialize<__D>( __deserializer: __D, ) -> Result<BoundingBox3D, <__D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where __D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl PartialEq for BoundingBox3D

fn eq(&self, other: &BoundingBox3D) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl Serialize for BoundingBox3D

fn serialize<__S>( &self, __serializer: __S, ) -> Result<<__S as Serializer>::Ok, <__S as Serializer>::Error>

where __S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer.

impl StructuralPartialEq for BoundingBox3D