Struct Point3d 

pub struct Point3d {
    pub point: Point,
    pub z: f64,
}

A 3D geographic point with x, y (longitude/latitude) and z (altitude/elevation).

This type represents a point in 3D space, typically used for altitude-aware geospatial applications like drone tracking, aviation, or multi-floor buildings.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;
use spatio_types::geo::Point;

// Create a 3D point for a drone at 100 meters altitude
let drone_position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
assert_eq!(drone_position.altitude(), 100.0);

// Calculate 3D distance to another point
let other = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 150.0);
let distance = drone_position.distance_3d(&other);

Fields

point: Point

The 2D geographic point (longitude/latitude or x/y)

z: f64

The altitude/elevation/z-coordinate (in meters typically)

Implementations

impl Point3d

pub fn new(x: f64, y: f64, z: f64) -> Point3d

Create a new 3D point from x, y, and z coordinates.

Arguments

• x - Longitude or x-coordinate
• y - Latitude or y-coordinate
• z - Altitude/elevation in meters

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let point = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 59)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn from_point_and_altitude(point: Point, z: f64) -> Point3d

Create a 3D point from a 2D point and altitude.

pub fn x(&self) -> f64

Get the x coordinate (longitude).

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 76)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn y(&self) -> f64

Get the y coordinate (latitude).

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 77)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn z(&self) -> f64

Get the z coordinate (altitude/elevation).

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 78)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn altitude(&self) -> f64

Get the altitude (alias for z()).

pub fn point_2d(&self) -> &Point

Get a reference to the underlying 2D point.

pub fn to_2d(&self) -> Point

Project this 3D point to 2D by discarding the z coordinate.

pub fn distance_3d(&self, other: &Point3d) -> f64

Calculate the 3D Euclidean distance to another 3D point.

This calculates the straight-line distance in 3D space using the Pythagorean theorem.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let p1 = Point3d::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
let p2 = Point3d::new(3.0, 4.0, 12.0);
let distance = p1.distance_3d(&p2);
assert_eq!(distance, 13.0); // 3-4-5 triangle extended to 3D

pub fn haversine_distances(&self, other: &Point3d) -> (f64, f64, f64)

Calculate all distance components at once (horizontal, altitude, 3D).

This is more efficient than calling haversine_2d and haversine_3d separately as it calculates the haversine formula only once.

Returns

Tuple of (horizontal_distance, altitude_difference, distance_3d) in meters.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let p1 = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
let p2 = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 100.0);
let (h_dist, alt_diff, dist_3d) = p1.haversine_distances(&p2);

pub fn haversine_3d(&self, other: &Point3d) -> f64

Calculate the haversine distance combined with altitude difference.

This uses the haversine formula for the horizontal distance (considering Earth’s curvature) and combines it with the altitude difference using the Pythagorean theorem.

Returns

Distance in meters.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let p1 = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);    // NYC sea level
let p2 = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 100.0);  // Nearby, 100m up
let distance = p1.haversine_3d(&p2);

pub fn haversine_2d(&self, other: &Point3d) -> f64

Calculate the haversine distance on the 2D plane (ignoring altitude).

Returns

Distance in meters.

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 241)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn altitude_difference(&self, other: &Point3d) -> f64

Get the altitude difference to another point.

Examples found in repository

examples/3d_spatial_tracking.rs (line 242)

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
    println!("=== 3D Spatial Tracking with Spatio ===\n");

    // Create an in-memory database
    let mut db = Spatio::memory()?;

    // === Example 1: Drone Fleet Tracking ===
    println!("1. Drone Fleet Tracking");
    println!("   Tracking multiple drones at different altitudes\n");

    // Insert drones at various positions and altitudes
    let drones = vec![
        (
            "drone-001",
            -74.0060,
            40.7128,
            50.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package A",
        ),
        (
            "drone-002",
            -74.0070,
            40.7138,
            75.0,
            "Delivery drone - Package B",
        ),
        (
            "drone-003",
            -74.0050,
            40.7118,
            100.0,
            "Survey drone - Area mapping",
        ),
        (
            "drone-004",
            -74.0080,
            40.7148,
            125.0,
            "Inspection drone - Building check",
        ),
        (
            "drone-005",
            -74.0065,
            40.7133,
            150.0,
            "Emergency response drone",
        ),
    ];

    for (id, lon, lat, alt, description) in &drones {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        db.insert_point_3d("drones", &position, description.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Registered {}: altitude {}m", id, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 2: Spherical 3D Query ===
    println!("2. Spherical 3D Query");
    println!("   Finding drones within 3D radius\n");

    let control_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 100.0);
    let search_radius = 200.0; // 200 meters in 3D space

    let nearby_drones = db.query_within_sphere_3d("drones", &control_center, search_radius, 10)?;

    println!(
        "   Control center: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        control_center.x(),
        control_center.y(),
        control_center.z()
    );
    println!("   Search radius: {}m (3D)\n", search_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones within range:", nearby_drones.len());

    for (point, data, distance) in &nearby_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m) - distance: {:.1}m",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z(),
            distance
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 3: Cylindrical Query (Altitude Range) ===
    println!("3. Cylindrical Query");
    println!("   Finding drones in specific altitude corridor\n");

    let airspace_center = Point3d::new(-74.0065, 40.7133, 0.0);
    let min_altitude = 60.0;
    let max_altitude = 120.0;
    let horizontal_radius = 5000.0; // 5km horizontal

    let corridor_drones = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "drones",
        &airspace_center,
        min_altitude,
        max_altitude,
        horizontal_radius,
        10,
    )?;

    println!(
        "   Altitude corridor: {}m - {}m",
        min_altitude, max_altitude
    );
    println!("   Horizontal radius: {}m\n", horizontal_radius);
    println!("   Found {} drones in corridor:", corridor_drones.len());

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &corridor_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at altitude {}m (horizontal: {:.1}m)",
            description,
            point.z(),
            h_dist
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 4: 3D Bounding Box Query ===
    println!("4. 3D Bounding Box Query");
    println!("   Searching within a 3D volume\n");

    // Define a 3D box covering a specific area and altitude range
    let bbox = BoundingBox3D::new(
        -74.0080, 40.7120, 40.0, // min x, y, z
        -74.0050, 40.7150, 110.0, // max x, y, z
    );

    let boxed_drones = db.query_within_bbox_3d("drones", &bbox, 100)?;

    println!("   Bounding box:");
    println!("   - X: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_x, bbox.max_x);
    println!("   - Y: {:.4} to {:.4}", bbox.min_y, bbox.max_y);
    println!("   - Z: {}m to {}m\n", bbox.min_z, bbox.max_z);
    println!("   Found {} drones in volume:", boxed_drones.len());

    for (point, data) in &boxed_drones {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            description,
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 5: K-Nearest Neighbors in 3D ===
    println!("5. K-Nearest Neighbors (3D)");
    println!("   Finding closest drones to emergency location\n");

    let emergency_location = Point3d::new(-74.0062, 40.7130, 80.0);
    let k = 3;

    let nearest = db.knn_3d("drones", &emergency_location, k)?;

    println!(
        "   Emergency at: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        emergency_location.x(),
        emergency_location.y(),
        emergency_location.z()
    );
    println!("   Finding {} nearest drones:\n", k);

    for (i, (point, data, distance)) in nearest.iter().enumerate() {
        let description = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!("   {}. {} - {:.1}m away", i + 1, description, distance);
        println!(
            "      Position: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
            point.x(),
            point.y(),
            point.z()
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 6: Aircraft Tracking ===
    println!("6. Aircraft Tracking");
    println!("   Managing commercial flights at cruising altitude\n");

    let flights = vec![
        ("AA123", -74.0100, 40.7200, 10000.0, "NYC to BOS"),
        ("UA456", -74.0200, 40.7300, 10500.0, "NYC to LAX"),
        ("DL789", -74.0150, 40.7250, 9800.0, "NYC to MIA"),
        ("SW321", -74.0050, 40.7150, 11000.0, "NYC to CHI"),
    ];

    for (flight, lon, lat, alt, route) in &flights {
        let position = Point3d::new(*lon, *lat, *alt);
        let info = format!("{} - {}", flight, route);
        db.insert_point_3d("aircraft", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
        println!("   ✓ Tracking {}: {}m altitude", flight, alt);
    }
    println!();

    // Query aircraft in specific flight level
    let fl_center = Point3d::new(-74.0150, 40.7250, 0.0);
    let fl_min = 9500.0; // Flight level 310 (approx)
    let fl_max = 10500.0; // Flight level 345 (approx)
    let radar_range = 50000.0; // 50km

    let tracked_flights =
        db.query_within_cylinder_3d("aircraft", &fl_center, fl_min, fl_max, radar_range, 20)?;

    println!("   Air traffic in flight levels FL310-FL345:");
    println!("   Radar range: {}km\n", radar_range / 1000.0);

    for (point, data, h_dist) in &tracked_flights {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        println!(
            "   - {} at FL{:.0} ({}km away)",
            info,
            point.z() / 30.48 / 100.0,
            h_dist / 1000.0
        );
    }
    println!();

    // === Example 7: 3D Distance Calculations ===
    println!("7. 3D Distance Calculations");
    println!("   Computing distances between 3D points\n");

    let point_a = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
    let point_b = Point3d::new(-74.0070, 40.7138, 200.0);

    let dist_3d = db.distance_between_3d(&point_a, &point_b)?;
    let horizontal_dist = point_a.haversine_2d(&point_b);
    let altitude_diff = point_a.altitude_difference(&point_b);

    println!(
        "   Point A: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_a.x(),
        point_a.y(),
        point_a.z()
    );
    println!(
        "   Point B: ({:.4}, {:.4}, {}m)",
        point_b.x(),
        point_b.y(),
        point_b.z()
    );
    println!();
    println!("   3D distance:        {:.2}m", dist_3d);
    println!("   Horizontal distance: {:.2}m", horizontal_dist);
    println!("   Altitude difference: {:.2}m", altitude_diff);
    println!();

    // === Example 8: Multi-Floor Building Navigation ===
    println!("8. Multi-Floor Building Navigation");
    println!("   Tracking sensors in a multi-story building\n");

    // Simulate a 10-floor building with sensors on each floor
    // Each floor is ~3 meters tall
    for floor in 0..10 {
        let altitude = floor as f64 * 3.0;
        let _sensor_id = format!("sensor-floor-{:02}", floor);
        let position = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, altitude);
        let info = format!("Temperature sensor - Floor {}", floor);
        db.insert_point_3d("building-sensors", &position, info.as_bytes(), None)?;
    }

    // Query sensors on floors 3-7
    let building_location = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 0.0);
    let floor_3_altitude = 3.0 * 3.0;
    let floor_7_altitude = 7.0 * 3.0;

    let mid_floor_sensors = db.query_within_cylinder_3d(
        "building-sensors",
        &building_location,
        floor_3_altitude,
        floor_7_altitude,
        10.0, // 10m horizontal tolerance (same building)
        20,
    )?;

    println!("   Building sensors on floors 3-7:");
    for (point, data, _) in &mid_floor_sensors {
        let info = String::from_utf8_lossy(data);
        let floor = (point.z() / 3.0).round() as i32;
        println!("   - Floor {}: {}", floor, info);
    }
    println!();

    // === Summary ===
    println!("=== Summary ===");
    println!("Demonstrated 3D spatial capabilities:");
    println!("✓ 3D point insertion with altitude");
    println!("✓ Spherical queries (3D radius)");
    println!("✓ Cylindrical queries (altitude corridors)");
    println!("✓ 3D bounding box queries");
    println!("✓ K-nearest neighbors in 3D space");
    println!("✓ 3D distance calculations");
    println!("✓ Multi-altitude tracking (drones, aircraft, buildings)");

    Ok(())
}

pub fn to_geojson(&self) -> Result<String, GeoJsonError>

Convert to GeoJSON string representation.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let point = Point3d::new(-74.0060, 40.7128, 100.0);
let json = point.to_geojson().unwrap();
assert!(json.contains("Point"));

pub fn from_geojson(geojson: &str) -> Result<Point3d, GeoJsonError>

Parse from GeoJSON string. Defaults altitude to 0.0 if not present.

Examples

use spatio_types::point::Point3d;

let json = r#"{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-74.006,40.7128,100.0]}"#;
let point = Point3d::from_geojson(json).unwrap();
assert_eq!(point.x(), -74.006);
assert_eq!(point.z(), 100.0);

Trait Implementations

impl Clone for Point3d

fn clone(&self) -> Point3d

Returns a duplicate of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Point3d

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Point3d

fn deserialize<__D>( __deserializer: __D, ) -> Result<Point3d, <__D as Deserializer<'de>>::Error>

where __D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer.

impl PartialEq for Point3d

fn eq(&self, other: &Point3d) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.

impl Serialize for Point3d

fn serialize<__S>( &self, __serializer: __S, ) -> Result<<__S as Serializer>::Ok, <__S as Serializer>::Error>

where __S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer.

impl StructuralPartialEq for Point3d