TestBackend

Struct TestBackend 

Source
pub struct TestBackend { /* private fields */ }
Expand description

A backend that can be used for tests.

When asserting equality, it is recommended to use TestBackend::assert_eq or assert_backend_snapshot instead of assert_eq.

Implementations§

Source§

impl TestBackend

Source

pub fn new(size: Size) -> Self

Creates a new TestBackend

Source

pub fn new_with_layout(size: Size, layout: Layout) -> Self

Creates a new TestBackend with the cursor starting at the offsets given by the layout.

Source

pub fn from_lines(lines: &[&str], size: Size) -> Self

Creates a new TestBackend from the lines. There must be <= size.height lines, and <= size.width chars per line.

It is not necessary to fill the lines so that it matches the dimensions of size exactly. Padding will be added to the end as required.

§Panics

It panics if there are more than size.height lines or more than size.width chars per line.

Source

pub fn reset_with_layout(&mut self, layout: Layout)

Clears all the cells and moves the cursor to the offsets given by the layout.

Source

pub fn assert_eq(&self, other: &Self)

Asserts that two TestBackends are equal to each other, otherwise it panics printing what the backend would look like.

Source§

impl TestBackend

Source

pub fn write_to_backend<B: DisplayBackend>(&self, backend: B) -> Result<()>

Writes all the cells of the TestBackend to the given backend.

A screenshot of what the printed output looks like:

Source

pub fn write_to_buf<W: Write>(&self, buf: W) -> Result<()>

Available on crate features crossterm or termion only.

Writes all the cells of the TestBackend with the default backend (see get_backend).

A screenshot of what the printed output looks like:

Trait Implementations§

Source§

impl Backend for TestBackend

Source§

fn enable_raw_mode(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Enables raw mode.
Source§

fn disable_raw_mode(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Disables raw mode.
Source§

fn hide_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Hides the cursor.
Source§

fn show_cursor(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Shows the cursor.
Source§

fn get_cursor_pos(&mut self) -> Result<(u16, u16)>

Gets the cursor position as (col, row). The top-left cell is (0, 0).
Source§

fn move_cursor_to(&mut self, x: u16, y: u16) -> Result<()>

Moves the cursor to given position. The top-left cell is (0, 0).
Source§

fn move_cursor(&mut self, direction: MoveDirection) -> Result<()>

Moves the cursor relative to the current position as per the direction.
Source§

fn scroll(&mut self, dist: i16) -> Result<()>

Scrolls the terminal the given number of rows. Read more
Source§

fn clear(&mut self, clear_type: ClearType) -> Result<()>

Clears the cells given by clear_type
Source§

fn size(&self) -> Result<Size>

Gets the size of the terminal in rows and columns.
Source§

impl Clone for TestBackend

Source§

fn clone(&self) -> TestBackend

Returns a duplicate of the value. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more
Source§

impl Debug for TestBackend

Source§

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
Source§

impl Display for TestBackend

Available on crate features crossterm or termion only.
Source§

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Writes all the cells of the TestBackend using write_to_buf.

A screenshot of what the printed output looks like:

Source§

impl DisplayBackend for TestBackend

Source§

fn set_attributes(&mut self, attributes: Attributes) -> Result<()>

Sets the given attributes removing ones which were previous applied.
Source§

fn set_fg(&mut self, color: Color) -> Result<()>

Sets the foreground color.
Source§

fn set_bg(&mut self, color: Color) -> Result<()>

Sets the background color.
Source§

fn write_styled(&mut self, styled: &Styled<dyn Display + '_>) -> Result<()>

Write a styled object to the backend. Read more
Source§

impl PartialEq for TestBackend

Source§

fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool

Visual equality to another backend. This means that if the cells of both backends were rendered on a terminal, they would look the same. It however does not mean, that the hidden scrollback buffer is the same, or the current attributes are the same, or event the cursor position if it is hidden.

1.0.0 · Source§

fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
Source§

impl Write for TestBackend

Source§

fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<usize>

Writes a buffer into this writer, returning how many bytes were written. Read more
Source§

fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()>

Flushes this output stream, ensuring that all intermediately buffered contents reach their destination. Read more
1.36.0 · Source§

fn write_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<usize, Error>

Like write, except that it writes from a slice of buffers. Read more
Source§

fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (can_vector)
Determines if this Writer has an efficient write_vectored implementation. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error>

Attempts to write an entire buffer into this writer. Read more
Source§

fn write_all_vectored(&mut self, bufs: &mut [IoSlice<'_>]) -> Result<(), Error>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (write_all_vectored)
Attempts to write multiple buffers into this writer. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: Arguments<'_>) -> Result<(), Error>

Writes a formatted string into this writer, returning any error encountered. Read more
1.0.0 · Source§

fn by_ref(&mut self) -> &mut Self
where Self: Sized,

Creates a “by reference” adapter for this instance of Write. Read more
Source§

impl Eq for TestBackend

Auto Trait Implementations§

Blanket Implementations§

Source§

impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

Source§

fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more
Source§

impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

Source§

fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
Source§

impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

Source§

fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
Source§

impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

Source§

unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dest: *mut u8)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (clone_to_uninit)
Performs copy-assignment from self to dest. Read more
Source§

impl<W> DetectColors for W
where W: Write,

Source§

fn available_colors(&mut self) -> Result<u16, Error>

How many ANSI colors are supported (from 8 to 256)? Read more
Source§

impl<W> DetectCursorPos for W
where W: Write,

Source§

fn cursor_pos(&mut self) -> Result<(u16, u16), Error>

Get the (1,1)-based cursor position from the terminal.
Source§

impl<T> ExecutableCommand for T
where T: Write + ?Sized,

Source§

fn execute(&mut self, command: impl Command) -> Result<&mut T, Error>

Executes the given command directly.

The given command its ANSI escape code will be written and flushed onto Self.

§Arguments
  • Command

    The command that you want to execute directly.

§Example
use std::io;
use crossterm::{ExecutableCommand, style::Print};

fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     // will be executed directly
      io::stdout()
        .execute(Print("sum:\n".to_string()))?
        .execute(Print(format!("1 + 1= {} ", 1 + 1)))?;

      Ok(())

     // ==== Output ====
     // sum:
     // 1 + 1 = 2
}

Have a look over at the Command API for more details.

§Notes
  • In the case of UNIX and Windows 10, ANSI codes are written to the given ‘writer’.
  • In case of Windows versions lower than 10, a direct WinAPI call will be made. The reason for this is that Windows versions lower than 10 do not support ANSI codes, and can therefore not be written to the given writer. Therefore, there is no difference between execute and queue for those old Windows versions.
Source§

impl<T> From<T> for T

Source§

fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

Source§

impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

Source§

fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

Source§

impl<W> IntoAlternateScreen for W
where W: Write,

Source§

fn into_alternate_screen(self) -> Result<AlternateScreen<Self>, Error>

Switch the terminal controlled by this writer to use the alternate screen. The terminal will be restored to the main screen when the AlternateScreen returned by this function is dropped.
Source§

impl<T> QueueableCommand for T
where T: Write + ?Sized,

Source§

fn queue(&mut self, command: impl Command) -> Result<&mut T, Error>

Queues the given command for further execution.

Queued commands will be executed in the following cases:

  • When flush is called manually on the given type implementing io::Write.
  • The terminal will flush automatically if the buffer is full.
  • Each line is flushed in case of stdout, because it is line buffered.
§Arguments
  • Command

    The command that you want to queue for later execution.

§Examples
use std::io::{self, Write};
use crossterm::{QueueableCommand, style::Print};

 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut stdout = io::stdout();

    // `Print` will executed executed when `flush` is called.
    stdout
        .queue(Print("foo 1\n".to_string()))?
        .queue(Print("foo 2".to_string()))?;

    // some other code (no execution happening here) ...

    // when calling `flush` on `stdout`, all commands will be written to the stdout and therefore executed.
    stdout.flush()?;

    Ok(())

    // ==== Output ====
    // foo 1
    // foo 2
}

Have a look over at the Command API for more details.

§Notes
  • In the case of UNIX and Windows 10, ANSI codes are written to the given ‘writer’.
  • In case of Windows versions lower than 10, a direct WinAPI call will be made. The reason for this is that Windows versions lower than 10 do not support ANSI codes, and can therefore not be written to the given writer. Therefore, there is no difference between execute and queue for those old Windows versions.
Source§

impl<T, I> Stylize<T> for I
where I: Into<Styled<T>>,

Source§

fn black(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn dark_grey(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_red(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn red(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_green(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn green(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_yellow(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn yellow(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_blue(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn blue(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_magenta(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn magenta(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn light_cyan(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn cyan(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn white(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn grey(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn rgb(self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn ansi(self, ansi: u8) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_black(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_dark_grey(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_red(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_red(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_green(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_green(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_yellow(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_yellow(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_blue(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_blue(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_magenta(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_magenta(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_light_cyan(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_cyan(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_white(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_grey(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_rgb(self, r: u8, g: u8, b: u8) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn on_ansi(self, ansi: u8) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn bold(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn underlined(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn reverse(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn dim(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn italic(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn hidden(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

fn crossed_out(self) -> Styled<T>

Source§

impl<W> SynchronizedUpdate for W
where W: Write + ?Sized,

Source§

fn sync_update<T>( &mut self, operations: impl FnOnce(&mut W) -> T, ) -> Result<T, Error>

Performs a set of actions within a synchronous update.

Updates will be suspended in the terminal, the function will be executed against self, updates will be resumed, and a flush will be performed.

§Arguments
  • Function

    A function that performs the operations that must execute in a synchronized update.

§Examples
use std::io;
use crossterm::{ExecutableCommand, SynchronizedUpdate, style::Print};

fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut stdout = io::stdout();

    stdout.sync_update(|stdout| {
        stdout.execute(Print("foo 1\n".to_string()))?;
        stdout.execute(Print("foo 2".to_string()))?;
        // The effects of the print command will not be present in the terminal
        // buffer, but not visible in the terminal.
        std::io::Result::Ok(())
    })?;

    // The effects of the commands will be visible.

    Ok(())

    // ==== Output ====
    // foo 1
    // foo 2
}
§Notes

This command is performed only using ANSI codes, and will do nothing on terminals that do not support ANSI codes, or this specific extension.

When rendering the screen of the terminal, the Emulator usually iterates through each visible grid cell and renders its current state. With applications updating the screen a at higher frequency this can cause tearing.

This mode attempts to mitigate that.

When the synchronization mode is enabled following render calls will keep rendering the last rendered state. The terminal Emulator keeps processing incoming text and sequences. When the synchronized update mode is disabled again the renderer may fetch the latest screen buffer state again, effectively avoiding the tearing effect by unintentionally rendering in the middle a of an application screen update.

Source§

impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

Source§

type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
Source§

fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
Source§

fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
Source§

impl<T> ToString for T
where T: Display + ?Sized,

Source§

fn to_string(&self) -> String

Converts the given value to a String. Read more
Source§

impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

Source§

type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
Source§

fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
Source§

impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

Source§

type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
Source§

fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.