Trait FromPyObject

Source

pub trait FromPyObject<'a, 'py>: Sized {
    type Error: Into<PyErr>;

    const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "typing.Any";

    // Required method
    fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'a, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>;

    // Provided methods
    fn type_input() -> TypeInfo { ... }
    fn as_local_tz(_: Token) -> Option<Self> { ... }
}

Expand description

Extract a type from a Python object.

Normal usage is through the extract methods on Bound, Borrowed and Py, which forward to this trait.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyString;

Python::attach(|py| {
    // Calling `.extract()` on a `Bound` smart pointer
    let obj: Bound<'_, PyString> = PyString::new(py, "blah");
    let s: String = obj.extract()?;

    // Calling `.extract(py)` on a `Py` smart pointer
    let obj: Py<PyString> = obj.unbind();
    let s: String = obj.extract(py)?;
})

Note: Depending on the Python version and implementation, some FromPyObject implementations may produce a result that borrows into the Python type. This is described by the input lifetime 'a of obj.

Types that must not borrow from the input can use FromPyObjectOwned as a restriction. This is most often the case for collection types. See its documentation for more details.

§How to implement `FromPyObject`?

§`#[derive(FromPyObject)]`

The simplest way to implement FromPyObject for a custom type is to make use of our derive macro.

use pyo3::prelude::*;

#[derive(FromPyObject)]
struct MyObject {
    msg: String,
    list: Vec<u32>
}

By default this will try to extract each field from the Python object by attribute access, but this can be customized. For more information about the derive macro, its configuration as well as its working principle for other types, take a look at the guide.

In case the derive macro is not sufficient or can not be used for some other reason, FromPyObject can be implemented manually. In the following types without lifetime parameters are handled first, because they are a little bit simpler. Types with lifetime parameters are explained below.

§Manual implementation for types without lifetime

Types that do not contain lifetime parameters are unable to borrow from the Python object, so the lifetimes of FromPyObject can be elided:

use pyo3::prelude::*;

struct MyObject {
    msg: String,
    list: Vec<u32>
}

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for MyObject {
    type Error = PyErr;

    fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(MyObject {
            msg: obj.getattr("msg")?.extract()?,
            list: obj.getattr("list")?.extract()?,
        })
    }
}

This is basically what the derive macro above expands to.

§Manual implementation for types with lifetime paramaters

For types that contain lifetimes, these lifetimes need to be bound to the corresponding FromPyObject lifetime. This is roughly how the extraction of a typed Bound is implemented within PyO3.

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyString;

struct MyObject<'py>(Bound<'py, PyString>);

impl<'py> FromPyObject<'_, 'py> for MyObject<'py> {
    type Error = PyErr;

    fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        Ok(MyObject(obj.cast()?.to_owned()))
    }
}

§Details

Cow<'a, str> is an example of an output type that may or may not borrow from the input lifetime 'a. Which variant will be produced depends on the runtime type of the Python object. For a Python byte string, the existing string data can be borrowed for 'a into a Cow::Borrowed. For a Python Unicode string, the data may have to be reencoded to UTF-8, and copied into a Cow::Owned. It does not depend on the Python lifetime 'py.

The output type may also depend on the Python lifetime 'py. This allows the output type to keep interacting with the Python interpreter. See also Bound<'py, T>.

Provided Associated Constants§

Source

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "typing.Any"

Available on crate feature experimental-inspect only.

Provides the type hint information for this type when it appears as an argument.

For example, Vec<u32> would be collections.abc.Sequence[int]. The default value is typing.Any, which is correct for any type.

Required Associated Types§

Source

type Error: Into<PyErr>

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.

For most use cases defaulting to PyErr here is perfectly acceptable. Using a custom error type can be used to avoid having to create a Python exception object in the case where that exception never reaches Python. This may lead to slightly better performance under certain conditions.

§Note

Unfortunately Try and thus ? is based on From, not Into, so implementations may need to use .map_err(Into::into) sometimes to convert a generic Error into a PyErr.

Required Methods§

Source

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'a, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

Extracts Self from the bound smart pointer obj.

Users are advised against calling this method directly: instead, use this via Bound<'_, PyAny>::extract or Py::extract.

Provided Methods§

Source

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

Available on crate feature experimental-inspect only.

Extracts the type hint information for this type when it appears as an argument.

For example, Vec<u32> would return Sequence[int]. The default implementation returns Any, which is correct for any type.

For most types, the return value for this method will be identical to that of IntoPyObject::type_output. It may be different for some types, such as Dict, to allow duck-typing: functions return Dict but take Mapping as argument.

Source

fn as_local_tz(_: Token) -> Option<Self>

Available on crate feature chrono-local only.

Helper used to make a specialized path in extracting DateTime<Tz> where Tz is chrono::Local, which will accept “naive” datetime objects as being in the local timezone.

Dyn Compatibility§

This trait is not dyn compatible.

In older versions of Rust, dyn compatibility was called "object safety", so this trait is not object safe.

Trait FromPyObject Copy item path

§Examples

§How to implement FromPyObject?

§#[derive(FromPyObject)]

§Manual implementation for types without lifetime

§Manual implementation for types with lifetime paramaters

§Details

Provided Associated Constants§

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "typing.Any"

Required Associated Types§

type Error: Into<PyErr>

§Note

Required Methods§

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'a, 'py, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

Provided Methods§

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

fn as_local_tz(_: Token) -> Option<Self>

Dyn Compatibility§

Implementations on Foreign Types§

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for IpAddr

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for Tz

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for bool

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "bool"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for char

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "str"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for i128

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "int"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<i128, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for u64

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "int"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<u64, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for u128

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "int"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<u128, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for usize

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = u64::INPUT_TYPE

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for CString

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for String

const INPUT_TYPE: &'static str = "str"

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

fn type_input() -> TypeInfo

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for Duration

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for OsString

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for PathBuf

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(ob: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for SystemTime

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for BigDecimal

type Error = PyErr

fn extract(obj: Borrowed<'_, '_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Self>

impl FromPyObject<'_, '_> for NaiveDate

type Error = PyErr

Trait FromPyObject

§How to implement `FromPyObject`?

§`#[derive(FromPyObject)]`