Trait ontio_std::prelude::From

pub trait From<T> {
#[lang = "from"]    fn from(T) -> Self;
}

Used to do value-to-value conversions while consuming the input value. It is the reciprocal of Into.

One should always prefer implementing From over Into because implementing From automatically provides one with an implementation of Into thanks to the blanket implementation in the standard library.

Only implement Into when targeting a version prior to Rust 1.41 and converting to a type outside the current crate. From was not able to do these types of conversions in earlier versions because of Rust's orphaning rules. See Into for more details.

Prefer using Into over using From when specifying trait bounds on a generic function. This way, types that directly implement Into can be used as arguments as well.

The From is also very useful when performing error handling. When constructing a function that is capable of failing, the return type will generally be of the form Result<T, E>. The From trait simplifies error handling by allowing a function to return a single error type that encapsulate multiple error types. See the "Examples" section and the book for more details.

Note: This trait must not fail. If the conversion can fail, use TryFrom.

Generic Implementations

• From<T> for U implies Into<U> for T
• From is reflexive, which means that From<T> for T is implemented

Examples

String implements From<&str>:

An explicit conversion from a &str to a String is done as follows:

let string = "hello".to_string();
let other_string = String::from("hello");

assert_eq!(string, other_string);

While performing error handling it is often useful to implement From for your own error type. By converting underlying error types to our own custom error type that encapsulates the underlying error type, we can return a single error type without losing information on the underlying cause. The '?' operator automatically converts the underlying error type to our custom error type by calling Into<CliError>::into which is automatically provided when implementing From. The compiler then infers which implementation of Into should be used.

use std::fs;
use std::io;
use std::num;

enum CliError {
    IoError(io::Error),
    ParseError(num::ParseIntError),
}

impl From<io::Error> for CliError {
    fn from(error: io::Error) -> Self {
        CliError::IoError(error)
    }
}

impl From<num::ParseIntError> for CliError {
    fn from(error: num::ParseIntError) -> Self {
        CliError::ParseError(error)
    }
}

fn open_and_parse_file(file_name: &str) -> Result<i32, CliError> {
    let mut contents = fs::read_to_string(&file_name)?;
    let num: i32 = contents.trim().parse()?;
    Ok(num)
}

Required methods

#[lang = "from"]fn from(T) -> Self

Performs the conversion.

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Implementations on Foreign Types

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU128

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroU128

impl From<NonZeroU64> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroU64 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU64) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> NonZeroI64

impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI16

Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI16 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI8) -> NonZeroI16

impl From<i8> for AtomicI8

fn from(v: i8) -> AtomicI8

Converts an i8 into an AtomicI8.

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<isize> for AtomicIsize

fn from(v: isize) -> AtomicIsize

Converts an isize into an AtomicIsize.

impl<T> From<T> for UnsafeCell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> UnsafeCell<T>

impl From<i64> for AtomicI64

fn from(v: i64) -> AtomicI64

Converts an i64 into an AtomicI64.

impl From<i32> for AtomicI32

fn from(v: i32) -> AtomicI32

Converts an i32 into an AtomicI32.

impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU128

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroU128

impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroIsize

Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI8) -> NonZeroIsize

impl<T> From<T> for RefCell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> RefCell<T>

impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroIsize

Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> NonZeroIsize

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroU64> for NonZeroU128

Converts NonZeroU64 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU64) -> NonZeroU128

impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<u8> for AtomicU8

fn from(v: u8) -> AtomicU8

Converts an u8 into an AtomicU8.

impl From<!> for TryFromIntError

fn from(never: !) -> TryFromIntError

impl From<u64> for AtomicU64

fn from(v: u64) -> AtomicU64

Converts an u64 into an AtomicU64.

impl From<i16> for AtomicI16

fn from(v: i16) -> AtomicI16

Converts an i16 into an AtomicI16.

impl<T> From<T> for OnceCell<T>

fn from(value: T) -> OnceCell<T>

impl From<NonZeroI64> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroI64 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI64) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroUsize

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroUsize losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroUsize

impl<T> From<T> for Poll<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Poll<T>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ T> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(reference: &T) -> NonNull<T>

impl From<NonZeroI32> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroI32 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI32) -> NonZeroI64

impl From<!> for Infallible

fn from(x: !) -> Infallible

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI16

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI16 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroI16

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU64

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroU64

impl<T> From<Unique<T>> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(unique: Unique<T>) -> NonNull<T>

impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI32

Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI8) -> NonZeroI32

impl From<bool> for AtomicBool

fn from(b: bool) -> AtomicBool

Converts a bool into an AtomicBool.

Examples

use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
let atomic_bool = AtomicBool::from(true);
assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", atomic_bool), "true")

impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI8) -> NonZeroI64

impl<T> From<T> for Cell<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Cell<T>

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU32

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroU32

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI32

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroI32

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ mut T> for NonNull<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(reference: &mut T) -> NonNull<T>

impl From<NonZeroI16> for NonZeroI32

Converts NonZeroI16 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI16) -> NonZeroI32

impl From<NonZeroI8> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroI8 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI8) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroU64

Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> NonZeroU64

impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> NonZeroI64

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI32

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroI32

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroUsize

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroUsize losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroUsize

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroU16

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroU16 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroU16

impl From<NonZeroU32> for NonZeroU128

Converts NonZeroU32 to NonZeroU128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU32) -> NonZeroU128

impl From<Infallible> for TryFromSliceError

fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromSliceError

impl From<usize> for AtomicUsize

fn from(v: usize) -> AtomicUsize

Converts an usize into an AtomicUsize.

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroI64

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroIsize

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroIsize losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroIsize

impl From<NonZeroI32> for NonZeroI128

Converts NonZeroI32 to NonZeroI128 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroI32) -> NonZeroI128

impl From<NonZeroU8> for NonZeroI64

Converts NonZeroU8 to NonZeroI64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU8) -> NonZeroI64

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU32

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU32 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroU32

impl From<u16> for AtomicU16

fn from(v: u16) -> AtomicU16

Converts an u16 into an AtomicU16.

impl From<Infallible> for TryFromIntError

fn from(x: Infallible) -> TryFromIntError

impl From<u32> for AtomicU32

fn from(v: u32) -> AtomicU32

Converts an u32 into an AtomicU32.

impl<T> From<*mut T> for AtomicPtr<T>

fn from(p: *mut T) -> AtomicPtr<T>

impl From<NonZeroU16> for NonZeroU64

Converts NonZeroU16 to NonZeroU64 losslessly.

fn from(small: NonZeroU16) -> NonZeroU64

impl<'a, B> From<Cow<'a, B>> for Rc<B> where
    B: ToOwned + ?Sized,
    Rc<B>: From<&'a B>,
    Rc<B>: From<<B as ToOwned>::Owned>, 

fn from(cow: Cow<'a, B>) -> Rc<B>

impl<'a, T> From<&'a [T]> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(s: &'a [T]) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<'a> From<String> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: String) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<T> From<T> for Rc<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Rc<T>

impl From<String> for Arc<str>

fn from(v: String) -> Arc<str>

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Pin<Box<T>> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(boxed: Box<T>) -> Pin<Box<T>>

Converts a Box<T> into a Pin<Box<T>>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

impl From<LayoutErr> for TryReserveError

fn from(LayoutErr) -> TryReserveError

impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: &'a str) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<W> From<Arc<W>> for Waker where
    W: 'static + Wake + Send + Sync, 

fn from(waker: Arc<W>) -> Waker

impl<'a, T> From<Vec<T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<'a, T> From<&'a Vec<T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &'a Vec<T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Arc<[T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Arc<[T]>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Rc<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Rc<[T]>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Rc<[T]> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(v: &[T]) -> Rc<[T]>

impl<T> From<T> for Arc<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Arc<T>

impl<'a> From<&'a String> for Cow<'a, str>

fn from(s: &'a String) -> Cow<'a, str>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for VecDeque<T>

fn from(other: Vec<T>) -> VecDeque<T>

Turn a Vec<T> into a VecDeque<T>.

This avoids reallocating where possible, but the conditions for that are strict, and subject to change, and so shouldn't be relied upon unless the Vec<T> came from From<VecDeque<T>> and hasn't been reallocated.

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for BinaryHeap<T> where
    T: Ord, 

fn from(vec: Vec<T>) -> BinaryHeap<T>

Converts a Vec<T> into a BinaryHeap<T>.

This conversion happens in-place, and has O(n) time complexity.

impl<W> From<Arc<W>> for RawWaker where
    W: 'static + Wake + Send + Sync, 

fn from(waker: Arc<W>) -> RawWaker

impl From<String> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: String) -> Rc<str>

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Arc<str>

fn from(v: &str) -> Arc<str>

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Arc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Arc<T>

impl<'a, B> From<Cow<'a, B>> for Arc<B> where
    B: ToOwned + ?Sized,
    Arc<B>: From<&'a B>,
    Arc<B>: From<<B as ToOwned>::Owned>, 

fn from(cow: Cow<'a, B>) -> Arc<B>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Arc<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Arc<[T]>

impl<T> From<Box<T>> for Rc<T> where
    T: ?Sized, 

fn from(v: Box<T>) -> Rc<T>

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Rc<str>

fn from(v: &str) -> Rc<str>

impl From<Pages> for Bytes

fn from(x: Pages) -> Bytes

impl From<Words> for Bytes

fn from(x: Words) -> Bytes

impl From<Words> for Bytes

fn from(x: Words) -> Bytes

impl From<Pages> for Bytes

fn from(x: Pages) -> Bytes

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Implementors

impl From<String> for Box<str>

fn from(s: String) -> Box<str>

Converts the given String to a boxed str slice that is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = Box::from(s1);
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl From<String> for Vec<u8>

fn from(string: String) -> Vec<u8>

Converts the given String to a vector Vec that holds values of type u8.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1 = String::from("hello world");
let v1 = Vec::from(s1);

for b in v1 {
    println!("{}", b);
}

impl From<Box<str>> for String

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> String

Converts the given boxed str slice to a String. It is notable that the str slice is owned.

Examples

Basic usage:

let s1: String = String::from("hello world");
let s2: Box<str> = s1.into_boxed_str();
let s3: String = String::from(s2);

assert_eq!("hello world", s3)

impl From<Box<str>> for Box<[u8]>

fn from(s: Box<str>) -> Box<[u8]>

Converts a Box<str>> into a Box<[u8]>

This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.

Examples

// create a Box<str> which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
let boxed_str: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(boxed);

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice = Box::from(slice);

assert_eq!(boxed_slice, boxed_str);

impl From<H160> for [u8; 20]

fn from(s: H160) -> Self

impl From<H256> for [u8; 32]

fn from(s: H256) -> Self

impl From<NonZeroI8> for i8

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI8) -> i8

Converts a NonZeroI8 into an i8

impl From<NonZeroI16> for i16

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI16) -> i16

Converts a NonZeroI16 into an i16

impl From<NonZeroI32> for i32

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI32) -> i32

Converts a NonZeroI32 into an i32

impl From<NonZeroI64> for i64

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI64) -> i64

Converts a NonZeroI64 into an i64

impl From<NonZeroI128> for i128

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroI128) -> i128

Converts a NonZeroI128 into an i128

impl From<NonZeroIsize> for isize

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroIsize) -> isize

Converts a NonZeroIsize into an isize

impl From<NonZeroU8> for u8

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU8) -> u8

Converts a NonZeroU8 into an u8

impl From<NonZeroU16> for u16

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU16) -> u16

Converts a NonZeroU16 into an u16

impl From<NonZeroU32> for u32

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU32) -> u32

Converts a NonZeroU32 into an u32

impl From<NonZeroU64> for u64

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU64) -> u64

Converts a NonZeroU64 into an u64

impl From<NonZeroU128> for u128

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroU128) -> u128

Converts a NonZeroU128 into an u128

impl From<NonZeroUsize> for usize

fn from(nonzero: NonZeroUsize) -> usize

Converts a NonZeroUsize into an usize

impl From<[u8; 20]> for H160

fn from(bytes: [u8; 20]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl From<[u8; 32]> for H256

fn from(bytes: [u8; 32]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl From<bool> for i8

Converts a bool to a i8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i8::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i8

impl From<bool> for i16

Converts a bool to a i16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i16::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i16

impl From<bool> for i32

Converts a bool to a i32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i32::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i32

impl From<bool> for i64

Converts a bool to a i64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i64::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i64

impl From<bool> for i128

Converts a bool to a i128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(i128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(i128::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> i128

impl From<bool> for isize

Converts a bool to a isize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(isize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(isize::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> isize

impl From<bool> for u8

Converts a bool to a u8. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u8::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u8::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u8

impl From<bool> for u16

Converts a bool to a u16. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u16::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u16::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u16

impl From<bool> for u32

Converts a bool to a u32. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u32::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u32::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u32

impl From<bool> for u64

Converts a bool to a u64. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u64::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u64::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u64

impl From<bool> for u128

Converts a bool to a u128. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(u128::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(u128::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> u128

impl From<bool> for usize

Converts a bool to a usize. The resulting value is 0 for false and 1 for true values.

Examples

assert_eq!(usize::from(true), 1);
assert_eq!(usize::from(false), 0);

fn from(small: bool) -> usize

impl From<char> for String

fn from(c: char) -> String

impl From<char> for u32

fn from(c: char) -> u32

Converts a char into a u32.

Examples

use std::mem;

let c = 'c';
let u = u32::from(c);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&u))

impl From<f32> for f64

Converts f32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: f32) -> f64

impl From<i8> for f32

Converts i8 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> f32

impl From<i8> for f64

Converts i8 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> f64

impl From<i8> for i16

Converts i8 to i16 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i16

impl From<i8> for i32

Converts i8 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i32

impl From<i8> for i64

Converts i8 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i64

impl From<i8> for i128

Converts i8 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> i128

impl From<i8> for isize

Converts i8 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: i8) -> isize

impl From<i16> for f32

Converts i16 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> f32

impl From<i16> for f64

Converts i16 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> f64

impl From<i16> for i32

Converts i16 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i32

impl From<i16> for i64

Converts i16 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i64

impl From<i16> for i128

Converts i16 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> i128

impl From<i16> for isize

Converts i16 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: i16) -> isize

impl From<i32> for f64

Converts i32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> f64

impl From<i32> for i64

Converts i32 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> i64

impl From<i32> for i128

Converts i32 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i32) -> i128

impl From<i64> for i128

Converts i64 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: i64) -> i128

impl From<u8> for char

Maps a byte in 0x00..=0xFF to a char whose code point has the same value, in U+0000..=U+00FF.

Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes with the character encoding that IANA calls ISO-8859-1. This encoding is compatible with ASCII.

Note that this is different from ISO/IEC 8859-1 a.k.a. ISO 8859-1 (with one less hyphen), which leaves some "blanks", byte values that are not assigned to any character. ISO-8859-1 (the IANA one) assigns them to the C0 and C1 control codes.

Note that this is also different from Windows-1252 a.k.a. code page 1252, which is a superset ISO/IEC 8859-1 that assigns some (not all!) blanks to punctuation and various Latin characters.

To confuse things further, on the Web ascii, iso-8859-1, and windows-1252 are all aliases for a superset of Windows-1252 that fills the remaining blanks with corresponding C0 and C1 control codes.

fn from(i: u8) -> char

Converts a u8 into a char.

Examples

use std::mem;

let u = 32 as u8;
let c = char::from(u);
assert!(4 == mem::size_of_val(&c))

impl From<u8> for f32

Converts u8 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> f32

impl From<u8> for f64

Converts u8 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> f64

impl From<u8> for i16

Converts u8 to i16 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i16

impl From<u8> for i32

Converts u8 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i32

impl From<u8> for i64

Converts u8 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i64

impl From<u8> for i128

Converts u8 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> i128

impl From<u8> for isize

Converts u8 to isize losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> isize

impl From<u8> for u16

Converts u8 to u16 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u16

impl From<u8> for u32

Converts u8 to u32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u32

impl From<u8> for u64

Converts u8 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u64

impl From<u8> for u128

Converts u8 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> u128

impl From<u8> for usize

Converts u8 to usize losslessly.

fn from(small: u8) -> usize

impl From<u16> for f32

Converts u16 to f32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> f32

impl From<u16> for f64

Converts u16 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> f64

impl From<u16> for i32

Converts u16 to i32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i32

impl From<u16> for i64

Converts u16 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i64

impl From<u16> for i128

Converts u16 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> i128

impl From<u16> for u32

Converts u16 to u32 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u32

impl From<u16> for u64

Converts u16 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u64

impl From<u16> for u128

Converts u16 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> u128

impl From<u16> for usize

Converts u16 to usize losslessly.

fn from(small: u16) -> usize

impl From<u32> for f64

Converts u32 to f64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> f64

impl From<u32> for i64

Converts u32 to i64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> i64

impl From<u32> for i128

Converts u32 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> i128

impl From<u32> for u64

Converts u32 to u64 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> u64

impl From<u32> for u128

Converts u32 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u32) -> u128

impl From<u64> for i128

Converts u64 to i128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u64) -> i128

impl From<u64> for u128

Converts u64 to u128 losslessly.

fn from(small: u64) -> u128

impl<'_> From<&'_ String> for String

fn from(s: &String) -> String

impl<'_> From<&'_ mut str> for String

fn from(s: &mut str) -> String

Converts a &mut str into a String.

The result is allocated on the heap.

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for String

fn from(s: &str) -> String

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Box<str>

fn from(s: &str) -> Box<str>

Converts a &str into a Box<str>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of s.

Examples

let boxed: Box<str> = Box::from("hello");
println!("{}", boxed);

impl<'_> From<&'_ str> for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: &str) -> Vec<u8>

impl<'_> From<Cow<'_, str>> for Box<str>

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, str>) -> Box<str>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Box<[T]> where
    T: Copy, 

fn from(slice: &[T]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a &[T] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion allocates on the heap and performs a copy of slice.

Examples

// create a &[u8] which will be used to create a Box<[u8]>
let slice: &[u8] = &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111];
let boxed_slice: Box<[u8]> = Box::from(slice);

println!("{:?}", boxed_slice);

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ [T]> for Vec<T> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(s: &[T]) -> Vec<T>

impl<'_, T> From<&'_ mut [T]> for Vec<T> where
    T: Clone, 

fn from(s: &mut [T]) -> Vec<T>

impl<'_, T> From<Cow<'_, [T]>> for Box<[T]> where
    T: Copy, 

fn from(cow: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Box<[T]>

impl<'a> From<&'a [u8; 20]> for H160

fn from(bytes: &'a [u8; 20]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given reference to the bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl<'a> From<&'a [u8; 32]> for H256

fn from(bytes: &'a [u8; 32]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given reference to the bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8; 20]> for H160

fn from(bytes: &'a mut [u8; 20]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given reference to the mutable bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl<'a> From<&'a mut [u8; 32]> for H256

fn from(bytes: &'a mut [u8; 32]) -> Self

Constructs a hash type from the given reference to the mutable bytes array of fixed length.

Note

The given bytes are interpreted in big endian order.

impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for String

fn from(s: Cow<'a, str>) -> String

impl<'a, T> From<&'a Option<T>> for Option<&'a T>

fn from(o: &'a Option<T>) -> Option<&'a T>

Converts from &Option<T> to Option<&T>.

Examples

Converts an Option<String> into an Option<usize>, preserving the original. The map method takes the self argument by value, consuming the original, so this technique uses as_ref to first take an Option to a reference to the value inside the original.

let s: Option<String> = Some(String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!"));
let o: Option<usize> = Option::from(&s).map(|ss: &String| ss.len());

println!("Can still print s: {:?}", s);

assert_eq!(o, Some(18));

impl<'a, T> From<&'a mut Option<T>> for Option<&'a mut T>

fn from(o: &'a mut Option<T>) -> Option<&'a mut T>

Converts from &mut Option<T> to Option<&mut T>

Examples

let mut s = Some(String::from("Hello"));
let o: Option<&mut String> = Option::from(&mut s);

match o {
    Some(t) => *t = String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!"),
    None => (),
}

assert_eq!(s, Some(String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!")));

impl<'a, T> From<Cow<'a, [T]>> for Vec<T> where
    [T]: ToOwned,
    <[T] as ToOwned>::Owned == Vec<T>, 

fn from(s: Cow<'a, [T]>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<!> for T

Stability note: This impl does not yet exist, but we are "reserving space" to add it in the future. See rust-lang/rust#64715 for details.

fn from(t: !) -> T

impl<T> From<Box<[T]>> for Vec<T>

fn from(s: Box<[T]>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<Vec<T>> for Box<[T]>

fn from(v: Vec<T>) -> Box<[T]>

impl<T> From<BinaryHeap<T>> for Vec<T>

fn from(heap: BinaryHeap<T>) -> Vec<T>

impl<T> From<VecDeque<T>> for Vec<T>

fn from(other: VecDeque<T>) -> Vec<T>

Turn a VecDeque<T> into a Vec<T>.

This never needs to re-allocate, but does need to do O(n) data movement if the circular buffer doesn't happen to be at the beginning of the allocation.

Examples

use std::collections::VecDeque;

// This one is *O*(1).
let deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
let ptr = deque.as_slices().0.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

// This one needs data rearranging.
let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = (1..5).collect();
deque.push_front(9);
deque.push_front(8);
let ptr = deque.as_slices().1.as_ptr();
let vec = Vec::from(deque);
assert_eq!(vec, [8, 9, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
assert_eq!(vec.as_ptr(), ptr);

impl<T> From<T> for Option<T>

fn from(val: T) -> Option<T>

Copies val into a new Some.

Examples

let o: Option<u8> = Option::from(67);

assert_eq!(Some(67), o);

impl<T> From<T> for Box<T>

fn from(t: T) -> Box<T>

Converts a generic type T into a Box<T>

The conversion allocates on the heap and moves t from the stack into it.

Examples

let x = 5;
let boxed = Box::new(5);

assert_eq!(Box::from(x), boxed);

impl<T> From<T> for T

fn from(t: T) -> T

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T]>

fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T]>

Converts a [T; N] into a Box<[T]>

This conversion moves the array to newly heap-allocated memory.

Examples

let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Box::from([4, 2]);
println!("{:?}", boxed);

impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Vec<T>

fn from(s: [T; N]) -> Vec<T>

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