moq_video/encode/

producer.rs

//! Encode decoded video frames and publish them as a moq video track.
//!
//! Encoding is strictly on demand: the track and catalog entry are advertised
//! immediately, but the camera stays closed (LED off, no CPU) until a subscriber
//! appears. When the last viewer leaves, the camera is released again. This
//! mirrors `moq-boy`, which pauses its emulator on `track::Producer::used()` /
//! `unused()`.

use std::time::Instant;

use moq_net::Timestamp;

use crate::Error;
use crate::capture;

use super::encoder::{self, Codec};
use super::rate::{Control, Policy};
use super::sink::Sink;

/// Last-resort framerate when neither the caller nor the camera reports one.
const DEFAULT_FRAMERATE: u32 = 30;

/// Per-codec splitter + importer pair. Each codec frames its packets and resolves
/// its catalog rendition differently, so the producer holds one of these.
enum Codecs {
	H264 {
		split: moq_mux::codec::h264::Split,
		import: moq_mux::codec::h264::Import,
	},
	H265 {
		split: moq_mux::codec::h265::Split,
		import: moq_mux::codec::h265::Import,
	},
}

/// Publishes encoded video frames as a moq track (avc3 / hev1 depending on the
/// codec).
///
/// Built on the async side so the track is advertised (and the catalog
/// registered) before the camera opens; this is what lets a subscriber
/// trigger capture on demand. The `moq_mux::codec` importer for the codec
/// handles catalog registration and framing.
pub struct Producer {
	codecs: Codecs,
}

impl Producer {
	/// Publish a track for `codec` into `broadcast`, registering its rendition
	/// in `catalog`. The packets fed to [`publish`](Self::publish) must be in
	/// that codec's framing (the matching [`Encoder`](super::Encoder) emits it).
	pub fn new(
		mut broadcast: moq_net::broadcast::Producer,
		catalog: moq_mux::catalog::Producer,
		codec: Codec,
	) -> Result<Self, Error> {
		let codecs = match codec {
			Codec::H264 => {
				let track = moq_mux::import::unique_track(&mut broadcast, ".avc3")?;
				Codecs::H264 {
					split: moq_mux::codec::h264::Split::new(),
					import: moq_mux::codec::h264::Import::new(track, catalog.reserve(), Default::default())?,
				}
			}
			Codec::H265 => {
				let track = moq_mux::import::unique_track(&mut broadcast, ".hev1")?;
				Codecs::H265 {
					split: moq_mux::codec::h265::Split::new(),
					import: moq_mux::codec::h265::Import::new(track, catalog.reserve(), Default::default())?,
				}
			}
		};
		Ok(Self { codecs })
	}

	/// A watch-only handle to the track's subscriber demand, created eagerly so
	/// subscription state is observable before any frames arrive. Watch it via
	/// [`used`](moq_net::track::Demand::used) / [`unused`](moq_net::track::Demand::unused).
	pub fn demand(&self) -> moq_net::track::Demand {
		match &self.codecs {
			Codecs::H264 { import, .. } => import.demand(),
			Codecs::H265 { import, .. } => import.demand(),
		}
	}

	/// Publish already-encoded packets at the given timestamp. Each packet is one
	/// whole access unit in the producer's codec framing.
	pub fn publish(&mut self, packets: Vec<bytes::Bytes>, timestamp: Timestamp) -> Result<(), Error> {
		for packet in packets {
			// The encoder emits one whole access unit per packet, so flush to emit it.
			match &mut self.codecs {
				Codecs::H264 { split, import } => {
					let mut frames = split.decode(&packet, Some(timestamp))?;
					frames.extend(split.flush(Some(timestamp))?);
					import.decode(frames)?;
				}
				Codecs::H265 { split, import } => {
					let mut frames = split.decode(&packet, Some(timestamp))?;
					frames.extend(split.flush(Some(timestamp))?);
					import.decode(frames)?;
				}
			}
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Mark a break in the published timeline: whatever is published next does not continue
	/// what came before.
	///
	/// Call this when the encoder stops rather than merely pausing between frames -- a
	/// capture that goes idle, a source switch, anything that will resume on a re-anchored
	/// clock. See [`Producer::discontinuity`](moq_mux::container::Producer::discontinuity)
	/// for what the marker buys a consumer.
	pub fn discontinuity(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
		match &mut self.codecs {
			Codecs::H264 { import, .. } => import.discontinuity()?,
			Codecs::H265 { import, .. } => import.discontinuity()?,
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Finalize the track.
	///
	/// Consumes the producer: nothing can be published after the track ends, so
	/// this is the last call rather than one leaving a dead producer in your hands.
	pub fn finish(mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
		match &mut self.codecs {
			Codecs::H264 { import, .. } => import.finish()?,
			Codecs::H265 { import, .. } => import.finish()?,
		}
		Ok(())
	}

	/// Abort the track with `err` instead of finishing it cleanly, so subscribers
	/// see the real cause rather than [`moq_net::Error::Dropped`].
	///
	/// Consumes the producer, like [`finish`](Self::finish).
	pub fn abort(self, err: moq_net::Error) {
		match self.codecs {
			Codecs::H264 { import, .. } => import.abort(err),
			Codecs::H265 { import, .. } => import.abort(err),
		}
	}
}

/// Source-agnostic encode knobs for [`publish_capture`], where the geometry
/// (width / height / framerate) comes from the capture source, not the caller.
/// For the bring-your-own-frames [`Encoder`](super::Encoder) path, where you
/// must specify geometry, use [`Config`](super::Config) instead.
///
/// `#[non_exhaustive]`: construct via [`Options::default`] and set fields, so
/// new knobs can be added without breaking callers.
#[derive(Clone, Default)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Options {
	/// Target bitrate in bits per second; `None` derives from resolution.
	///
	/// This is a ceiling, not a fixed rate: with [`bandwidth`](Self::bandwidth)
	/// set, the encoder backs off below it while the uplink is congested and
	/// climbs back afterwards, but never exceeds it.
	pub bitrate: Option<u64>,
	/// Output codec. Defaults to [`Codec::H264`].
	pub codec: Codec,
	/// Encoder implementation preference.
	pub kind: encoder::Kind,
	/// The connection's send-bandwidth estimate, from
	/// [`Session::send_bandwidth`](moq_net::Session::send_bandwidth) (or
	/// `moq_native::Reconnect::send_bandwidth`, which survives reconnects).
	///
	/// Set it and the encoder tracks the estimate per the default
	/// [`rate::Policy`](super::rate::Policy), so a closing uplink gets a softer
	/// picture instead of a stalled one. Leave it `None` and the
	/// encoder holds [`bitrate`](Self::bitrate) regardless of congestion, which
	/// is what you want when the estimate isn't meaningful (a local file, a test
	/// harness) or unavailable (a publisher that only accepts inbound sessions).
	pub bandwidth: Option<moq_net::bandwidth::Consumer>,
}

// Hand-written: `bandwidth::Consumer` isn't `Debug`, but its presence is the
// only part worth printing anyway.
impl std::fmt::Debug for Options {
	fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
		f.debug_struct("Options")
			.field("bitrate", &self.bitrate)
			.field("codec", &self.codec)
			.field("kind", &self.kind)
			.field("bandwidth", &self.bandwidth.is_some())
			.finish()
	}
}

/// Capture a webcam and publish it as an on-demand video track.
///
/// Returns when the broadcast is dropped (the track stops being announced)
/// or the capture loop fails. The camera is opened only while at least one
/// subscriber is watching; frames are stamped from `clock`, so passing the
/// same [`Clock`](moq_mux::Clock) to a concurrent audio publish keeps the two
/// tracks aligned.
pub async fn publish_capture(
	broadcast: moq_net::broadcast::Producer,
	catalog: moq_mux::catalog::Producer,
	capture: capture::Config,
	encode: Options,
	clock: moq_mux::Clock,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
	// A caller asking for exactly zero is an error; omitting it (None) is
	// fine and resolves to the camera's reported rate once it's open.
	if capture.framerate == Some(0) {
		return Err(Error::InvalidFramerate(0));
	}

	let mut producer = Producer::new(broadcast, catalog, encode.codec)?;
	let demand = producer.demand();

	let result = capture_loop(&mut producer, &demand, &capture, &encode, &clock).await;

	// This runs only when the loop ends on its own (the track is usually already
	// going away by then); a Ctrl+C cancels the future before this point, since
	// async `Drop` can't finalize the track.
	match &result {
		// Clean end (the track was dropped): best-effort finish.
		Ok(()) => {
			if let Err(err) = producer.finish() {
				tracing::debug!(error = %err, "video track finish after capture ended");
			}
		}
		// The capture loop failed: abort with the real cause so subscribers see it.
		Err(err) => producer.abort(moq_net::Error::Transport(err.to_string())),
	}
	result
}

/// Off macOS, [`publish_capture`]'s future must stay `Send` so a server can
/// `tokio::spawn` it: the encoder runs on its own thread and the capture guard
/// is `Send` there. This is never called; it exists only to fail compilation if
/// the future ever regains a `!Send` component. macOS is exempt (the objc
/// capture session is `!Send`).
#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
#[allow(dead_code)]
fn assert_publish_capture_send(
	broadcast: moq_net::broadcast::Producer,
	catalog: moq_mux::catalog::Producer,
	capture: capture::Config,
	encode: Options,
	clock: moq_mux::Clock,
) {
	fn is_send<T: Send>(_: &T) {}
	is_send(&publish_capture(broadcast, catalog, capture, encode, clock));
}

/// The live rate control state: the estimate source paired with the policy
/// tracking it. `None` once there's nothing left to track, which is what stops
/// the `select!` arm from spinning on a channel that is permanently ready.
type Rate = Option<(moq_net::bandwidth::Consumer, Control)>;

/// Wait for the next bandwidth estimate, or forever when rate control is off or
/// finished. Cancel-safe: [`Consumer::changed`](moq_net::bandwidth::Consumer::changed)
/// only reads shared state, so losing this race to a frame drops no estimate,
/// it just re-reads the latest one next time round.
async fn next_estimate(rate: &mut Rate) -> Option<Option<u64>> {
	match rate {
		Some((bandwidth, _)) => bandwidth.changed().await.ok(),
		// No estimate source: park this arm forever so `select!` ignores it.
		None => std::future::pending().await,
	}
}

/// Feed an estimate through the policy and retune the encoder if it moved.
///
/// `None` means the producer is gone (the session ended for good), so rate
/// control retires; a `Some(None)` estimate means the value is merely
/// unavailable right now, which the policy holds through.
async fn apply_estimate(encoder: &mut Sink, rate: &mut Rate, estimate: Option<Option<u64>>) {
	let Some((_, control)) = rate.as_mut() else { return };

	let Some(estimate) = estimate else {
		tracing::debug!("bandwidth estimate ended; holding the current encoder bitrate");
		*rate = None;
		return;
	};

	let Some(bitrate) = control.update(estimate, Instant::now()) else {
		return;
	};

	match encoder.set_bitrate(bitrate).await {
		Ok(()) => tracing::debug!(bitrate, estimate, "adjusted encoder bitrate"),
		// The encoder can't retune, so keep encoding at the rate it opened with
		// and stop asking. Dropping the source also stops the estimate arm, which
		// would otherwise wake this loop for nothing on every change.
		Err(Error::BitrateUnsupported(name)) => {
			tracing::warn!(encoder = name, "encoder cannot follow the bandwidth estimate");
			*rate = None;
		}
		// A transient failure: keep the policy running so the next change retries.
		// The policy already moved its target, so a persistent failure just means
		// the encoder trails it; that's better than giving up on the first blip.
		Err(err) => tracing::warn!(error = %err, bitrate, "failed to adjust encoder bitrate"),
	}
}

/// A dropped or closed track is the normal end of a publish; any other cause is
/// a real abort (e.g. a transport reset) worth surfacing rather than treating as
/// a clean exit.
fn log_track_ended(err: moq_net::Error) {
	if matches!(err, moq_net::Error::Dropped | moq_net::Error::Closed) {
		tracing::debug!("video track no longer announced; stopping capture");
	} else {
		tracing::warn!(error = %err, "video track aborted; stopping capture");
	}
}

/// Async capture/encode loop. Captures one frame up front to populate the
/// catalog (the codec/resolution only exist once the encoder has produced an
/// SPS), then releases the camera whenever the last viewer leaves and reopens it
/// when one returns.
///
/// Cancel safety: every wait here is a real `.await` (a frame read, a demand
/// transition, or an encode), so dropping this future (e.g. on Ctrl+C) drops
/// `camera` and `encoder`, which release the device (LED off) and join the
/// encode thread. Both the capture and encode threads sit idle between frames,
/// so their joins return promptly unless the underlying device or encoder is
/// itself wedged.
async fn capture_loop(
	producer: &mut Producer,
	demand: &moq_net::track::Demand,
	capture: &capture::Config,
	encode: &Options,
	clock: &moq_mux::Clock,
) -> Result<(), Error> {
	// The catalog video rendition only appears once a frame has been encoded (the
	// importer reads the SPS). Until then we capture regardless of demand so a
	// catalog-driven subscriber can discover the track and trigger `used()`.
	// After that we release the camera while unwatched.
	let mut catalog_ready = false;

	loop {
		if catalog_ready {
			// Idle until a viewer subscribes; the track ending is a clean exit.
			if let Err(err) = demand.used().await {
				log_track_ended(err);
				return Ok(());
			}
		}

		// Open the camera and an encoder sized to its negotiated mode.
		let mut camera = capture::open(capture).await?;
		// Prefer an explicit --fps, otherwise the camera's reported rate, falling
		// back only if the backend doesn't expose one.
		let framerate = capture
			.framerate
			.or_else(|| camera.framerate())
			.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_FRAMERATE);
		let mut encoder_config = encoder::Config::new(camera.width(), camera.height(), framerate);
		encoder_config.bitrate = encode.bitrate;
		encoder_config.codec = encode.codec;
		encoder_config.kind = encode.kind.clone();
		// Off macOS this opens the encoder on a dedicated thread; see `sink`.
		let mut encoder = Sink::open(&encoder_config).await?;
		// Force an IDR on the first frame of each (re)open so a viewer subscribing
		// after an idle gap can start decoding immediately.
		let mut force_keyframe = true;
		tracing::info!(encoder = encoder.name(), device = camera.device(), "capturing");

		// Rate control is per encoder: this one opened at the configured bitrate,
		// so the policy's ceiling is that rate and the target starts there. A
		// reopened camera starts optimistic again rather than inheriting the
		// backed-off rate from whatever the link was doing last time.
		let mut rate = encode
			.bandwidth
			.clone()
			.map(|bandwidth| (bandwidth, Control::new(Policy::new(encoder_config.resolved_bitrate()))));

		loop {
			// While watched, race the next frame against the last viewer leaving so
			// we release the camera promptly when demand drops. `biased` checks
			// demand first so an unwatched track stops before reading another frame.
			let frame = if catalog_ready {
				tokio::select! {
					biased;
					res = demand.unused() => {
						if let Err(err) = res {
							log_track_ended(err);
							return Ok(());
						}
						break; // no viewers: release the camera, then wait for one
					}
					// Retune between frames rather than mid-encode, and only when
					// the policy says the target actually moved.
					estimate = next_estimate(&mut rate) => {
						apply_estimate(&mut encoder, &mut rate, estimate).await;
						continue;
					}
					frame = camera.read() => frame,
				}
			} else {
				camera.read().await
			};

			let Some(frame) = frame else { break }; // device stopped producing frames

			let ts = Timestamp::from_micros(clock.micros())?;
			let packets = encoder.encode(frame, force_keyframe).await?;
			force_keyframe = false;
			// Once the encoder emits a frame the importer has parsed the SPS and
			// the catalog rendition exists, so demand gating can take over.
			catalog_ready |= !packets.is_empty();
			producer.publish(packets, ts)?;
		}

		// Drop the camera (LED off) and encoder before waiting for the next viewer.
		drop(camera);
		if catalog_ready {
			tracing::info!("no viewers: released camera");
		}
	}
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
	use super::*;
	use crate::encode::{Config, Encoder};

	/// Encode a handful of synthetic frames for `codec` and publish them through a
	/// real [`Producer`], returning the catalog rendition's track name. The
	/// rendition only appears once the matching importer parses the codec config
	/// out of the encoded keyframe, so a returned name proves the whole
	/// encode -> split -> import -> catalog path works for that codec.
	///
	/// `kind` is explicit so the test picks a deterministic encoder rather than
	/// `Auto`, which on Linux CI would try the NVENC backend and panic in cudarc
	/// on a GPU-less runner.
	async fn roundtrip_rendition(codec: Codec, kind: encoder::Kind) -> String {
		let mut broadcast = moq_net::broadcast::Info::new().produce();
		let catalog = moq_mux::catalog::Producer::new(&mut broadcast).unwrap();
		let mut producer = Producer::new(broadcast, catalog.clone(), codec).unwrap();

		let mut config = Config::new(320, 240, 30);
		config.codec = codec;
		config.kind = kind;
		let mut encoder = Encoder::new(&config).unwrap();
		assert_eq!(encoder.codec(), codec);

		let rgba = vec![0x80u8; 320 * 240 * 4];
		for i in 0..10u64 {
			let packets = encoder.encode_rgba(&rgba, crate::Size::new(320, 240), i == 0).unwrap();
			let ts = Timestamp::from_micros(i * 33_333).unwrap();
			producer.publish(packets, ts).unwrap();
		}
		let tail = encoder.finish().unwrap();
		producer
			.publish(tail, Timestamp::from_micros(10 * 33_333).unwrap())
			.unwrap();

		let snapshot = catalog.snapshot();
		snapshot
			.video
			.renditions
			.keys()
			.next()
			.cloned()
			.expect("the importer should have registered a video rendition")
	}

	#[tokio::test]
	async fn h264_roundtrip_publishes_avc3() {
		// Software (openh264) so the test is deterministic and never touches a
		// hardware backend.
		assert!(
			roundtrip_rendition(Codec::H264, encoder::Kind::Software)
				.await
				.ends_with(".avc3")
		);
	}

	/// H.265 has no software encoder, so this only runs where a hardware one
	/// exists (VideoToolbox on macOS, the only hardware backend on this target).
	#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
	#[tokio::test]
	async fn h265_roundtrip_publishes_hev1() {
		assert!(
			roundtrip_rendition(Codec::H265, encoder::Kind::Hardware)
				.await
				.ends_with(".hev1")
		);
	}
}