Crate mini_static

Expand description

§mini-static

A secure static file server: HTTP/1.1, streaming responses, traversal-safe path resolution, hidden files denied by default, live reload, precompressed sidecars, external-tool CSS/JS bundling and minification, directory-index redirects. No templating, no framework — files in, HTTP responses out.

Status: published, actively developed. See PLAN.md for the roadmap.

[dependencies]
mini-static = "0.28"

§Design

Server::new(root) canonicalizes root once at startup and serves everything below it. Every resolved path is checked against the canonicalized root before any file I/O happens — the canonicalization is the security boundary, not a pattern match on ...

Source folders and an output dir: optional source folders (with_source_folder) hold the inputs to the build pipelines — CSS that feeds a single bundle, JS that is minified per-file. A single output dir (with_output_dir, defaulting to the served root) receives the processed outputs. The two are disjoint by construction: a source folder that overlaps the output dir is rejected, and the output dir is never a watcher trigger — pipelines react to source folders only, so a pipeline’s own output can never re-trigger its own rebuild.

§Source-folder build pipelines

The server can build its own static output from with_source_folder(path) trees. When any source folder or a CSS/JS tool is configured, a startup build runs full_build; with with_live_reload() the source folders are watched and each change re-runs the appropriate step. Everything lives under the one output dir (with_output_dir, default the served root):

CSS and JS are each independently opt-in, via with_css_tool(tool, options) / with_js_tool(tool, options). With neither configured, source folders are watched (for live-reload) but nothing is transformed or copied to the output dir.
bundle/minify are independent toggles per language (CssOptions/JsOptions), all four combinations valid: passthrough copy, per-file minify (no @import/module resolution), bundle only (unminified, useful for debugging), or bundle + minify.
A source change re-runs only the affected step — a bundle-mode edit rebuilds the whole bundle, a per-file-mode edit rebuilds just that file — and then the reload broadcast is emitted after the output is written, so the browser reloads content that already exists.
Prune is opt-in and build-time only. with_prune_output() deletes the CSS bundle at startup when no CSS sources remain; it never runs during live-reload.
Asset folders (with_asset_folder(path)) are a third, simpler source kind. Every file under one — any extension, index.html, images, whatever — is mirrored byte-identical into the output dir, preserving its path relative to the asset folder. No CSS/JS tool involved, just a flat copy on startup and on every live-reload change. Use this for hand-authored static files that should live outside the served/output dir as source, the same separation the CSS/JS pipelines already have. Rejected if it overlaps the output dir or another registered source/asset folder, for the same feedback-loop reason with_source_folder is.
Server::build() runs every configured pipeline once and returns, no HTTP server involved. For deploy tooling that wants the output dir populated ahead of time — e.g. a one-shot cargo run --bin build_static step before baking a Docker image — mirroring a one-shot content builder’s build() (such as mini_docs::Builder::build()) rather than needing to start-and-kill a live server just to get one build out of it.

§Protocol surface

HTTP/1.1 only, deliberately. Through 0.21.x the connection was served by hyper_util’s auto builder, whose server-auto feature transitively enables hyper/http2 — so a prior-knowledge h2c client negotiated HTTP/2 against a server that documented, tested, and tuned only HTTP/1: no stream-concurrency limit, no frame-size bound, and a header pre-read whose \r\n\r\n scan the HTTP/2 preface satisfies without being an HTTP/1 request at all. 0.22.0 pins the surface to hyper::server::conn::http1 and drops the h2 dependency entirely. Browsers reach HTTP/2 over TLS only, which this crate does not terminate — put a reverse proxy in front for h2/h3.

§Connection lifecycle (fixed from the prior iteration)

Header-read timeout, per request. Every request has a bounded time (default 30s) to send its headers before the connection is dropped, and a 64 KiB ceiling on the header block. The original implementation had no timeout at all: a client that opened a socket and sent nothing held a connection-semaphore permit forever — 1024 idle sockets (the default max_connections), trivially cheap for an attacker, permanently stopped the server from accepting anyone else. The fix for that enforced both bounds in a hand-rolled pre-read that ran once per connection, which left the same hole one step further in: a client could complete one cheap request and then stall mid-header forever on the same keep-alive connection, bounded by nothing. 0.23.0 delegates both bounds to hyper (header_read_timeout, max_buf_size), which applies them to every request on a connection, and deletes ~100 lines of socket plumbing. Response bodies are deliberately unbounded by this timeout — the live-reload SSE stream stays open until a watched file changes.
Ephemeral binds are loopback-only (127.0.0.1:0), matching mini-serve’s fix and for the same reason: a test helper should never expose a real file server to the LAN.
A transient accept() error no longer ends the server. A sustained failure (e.g. the process is out of file descriptors) now degrades into periodic retries with exponential backoff instead of a single error silently ending the accept loop for good, or a naive retry busy-spinning at 100% CPU. Mirrors mini-serve’s Backoff.
run()/run_ephemeral() return a ServerHandle alongside the port. The prior implementation had no way to stop a running server short of exiting the process — every test that started one leaked its background accept loop for the rest of the test binary’s life, and an embedder had no way to stop serving at all. Calling handle.shutdown().await stops accepting new connections and waits for already-accepted connections to finish before returning; dropping the handle without calling it preserves the old fire-and-forget behavior.

§Path traversal responses (fixed)

A blocked traversal attempt and a genuinely missing file both answer 404 not found. The prior implementation answered traversal attempts with a distinct 403 and a distinctive message — telling a prober exactly when they’d found the guard, and inviting iteration to map the filesystem by response code. The two responses are now byte-identical, so the distinction is not observable over the wire at all. Every response carries X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff — the server serves user-supplied directories, and content-sniffing a mislabeled file is a real vector for stored XSS. That includes 304s as of 0.24.1; before then the revalidation path built its own response and was the one status that could arrive without the header, which is backwards — a revalidating client is precisely the one holding the cached copy.

§Hidden files

Dot-prefixed paths are denied by default (0.24.0). A request for /.env or /.git/config answers 404, byte-identical to a miss — an existing dotfile and a missing one are indistinguishable, for the same reason a traversal and a miss are. The traversal guard cannot help here: those files are legitimately inside the root, so before this any visitor who guessed the name got them, and a served root is routinely a build output directory or a repository working copy.

/.well-known/ is served regardless — it is where the web puts resources meant to be fetched (ACME challenges for certificate issuance, security.txt), and denying it would break certificate renewal. The exception covers the first segment only: /.well-known/.hidden is still denied. A segment of exactly . is a same-directory reference, not a hidden name, so /./index.html still serves.

The check runs on the decoded request path, so %2E cannot smuggle a dot past it, and never on the served root’s own filesystem path — a root that itself lives under a dot-directory (~/.config/site/public) keeps working. Server::with_hidden_files() restores the old behavior for roots whose dotfiles are genuinely content.

The traversal pre-check matches path segments equal to .., not any substring containing .. — the prior substring check rejected legitimate filenames like jquery..min.js. canonicalize() + starts_with(root) remains the actual security boundary; the segment check is a cheap early rejection, not the guarantee.

§HTTP correctness (fixed)

Method handling. Only GET/HEAD serve files; everything else gets 405 with Allow: GET, HEAD. The prior implementation served files for any method, including streaming the full body for HEAD requests before hyper silently dropped it on the wire — real disk I/O for a response nobody could see.
Content-Length on streamed responses. The file’s length is known before streaming begins (metadata.len()) and is now sent on every full-file 200, not only on range responses — without it, clients fall back to chunked encoding and lose progress bars and cacheability by size.
Directory index redirects. Requesting /dir when /dir/index.html exists issues a 301 to /dir/ first, so relative links inside the served page resolve against the right base — the prior implementation served the index directly at /dir, silently breaking every relative link on the page. This is deliberately not configurable. /dir/ is the canonical URL of a directory index, and a browser resolves a page’s relative paths against the last / in the address: the same img.png means /dir/img.png at /dir/ and /img.png at /dir. Serving both would give one page two addresses, one of which quietly resolves its own assets to the wrong place. Slashless URLs are a coherent choice under a different mechanism — serving dir.html at /dir, the way Vercel and Netlify hide extensions — where the resource is a file and no directory base exists to get wrong. 0.20.0 briefly offered a TrailingSlash::Serve option that mixed the two; it was removed in 0.21.0.
Custom 404 page. Server::with_not_found_page(Path::new("404.html")) serves that file as the body of every miss, keeping the 404 status (a 200 would be a soft 404 — indexed by search engines, invisible to monitoring) and adding Cache-Control: no-store. Opt-in: a 404.html sitting in the root does nothing on its own. The path is validated when configured, so a missing page fails at startup rather than on the first broken link, and it is read per response so an edit lands without a restart. Nothing about the failed request reaches the page — a miss and a rejected traversal return identical bytes, preserving the not found collapse in StaticError::user_message.
Range requests. Single-range requests (e.g., bytes=0-99) get a 206 Partial Content response with the requested byte range. Multi-range requests (e.g., bytes=0-99,200-299) are treated as invalid and return a full 200 with the whole body (RFC 9110-legal, matches common server behavior). Out-of-bounds ranges return 416 Range Not Satisfiable. If-Range validation: exact strong ETag match only; stale If-Range causes a full 200 response. Precompressed sidecars are skipped for range requests (the original file is served). Every response includes Accept-Ranges: bytes to advertise support.

§Performance (fixed)

The server root is canonicalized once at startup; per-request resolution takes the already-canonical root as a documented precondition instead of re-canonicalizing (two syscalls plus an allocation) on every single request.
File responses stream to the client one chunk at a time via a Body impl backed by a reused BytesMut; each chunk is handed off via split_to(n).freeze() — no per-chunk zero-fill, no second copy of every byte read, and memory use stays bounded to one chunk per in-flight response regardless of file size.
Path resolution’s blocking canonicalize() syscalls run on Tokio’s blocking thread pool via spawn_blocking, not directly on the async worker thread handling the request — a slow filesystem lookup for one request no longer stalls every other task scheduled on that same worker thread.
Conditional-request support: the If-None-Match header is honored against the response’s ETag, returning 304 Not Modified when the file hasn’t changed — clients that revalidate get a fast, bodyless response instead of re-downloading the same content. If-Modified-Since is deliberately not implemented: an ETag distinguishes representations that a whole-second mtime cannot (two writes inside the same second), so it is the validator to serve. Through 0.24.1 that reasoning did not survive contact with the implementation — the ETag was "<size>-<mtime_secs>", itself whole-second, so rewriting a file within a second of its last write without changing its length reproduced the previous ETag and every revalidating client was told 304 Not Modified while holding stale bytes. 0.25.0 includes sub-second precision ("<size>-<secs>.<nanos>"), making the claim true rather than aspirational. On a filesystem with only second-granular timestamps the nanos component is 0 and the behavior is what it was — no worse, and no confidence beyond what the filesystem gives.

§Filename decoding

Request paths are percent-decoded and interpreted as UTF-8, so non-ASCII filenames (é.png, requested as /%C3%A9.png) are servable. If the decoded bytes are not valid UTF-8, the original still-encoded string is used instead — it will not match a file, so the request 404s. A filename that is not valid UTF-8 is therefore not servable; macOS filesystems require UTF-8 names anyway, so this is reachable only on Linux and only for deliberately-created names.

The segment check and the canonicalize() guard remain the authoritative boundary regardless of how the name was decoded, and the hidden-segment check above runs on the decoded path so percent-encoding cannot smuggle a dot past it.

Through 0.28.0 this section claimed decoding produced raw bytes reassembled via OsStr::from_bytes on Unix. It never did — decode_request_path has always gone through decode_utf8 with a fallback to the raw string. Implementing byte-level decoding is a small, self-contained change if a consumer ever needs to serve non-UTF-8 names; documenting what the code does came first.

§Cache control and precompression

Cache-control default. Every 200/304 file response carries Cache-Control: no-cache — clients always revalidate against the ETag rather than caching blindly or getting no guidance at all.
Immutable assets. Server::with_immutable_assets(predicate) takes a Fn(&Path) -> bool; paths the predicate matches get Cache-Control: public, max-age=31536000, immutable instead of the default. Correct only for fingerprinted filenames (main.a1b2c3.js) where a content change always produces a new name — caching a mutable filename indefinitely would serve stale content to every client that already has it cached.
Precompressed sidecars. If a client’s Accept-Encoding names br or gzip (br preferred when both are accepted at equal weight and both sidecars exist; a higher q wins over that default, so br;q=0.5, gzip serves gzip) and a sibling <path>.br / <path>.gz exists next to the resolved file, its bytes are served instead with a matching Content-Encoding. Every file response carries Vary: Accept-Encoding so intermediate caches never serve the wrong variant to a differently-capable client, and the ETag reflects whichever variant was actually served — no compression dependency, a real bandwidth win for static sites that ship prebuilt .gz/.br files. The sidecar path is derived by appending an extension to the already-resolved, canonicalized path — never by re-resolving a modified request path — so it can’t become a second traversal surface. Negotiation parses Accept-Encoding as whole tokens with q-weights (RFC 9110): gzip;q=0 refuses gzip rather than selecting it, and brotli does not match br — both were live bugs in the substring match used through 0.25.0. The * wildcard deliberately selects nothing: missing a compression opportunity costs bandwidth, while guessing at a wildcard risks sending an encoding the client never asked for.

§CSS/JS bundling and minification (external tools)

mini-static does not bundle or minify CSS/JS itself — it delegates to an external CLI tool you configure, and does not install or manage that tool. This keeps the core crate free of any particular bundler’s dependency weight and release cadence, at the cost of an extra install step for the embedder.

Opt-in, per language, via a named preset. Server::with_css_tool(CssTool::LightningCss, options) and Server::with_js_tool(JsTool::Esbuild, options) — #[non_exhaustive] enums so more presets can be added later without breaking existing matches. Neither is configured by default.
bundle/minify are independent CssOptions/JsOptions toggles. All four combinations are valid per language: passthrough copy, per-file minify (mirrored 1:1 into the output dir, no @import/module resolution), bundle-only (unminified, concatenated/entry-resolved), or bundle + minify.
CSS bundling discovers every .css under the source folders and concatenates each file’s (optionally @import-resolved, optionally minified) output in sorted path order — the same shape as before, just delegated per-file to the external tool.
JS bundling requires an explicit entry point (JsOptions::bundle_entry(path, output_name), validated to lie under a registered source folder at configuration time) — unlike CSS, a JS module graph has no well-defined “concatenate everything” meaning. Without a bundle entry, JS runs in per-file mode.
Installation is the embedder’s responsibility. lightningcss (npm package lightningcss-cli) and/or esbuild (npm package esbuild) must be on PATH. Server::run_on checks this at startup — before the listener binds — and returns Err(StaticError::PipelineSetup) with an install hint if a configured tool’s binary is missing, rather than silently serving unprocessed files.
Bounded and fails loudly. Every tool invocation has a 30-second timeout; a timeout, non-zero exit, or missing-binary error is reported with the tool’s own stderr where available (see ToolError).
Per-file mode degrades to a raw copy on tool failure (a malformed source file, or the tool crashing on it) — logged loudly, not silently, so the server keeps serving and the browser stays in sync rather than 404ing.
A failed bundle rebuild leaves the previous good bundle in place — never a partial or corrupt file — and is logged; the next successful rebuild replaces it.
@import/module resolution is delegated entirely to the external tool — mini-static no longer enforces an import-root boundary or depth/file-count ceiling itself (the 30-second timeout is the bound in its place). This is an accepted trade-off: CSS/JS source folders are developer-authored build inputs, not request-time attacker input, unlike the HTTP path resolver above (which remains fully guarded). with_bundle_root still exists, but now purely as an extra watch target for triggering CSS rebuilds — not an @import traversal boundary.
*.min.css/*.min.js bypass per-file mode’s minify step — already-minified files are mirrored as-is.
No request-time transformation. All processing is build-time only, via the source pipeline above — a subprocess call has unbounded latency and doesn’t belong inside HTTP request handling. An embedder that wants CSS/JS served transformed must run the server with the appropriate source folder(s) and tool(s) configured.

Opt-in client-side navigation for multi-page sites, unlike live-reload meant to be usable in production, not just local development: Server::with_spa_mode() (swap target document.body) or Server::with_spa_root(selector) (swap target the element matched by CSS selector, for sites with persistent chrome — nav, header, footer — outside the part that changes per page). Both are off by default; enabling either injects one small <script> into every served text/html response, the same splice-before-</body> mechanism with_live_reload() already uses (the two compose — enabling both injects both scripts).

Same-origin link clicks are intercepted and turned into a fetch + DOM swap instead of a full navigation: the target URL is fetched, and — only on a successful text/html response — the configured root’s innerHTML is replaced with the fetched document’s corresponding content, document.title is updated, and the new URL is pushed via history.pushState. A non-OK response, a non-text/html response, or a fetch error all fall back to a real location.href navigation — spa-mode degrades to normal navigation, it never renders a broken page.
Excluded from interception: links with a target other than empty/_self, a download attribute, rel="external", a data-no-spa attribute, or a same-page hash-only href — those always get a normal navigation. Add data-no-spa to any link you want to opt out explicitly, e.g. a link to a large non-HTML file: spa-mode fetches the target once via JS before a content-type mismatch falls back to a real navigation, which then re-requests it — worth avoiding for anything large.
Animated via the View Transitions API (document.startViewTransition()) when the browser supports it, and a plain synchronous swap otherwise, so nothing breaks on a browser without support. Server::with_spa_transition(SpaTransition) picks how:
- SpaTransition::Fade (default) — the browser’s built-in cross-fade, no CSS injected. Customize it yourself via ::view-transition-old(root)/::view-transition-new(root).
- SpaTransition::Slide(SlideOptions) — the outgoing page slides out one side while the incoming page slides in from the other, the same direction for every navigation including the browser Back button. mini-static injects the <style> tag this needs (keyframes, plus a mix-blend-mode: normal override — without it, the browser’s default cross-fade blend mode washes the two pages into each other where they overlap mid-slide, instead of a clean push) — no site CSS required. SlideOptions (builder-style, defaults reproduce the original slide) configures:
  - duration_ms(u32) — the animation’s animation-duration, default 300.
  - direction(SlideDirection) — Forward (default; exits left, enters from the right) or Reverse (exits right, enters from the left).
  - easing(impl Into<String>) — the animation’s animation-timing-function, default "ease".
Back/forward and forward-click navigations are not distinguished — both animate the same way. A per-direction (Back slides the opposite way from Forward) transition was tried and dropped: it needed a history.state position counter to tell the two browser buttons apart (both fire the same popstate event) and proved fiddly and unreliable in practice for the payoff. SpaTransition::Slide’s direction is a fixed choice, not one that alternates by navigation direction.
window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("mini-static:navigate", {detail:{url}})) fires after every client-side navigation (not the initial page load). Listen for it to re-run any per-page initialization:
```
window.addEventListener("mini-static:navigate", (e) => {
  // e.detail.url is the new page's URL; re-init widgets scoped to the swapped root.
});
```
This exists because content swapped in via innerHTML never executes <script> tags it contains — a page whose behavior depends on an inline <script> running on every visit needs that logic wired to this event (in addition to normal DOMContentLoaded/inline execution on the first load), not just the inline tag.
Back/forward (popstate) is handled by re-fetching and swapping to the new location.href, without pushing a new history entry.
No JS test harness for this crate covers the actual click/transition/popstate behavior — it’s verified manually via cargo run --example mini-static. Everything else (script injection, escaping, builder wiring, composition with live-reload) is covered by cargo test.

§Configurable response headers

Server::with_response_header(name, value) sends a fixed header on every response — 200, 304, 404, 405, 301, and the error paths alike. A policy header present on some statuses and missing from others is worse than none, since the error paths are the ones an attacker is probing:

use mini_static::Server;
use std::path::Path;

fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let _server = Server::new(Path::new("./public"))?
        .with_response_header("Strict-Transport-Security", "max-age=63072000")?
        .with_response_header("Content-Security-Policy", "default-src 'self'")?;
    Ok(())
}

Name and value are validated when the server is built, not on the first request. Headers the server computes per response — Content-Length, Content-Type, Content-Encoding, Content-Range, ETag, Cache-Control, Vary, Accept-Ranges, Allow, Location, Connection, Transfer-Encoding, X-Content-Type-Options — are refused with StaticError::Config rather than accepted and silently overridden: a fixed Content-Length or ETag is a correctness bug, not a policy choice. Use with_immutable_assets for cache policy.

§HTML injection size cap

Live-reload and spa-mode both splice a <script> into served HTML, which is the one code path that reads a whole file into memory instead of streaming it in bounded chunks — and it does so per request, so a large HTML page turns every concurrent request for it into another full copy in memory. Since spa-mode is a production feature, 0.26.1 caps injection at 8 MiB: a page over that is streamed unmodified, and the skip is logged (html injection skipped for /path: … exceeds …) so a silently un-enhanced page is diagnosable rather than mysterious. The cap is far above any hand-written page or generator output, so it should never fire on content this feature was built for.

§Logging

Opt-in, off by default. Server::with_request_logging() writes one line per request to stderr; with_request_logging_to(writer) sends them anywhere else:

GET /index.html 200 512 0.421ms

— method, path exactly as received, status, response body bytes (- when the length isn’t known, as on a live-reload SSE stream), and handling time. Connection-level failures log connection error: … and accept failures log accept error: …; retrying in …; both were discarded entirely before 0.26.0, so a server refusing every request looked exactly like one nobody was talking to.

The path is logged undecoded, on purpose: it is attacker-controlled input, and a traversal attempt is the line an operator most needs to see verbatim rather than normalized. Writes are serialized so concurrent responses can’t interleave mid-line, and a failing log sink is ignored rather than allowed to fail a request that was served correctly.

Cargo.toml declares no cargo features at all — default = []. Earlier revisions of this README advertised err and log features, which never existed.

§Non-goals

No directory listing UI — an index page is either present as a real file or the request 404s.
No on-the-fly transcoding or image resizing.
No built-in compression of arbitrary responses — see precompressed sidecar support above as the intended growth path instead.
No TLS. This is an embeddable crate, not a standalone server. Certificate loading, renewal, ALPN, and cipher policy are a large surface with their own release cadence, and adding rustls would several-fold the dependency tree of a crate that currently has seven dependencies. It is also why HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 are absent — browsers reach both over TLS only.

Terminate TLS upstream (reverse proxy, ingress, stunnel). Note the honest limitation if you cannot: run/run_on/run_ephemeral bind their own TcpListener internally, so there is no listener to wrap. Serving TLS today means driving Server::handle_request from your own accept loop — which works, but gives up everything the built-in loop provides: the connection-count ceiling, accept-error backoff, per-request header timeout and 64 KiB header cap, request logging, and ServerHandle’s graceful drain. That is a worse-secured path than the default one, which is the wrong shape for this crate; letting a caller supply accepted streams while keeping all of the above is planned (PLAN-acceptor.md) and does not require TLS to enter this crate.
No per-IP rate limiting. The connection ceiling (Server::with_max_connections, default 1024) plus the per-request header timeout and 64 KiB header cap are the whole DoS posture; anything finer-grained belongs upstream.

Structs§

Broadcaster: Broadcasts file change events to multiple subscribers.
ChangeEvent: A change event broadcast when a watched file is added, modified, or removed.
CssOptions: Configuration for crate::Server::with_css_tool: independent bundle/minify toggles, all four combinations valid.
JsOptions: Configuration for crate::Server::with_js_tool: independent bundle/minify toggles, all four combinations valid.
Server
ServerHandle: A handle to a server started by one of the Server::run* methods.
SlideOptions: Tunable parameters for SpaTransition::Slide: how long the animation runs, which way it slides, and its CSS easing curve.

Enums§

ChangeType: The type of change detected in a watched file.
CssTool: External tools mini-static knows how to invoke for CSS bundling/minification.
HiddenFiles: Whether dot-prefixed request-path segments may be served.
JsTool: External tools mini-static knows how to invoke for JS bundling/minification.
ResponseBody: The response body type used by mini-static.
SlideDirection: Which side the outgoing page exits toward, and the incoming page enters from, for SpaTransition::Slide. The two are always opposite — there is no independent control over the incoming side.
SpaTransition: How spa-mode animates the swap between pages, set via crate::Server::with_spa_transition. Both variants use the View Transitions API when the browser supports it, and are a plain synchronous swap (no animation) otherwise.
StaticError: Errors that can occur during static file serving.

Constants§

LIVE_RELOAD_PATH: The request path Server serves the live-reload SSE stream on when crate::Server::with_live_reload is enabled.

Functions§

reload_event_frame: Encode a reload event as an SSE (Server-Sent Events) frame.
resolve: Resolve a request path under a root directory, canonicalizing the root first.
resolve_with_canonical_root: Resolve a request path under a pre-canonicalized root.
start_watching: Start watching a directory for file changes.