Trait StdError

1.0.0 · Source
pub trait StdError: Debug + Display {
    // Provided methods
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> { ... }
    fn description(&self) -> &str { ... }
    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> { ... }
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) { ... }
}
Expand description

Error is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values, i.e., values of type E in Result<T, E>.

Errors must describe themselves through the Display and Debug traits. Error messages are typically concise lowercase sentences without trailing punctuation:

let err = "NaN".parse::<u32>().unwrap_err();
assert_eq!(err.to_string(), "invalid digit found in string");

Errors may provide cause information. Error::source() is generally used when errors cross “abstraction boundaries”. If one module must report an error that is caused by an error from a lower-level module, it can allow accessing that error via Error::source(). This makes it possible for the high-level module to provide its own errors while also revealing some of the implementation for debugging.

§Example

Implementing the Error trait only requires that Debug and Display are implemented too.

use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;
use std::path::PathBuf;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct ReadConfigError {
    path: PathBuf
}

impl fmt::Display for ReadConfigError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let path = self.path.display();
        write!(f, "unable to read configuration at {path}")
    }
}

impl Error for ReadConfigError {}

Provided Methods§

1.30.0 · Source

fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)>

Returns the lower-level source of this error, if any.

§Examples
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperError {
    source: SuperErrorSideKick,
}

impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        Some(&self.source)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct SuperErrorSideKick;

impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
    }
}

impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}

fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
    Err(SuperError { source: SuperErrorSideKick })
}

fn main() {
    match get_super_error() {
        Err(e) => {
            println!("Error: {e}");
            println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
        }
        _ => println!("No error"),
    }
}
1.0.0 · Source

fn description(&self) -> &str

👎Deprecated since 1.42.0: use the Display impl or to_string()
if let Err(e) = "xc".parse::<u32>() {
    // Print `e` itself, no need for description().
    eprintln!("Error: {e}");
}
1.0.0 · Source

fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error>

👎Deprecated since 1.33.0: replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting
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fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_generic_member_access)

Provides type-based access to context intended for error reports.

Used in conjunction with Request::provide_value and Request::provide_ref to extract references to member variables from dyn Error trait objects.

§Example
#![feature(error_generic_member_access)]
use core::fmt;
use core::error::{request_ref, Request};

#[derive(Debug)]
enum MyLittleTeaPot {
    Empty,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct MyBacktrace {
    // ...
}

impl MyBacktrace {
    fn new() -> MyBacktrace {
        // ...
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Error {
    backtrace: MyBacktrace,
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "Example Error")
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for Error {
    fn provide<'a>(&'a self, request: &mut Request<'a>) {
        request
            .provide_ref::<MyBacktrace>(&self.backtrace);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let backtrace = MyBacktrace::new();
    let error = Error { backtrace };
    let dyn_error = &error as &dyn std::error::Error;
    let backtrace_ref = request_ref::<MyBacktrace>(dyn_error).unwrap();

    assert!(core::ptr::eq(&error.backtrace, backtrace_ref));
    assert!(request_ref::<MyLittleTeaPot>(dyn_error).is_none());
}

Implementations§

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impl dyn Error

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

Returns true if the inner type is the same as T.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Returns some reference to the inner value if it is of type T, or None if it isn’t.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Returns some mutable reference to the inner value if it is of type T, or None if it isn’t.

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impl dyn Error + Send

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

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impl dyn Error + Send + Sync

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn is<T>(&self) -> bool
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_ref<T>(&self) -> Option<&T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast_mut<T>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
where T: Error + 'static,

Forwards to the method defined on the type dyn Error.

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impl dyn Error

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pub fn sources(&self) -> Source<'_>

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (error_iter)

Returns an iterator starting with the current error and continuing with recursively calling Error::source.

If you want to omit the current error and only use its sources, use skip(1).

§Examples
#![feature(error_iter)]
use std::error::Error;
use std::fmt;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct A;

#[derive(Debug)]
struct B(Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static>>);

impl fmt::Display for A {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "A")
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for B {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "B")
    }
}

impl Error for A {}

impl Error for B {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        self.0.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
    }
}

let b = B(Some(Box::new(A)));

// let err : Box<Error> = b.into(); // or
let err = &b as &dyn Error;

let mut iter = err.sources();

assert_eq!("B".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
assert_eq!("A".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
assert!(iter.next().is_none());
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impl dyn Error

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>(self: Box<dyn Error>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>>
where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

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impl dyn Error + Send

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Send>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>
where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

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impl dyn Error + Send + Sync

1.3.0 · Source

pub fn downcast<T>( self: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>, ) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>
where T: Error + 'static,

Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.

Trait Implementations§

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impl Value for dyn Error

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fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
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impl Value for dyn Error + Send

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fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
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impl Value for dyn Error + Send + Sync

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fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.
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impl Value for dyn Error + Sync

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fn record(&self, key: &Field, visitor: &mut dyn Visit)

Visits this value with the given Visitor.

Implementors§

1.65.0 · Source§

impl !Error for &str

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impl Error for CalendarError

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impl Error for FormatError

1.8.0 · Source§

impl Error for Infallible

1.17.0 · Source§

impl Error for FromBytesWithNulError

1.86.0 · Source§

impl Error for core::slice::GetDisjointMutError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for VarError

1.89.0 · Source§

impl Error for std::fs::TryLockError

1.15.0 · Source§

impl Error for RecvTimeoutError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError

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impl Error for async_broadcast::RecvError

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impl Error for async_broadcast::TryRecvError

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impl Error for async_channel::TryRecvError

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impl Error for base64::alphabet::ParseAlphabetError

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impl Error for base64::alphabet::ParseAlphabetError

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impl Error for base64::decode::DecodeError

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impl Error for base64::decode::DecodeError

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impl Error for base64::decode::DecodeError

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impl Error for base64::decode::DecodeSliceError

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impl Error for base64::decode::DecodeSliceError

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impl Error for base64::encode::EncodeSliceError

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impl Error for base64::encode::EncodeSliceError

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impl Error for CalibrightError

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impl Error for RoundingError

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impl Error for MatchesError

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impl Error for PopError

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impl Error for FromHexError

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impl Error for httparse::Error

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impl Error for GetTimezoneError

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impl Error for icu_collections::codepointtrie::error::Error

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impl Error for icu_locale_core::parser::errors::ParseError

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impl Error for PreferencesParseError

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impl Error for indexmap::GetDisjointMutError

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impl Error for Code

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impl Error for MailEntryError

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impl Error for MaildirError

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impl Error for MailParseError

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impl Error for neli::err::DeError

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impl Error for SerError

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impl Error for WrappedError

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impl Error for nix::errno::consts::Errno

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impl Error for nix::errno::consts::Errno

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impl Error for notmuch::error::Error

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impl Error for Status

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impl Error for ConfigurationError

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impl Error for EncodingError

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impl Error for quick_xml::errors::Error

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impl Error for IllFormedError

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impl Error for SyntaxError

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impl Error for quick_xml::errors::serialize::DeError

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impl Error for SeError

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impl Error for EscapeError

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impl Error for ParseCharRefError

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impl Error for AttrError

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impl Error for NamespaceError

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impl Error for QuotedPrintableError

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impl Error for BernoulliError

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impl Error for WeightedError

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impl Error for StartError

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impl Error for regex_syntax::error::Error

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impl Error for regex::error::Error

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impl Error for webpki::error::Error

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impl Error for rustls::error::Error

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impl Error for LibsensorsError

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impl Error for serde_urlencoded::ser::Error

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impl Error for slab::GetDisjointMutError

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impl Error for swayipc_types::error::Error

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impl Error for tinystr::error::ParseError

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impl Error for AnyDelimiterCodecError

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impl Error for LinesCodecError

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impl Error for TryAcquireError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::broadcast::error::RecvError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::broadcast::error::TryRecvError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TryRecvError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::oneshot::error::TryRecvError

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impl Error for toml_edit::ser::Error

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impl Error for url::parser::ParseError

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impl Error for wayrs_client::connection::ConnectError

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impl Error for BindError

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impl Error for PeekHeaderError

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impl Error for RecvMessageError

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impl Error for x11rb_protocol::errors::ConnectError

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impl Error for DisplayParsingError

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impl Error for x11rb_protocol::errors::ParseError

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impl Error for ConnectionError

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impl Error for ReplyError

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impl Error for ReplyOrIdError

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impl Error for zbus::error::Error

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impl Error for zbus::fdo::error::Error

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impl Error for zbus_names::error::Error

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impl Error for ZeroTrieBuildError

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impl Error for UleError

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impl Error for zvariant::error::Error

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impl Error for !

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impl Error for BlockError

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impl Error for UnorderedKeyError

1.57.0 · Source§

impl Error for alloc::collections::TryReserveError

1.58.0 · Source§

impl Error for FromVecWithNulError

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impl Error for IntoStringError

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impl Error for NulError

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impl Error for FromUtf8Error

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impl Error for FromUtf16Error

1.28.0 · Source§

impl Error for LayoutError

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impl Error for AllocError

1.34.0 · Source§

impl Error for TryFromSliceError

1.13.0 · Source§

impl Error for BorrowError

1.13.0 · Source§

impl Error for BorrowMutError

1.34.0 · Source§

impl Error for CharTryFromError

1.20.0 · Source§

impl Error for ParseCharError

1.9.0 · Source§

impl Error for DecodeUtf16Error

1.59.0 · Source§

impl Error for TryFromCharError

1.69.0 · Source§

impl Error for FromBytesUntilNulError

1.11.0 · Source§

impl Error for core::fmt::Error

1.4.0 · Source§

impl Error for core::net::parser::AddrParseError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for ParseFloatError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for ParseIntError

1.34.0 · Source§

impl Error for TryFromIntError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for ParseBoolError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for Utf8Error

1.66.0 · Source§

impl Error for TryFromFloatSecsError

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impl Error for ExpandError

1.44.0 · Source§

impl Error for proc_macro::LexError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for JoinPathsError

1.56.0 · Source§

impl Error for WriterPanicked

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for std::io::error::Error

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impl Error for NormalizeError

1.7.0 · Source§

impl Error for StripPrefixError

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impl Error for ExitStatusError

1.0.0 · Source§

impl Error for std::sync::mpsc::RecvError

1.26.0 · Source§

impl Error for AccessError

1.8.0 · Source§

impl Error for SystemTimeError

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impl Error for aho_corasick::util::error::BuildError

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impl Error for aho_corasick::util::error::MatchError

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impl Error for aho_corasick::util::primitives::PatternIDError

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impl Error for aho_corasick::util::primitives::StateIDError

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impl Error for async_channel::RecvError

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impl Error for bitflags::parser::ParseError

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impl Error for TryGetError

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impl Error for chrono_tz::timezones::ParseError

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impl Error for chrono::format::ParseError

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impl Error for ParseMonthError

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impl Error for OutOfRange

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impl Error for OutOfRangeError

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impl Error for ParseWeekdayError

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impl Error for InvalidLength

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impl Error for data_encoding::DecodeError

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impl Error for SpecificationError

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impl Error for InvalidBufferSize

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impl Error for InvalidOutputSize

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impl Error for env_filter::parser::ParseError

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impl Error for futures_channel::mpsc::SendError

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impl Error for futures_channel::mpsc::TryRecvError

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impl Error for Canceled

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impl Error for SpawnError

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impl Error for Aborted

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impl Error for getrandom::error::Error

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impl Error for GlobError

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impl Error for PatternError

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impl Error for h2::error::Error

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impl Error for LengthLimitError

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impl Error for http::error::Error

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impl Error for MaxSizeReached

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impl Error for InvalidHeaderName

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impl Error for InvalidHeaderValue

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impl Error for ToStrError

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impl Error for InvalidMethod

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impl Error for InvalidStatusCode

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impl Error for InvalidUri

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impl Error for InvalidUriParts

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impl Error for InvalidNameError

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impl Error for hyper::error::Error

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impl Error for DataError

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impl Error for Errors

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impl Error for indexmap::TryReserveError

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impl Error for PrefixLenError

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impl Error for ipnet::parser::AddrParseError

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impl Error for jiff::error::Error

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impl Error for PAErr

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impl Error for libpulse_binding::version::Error

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impl Error for log::ParseLevelError

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impl Error for SetLoggerError

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impl Error for FromStrError

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impl Error for native_tls::Error

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impl Error for notify::error::Error

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impl Error for openssl::error::Error

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impl Error for ErrorStack

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impl Error for openssl::ssl::error::Error

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impl Error for X509VerifyResult

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impl Error for proc_macro2::LexError

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impl Error for ReadError

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impl Error for rand_core::error::Error

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impl Error for regex_automata::dfa::onepass::BuildError

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impl Error for regex_automata::hybrid::error::BuildError

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impl Error for CacheError

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impl Error for regex_automata::meta::error::BuildError

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impl Error for regex_automata::nfa::thompson::error::BuildError

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impl Error for GroupInfoError

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impl Error for UnicodeWordBoundaryError

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impl Error for regex_automata::util::primitives::PatternIDError

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impl Error for SmallIndexError

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impl Error for regex_automata::util::primitives::StateIDError

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impl Error for regex_automata::util::search::MatchError

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impl Error for PatternSetInsertError

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impl Error for DeserializeError

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impl Error for SerializeError

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impl Error for regex_syntax::ast::Error

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impl Error for regex_syntax::hir::Error

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impl Error for CaseFoldError

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impl Error for UnicodeWordError

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impl Error for reqwest::error::Error

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impl Error for rustix::backend::io::errno::Errno

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impl Error for rustix::backend::io::errno::Errno

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impl Error for webpki::subject_name::dns_name::InvalidDnsNameError

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impl Error for webpki::subject_name::ip_address::AddrParseError

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impl Error for rustls::dns_name::InvalidDnsNameError

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impl Error for SignError

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impl Error for serde::de::value::Error

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impl Error for serde_json::error::Error

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impl Error for syn::error::Error

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impl Error for LengthDelimitedCodecError

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impl Error for tokio::net::tcp::split_owned::ReuniteError

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impl Error for tokio::net::unix::split_owned::ReuniteError

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impl Error for TryCurrentError

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impl Error for JoinError

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impl Error for AcquireError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::mutex::TryLockError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::oneshot::error::RecvError

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impl Error for tokio::sync::watch::error::RecvError

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impl Error for Elapsed

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impl Error for tokio::time::error::Error

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impl Error for toml::de::Error

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impl Error for toml::ser::Error

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impl Error for DatetimeParseError

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impl Error for toml_edit::de::Error

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impl Error for TomlError

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impl Error for SetGlobalDefaultError

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impl Error for tracing_core::metadata::ParseLevelError

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impl Error for ParseLevelFilterError

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impl Error for uuid::error::Error

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impl Error for walkdir::error::Error

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impl Error for IdsExhausted

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impl Error for BoxErrorWrapper

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impl Error for i3status_rs::errors::Error

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impl<'a, K, V> Error for alloc::collections::btree::map::entry::OccupiedError<'a, K, V>
where K: Debug + Ord, V: Debug,

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impl<'a, K, V> Error for std::collections::hash::map::OccupiedError<'a, K, V>
where K: Debug, V: Debug,

1.51.0 · Source§

impl<'a, T> Error for &'a T
where T: Error + ?Sized,

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impl<A, S, V> Error for ConvertError<A, S, V>
where A: Display + Debug, S: Display + Debug, V: Display + Debug,

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impl<E> Error for nom::internal::Err<E>
where E: Debug,

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impl<E> Error for nom::internal::Err<E>
where E: Debug,

1.8.0 · Source§

impl<E> Error for Box<E>
where E: Error,

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impl<E> Error for serde_path_to_error::Error<E>
where E: Error,

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impl<E> Error for LookupError<E>
where E: Error + 'static,

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impl<F> Error for clap_builder::error::Error<F>
where F: ErrorFormatter,

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impl<I> Error for ExactlyOneError<I>
where I: Iterator + Debug, <I as Iterator>::Item: Debug,

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impl<I> Error for nom_language::error::VerboseError<I>
where I: Debug + Display,

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impl<I> Error for nom::error::Error<I>
where I: Debug + Display,

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impl<I> Error for nom::error::Error<I>
where I: Debug + Display,

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impl<I> Error for nom::error::VerboseError<I>
where I: Debug + Display,

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impl<I> Error for InputError<I>
where I: Clone + Debug + Display + Sync + Send + 'static,

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impl<I, C> Error for TreeError<I, C>
where I: Debug + Display + Sync + Send + 'static, C: Display + Debug,

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impl<L, R> Error for Either<L, R>
where L: Error, R: Error,

Either implements Error if both L and R implement it.

Requires crate feature "std"

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impl<RE, T> Error for RequestTokenError<RE, T>
where RE: Error + 'static, T: ErrorResponse + 'static, RequestTokenError<RE, T>: Debug + Display,

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impl<S> Error for native_tls::HandshakeError<S>
where S: Any + Debug,

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impl<S> Error for openssl::ssl::error::HandshakeError<S>
where S: Debug,

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impl<Src, Dst> Error for AlignmentError<Src, Dst>
where Src: Deref, Dst: KnownLayout + ?Sized,

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impl<Src, Dst> Error for SizeError<Src, Dst>
where Src: Deref, Dst: KnownLayout + ?Sized,

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impl<Src, Dst> Error for ValidityError<Src, Dst>
where Dst: KnownLayout + TryFromBytes + ?Sized,

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impl<T> Error for std::sync::mpmc::error::SendTimeoutError<T>

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T> Error for std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError<T>

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<T> Error for std::sync::poison::TryLockError<T>

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impl<T> Error for async_broadcast::TrySendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for async_channel::TrySendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for PushError<T>
where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for oauth2::reqwest::Error<T>
where T: Error + 'static, Error<T>: Debug + Display,

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impl<T> Error for tokio::sync::mpsc::error::SendTimeoutError<T>

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impl<T> Error for tokio::sync::mpsc::error::TrySendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for SetError<T>
where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for ThinBox<T>
where T: Error + ?Sized,

1.52.0 · Source§

impl<T> Error for Arc<T>
where T: Error + ?Sized,

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impl<T> Error for std::sync::mpsc::SendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for PoisonError<T>

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impl<T> Error for async_broadcast::SendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for async_channel::SendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for ForcePushError<T>
where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for futures_channel::mpsc::TrySendError<T>
where T: Any,

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impl<T> Error for futures_util::io::split::ReuniteError<T>
where T: Any,

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impl<T> Error for PollSendError<T>
where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for AsyncFdTryNewError<T>

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impl<T> Error for tokio::sync::broadcast::error::SendError<T>
where T: Debug,

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impl<T> Error for tokio::sync::mpsc::error::SendError<T>

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impl<T> Error for tokio::sync::watch::error::SendError<T>

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impl<T, E> Error for TryChunksError<T, E>
where E: Debug + Display,

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impl<T, E> Error for TryReadyChunksError<T, E>
where E: Debug + Display,

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impl<T, Item> Error for futures_util::stream::stream::split::ReuniteError<T, Item>
where T: Any,

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impl<T, P> Error for NlError<T, P>
where T: Debug, P: Debug,

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impl<T, P> Error for Nlmsgerr<T, P>
where T: Debug, P: Debug,

1.0.0 · Source§

impl<W> Error for IntoInnerError<W>
where W: Send + Debug,