Struct Fid 

pub struct Fid { /* private fields */ }

FID (Fully Indexable Dictionary).

This class can handle bit sequence of virtually arbitrary length.

In fact, N (FID’s length) is designed to be limited to: N <= 2^64.
It should be enough for almost all usecases since a binary data of length of 2^64 consumes 2^21 = 2,097,152 TB (terabyte), which is hard to handle by state-of-the-art computer architecture.

Implementation detail

Index<u64>’s implementation is trivial.

select() just uses binary search of rank() results.

rank()’s implementation is standard but non-trivial. So here explains implementation of rank().

rank()’s implementation

Say you have the following bit vector.

00001000 01000001 00000100 11000000 00100000 00000101 10100000 00010000 001 ; (N=67)

Answer rank(48) in O(1) time-complexity and o(N) space-complexity.

Naively, you can count the number of ‘1’ from left to right. You will find rank(48) == 10 but it took O(N) time-complexity.

To reduce time-complexity to O(1), you can use memonization technique.
Of course, you can memonize results of rank(i) for every i ([0, N-1]).

Bit vector;   0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  1  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  1  [1]  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  0  1  0  0  0  0  0  0  1 ; (N=67)
Memo rank(i); 0  0  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  2  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  3  3  3  4  4  4  5  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  6  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  7  8  8  9  10  10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13

From this memo, you can answer rank(48) == 10 in constant time, although space-complexity for this memo is O(N) > o(N).

To reduce space-complexity using memonization, we divide the bit vector into Chunk and Block.

Bit vector; 00001000 01000001 00000100 11000000 00100000 00000101 [1]0100000 00010000 001  ; (N=67)
Chunk;     |                  7                    |                13                  |  ; (size = (log N)^2 = 36)
Block;     |0 |1 |1  |2 |2 |3  |3 |4 |6  |6 |6  |7 |0 |0  |0 |2 |4    |4 |4  |5 |5 |5  |6| ; (size = (log N) / 2 = 3)

• A Chunk has size of (log N)^2. Its value is rank(index of the last bit of the chunk).
• A Block has size of (log N) / 2. A chunk has many blocks. Block’s value is the number of ’1’s in [index of the first bit of the chunk the block belongs to, index of the last bit of the block] (note that the value is reset to 0 at the first bit of a chunk).

Now you want to answer rank(48). 48-th bit is in the 2nd chunk, and in the 5th block in the chunk.
So the rank(48) is at least:

7 (value of 1st chunk) + 2 (value of 4th block in the 2nd chunk)

Then, focus on 3 bits in 5th block in the 2nd chunk; [1]01.
As you can see, only 1 ‘1’ is included up to 48-th bit (101 has 2 ’1’s but 2nd ‘1’ is 50-th bit, irrelevant to rank(48)).

Therefore, the rank(48) is calculated as:

7 (value of 1st chunk) + 2 (value of 4th block in the 2nd chunk) + 1 (’1’s in 5th block up to 48-th bit)

OK. That’s all… Wait!
rank() must be in O(1) time-complexity.

• 7 (value of 1st chunk): O(1) if you store chunk value in array structure.
• 2 (value of 4th block in the 2nd chunk): Same as above.
• 1 (’1’s in 5th block up to 48-th bit): O(length of block) = O(log N) !

Counting ’1’s in a block must also be O(1), while using o(N) space.
We use Table for this purpose.

Block content	Number of ’1’s in block
000	0
001	1
010	1
011	2
100	1
101	2
110	2
111	3

This table is constructed in build(). So we can find the number of ’1’s in block in O(1) time.
Note that this table has O(log N) = o(N) length.

In summary:

rank() = (value of left chunk) + (value of left block) + (value of table keyed by inner block bits).

Implementations

impl Fid

pub fn rank(&self, i: u64) -> u64

Returns the number of 1 in [0, i] elements of the Fid.

Panics

When i >= length of the Fid.

Implementation detail

 00001000 01000001 00000100 11000000 00100000 00000101 00100000 00010000 001  Raw data (N=67)
                                                          ^
                                                          i = 51
|                  7                    |                13                |  Chunk (size = (log N)^2 = 36)
                                        ^
               chunk_left            i_chunk = 1      chunk_right

|0 |1 |1  |2 |2 |3  |3 |4 |6  |6 |6  |7 |0 |0  |0 |2 |3 |3 |4  |4 |4 |5  |5|  Block (size = log N / 2 = 3)
                                                        ^
                                                     i_block = 17
                                             block_left | block_right

1. Find i_chunk. i_chunk = i / chunk_size.
2. Get chunk_left = Chunks[i_chunk - 1] only if i_chunk > 0.
3. Get rank from chunk_left if chunk_left exists.
4. Get chunk_right = Chunks[i_chunk].
5. Find i_block. i_block = (i - i_chunk * chunk_size) / block size.
6. Get block_left = chunk_right.blocks[ i_block - 1]_ only if _i_block` > 0.
7. Get rank from block_left if block_left exists.
8. Get inner-block data _block_bits. block_bits must be of block size length, fulfilled with 0 in right bits.
9. Calculate rank of block_bits in O(1) using a table memonizing block size bit’s popcount.

pub fn rank0(&self, i: u64) -> u64

Returns the number of 0 in [0, i] elements of the Fid.

Panics

When i >= length of the Fid.

pub fn select(&self, num: u64) -> Option<u64>

Returns the minimum position (0-origin) i where rank(i) == num of num-th 1 if exists. Else returns None.

Panics

When num > length of the Fid.

Implementation detail

Binary search using rank().

pub fn select0(&self, num: u64) -> Option<u64>

Returns the minimum position (0-origin) i where rank(i) == num of num-th 0 if exists. Else returns None.

Panics

When num > length of the Fid.

pub fn len(&self) -> u64

Returns bit length of this FID.

pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

Returns whether the FID is empty.

impl<'iter> Fid

pub fn iter(&'iter self) -> FidIter<'iter>

Creates an iterator over FID’s bit vector.

Examples

use fid_rs::Fid;

let fid = Fid::from("1010_1010");
for (i, bit) in fid.iter().enumerate() {
    assert_eq!(bit, fid[i as u64]);
}

Trait Implementations

impl Clone for Fid

fn clone(&self) -> Fid

Returns a duplicate of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Debug for Fid

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl From<&[bool]> for Fid

fn from(bits: &[bool]) -> Self

Constructor from slice of boolean.

Examples

use fid_rs::Fid;

let bits = [false, true, true, true];
let fid = Fid::from(&bits[..]);
assert_eq!(fid[0], false);
assert_eq!(fid[1], true);
assert_eq!(fid[2], true);
assert_eq!(fid[3], true);

Panics

When:

• bits is empty.

impl From<&str> for Fid

fn from(s: &str) -> Self

Constructor from string representation of bit sequence.

• ‘0’ is interpreted as 0.
• ‘1’ is interpreted as 1.
• ‘_’ is just ignored.

Examples

use fid_rs::Fid;

let fid = Fid::from("01_11");
assert_eq!(fid[0], false);
assert_eq!(fid[1], true);
assert_eq!(fid[2], true);
assert_eq!(fid[3], true);

Panics

When:

• s contains any character other than ‘0’, ‘1’, and ‘_’.
• s does not contain any ‘0’ or ‘1’

impl Index<u64> for Fid

fn index(&self, index: u64) -> &Self::Output

Returns i-th element of the Fid.

Panics

When i >= length of the Fid.

type Output = bool

The returned type after indexing.