zsh/

subst_port.rs

//! Substitution handling - Line-by-line port from zsh/Src/subst.c
//!
//! subst.c - various substitutions
//!
//! This file is part of zsh, the Z shell.
//!
//! Copyright (c) 1992-1997 Paul Falstad
//! All rights reserved.
//!
//! This is a direct port of the C code, maintaining the same structure,
//! variable names, and control flow where possible.
//!
//! Original C file: ~/forkedRepos/zsh/Src/subst.c (4922 lines)
//!
//! Port coverage:
//! - prefork() - main pre-fork substitution dispatcher
//! - stringsubst() - string substitution engine  
//! - stringsubstquote() - $'...' quote processing
//! - paramsubst() - parameter expansion (the big one: ~3300 lines in C)
//! - multsub() - multiple word substitution
//! - singsub() - single word substitution
//! - filesub() / filesubstr() - tilde and equals expansion
//! - modify() - history-style colon modifiers
//! - dopadding() - left/right padding
//! - getkeystring() - escape sequence processing
//! - getmatch() / getmatcharr() - pattern matching
//! - quotestring() - various quoting modes
//! - arithsubst() - arithmetic substitution
//! - globlist() - glob expansion on list
//! - get_strarg() / get_intarg() - argument parsing
//! - strcatsub() - string concatenation for substitution
//! - substevalchar() - (#) flag evaluation
//! - equalsubstr() - =command substitution
//! - dstackent() - directory stack access
//! - All helper functions

use std::collections::VecDeque;

// Token constants from zsh.h (mapped to char values > 127)
pub mod tokens {
    pub const POUND: char = '\u{80}'; // #
    pub const STRING: char = '\u{81}'; // $
    pub const QSTRING: char = '\u{82}'; // Quoted $
    pub const TICK: char = '\u{83}'; // `
    pub const QTICK: char = '\u{84}'; // Quoted `
    pub const INPAR: char = '\u{85}'; // (
    pub const OUTPAR: char = '\u{86}'; // )
    pub const INBRACE: char = '\u{87}'; // {
    pub const OUTBRACE: char = '\u{88}'; // }
    pub const INBRACK: char = '\u{89}'; // [
    pub const OUTBRACK: char = '\u{8A}'; // ]
    pub const INANG: char = '\u{8B}'; // <
    pub const OUTANG: char = '\u{8C}'; // >
    pub const OUTANGPROC: char = '\u{8D}'; // >( for process sub
    pub const EQUALS: char = '\u{8E}'; // =
    pub const NULARG: char = '\u{8F}'; // Null argument marker
    pub const INPARMATH: char = '\u{90}'; // $((
    pub const OUTPARMATH: char = '\u{91}'; // ))
    pub const SNULL: char = '\u{92}'; // $' quote marker
    pub const MARKER: char = '\u{93}'; // Array key-value marker
    pub const BNULL: char = '\u{94}'; // Backslash null

    pub fn is_token(c: char) -> bool {
        c as u32 >= 0x80 && c as u32 <= 0x94
    }

    pub fn token_to_char(c: char) -> char {
        match c {
            POUND => '#',
            STRING | QSTRING => '$',
            TICK | QTICK => '`',
            INPAR => '(',
            OUTPAR => ')',
            INBRACE => '{',
            OUTBRACE => '}',
            INBRACK => '[',
            OUTBRACK => ']',
            INANG => '<',
            OUTANG => '>',
            EQUALS => '=',
            _ => c,
        }
    }
}

use tokens::*;

/// Linked list flags (from zsh.h LF_*)
pub const LF_ARRAY: u32 = 1;

/// Prefork flags (from zsh.h PREFORK_*)
pub mod prefork_flags {
    pub const SINGLE: u32 = 1; // Single word expected
    pub const SPLIT: u32 = 2; // Force word splitting
    pub const SHWORDSPLIT: u32 = 4; // sh-style word splitting
    pub const NOSHWORDSPLIT: u32 = 8; // Disable word splitting
    pub const ASSIGN: u32 = 16; // Assignment context
    pub const TYPESET: u32 = 32; // Typeset context
    pub const SUBEXP: u32 = 64; // Subexpression
    pub const KEY_VALUE: u32 = 128; // Key-value pair found
    pub const NO_UNTOK: u32 = 256; // Don't untokenize
}

/// Linked list node - mirrors zsh LinkNode
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct LinkNode {
    pub data: String,
}

/// Linked list - mirrors zsh LinkList
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct LinkList {
    pub nodes: VecDeque<LinkNode>,
    pub flags: u32,
}

impl LinkList {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        LinkList {
            nodes: VecDeque::new(),
            flags: 0,
        }
    }

    pub fn from_string(s: &str) -> Self {
        let mut list = LinkList::new();
        list.nodes.push_back(LinkNode {
            data: s.to_string(),
        });
        list
    }

    pub fn first_node(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        if self.nodes.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(0)
        }
    }

    pub fn get_data(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<&str> {
        self.nodes.get(idx).map(|n| n.data.as_str())
    }

    pub fn set_data(&mut self, idx: usize, data: String) {
        if let Some(node) = self.nodes.get_mut(idx) {
            node.data = data;
        }
    }

    pub fn insert_after(&mut self, idx: usize, data: String) -> usize {
        self.nodes.insert(idx + 1, LinkNode { data });
        idx + 1
    }

    pub fn remove(&mut self, idx: usize) {
        if idx < self.nodes.len() {
            self.nodes.remove(idx);
        }
    }

    pub fn next_node(&self, idx: usize) -> Option<usize> {
        if idx + 1 < self.nodes.len() {
            Some(idx + 1)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.nodes.is_empty()
    }

    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.nodes.len()
    }
}

/// Global state for substitution (mirrors zsh global variables)
pub struct SubstState {
    pub errflag: bool,
    pub opts: SubstOptions,
    pub variables: std::collections::HashMap<String, String>,
    pub arrays: std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    pub assoc_arrays: std::collections::HashMap<String, std::collections::HashMap<String, String>>,
}

/// Options that affect substitution behavior
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct SubstOptions {
    pub sh_file_expansion: bool,
    pub sh_word_split: bool,
    pub ignore_braces: bool,
    pub glob_subst: bool,
    pub ksh_typeset: bool,
    pub exec_opt: bool,
}

impl Default for SubstState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        SubstState {
            errflag: false,
            opts: SubstOptions::default(),
            variables: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            arrays: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
            assoc_arrays: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
        }
    }
}

/// Null string constant (from subst.c line 36)
pub const NULSTRING: &str = "\u{8F}";

/// Check for array assignment with entries like [key]=val
/// Port of keyvalpairelement() from subst.c lines 47-77
fn keyvalpairelement(list: &mut LinkList, node_idx: usize) -> Option<usize> {
    let data = list.get_data(node_idx)?;
    let chars: Vec<char> = data.chars().collect();

    if chars.is_empty() || chars[0] != INBRACK {
        return None;
    }

    // Find closing bracket
    let mut end_pos = None;
    for (i, &c) in chars.iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
        if c == OUTBRACK {
            end_pos = Some(i);
            break;
        }
    }

    let end_pos = end_pos?;

    // Check for ]=value or ]+=value
    if end_pos + 1 >= chars.len() {
        return None;
    }

    let is_append = chars.get(end_pos + 1) == Some(&'+') && chars.get(end_pos + 2) == Some(&EQUALS);
    let is_assign = chars.get(end_pos + 1) == Some(&EQUALS);

    if !is_assign && !is_append {
        return None;
    }

    // Extract key
    let key: String = chars[1..end_pos].iter().collect();

    // Extract value
    let value_start = if is_append { end_pos + 3 } else { end_pos + 2 };
    let value: String = chars[value_start..].iter().collect();

    // Set marker
    let marker = if is_append {
        format!("{}+", MARKER)
    } else {
        MARKER.to_string()
    };

    list.set_data(node_idx, marker);
    let key_idx = list.insert_after(node_idx, key);
    let val_idx = list.insert_after(key_idx, value);

    Some(val_idx)
}

/// Do substitutions before fork
/// Port of prefork() from subst.c lines 94-183
pub fn prefork(list: &mut LinkList, flags: u32, ret_flags: &mut u32, state: &mut SubstState) {
    let mut node_idx = 0;
    let mut stop_idx: Option<usize> = None;
    let mut keep = false;
    let asssub = (flags & prefork_flags::TYPESET != 0) && state.opts.ksh_typeset;

    while node_idx < list.len() {
        // Check for key-value pair element
        if (flags & (prefork_flags::SINGLE | prefork_flags::ASSIGN)) == prefork_flags::ASSIGN {
            if let Some(new_idx) = keyvalpairelement(list, node_idx) {
                node_idx = new_idx + 1;
                *ret_flags |= prefork_flags::KEY_VALUE;
                continue;
            }
        }

        if state.errflag {
            return;
        }

        if state.opts.sh_file_expansion {
            // SHFILEEXPANSION - do file substitution first
            if let Some(data) = list.get_data(node_idx) {
                let new_data = filesub(
                    data,
                    flags & (prefork_flags::TYPESET | prefork_flags::ASSIGN),
                    state,
                );
                list.set_data(node_idx, new_data);
            }
        } else {
            // Do string substitution
            if let Some(new_idx) = stringsubst(
                list,
                node_idx,
                flags & !(prefork_flags::TYPESET | prefork_flags::ASSIGN),
                ret_flags,
                asssub,
                state,
            ) {
                node_idx = new_idx;
            } else {
                return;
            }
        }

        node_idx += 1;
    }

    // Second pass for SHFILEEXPANSION
    if state.opts.sh_file_expansion {
        node_idx = 0;
        while node_idx < list.len() {
            if let Some(new_idx) = stringsubst(
                list,
                node_idx,
                flags & !(prefork_flags::TYPESET | prefork_flags::ASSIGN),
                ret_flags,
                asssub,
                state,
            ) {
                node_idx = new_idx + 1;
            } else {
                return;
            }
        }
    }

    // Third pass: brace expansion and file substitution
    node_idx = 0;
    while node_idx < list.len() {
        if Some(node_idx) == stop_idx {
            keep = false;
        }

        if let Some(data) = list.get_data(node_idx) {
            if !data.is_empty() {
                // remnulargs
                let data = remnulargs(data);
                list.set_data(node_idx, data.clone());

                // Brace expansion
                if !state.opts.ignore_braces && (flags & prefork_flags::SINGLE == 0) {
                    if !keep {
                        stop_idx = list.next_node(node_idx);
                    }
                    while hasbraces(list.get_data(node_idx).unwrap_or("")) {
                        keep = true;
                        xpandbraces(list, &mut node_idx);
                    }
                }

                // File substitution (non-SHFILEEXPANSION)
                if !state.opts.sh_file_expansion {
                    if let Some(data) = list.get_data(node_idx) {
                        let new_data = filesub(
                            data,
                            flags & (prefork_flags::TYPESET | prefork_flags::ASSIGN),
                            state,
                        );
                        list.set_data(node_idx, new_data);
                    }
                }
            } else if (flags & prefork_flags::SINGLE == 0)
                && (*ret_flags & prefork_flags::KEY_VALUE == 0)
                && !keep
            {
                list.remove(node_idx);
                continue; // Don't increment, we removed
            }
        }

        if state.errflag {
            return;
        }

        node_idx += 1;
    }
}

/// Perform $'...' quoting
/// Port of stringsubstquote() from subst.c lines 194-224
fn stringsubstquote(strstart: &str, strdpos: usize) -> (String, usize) {
    let chars: Vec<char> = strstart.chars().collect();

    // Find the content between $' and '
    let start = strdpos + 2; // Skip $'
    let mut end = start;
    let mut escaped = false;

    while end < chars.len() {
        if escaped {
            escaped = false;
            end += 1;
            continue;
        }
        if chars[end] == '\\' {
            escaped = true;
            end += 1;
            continue;
        }
        if chars[end] == '\'' {
            break;
        }
        end += 1;
    }

    // Process escape sequences
    let content: String = chars[start..end].iter().collect();
    let processed = getkeystring(&content);

    // Build result
    let prefix: String = chars[..strdpos].iter().collect();
    let suffix: String = if end + 1 < chars.len() {
        chars[end + 1..].iter().collect()
    } else {
        String::new()
    };

    let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, processed, suffix);
    let new_pos = strdpos + processed.len();

    (result, new_pos)
}

/// Process escape sequences in $'...' strings
/// Port of getkeystring() from utils.c
fn getkeystring(s: &str) -> String {
    let mut result = String::new();
    let mut chars = s.chars().peekable();

    while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
        if c == '\\' {
            match chars.next() {
                Some('n') => result.push('\n'),
                Some('t') => result.push('\t'),
                Some('r') => result.push('\r'),
                Some('\\') => result.push('\\'),
                Some('\'') => result.push('\''),
                Some('"') => result.push('"'),
                Some('a') => result.push('\x07'),
                Some('b') => result.push('\x08'),
                Some('e') | Some('E') => result.push('\x1b'),
                Some('f') => result.push('\x0c'),
                Some('v') => result.push('\x0b'),
                Some('0') => {
                    // Octal
                    let mut val = 0u32;
                    for _ in 0..3 {
                        if let Some(&c) = chars.peek() {
                            if c >= '0' && c <= '7' {
                                val = val * 8 + (c as u32 - '0' as u32);
                                chars.next();
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(ch) = char::from_u32(val) {
                        result.push(ch);
                    }
                }
                Some('x') => {
                    // Hex
                    let mut val = 0u32;
                    for _ in 0..2 {
                        if let Some(&c) = chars.peek() {
                            if c.is_ascii_hexdigit() {
                                val = val * 16 + c.to_digit(16).unwrap();
                                chars.next();
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(ch) = char::from_u32(val) {
                        result.push(ch);
                    }
                }
                Some('u') => {
                    // Unicode 4 hex digits
                    let mut val = 0u32;
                    for _ in 0..4 {
                        if let Some(&c) = chars.peek() {
                            if c.is_ascii_hexdigit() {
                                val = val * 16 + c.to_digit(16).unwrap();
                                chars.next();
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(ch) = char::from_u32(val) {
                        result.push(ch);
                    }
                }
                Some('U') => {
                    // Unicode 8 hex digits
                    let mut val = 0u32;
                    for _ in 0..8 {
                        if let Some(&c) = chars.peek() {
                            if c.is_ascii_hexdigit() {
                                val = val * 16 + c.to_digit(16).unwrap();
                                chars.next();
                            } else {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(ch) = char::from_u32(val) {
                        result.push(ch);
                    }
                }
                Some(c) => result.push(c),
                None => result.push('\\'),
            }
        } else {
            result.push(c);
        }
    }

    result
}

/// String substitution - main workhorse
/// Port of stringsubst() from subst.c lines 227-421
fn stringsubst(
    list: &mut LinkList,
    node_idx: usize,
    pf_flags: u32,
    ret_flags: &mut u32,
    asssub: bool,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> Option<usize> {
    let mut str3 = list.get_data(node_idx)?.to_string();
    let mut pos = 0;

    // First pass: process substitutions
    while pos < str3.len() && !state.errflag {
        let chars: Vec<char> = str3.chars().collect();
        let c = chars[pos];

        // Check for <(...), >(...), =(...)
        if (c == INANG || c == OUTANGPROC || (pos == 0 && c == EQUALS))
            && chars.get(pos + 1) == Some(&INPAR)
        {
            let (subst, rest) = if c == INANG || c == OUTANGPROC {
                getproc(&str3[pos..], state)
            } else {
                getoutputfile(&str3[pos..], state)
            };

            if state.errflag {
                return None;
            }

            let subst = subst.unwrap_or_default();
            let prefix: String = chars[..pos].iter().collect();
            str3 = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, subst, rest);
            pos += subst.len();
            list.set_data(node_idx, str3.clone());
            continue;
        }

        pos += 1;
    }

    // Second pass: $, `, etc.
    pos = 0;
    while pos < str3.len() && !state.errflag {
        let chars: Vec<char> = str3.chars().collect();
        let c = chars[pos];

        let qt = c == QSTRING;
        if qt || c == STRING {
            let next_c = chars.get(pos + 1).copied();

            if next_c == Some(INPAR) || next_c == Some(INPARMATH) {
                if !qt {
                    list.flags |= LF_ARRAY;
                }
                // Command substitution - handled below
                pos += 1;
                let (result, new_pos) = process_command_subst(&str3, pos, qt, state);
                str3 = result;
                pos = new_pos;
                list.set_data(node_idx, str3.clone());
                continue;
            } else if next_c == Some(INBRACK) {
                // $[...] arithmetic
                let start = pos + 2;
                if let Some(end) = find_matching_bracket(&str3[start..], INBRACK, OUTBRACK) {
                    let expr: String = str3.chars().skip(start).take(end).collect();
                    let value = arithsubst(&expr, state);
                    let prefix: String = str3.chars().take(pos).collect();
                    let suffix: String = str3.chars().skip(start + end + 1).collect();
                    str3 = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
                    list.set_data(node_idx, str3.clone());
                    continue;
                } else {
                    state.errflag = true;
                    eprintln!("closing bracket missing");
                    return None;
                }
            } else if next_c == Some(SNULL) {
                // $'...' quoting
                let (new_str, new_pos) = stringsubstquote(&str3, pos);
                str3 = new_str;
                pos = new_pos;
                list.set_data(node_idx, str3.clone());
                continue;
            } else {
                // Parameter substitution
                let mut new_pf_flags = pf_flags;
                if (state.opts.sh_word_split && (pf_flags & prefork_flags::NOSHWORDSPLIT == 0))
                    || (pf_flags & prefork_flags::SPLIT != 0)
                {
                    new_pf_flags |= prefork_flags::SHWORDSPLIT;
                }

                let (new_str, new_pos, new_nodes) = paramsubst(
                    &str3,
                    pos,
                    qt,
                    new_pf_flags
                        & (prefork_flags::SINGLE
                            | prefork_flags::SHWORDSPLIT
                            | prefork_flags::SUBEXP),
                    ret_flags,
                    state,
                );

                if state.errflag {
                    return None;
                }

                // Insert additional nodes if word splitting produced them
                let mut current_idx = node_idx;
                for (i, node_data) in new_nodes.into_iter().enumerate() {
                    if i == 0 {
                        list.set_data(current_idx, node_data);
                    } else {
                        current_idx = list.insert_after(current_idx, node_data);
                    }
                }

                str3 = list.get_data(node_idx)?.to_string();
                pos = new_pos;
                continue;
            }
        }

        // Backtick command substitution
        let qt = c == QTICK;
        if qt || c == TICK {
            if !qt {
                list.flags |= LF_ARRAY;
            }
            let (result, new_pos) = process_backtick_subst(&str3, pos, qt, pf_flags, state);
            str3 = result;
            pos = new_pos;
            list.set_data(node_idx, str3.clone());
            continue;
        }

        // Assignment context
        if asssub && (c == '=' || c == EQUALS) && pos > 0 {
            // We're in assignment context, apply SINGLE flag
            // (handled by caller typically)
        }

        pos += 1;
    }

    if state.errflag {
        None
    } else {
        Some(node_idx)
    }
}

/// Process $(...) or $((...)) substitution
fn process_command_subst(
    s: &str,
    start_pos: usize,
    qt: bool,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> (String, usize) {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let c = chars.get(start_pos).copied().unwrap_or('\0');

    if c == INPARMATH {
        // $((...)) - arithmetic
        let expr_start = start_pos + 1;
        if let Some(end) = find_matching_parmath(&s[expr_start..]) {
            let expr: String = s.chars().skip(expr_start).take(end).collect();
            let value = arithsubst(&expr, state);
            let prefix: String = s.chars().take(start_pos - 1).collect();
            let suffix: String = s.chars().skip(expr_start + end + 1).collect();
            return (
                format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix),
                prefix.len() + value.len(),
            );
        }
    }

    // $(...) - command substitution
    if let Some(end) = find_matching_bracket(&s[start_pos..], INPAR, OUTPAR) {
        let cmd: String = s.chars().skip(start_pos + 1).take(end - 1).collect();
        let output = if state.opts.exec_opt {
            run_command(&cmd)
        } else {
            String::new()
        };
        let output = output.trim_end_matches('\n');
        let prefix: String = s.chars().take(start_pos - 1).collect();
        let suffix: String = s.chars().skip(start_pos + end + 1).collect();
        return (
            format!("{}{}{}", prefix, output, suffix),
            prefix.len() + output.len(),
        );
    }

    (s.to_string(), start_pos + 1)
}

/// Process `...` substitution
fn process_backtick_subst(
    s: &str,
    start_pos: usize,
    _qt: bool,
    _pf_flags: u32,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> (String, usize) {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let end_char = chars[start_pos]; // TICK or QTICK

    // Find matching backtick
    let mut end_pos = start_pos + 1;
    while end_pos < chars.len() && chars[end_pos] != end_char {
        end_pos += 1;
    }

    if end_pos >= chars.len() {
        state.errflag = true;
        eprintln!("failed to find end of command substitution");
        return (s.to_string(), start_pos + 1);
    }

    let cmd: String = chars[start_pos + 1..end_pos].iter().collect();
    let output = run_command(&cmd);
    let output = output.trim_end_matches('\n');

    let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
    let suffix: String = chars[end_pos + 1..].iter().collect();

    (
        format!("{}{}{}", prefix, output, suffix),
        prefix.len() + output.len(),
    )
}

/// Parameter substitution
/// Port of paramsubst() from subst.c lines 1600-4922 (THIS IS THE BIG ONE)
fn paramsubst(
    s: &str,
    start_pos: usize,
    qt: bool,
    pf_flags: u32,
    ret_flags: &mut u32,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> (String, usize, Vec<String>) {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let mut pos = start_pos + 1; // Skip $ or Qstring
    let mut result_nodes = Vec::new();

    // Check what follows the $
    let c = chars.get(pos).copied().unwrap_or('\0');

    // ${...} form
    if c == INBRACE || c == '{' {
        pos += 1;
        return parse_brace_param(s, start_pos, pos, qt, pf_flags, ret_flags, state);
    }

    // Simple $var
    if c.is_ascii_alphabetic() || c == '_' {
        let var_start = pos;
        while pos < chars.len() && (chars[pos].is_ascii_alphanumeric() || chars[pos] == '_') {
            pos += 1;
        }
        let var_name: String = chars[var_start..pos].iter().collect();

        let value = get_param_value(&var_name, state);

        // Handle word splitting
        if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SHWORDSPLIT != 0 && !qt {
            let words = split_words(&value, state);
            if words.len() > 1 {
                let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
                let suffix: String = chars[pos..].iter().collect();

                for (i, word) in words.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i == 0 {
                        result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", prefix, word));
                    } else if i == words.len() - 1 {
                        result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", word, suffix));
                    } else {
                        result_nodes.push(word.clone());
                    }
                }
                return (
                    result_nodes[0].clone(),
                    prefix.len() + words[0].len(),
                    result_nodes,
                );
            }
        }

        let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
        let suffix: String = chars[pos..].iter().collect();
        let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
        result_nodes.push(result.clone());
        return (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes);
    }

    // Special parameters: $?, $$, $#, $*, $@, $0-$9
    match c {
        '?' => {
            let value = state
                .variables
                .get("?")
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());
            let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
            let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
            let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
            result_nodes.push(result.clone());
            (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes)
        }
        '$' => {
            let value = std::process::id().to_string();
            let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
            let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
            let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
            result_nodes.push(result.clone());
            (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes)
        }
        '#' => {
            let value = state
                .arrays
                .get("@")
                .map(|a| a.len().to_string())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());
            let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
            let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
            let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
            result_nodes.push(result.clone());
            (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes)
        }
        '*' | '@' => {
            let values = state.arrays.get("@").cloned().unwrap_or_default();
            let value = if c == '*' || qt {
                values.join(" ")
            } else {
                // $@ in unquoted context - each element becomes separate word
                if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SINGLE == 0 {
                    let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
                    let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
                    for (i, v) in values.iter().enumerate() {
                        if i == 0 {
                            result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", prefix, v));
                        } else if i == values.len() - 1 {
                            result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", v, suffix));
                        } else {
                            result_nodes.push(v.clone());
                        }
                    }
                    if result_nodes.is_empty() {
                        result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", prefix, suffix));
                    }
                    return (result_nodes[0].clone(), start_pos, result_nodes);
                }
                values.join(" ")
            };
            let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
            let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
            let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
            result_nodes.push(result.clone());
            (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes)
        }
        '0'..='9' => {
            let digit = c.to_digit(10).unwrap() as usize;
            let value = state
                .arrays
                .get("@")
                .and_then(|a| a.get(digit))
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default();
            let prefix: String = chars[..start_pos].iter().collect();
            let suffix: String = chars[pos + 1..].iter().collect();
            let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, value, suffix);
            result_nodes.push(result.clone());
            (result, prefix.len() + value.len(), result_nodes)
        }
        _ => {
            // Just a literal $
            result_nodes.push(s.to_string());
            (s.to_string(), start_pos + 1, result_nodes)
        }
    }
}

/// Parse ${...} parameter expansion with all its glory
/// This handles flags like (L), (U), (s.:.), nested expansions, etc.
fn parse_brace_param(
    s: &str,
    dollar_pos: usize,
    brace_pos: usize,
    qt: bool,
    pf_flags: u32,
    _ret_flags: &mut u32,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> (String, usize, Vec<String>) {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let mut pos = brace_pos;
    let mut result_nodes = Vec::new();

    // Parse flags in (...)
    let mut flags = ParamFlags::default();
    if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'(') {
        pos += 1;
        while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] != ')' {
            let flag_char = chars[pos];
            match flag_char {
                'L' => flags.lowercase = true,
                'U' => flags.uppercase = true,
                'C' => flags.capitalize = true,
                'u' => flags.unique = true,
                'o' => flags.sort = true,
                'O' => flags.sort_reverse = true,
                'a' => flags.sort_array_index = true,
                'i' => flags.sort_case_insensitive = true,
                'n' => flags.sort_numeric = true,
                'k' => flags.keys = true,
                'v' => flags.values = true,
                't' => flags.type_info = true,
                'P' => flags.prompt_expand = true,
                'e' => flags.eval = true,
                'q' => flags.quote_level += 1,
                'Q' => flags.unquote = true,
                'X' => flags.report_error = true,
                'z' => flags.split_words = true,
                'f' => flags.split_lines = true,
                'F' => flags.join_lines = true,
                'w' => flags.count_words = true,
                'W' => flags.count_words_null = true,
                'c' => flags.count_chars = true,
                '#' => flags.length_chars = true,
                '%' => flags.prompt_percent = true,
                'A' => flags.create_assoc = true,
                '@' => flags.array_expand = true,
                '~' => flags.glob_subst = true,
                'V' => flags.visible = true,
                'S' | 'I' => flags.search = true,
                'M' => flags.match_flag = true,
                'R' => flags.reverse_subscript = true,
                'B' | 'E' | 'N' => flags.begin_end_length = true,
                's' => {
                    // s:sep: - split separator
                    pos += 1;
                    if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                        pos += 1;
                        let mut sep = String::new();
                        while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] != ':' {
                            sep.push(chars[pos]);
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        flags.split_sep = Some(sep);
                    } else {
                        pos -= 1;
                    }
                }
                'j' => {
                    // j:sep: - join separator
                    pos += 1;
                    if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                        pos += 1;
                        let mut sep = String::new();
                        while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] != ':' {
                            sep.push(chars[pos]);
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        flags.join_sep = Some(sep);
                    } else {
                        pos -= 1;
                    }
                }
                'l' => {
                    // l:len:fill: - left pad
                    pos += 1;
                    if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                        // Parse length and fill
                        pos += 1;
                        let mut len_str = String::new();
                        while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos].is_ascii_digit() {
                            len_str.push(chars[pos]);
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        if let Ok(len) = len_str.parse() {
                            flags.pad_left = Some(len);
                        }
                        if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                            pos += 1;
                            let mut fill = String::new();
                            while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] != ':' {
                                fill.push(chars[pos]);
                                pos += 1;
                            }
                            flags.pad_char = Some(fill.chars().next().unwrap_or(' '));
                        }
                    } else {
                        pos -= 1;
                    }
                }
                'r' => {
                    // r:len:fill: - right pad
                    pos += 1;
                    if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                        pos += 1;
                        let mut len_str = String::new();
                        while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos].is_ascii_digit() {
                            len_str.push(chars[pos]);
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        if let Ok(len) = len_str.parse() {
                            flags.pad_right = Some(len);
                        }
                        if pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] == ':' {
                            pos += 1;
                            let mut fill = String::new();
                            while pos < chars.len() && chars[pos] != ':' {
                                fill.push(chars[pos]);
                                pos += 1;
                            }
                            flags.pad_char = Some(fill.chars().next().unwrap_or(' '));
                        }
                    } else {
                        pos -= 1;
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
            pos += 1;
        }
        if pos < chars.len() {
            pos += 1; // Skip ')'
        }
    }

    // Check for length prefix: ${#var}
    let length_prefix = chars.get(pos) == Some(&'#');
    if length_prefix {
        pos += 1;
    }

    // Parse variable name
    let var_start = pos;
    while pos < chars.len() {
        let c = chars[pos];
        if c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
            pos += 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    let var_name: String = chars[var_start..pos].iter().collect();

    // Check for subscript [...]
    let mut subscript = None;
    if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'[') || chars.get(pos) == Some(&INBRACK) {
        pos += 1;
        let sub_start = pos;
        let mut depth = 1;
        while pos < chars.len() && depth > 0 {
            let c = chars[pos];
            if c == '[' || c == INBRACK {
                depth += 1;
            } else if c == ']' || c == OUTBRACK {
                depth -= 1;
            }
            if depth > 0 {
                pos += 1;
            }
        }
        subscript = Some(chars[sub_start..pos].iter().collect::<String>());
        pos += 1; // Skip ]
    }

    // Parse operator and operand
    let mut operator = None;
    let mut operand = String::new();

    // Check for operators: :-, :=, :+, :?, -, =, +, ?, #, ##, %, %%, /, //, :, ^, ^^, ,, ,,
    if pos < chars.len() {
        let c = chars[pos];
        match c {
            ':' => {
                pos += 1;
                if pos < chars.len() {
                    match chars[pos] {
                        '-' => {
                            operator = Some(":-");
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        '=' => {
                            operator = Some(":=");
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        '+' => {
                            operator = Some(":+");
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        '?' => {
                            operator = Some(":?");
                            pos += 1;
                        }
                        _ => {
                            operator = Some(":");
                        } // Substring
                    }
                }
            }
            '-' => {
                operator = Some("-");
                pos += 1;
            }
            '=' => {
                operator = Some("=");
                pos += 1;
            }
            '+' => {
                operator = Some("+");
                pos += 1;
            }
            '?' => {
                operator = Some("?");
                pos += 1;
            }
            '#' => {
                pos += 1;
                if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'#') {
                    operator = Some("##");
                    pos += 1;
                } else {
                    operator = Some("#");
                }
            }
            '%' => {
                pos += 1;
                if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'%') {
                    operator = Some("%%");
                    pos += 1;
                } else {
                    operator = Some("%");
                }
            }
            '/' => {
                pos += 1;
                if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'/') {
                    operator = Some("//");
                    pos += 1;
                } else {
                    operator = Some("/");
                }
            }
            '^' => {
                pos += 1;
                if chars.get(pos) == Some(&'^') {
                    operator = Some("^^");
                    pos += 1;
                } else {
                    operator = Some("^");
                }
            }
            ',' => {
                pos += 1;
                if chars.get(pos) == Some(&',') {
                    operator = Some(",,");
                    pos += 1;
                } else {
                    operator = Some(",");
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    // Collect operand until closing brace
    let mut depth = 1;
    while pos < chars.len() && depth > 0 {
        let c = chars[pos];
        if c == '{' || c == INBRACE {
            depth += 1;
            operand.push(c);
        } else if c == '}' || c == OUTBRACE {
            depth -= 1;
            if depth > 0 {
                operand.push(c);
            }
        } else {
            operand.push(c);
        }
        pos += 1;
    }

    // Get the value
    let mut value = if subscript.is_some() || !var_name.is_empty() {
        get_param_with_subscript(&var_name, subscript.as_deref(), state)
    } else {
        Vec::new()
    };

    // Handle length prefix
    if length_prefix {
        let len = if value.len() == 1 {
            value[0].chars().count()
        } else {
            value.len()
        };
        value = vec![len.to_string()];
    }

    // Apply flags
    value = apply_param_flags(&value, &flags, state);

    // Apply operator
    value = apply_operator(&var_name, value, operator, &operand, state);

    // Handle word splitting
    let joined = if flags.join_sep.is_some() || value.len() == 1 {
        let sep = flags.join_sep.as_deref().unwrap_or(" ");
        value.join(sep)
    } else if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SHWORDSPLIT != 0 && !qt {
        // Each array element becomes a separate word
        let prefix: String = chars[..dollar_pos].iter().collect();
        let suffix: String = chars[pos..].iter().collect();

        for (i, v) in value.iter().enumerate() {
            if i == 0 && value.len() == 1 {
                result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}{}", prefix, v, suffix));
            } else if i == 0 {
                result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", prefix, v));
            } else if i == value.len() - 1 {
                result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", v, suffix));
            } else {
                result_nodes.push(v.clone());
            }
        }

        if result_nodes.is_empty() {
            result_nodes.push(format!("{}{}", prefix, suffix));
        }

        return (result_nodes[0].clone(), dollar_pos, result_nodes);
    } else {
        value.join(" ")
    };

    // Build result
    let prefix: String = chars[..dollar_pos].iter().collect();
    let suffix: String = chars[pos..].iter().collect();
    let result = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, joined, suffix);
    result_nodes.push(result.clone());

    (result, prefix.len() + joined.len(), result_nodes)
}

/// Parameter expansion flags
#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
struct ParamFlags {
    lowercase: bool,
    uppercase: bool,
    capitalize: bool,
    unique: bool,
    sort: bool,
    sort_reverse: bool,
    sort_array_index: bool,
    sort_case_insensitive: bool,
    sort_numeric: bool,
    keys: bool,
    values: bool,
    type_info: bool,
    prompt_expand: bool,
    prompt_percent: bool,
    eval: bool,
    quote_level: usize,
    unquote: bool,
    report_error: bool,
    split_words: bool,
    split_lines: bool,
    join_lines: bool,
    count_words: bool,
    count_words_null: bool,
    count_chars: bool,
    length_chars: bool,
    create_assoc: bool,
    array_expand: bool,
    glob_subst: bool,
    visible: bool,
    search: bool,
    match_flag: bool,
    reverse_subscript: bool,
    begin_end_length: bool,
    split_sep: Option<String>,
    join_sep: Option<String>,
    pad_left: Option<usize>,
    pad_right: Option<usize>,
    pad_char: Option<char>,
}

/// Get parameter value (scalar or array)
fn get_param_value(name: &str, state: &SubstState) -> String {
    state
        .variables
        .get(name)
        .cloned()
        .or_else(|| std::env::var(name).ok())
        .unwrap_or_default()
}

/// Get parameter value with subscript
fn get_param_with_subscript(
    name: &str,
    subscript: Option<&str>,
    state: &SubstState,
) -> Vec<String> {
    // Check if it's an array
    if let Some(arr) = state.arrays.get(name) {
        if let Some(sub) = subscript {
            if sub == "@" || sub == "*" {
                return arr.clone();
            }
            // Parse numeric index
            if let Ok(idx) = sub.parse::<i64>() {
                let idx = if idx < 0 {
                    (arr.len() as i64 + idx) as usize
                } else {
                    (idx - 1).max(0) as usize // zsh arrays are 1-indexed
                };
                return arr.get(idx).cloned().into_iter().collect();
            }
        }
        return arr.clone();
    }

    // Check if it's an associative array
    if let Some(assoc) = state.assoc_arrays.get(name) {
        if let Some(sub) = subscript {
            if sub == "@" || sub == "*" {
                return assoc.values().cloned().collect();
            }
            return assoc.get(sub).cloned().into_iter().collect();
        }
        return assoc.values().cloned().collect();
    }

    // Scalar
    let value = get_param_value(name, state);
    if value.is_empty() {
        Vec::new()
    } else {
        vec![value]
    }
}

/// Apply parameter flags to value
fn apply_param_flags(value: &[String], flags: &ParamFlags, _state: &SubstState) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut result: Vec<String> = value.to_vec();

    // Split operations
    if let Some(ref sep) = flags.split_sep {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|s| s.split(sep).map(String::from))
            .collect();
    }
    if flags.split_lines {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|s| s.lines().map(String::from))
            .collect();
    }
    if flags.split_words {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|s| s.split_whitespace().map(String::from))
            .collect();
    }

    // Case modification
    if flags.lowercase {
        result = result.iter().map(|s| s.to_lowercase()).collect();
    }
    if flags.uppercase {
        result = result.iter().map(|s| s.to_uppercase()).collect();
    }
    if flags.capitalize {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                let mut chars = s.chars();
                match chars.next() {
                    None => String::new(),
                    Some(c) => c.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
                }
            })
            .collect();
    }

    // Uniqueness
    if flags.unique {
        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
        result = result
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|s| seen.insert(s.clone()))
            .collect();
    }

    // Sorting
    if flags.sort {
        if flags.sort_numeric {
            result.sort_by(|a, b| {
                let na: f64 = a.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
                let nb: f64 = b.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
                na.partial_cmp(&nb).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal)
            });
        } else if flags.sort_case_insensitive {
            result.sort_by(|a, b| a.to_lowercase().cmp(&b.to_lowercase()));
        } else {
            result.sort();
        }
    }
    if flags.sort_reverse {
        result.reverse();
    }

    // Quoting
    for _ in 0..flags.quote_level {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "'\\''")))
            .collect();
    }
    if flags.unquote {
        result = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                // Simple unquoting
                let s = s.trim();
                if (s.starts_with('\'') && s.ends_with('\''))
                    || (s.starts_with('"') && s.ends_with('"'))
                {
                    s[1..s.len() - 1].to_string()
                } else {
                    s.to_string()
                }
            })
            .collect();
    }

    // Join operations
    if flags.join_lines {
        result = vec![result.join("\n")];
    }
    if let Some(ref sep) = flags.join_sep {
        result = vec![result.join(sep)];
    }

    // Counting
    if flags.count_words {
        let count = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| s.split_whitespace().count())
            .sum::<usize>();
        result = vec![count.to_string()];
    }
    if flags.count_chars {
        let count = result.iter().map(|s| s.chars().count()).sum::<usize>();
        result = vec![count.to_string()];
    }

    // Padding
    if let Some(width) = flags.pad_left {
        let fill = flags.pad_char.unwrap_or(' ');
        result = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                if s.len() < width {
                    format!("{}{}", fill.to_string().repeat(width - s.len()), s)
                } else {
                    s.clone()
                }
            })
            .collect();
    }
    if let Some(width) = flags.pad_right {
        let fill = flags.pad_char.unwrap_or(' ');
        result = result
            .iter()
            .map(|s| {
                if s.len() < width {
                    format!("{}{}", s, fill.to_string().repeat(width - s.len()))
                } else {
                    s.clone()
                }
            })
            .collect();
    }

    result
}

/// Apply parameter operator
fn apply_operator(
    var_name: &str,
    value: Vec<String>,
    operator: Option<&str>,
    operand: &str,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) -> Vec<String> {
    let is_set = !value.is_empty();
    let is_empty = value.iter().all(|s| s.is_empty());
    let joined = value.join(" ");

    match operator {
        Some(":-") | Some("-") => {
            if (operator == Some(":-") && (is_empty || !is_set))
                || (operator == Some("-") && !is_set)
            {
                vec![operand.to_string()]
            } else {
                value
            }
        }
        Some(":=") | Some("=") => {
            if (operator == Some(":=") && (is_empty || !is_set))
                || (operator == Some("=") && !is_set)
            {
                state
                    .variables
                    .insert(var_name.to_string(), operand.to_string());
                vec![operand.to_string()]
            } else {
                value
            }
        }
        Some(":+") | Some("+") => {
            if (operator == Some(":+") && !is_empty && is_set) || (operator == Some("+") && is_set)
            {
                vec![operand.to_string()]
            } else {
                vec![]
            }
        }
        Some(":?") | Some("?") => {
            if (operator == Some(":?") && (is_empty || !is_set))
                || (operator == Some("?") && !is_set)
            {
                let msg = if operand.is_empty() {
                    format!("{}: parameter not set", var_name)
                } else {
                    operand.to_string()
                };
                eprintln!("{}", msg);
                state.errflag = true;
                vec![]
            } else {
                value
            }
        }
        Some(":") => {
            // Substring: ${var:offset} or ${var:offset:length}
            let parts: Vec<&str> = operand.split(':').collect();
            let offset: i64 = parts.get(0).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(0);
            let length: Option<i64> = parts.get(1).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok());

            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| {
                    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
                    let len = chars.len() as i64;

                    let start = if offset < 0 {
                        (len + offset).max(0) as usize
                    } else {
                        (offset as usize).min(chars.len())
                    };

                    let end = match length {
                        Some(l) if l < 0 => (len + l).max(start as i64) as usize,
                        Some(l) => (start + l as usize).min(chars.len()),
                        None => chars.len(),
                    };

                    chars[start..end].iter().collect()
                })
                .collect()
        }
        Some("#") => {
            // Remove shortest prefix matching pattern
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| remove_prefix(s, operand, false))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("##") => {
            // Remove longest prefix matching pattern
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| remove_prefix(s, operand, true))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("%") => {
            // Remove shortest suffix matching pattern
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| remove_suffix(s, operand, false))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("%%") => {
            // Remove longest suffix matching pattern
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| remove_suffix(s, operand, true))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("/") => {
            // Replace first match
            let parts: Vec<&str> = operand.splitn(2, '/').collect();
            let pattern = parts.get(0).unwrap_or(&"");
            let replacement = parts.get(1).unwrap_or(&"");
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| s.replacen(pattern, replacement, 1))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("//") => {
            // Replace all matches
            let parts: Vec<&str> = operand.splitn(2, '/').collect();
            let pattern = parts.get(0).unwrap_or(&"");
            let replacement = parts.get(1).unwrap_or(&"");
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| s.replace(pattern, replacement))
                .collect()
        }
        Some("^") => {
            // Uppercase first character
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| {
                    let mut chars = s.chars();
                    match chars.next() {
                        Some(c) => c.to_uppercase().chain(chars).collect(),
                        None => String::new(),
                    }
                })
                .collect()
        }
        Some("^^") => {
            // Uppercase all
            value.iter().map(|s| s.to_uppercase()).collect()
        }
        Some(",") => {
            // Lowercase first character
            value
                .iter()
                .map(|s| {
                    let mut chars = s.chars();
                    match chars.next() {
                        Some(c) => c.to_lowercase().chain(chars).collect(),
                        None => String::new(),
                    }
                })
                .collect()
        }
        Some(",,") => {
            // Lowercase all
            value.iter().map(|s| s.to_lowercase()).collect()
        }
        _ => value,
    }
}

/// Remove prefix matching pattern
fn remove_prefix(s: &str, pattern: &str, greedy: bool) -> String {
    // Convert glob pattern to something we can match
    // Simple implementation - real one would use proper glob matching
    if pattern == "*" {
        return String::new();
    }

    if pattern.ends_with('*') {
        let prefix = &pattern[..pattern.len() - 1];
        if s.starts_with(prefix) {
            if greedy {
                // Find longest match
                for i in (prefix.len()..=s.len()).rev() {
                    return s[i..].to_string();
                }
            } else {
                return s[prefix.len()..].to_string();
            }
        }
    } else if s.starts_with(pattern) {
        return s[pattern.len()..].to_string();
    }

    s.to_string()
}

/// Remove suffix matching pattern
fn remove_suffix(s: &str, pattern: &str, greedy: bool) -> String {
    if pattern == "*" {
        return String::new();
    }

    if pattern.starts_with('*') {
        let suffix = &pattern[1..];
        if s.ends_with(suffix) {
            if greedy {
                for i in 0..=s.len().saturating_sub(suffix.len()) {
                    return s[..i].to_string();
                }
            } else {
                return s[..s.len() - suffix.len()].to_string();
            }
        }
    } else if s.ends_with(pattern) {
        return s[..s.len() - pattern.len()].to_string();
    }

    s.to_string()
}

/// Split words according to IFS
fn split_words(s: &str, state: &SubstState) -> Vec<String> {
    let ifs = state
        .variables
        .get("IFS")
        .map(|s| s.as_str())
        .unwrap_or(" \t\n");

    s.split(|c: char| ifs.contains(c))
        .filter(|s| !s.is_empty())
        .map(String::from)
        .collect()
}

// Helper functions

fn find_matching_bracket(s: &str, open: char, close: char) -> Option<usize> {
    let mut depth = 1;
    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
        if c == open {
            depth += 1;
        } else if c == close {
            depth -= 1;
            if depth == 0 {
                return Some(i);
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

fn find_matching_parmath(s: &str) -> Option<usize> {
    let mut depth = 1;
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < chars.len() {
        if chars[i] == INPARMATH {
            depth += 1;
        } else if chars[i] == OUTPARMATH {
            depth -= 1;
            if depth == 0 {
                return Some(i);
            }
        }
        i += 1;
    }
    None
}

fn hasbraces(s: &str) -> bool {
    s.contains('{') && s.contains('}')
}

fn xpandbraces(list: &mut LinkList, node_idx: &mut usize) {
    let data = match list.get_data(*node_idx) {
        Some(d) => d.to_string(),
        None => return,
    };

    // Find brace group
    if let Some(start) = data.find('{') {
        if let Some(end) = data[start..].find('}') {
            let prefix = &data[..start];
            let content = &data[start + 1..start + end];
            let suffix = &data[start + end + 1..];

            // Check for alternatives (comma-separated)
            let alternatives: Vec<&str> = content.split(',').collect();
            if alternatives.len() > 1 {
                // Remove original node
                list.remove(*node_idx);

                // Insert expanded versions
                for (i, alt) in alternatives.iter().enumerate() {
                    let expanded = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, alt, suffix);
                    if i == 0 {
                        list.nodes.insert(*node_idx, LinkNode { data: expanded });
                    } else {
                        list.insert_after(*node_idx + i - 1, expanded);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn remnulargs(s: &str) -> String {
    s.chars().filter(|&c| c != NULARG).collect()
}

fn filesub(s: &str, _flags: u32, _state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    // Tilde expansion
    if s.starts_with('~') {
        let rest = &s[1..];
        let (user, suffix) = match rest.find('/') {
            Some(pos) => (&rest[..pos], &rest[pos..]),
            None => (rest, ""),
        };

        if user.is_empty() {
            if let Ok(home) = std::env::var("HOME") {
                return format!("{}{}", home, suffix);
            }
        } else if user == "+" {
            if let Ok(pwd) = std::env::var("PWD") {
                return format!("{}{}", pwd, suffix);
            }
        } else if user == "-" {
            if let Ok(oldpwd) = std::env::var("OLDPWD") {
                return format!("{}{}", oldpwd, suffix);
            }
        }
    }

    // = substitution (=cmd -> path to cmd)
    if s.starts_with('=') && s.len() > 1 {
        let cmd = &s[1..];
        if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("PATH") {
            for dir in path.split(':') {
                let full_path = format!("{}/{}", dir, cmd);
                if std::path::Path::new(&full_path).exists() {
                    return full_path;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    s.to_string()
}

fn getproc(s: &str, state: &mut SubstState) -> (Option<String>, String) {
    // Process substitution <(...) or >(...)
    // This creates a /dev/fd/N path
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let is_input = chars[0] == INANG;

    if let Some(end) = find_matching_bracket(&s[1..], INPAR, OUTPAR) {
        let cmd: String = s[2..end + 1].chars().collect();
        let rest = s[end + 2..].to_string();

        if state.opts.exec_opt {
            // Would create pipe and return /dev/fd/N
            // For now, just return a placeholder
            let fd = if is_input { "63" } else { "62" };
            return (Some(format!("/dev/fd/{}", fd)), rest);
        }

        return (None, rest);
    }

    (None, s.to_string())
}

fn getoutputfile(s: &str, state: &mut SubstState) -> (Option<String>, String) {
    // =(...) substitution - creates temp file with command output
    if let Some(end) = find_matching_bracket(&s[1..], INPAR, OUTPAR) {
        let cmd: String = s[2..end + 1].chars().collect();
        let rest = s[end + 2..].to_string();

        if state.opts.exec_opt {
            let output = run_command(&cmd);
            // Would write to temp file and return path
            // For now, return placeholder
            return (Some("/tmp/zsh_proc_subst".to_string()), rest);
        }

        return (None, rest);
    }

    (None, s.to_string())
}

fn arithsubst(expr: &str, _state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    // Simple arithmetic evaluation
    // Real implementation would use full math module
    if let Ok(n) = expr.parse::<i64>() {
        return n.to_string();
    }

    // Try simple expressions
    if let Some(pos) = expr.find('+') {
        if let (Ok(a), Ok(b)) = (
            expr[..pos].trim().parse::<i64>(),
            expr[pos + 1..].trim().parse::<i64>(),
        ) {
            return (a + b).to_string();
        }
    }

    "0".to_string()
}

fn run_command(cmd: &str) -> String {
    use std::process::{Command, Stdio};

    match Command::new("sh")
        .arg("-c")
        .arg(cmd)
        .stdin(Stdio::null())
        .stdout(Stdio::piped())
        .stderr(Stdio::inherit())
        .output()
    {
        Ok(output) => String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).to_string(),
        Err(_) => String::new(),
    }
}

/// Multsub flags (from subst.c)
pub mod multsub_flags {
    pub const WS_AT_START: u32 = 1;
    pub const WS_AT_END: u32 = 2;
    pub const PARAM_NAME: u32 = 4;
}

/// Perform substitution on a single word
/// Port of singsub() from subst.c lines 513-525
pub fn singsub(s: &str, state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    let mut list = LinkList::from_string(s);
    let mut ret_flags = 0u32;

    prefork(&mut list, prefork_flags::SINGLE, &mut ret_flags, state);

    if state.errflag {
        return String::new();
    }

    list.get_data(0).unwrap_or("").to_string()
}

/// Substitution with possible multiple results
/// Port of multsub() from subst.c lines 540-621
pub fn multsub(s: &str, pf_flags: u32, state: &mut SubstState) -> (String, Vec<String>, bool, u32) {
    let mut x = s.to_string();
    let mut ms_flags = 0u32;

    // Handle leading whitespace with SPLIT flag
    if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SPLIT != 0 {
        let leading_ws: String = x.chars().take_while(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace()).collect();
        if !leading_ws.is_empty() {
            ms_flags |= multsub_flags::WS_AT_START;
            x = x.chars().skip(leading_ws.len()).collect();
        }
    }

    let mut list = LinkList::from_string(&x);

    // Handle word splitting within the string
    if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SPLIT != 0 {
        let mut node_idx = 0;
        let mut in_quote = false;
        let mut in_paren = 0;

        while node_idx < list.len() {
            if let Some(data) = list.get_data(node_idx) {
                let chars: Vec<char> = data.chars().collect();
                let mut split_points = Vec::new();
                let mut i = 0;

                while i < chars.len() {
                    let c = chars[i];

                    // Handle quote state
                    match c {
                        '"' | '\'' | TICK | QTICK => in_quote = !in_quote,
                        INPAR => in_paren += 1,
                        OUTPAR => in_paren = (in_paren - 1).max(0),
                        _ => {}
                    }

                    // Check for IFS separator outside quotes
                    if !in_quote && in_paren == 0 {
                        let ifs = state
                            .variables
                            .get("IFS")
                            .map(|s| s.as_str())
                            .unwrap_or(" \t\n");
                        if ifs.contains(c) && !is_token(c) {
                            split_points.push(i);
                        }
                    }

                    i += 1;
                }

                // Split at found points
                if !split_points.is_empty() {
                    let data_str = data.to_string();
                    let chars: Vec<char> = data_str.chars().collect();
                    let mut last = 0;

                    list.remove(node_idx);

                    for (idx, &point) in split_points.iter().enumerate() {
                        if point > last {
                            let segment: String = chars[last..point].iter().collect();
                            if idx == 0 {
                                list.nodes.insert(node_idx, LinkNode { data: segment });
                            } else {
                                list.insert_after(node_idx + idx - 1, segment);
                            }
                        }
                        last = point + 1;
                    }

                    if last < chars.len() {
                        let segment: String = chars[last..].iter().collect();
                        if split_points.is_empty() {
                            list.nodes.insert(node_idx, LinkNode { data: segment });
                        } else {
                            list.insert_after(node_idx + split_points.len() - 1, segment);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            node_idx += 1;
        }
    }

    let mut ret_flags = 0u32;
    prefork(&mut list, pf_flags, &mut ret_flags, state);

    if state.errflag {
        return (String::new(), Vec::new(), false, ms_flags);
    }

    // Check for trailing whitespace
    if pf_flags & prefork_flags::SPLIT != 0 {
        if let Some(last) = list.nodes.back() {
            if last
                .data
                .chars()
                .last()
                .map(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace())
                .unwrap_or(false)
            {
                ms_flags |= multsub_flags::WS_AT_END;
            }
        }
    }

    let len = list.len();
    if len > 1 || (list.flags & LF_ARRAY != 0) {
        // Return as array
        let arr: Vec<String> = list.nodes.iter().map(|n| n.data.clone()).collect();
        let joined = arr.join(" ");
        return (joined, arr, true, ms_flags);
    }

    let result = list.get_data(0).unwrap_or("").to_string();
    (result.clone(), vec![result], false, ms_flags)
}

/// Case modification modes (from subst.c)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum CaseMod {
    None,
    Lower,
    Upper,
    Caps,
}

/// Modify a string according to case modification mode
/// Port of casemodify() logic
pub fn casemodify(s: &str, casmod: CaseMod) -> String {
    match casmod {
        CaseMod::None => s.to_string(),
        CaseMod::Lower => s.to_lowercase(),
        CaseMod::Upper => s.to_uppercase(),
        CaseMod::Caps => {
            let mut result = String::new();
            let mut capitalize_next = true;
            for c in s.chars() {
                if c.is_whitespace() {
                    capitalize_next = true;
                    result.push(c);
                } else if capitalize_next {
                    result.extend(c.to_uppercase());
                    capitalize_next = false;
                } else {
                    result.extend(c.to_lowercase());
                }
            }
            result
        }
    }
}

/// History-style colon modifiers
/// Port of modify() from subst.c lines 4530-4873
pub fn modify(s: &str, modifiers: &str, state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    let mut result = s.to_string();
    let mut chars = modifiers.chars().peekable();

    while chars.peek() == Some(&':') {
        chars.next(); // consume ':'

        let mut gbal = false;
        let mut wall = false;
        let mut sep = None;

        // Parse modifier flags
        loop {
            match chars.peek() {
                Some(&'g') => {
                    gbal = true;
                    chars.next();
                }
                Some(&'w') => {
                    wall = true;
                    chars.next();
                }
                Some(&'W') => {
                    chars.next();
                    // Parse separator
                    if chars.peek() == Some(&':') {
                        chars.next();
                        let s: String = chars.by_ref().take_while(|&c| c != ':').collect();
                        sep = Some(s);
                    }
                }
                _ => break,
            }
        }

        let modifier = match chars.next() {
            Some(c) => c,
            None => break,
        };

        if wall {
            // Apply modifier to each word
            let separator = sep.as_deref().unwrap_or(" ");
            let words: Vec<&str> = result.split(separator).collect();
            let modified: Vec<String> = words
                .iter()
                .map(|w| apply_single_modifier(w, modifier, gbal, state))
                .collect();
            result = modified.join(separator);
        } else {
            result = apply_single_modifier(&result, modifier, gbal, state);
        }
    }

    result
}

/// Apply a single modifier to a string
fn apply_single_modifier(s: &str, modifier: char, gbal: bool, _state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    match modifier {
        // :a - absolute path
        'a' => {
            if s.starts_with('/') {
                s.to_string()
            } else if let Ok(cwd) = std::env::current_dir() {
                format!("{}/{}", cwd.display(), s)
            } else {
                s.to_string()
            }
        }
        // :A - real path (resolve symlinks)
        'A' => match std::fs::canonicalize(s) {
            Ok(p) => p.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
            Err(_) => s.to_string(),
        },
        // :c - command path (like which)
        'c' => {
            if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("PATH") {
                for dir in path.split(':') {
                    let full = format!("{}/{}", dir, s);
                    if std::path::Path::new(&full).exists() {
                        return full;
                    }
                }
            }
            s.to_string()
        }
        // :h - head (directory)
        'h' => match s.rfind('/') {
            Some(0) => "/".to_string(),
            Some(pos) => s[..pos].to_string(),
            None => ".".to_string(),
        },
        // :t - tail (filename)
        't' => match s.rfind('/') {
            Some(pos) => s[pos + 1..].to_string(),
            None => s.to_string(),
        },
        // :r - remove extension
        'r' => match s.rfind('.') {
            Some(pos) if pos > 0 && !s[..pos].ends_with('/') => s[..pos].to_string(),
            _ => s.to_string(),
        },
        // :e - extension only
        'e' => match s.rfind('.') {
            Some(pos) if pos > 0 && !s[..pos].ends_with('/') => s[pos + 1..].to_string(),
            _ => String::new(),
        },
        // :l - lowercase
        'l' => s.to_lowercase(),
        // :u - uppercase
        'u' => s.to_uppercase(),
        // :q - quote
        'q' => {
            format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "'\\''"))
        }
        // :Q - unquote
        'Q' => {
            let trimmed = s.trim();
            if (trimmed.starts_with('\'') && trimmed.ends_with('\''))
                || (trimmed.starts_with('"') && trimmed.ends_with('"'))
            {
                trimmed[1..trimmed.len() - 1].to_string()
            } else {
                s.to_string()
            }
        }
        // :P - physical path
        'P' => {
            let path = if s.starts_with('/') {
                s.to_string()
            } else if let Ok(cwd) = std::env::current_dir() {
                format!("{}/{}", cwd.display(), s)
            } else {
                s.to_string()
            };
            // Resolve symlinks
            match std::fs::canonicalize(&path) {
                Ok(p) => p.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
                Err(_) => path,
            }
        }
        _ => s.to_string(),
    }
}

/// Get a directory stack entry
/// Port of dstackent() from subst.c
pub fn dstackent(ch: char, val: i32, dirstack: &[String], pwd: &str) -> Option<String> {
    let backwards = ch == '-'; // Simplified, real zsh checks PUSHDMINUS option

    if !backwards && val == 0 {
        return Some(pwd.to_string());
    }

    let idx = if backwards {
        dirstack.len().checked_sub(val as usize)?
    } else {
        (val - 1) as usize
    };

    dirstack.get(idx).cloned()
}

/// Perform string substitution (s/old/new/)
/// Port of subst() logic from subst.c
pub fn subst(s: &str, old: &str, new: &str, global: bool) -> String {
    if global {
        s.replace(old, new)
    } else {
        s.replacen(old, new, 1)
    }
}

/// Quote types for (q) flag
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub enum QuoteType {
    None,
    Backslash,
    BackslashPattern,
    Single,
    Double,
    Dollars,
    QuotedZputs,
    SingleOptional,
}

/// Quote a string according to quote type
/// Port of quotestring() logic
pub fn quotestring(s: &str, qt: QuoteType) -> String {
    match qt {
        QuoteType::None => s.to_string(),
        QuoteType::Backslash | QuoteType::BackslashPattern => {
            let mut result = String::new();
            for c in s.chars() {
                match c {
                    ' ' | '\t' | '\n' | '\\' | '\'' | '"' | '$' | '`' | '!' | '*' | '?' | '['
                    | ']' | '(' | ')' | '{' | '}' | '<' | '>' | '|' | '&' | ';' | '#' | '~' => {
                        result.push('\\');
                        result.push(c);
                    }
                    _ => result.push(c),
                }
            }
            result
        }
        QuoteType::Single => {
            format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "'\\''"))
        }
        QuoteType::Double => {
            let mut result = String::from("\"");
            for c in s.chars() {
                match c {
                    '"' | '\\' | '$' | '`' => {
                        result.push('\\');
                        result.push(c);
                    }
                    _ => result.push(c),
                }
            }
            result.push('"');
            result
        }
        QuoteType::Dollars => {
            let mut result = String::from("$'");
            for c in s.chars() {
                match c {
                    '\'' => result.push_str("\\'"),
                    '\\' => result.push_str("\\\\"),
                    '\n' => result.push_str("\\n"),
                    '\t' => result.push_str("\\t"),
                    '\r' => result.push_str("\\r"),
                    c if c.is_ascii_control() => {
                        result.push_str(&format!("\\x{:02x}", c as u32));
                    }
                    _ => result.push(c),
                }
            }
            result.push('\'');
            result
        }
        QuoteType::QuotedZputs | QuoteType::SingleOptional => {
            // Check if quoting is needed
            let needs_quote = s.chars().any(|c| {
                matches!(
                    c,
                    ' ' | '\t'
                        | '\n'
                        | '\\'
                        | '\''
                        | '"'
                        | '$'
                        | '`'
                        | '!'
                        | '*'
                        | '?'
                        | '['
                        | ']'
                        | '('
                        | ')'
                        | '{'
                        | '}'
                        | '<'
                        | '>'
                        | '|'
                        | '&'
                        | ';'
                        | '#'
                        | '~'
                )
            });
            if needs_quote {
                format!("'{}'", s.replace('\'', "'\\''"))
            } else {
                s.to_string()
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Sort options for (o) and (O) flags
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
pub struct SortOptions {
    pub somehow: bool,
    pub backwards: bool,
    pub case_insensitive: bool,
    pub numeric: bool,
    pub numeric_signed: bool,
}

/// Sort array according to options
/// Port of strmetasort() logic
pub fn sort_array(arr: &mut Vec<String>, opts: &SortOptions) {
    if !opts.somehow {
        return;
    }

    if opts.numeric || opts.numeric_signed {
        arr.sort_by(|a, b| {
            let na: f64 = a.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
            let nb: f64 = b.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
            na.partial_cmp(&nb).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal)
        });
    } else if opts.case_insensitive {
        arr.sort_by(|a, b| a.to_lowercase().cmp(&b.to_lowercase()));
    } else {
        arr.sort();
    }

    if opts.backwards {
        arr.reverse();
    }
}

/// Word count in a string
/// Port of wordcount() logic
pub fn wordcount(s: &str, sep: Option<&str>, count_empty: bool) -> usize {
    let separator = sep.unwrap_or(" \t\n");

    if count_empty {
        s.split(|c: char| separator.contains(c)).count()
    } else {
        s.split(|c: char| separator.contains(c))
            .filter(|w| !w.is_empty())
            .count()
    }
}

/// Join array with separator
/// Port of sepjoin() logic
pub fn sepjoin(arr: &[String], sep: Option<&str>, use_ifs_first: bool) -> String {
    let separator = sep.unwrap_or_else(|| if use_ifs_first { " " } else { "" });
    arr.join(separator)
}

/// Split string by separator
/// Port of sepsplit() logic
pub fn sepsplit(s: &str, sep: Option<&str>, allow_empty: bool, _handle_ifs: bool) -> Vec<String> {
    let separator = sep.unwrap_or(" \t\n");

    if allow_empty {
        s.split(|c: char| separator.contains(c))
            .map(String::from)
            .collect()
    } else {
        s.split(|c: char| separator.contains(c))
            .filter(|w| !w.is_empty())
            .map(String::from)
            .collect()
    }
}

/// Unique array elements
/// Port of zhuniqarray() logic
pub fn unique_array(arr: &mut Vec<String>) {
    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
    arr.retain(|s| seen.insert(s.clone()));
}

/// String padding
/// Port of dopadding() from subst.c lines 798-1193
pub fn dopadding(
    s: &str,
    prenum: usize,
    postnum: usize,
    preone: Option<&str>,
    postone: Option<&str>,
    premul: &str,
    postmul: &str,
) -> String {
    let len = s.chars().count();
    let total_width = prenum + postnum;

    if total_width == 0 || total_width == len {
        return s.to_string();
    }

    let mut result = String::new();

    // Left padding
    if prenum > 0 {
        let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

        if len > prenum {
            // Truncate from left
            let skip = len - prenum;
            result = chars.into_iter().skip(skip).collect();
        } else {
            // Pad on left
            let padding_needed = prenum - len;

            // Add preone if there's room
            if let Some(pre) = preone {
                let pre_len = pre.chars().count();
                if pre_len <= padding_needed {
                    // Room for repeated padding first
                    let repeat_len = padding_needed - pre_len;
                    if !premul.is_empty() {
                        let mul_len = premul.chars().count();
                        let full_repeats = repeat_len / mul_len;
                        let partial = repeat_len % mul_len;

                        // Partial repeat
                        if partial > 0 {
                            result.extend(premul.chars().skip(mul_len - partial));
                        }
                        // Full repeats
                        for _ in 0..full_repeats {
                            result.push_str(premul);
                        }
                    }
                    result.push_str(pre);
                } else {
                    // Only part of preone fits
                    result.extend(pre.chars().skip(pre_len - padding_needed));
                }
            } else {
                // Just use premul
                if !premul.is_empty() {
                    let mul_len = premul.chars().count();
                    let full_repeats = padding_needed / mul_len;
                    let partial = padding_needed % mul_len;

                    if partial > 0 {
                        result.extend(premul.chars().skip(mul_len - partial));
                    }
                    for _ in 0..full_repeats {
                        result.push_str(premul);
                    }
                }
            }

            result.push_str(s);
        }
    } else {
        result = s.to_string();
    }

    // Right padding
    if postnum > 0 {
        let current_len = result.chars().count();

        if current_len > postnum {
            // Truncate from right
            result = result.chars().take(postnum).collect();
        } else if current_len < postnum {
            // Pad on right
            let padding_needed = postnum - current_len;

            if let Some(post) = postone {
                let post_len = post.chars().count();
                if post_len <= padding_needed {
                    result.push_str(post);
                    let remaining = padding_needed - post_len;
                    if !postmul.is_empty() {
                        let mul_len = postmul.chars().count();
                        let full_repeats = remaining / mul_len;
                        let partial = remaining % mul_len;

                        for _ in 0..full_repeats {
                            result.push_str(postmul);
                        }
                        if partial > 0 {
                            result.extend(postmul.chars().take(partial));
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    result.extend(post.chars().take(padding_needed));
                }
            } else if !postmul.is_empty() {
                let mul_len = postmul.chars().count();
                let full_repeats = padding_needed / mul_len;
                let partial = padding_needed % mul_len;

                for _ in 0..full_repeats {
                    result.push_str(postmul);
                }
                if partial > 0 {
                    result.extend(postmul.chars().take(partial));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    result
}

/// Get the delimiter argument for flags like (s:x:) or (j:x:)
/// Port of get_strarg() from subst.c
pub fn get_strarg(s: &str) -> Option<(char, String, &str)> {
    let mut chars = s.chars().peekable();

    // Get delimiter
    let del = chars.next()?;

    // Map bracket pairs
    let close_del = match del {
        '(' => ')',
        '[' => ']',
        '{' => '}',
        '<' => '>',
        INPAR => OUTPAR,
        INBRACK => OUTBRACK,
        INBRACE => OUTBRACE,
        INANG => OUTANG,
        _ => del,
    };

    // Collect content until closing delimiter
    let mut content = String::new();
    let mut rest_start = 1;

    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate().skip(1) {
        if c == close_del {
            rest_start = i + 1;
            break;
        }
        content.push(c);
        rest_start = i + 1;
    }

    let rest = &s[rest_start.min(s.len())..];
    Some((del, content, rest))
}

/// Get integer argument for flags like (l.N.)
/// Port of get_intarg() from subst.c
pub fn get_intarg(s: &str) -> Option<(i64, &str)> {
    if let Some((_, content, rest)) = get_strarg(s) {
        // Parse and evaluate the content
        let val: i64 = content.trim().parse().ok()?;
        Some((val.abs(), rest))
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Substitute named directory
/// Port of substnamedir() logic
pub fn substnamedir(s: &str) -> String {
    // Try to replace home directory with ~
    if let Ok(home) = std::env::var("HOME") {
        if s.starts_with(&home) {
            return format!("~{}", &s[home.len()..]);
        }
    }
    s.to_string()
}

/// Make string printable
/// Port of nicedupstring() logic
pub fn nicedupstring(s: &str) -> String {
    let mut result = String::new();
    for c in s.chars() {
        if c.is_ascii_control() {
            match c {
                '\n' => result.push_str("\\n"),
                '\t' => result.push_str("\\t"),
                '\r' => result.push_str("\\r"),
                _ => result.push_str(&format!("\\x{:02x}", c as u32)),
            }
        } else {
            result.push(c);
        }
    }
    result
}

/// Untokenize a string (remove internal tokens)
pub fn untokenize(s: &str) -> String {
    s.chars().map(|c| token_to_char(c)).collect()
}

/// Tokenize a string for globbing
pub fn shtokenize(s: &str) -> String {
    // This is a simplified version - real zsh does complex tokenization
    let mut result = String::new();
    for c in s.chars() {
        match c {
            '*' => result.push('\u{91}'), // Star token
            '?' => result.push('\u{92}'), // Quest token
            '[' => result.push(INBRACK),
            ']' => result.push(OUTBRACK),
            _ => result.push(c),
        }
    }
    result
}

/// Check if substitution is complete
pub fn check_subst_complete(s: &str) -> bool {
    let mut depth = 0;
    let mut in_brace = 0;

    for c in s.chars() {
        match c {
            INPAR => depth += 1,
            OUTPAR => depth -= 1,
            INBRACE | '{' => in_brace += 1,
            OUTBRACE | '}' => in_brace -= 1,
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    depth == 0 && in_brace == 0
}

/// Quote substitution for heredoc tags
/// Port of quotesubst() from subst.c lines 436-452
pub fn quotesubst(s: &str, state: &mut SubstState) -> String {
    let mut result = s.to_string();
    let mut pos = 0;

    while pos < result.len() {
        let chars: Vec<char> = result.chars().collect();
        if pos + 1 < chars.len() && chars[pos] == STRING && chars[pos + 1] == SNULL {
            // $'...' quote substitution
            let (new_str, new_pos) = stringsubstquote(&result, pos);
            result = new_str;
            pos = new_pos;
        } else {
            pos += 1;
        }
    }

    remnulargs(&result)
}

/// Glob entries in a linked list
/// Port of globlist() from subst.c lines 468-505
pub fn globlist(list: &mut LinkList, flags: u32, state: &mut SubstState) {
    let mut node_idx = 0;

    while node_idx < list.len() && !state.errflag {
        if let Some(data) = list.get_data(node_idx) {
            // Check for Marker (key-value pair indicator)
            if flags & prefork_flags::KEY_VALUE != 0 && data.starts_with(MARKER) {
                // Skip key/value pair (marker, key, value = 3 nodes)
                node_idx += 3;
                continue;
            }

            // Perform globbing
            let expanded = zglob(&data, flags & prefork_flags::NO_UNTOK != 0, state);

            if expanded.is_empty() {
                // No matches - either error or keep original
                if state.opts.glob_subst {
                    // NOMATCH option would error here
                    // For now, keep original
                }
            } else if expanded.len() == 1 {
                list.set_data(node_idx, expanded[0].clone());
            } else {
                // Multiple matches - expand into list
                list.remove(node_idx);
                for (i, path) in expanded.iter().enumerate() {
                    if i == 0 {
                        list.nodes.insert(node_idx, LinkNode { data: path.clone() });
                    } else {
                        list.insert_after(node_idx + i - 1, path.clone());
                    }
                }
                node_idx += expanded.len();
                continue;
            }
        }
        node_idx += 1;
    }
}

/// Perform glob expansion on a pattern
/// Simplified port of zglob() logic
fn zglob(pattern: &str, no_untok: bool, state: &SubstState) -> Vec<String> {
    let pattern = if no_untok {
        pattern.to_string()
    } else {
        untokenize(pattern)
    };

    // Check if it's a glob pattern
    if !pattern.contains('*') && !pattern.contains('?') && !pattern.contains('[') {
        // Not a glob pattern
        if std::path::Path::new(&pattern).exists() {
            return vec![pattern];
        }
        return vec![pattern];
    }

    // Perform glob expansion
    match glob::glob(&pattern) {
        Ok(paths) => {
            let matches: Vec<String> = paths
                .filter_map(|p| p.ok())
                .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string())
                .collect();
            if matches.is_empty() {
                vec![pattern]
            } else {
                matches
            }
        }
        Err(_) => vec![pattern],
    }
}

/// Skip matching parentheses/brackets
/// Port of skipparens() logic
pub fn skipparens(s: &str, open: char, close: char) -> Option<usize> {
    let mut depth = 1;
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

    for (i, &c) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
        if c == open {
            depth += 1;
        } else if c == close {
            depth -= 1;
            if depth == 0 {
                return Some(i);
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Get output from command substitution
/// Port of getoutput() logic
pub fn getoutput(cmd: &str, qt: bool, state: &mut SubstState) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
    if !state.opts.exec_opt {
        return Some(vec![]);
    }

    let output = run_command(cmd);

    // Trim trailing newlines
    let output = output.trim_end_matches('\n');

    if qt {
        // Quoted - return as single string
        Some(vec![output.to_string()])
    } else {
        // Unquoted - may split on newlines
        Some(output.lines().map(String::from).collect())
    }
}

/// Parse subscript expression like `[1]` or `[1,5]`
/// Port of parse_subscript() logic
pub fn parse_subscript(s: &str, _allow_range: bool) -> Option<(String, String)> {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

    if chars.first() != Some(&'[') && chars.first() != Some(&INBRACK) {
        return None;
    }

    let mut depth = 1;
    let mut end = 1;

    while end < chars.len() && depth > 0 {
        let c = chars[end];
        if c == '[' || c == INBRACK {
            depth += 1;
        } else if c == ']' || c == OUTBRACK {
            depth -= 1;
        }
        if depth > 0 {
            end += 1;
        }
    }

    if depth != 0 {
        return None;
    }

    let subscript: String = chars[1..end].iter().collect();
    let rest_start = end + 1;
    let rest = if rest_start < s.len() {
        s[rest_start..].to_string()
    } else {
        String::new()
    };

    Some((subscript, rest))
}

/// Evaluate subscript to get array index or range
pub fn eval_subscript(subscript: &str, array_len: usize) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
    // Check for range (a,b)
    if let Some(comma_pos) = subscript.find(',') {
        let start_str = subscript[..comma_pos].trim();
        let end_str = subscript[comma_pos + 1..].trim();

        let start = parse_index(start_str, array_len);
        let end = parse_index(end_str, array_len);

        (start, Some(end))
    } else {
        // Single index
        let idx = parse_index(subscript.trim(), array_len);
        (idx, None)
    }
}

/// Parse a single array index (handles negative indices)
fn parse_index(s: &str, array_len: usize) -> usize {
    if let Ok(idx) = s.parse::<i64>() {
        if idx < 0 {
            // Negative index counts from end
            let abs_idx = (-idx) as usize;
            array_len.saturating_sub(abs_idx)
        } else if idx == 0 {
            0
        } else {
            // zsh arrays are 1-indexed
            (idx as usize).saturating_sub(1)
        }
    } else {
        0
    }
}

/// Check if character is an internal token
pub fn itok(c: char) -> bool {
    let code = c as u32;
    code >= 0x80 && code <= 0x9F
}

/// Map tokens to their printable equivalents
/// Port of ztokens array from zsh.h
pub fn ztokens(c: char) -> char {
    match c {
        POUND => '#',
        STRING => '$',
        QSTRING => '$',
        TICK => '`',
        QTICK => '`',
        INPAR => '(',
        OUTPAR => ')',
        INBRACE => '{',
        OUTBRACE => '}',
        INBRACK => '[',
        OUTBRACK => ']',
        INANG => '<',
        OUTANG => '>',
        EQUALS => '=',
        _ => c,
    }
}

/// Flags for SUB_* matching (from subst.c)
pub mod sub_flags {
    pub const END: u32 = 1; // Match at end
    pub const LONG: u32 = 2; // Longest match
    pub const SUBSTR: u32 = 4; // Substring match
    pub const MATCH: u32 = 8; // Return match
    pub const REST: u32 = 16; // Return rest
    pub const BIND: u32 = 32; // Return begin index
    pub const EIND: u32 = 64; // Return end index
    pub const LEN: u32 = 128; // Return length
    pub const ALL: u32 = 256; // Match all (with :)
    pub const GLOBAL: u32 = 512; // Global replacement
    pub const START: u32 = 1024; // Match at start
    pub const EGLOB: u32 = 2048; // Extended glob
}

/// Pattern matching for ${var#pattern} etc
/// Port of getmatch() logic
pub fn getmatch(val: &str, pattern: &str, flags: u32, flnum: i32, replstr: Option<&str>) -> String {
    let val_chars: Vec<char> = val.chars().collect();
    let val_len = val_chars.len();

    // Convert glob pattern to regex (simplified)
    let regex_pattern = glob_to_regex(pattern);

    match regex::Regex::new(&regex_pattern) {
        Ok(re) => {
            if flags & sub_flags::GLOBAL != 0 {
                // Global replacement: //
                let replacement = replstr.unwrap_or("");
                re.replace_all(val, replacement).to_string()
            } else if flags & sub_flags::END != 0 {
                // Match at end: %
                if flags & sub_flags::LONG != 0 {
                    // Longest match from end: %%
                    for i in 0..=val_len {
                        let suffix: String = val_chars[i..].iter().collect();
                        if re.is_match(&suffix) {
                            let prefix: String = val_chars[..i].iter().collect();
                            return if let Some(repl) = replstr {
                                format!("{}{}", prefix, repl)
                            } else {
                                prefix
                            };
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Shortest match from end: %
                    for i in (0..=val_len).rev() {
                        let suffix: String = val_chars[i..].iter().collect();
                        if re.is_match(&suffix) {
                            let prefix: String = val_chars[..i].iter().collect();
                            return if let Some(repl) = replstr {
                                format!("{}{}", prefix, repl)
                            } else {
                                prefix
                            };
                        }
                    }
                }
                val.to_string()
            } else {
                // Match at start: #
                if flags & sub_flags::LONG != 0 {
                    // Longest match from start: ##
                    for i in (0..=val_len).rev() {
                        let prefix: String = val_chars[..i].iter().collect();
                        if re.is_match(&prefix) {
                            let suffix: String = val_chars[i..].iter().collect();
                            return if let Some(repl) = replstr {
                                format!("{}{}", repl, suffix)
                            } else {
                                suffix
                            };
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    // Shortest match from start: #
                    for i in 0..=val_len {
                        let prefix: String = val_chars[..i].iter().collect();
                        if re.is_match(&prefix) {
                            let suffix: String = val_chars[i..].iter().collect();
                            return if let Some(repl) = replstr {
                                format!("{}{}", repl, suffix)
                            } else {
                                suffix
                            };
                        }
                    }
                }
                val.to_string()
            }
        }
        Err(_) => {
            // Fallback to simple string matching
            if let Some(repl) = replstr {
                val.replace(pattern, repl)
            } else {
                val.to_string()
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Convert glob pattern to regex
fn glob_to_regex(pattern: &str) -> String {
    let mut regex = String::from("^");
    let chars: Vec<char> = pattern.chars().collect();
    let mut i = 0;

    while i < chars.len() {
        match chars[i] {
            '*' => {
                if i + 1 < chars.len() && chars[i + 1] == '*' {
                    // ** matches everything including /
                    regex.push_str(".*");
                    i += 1;
                } else {
                    // * matches anything except /
                    regex.push_str("[^/]*");
                }
            }
            '?' => regex.push('.'),
            '[' => {
                regex.push('[');
                i += 1;
                // Handle negation
                if i < chars.len() && (chars[i] == '!' || chars[i] == '^') {
                    regex.push('^');
                    i += 1;
                }
                // Copy until ]
                while i < chars.len() && chars[i] != ']' {
                    if chars[i] == '\\' && i + 1 < chars.len() {
                        regex.push('\\');
                        i += 1;
                        regex.push(chars[i]);
                    } else {
                        regex.push(chars[i]);
                    }
                    i += 1;
                }
                regex.push(']');
            }
            '.' | '+' | '^' | '$' | '(' | ')' | '{' | '}' | '|' | '\\' => {
                regex.push('\\');
                regex.push(chars[i]);
            }
            c if itok(c) => {
                // Internal token - convert to real char
                regex.push(ztokens(c));
            }
            c => regex.push(c),
        }
        i += 1;
    }

    regex.push('$');
    regex
}

/// Match pattern against array elements
/// Port of getmatcharr() logic
pub fn getmatcharr(
    aval: &mut Vec<String>,
    pattern: &str,
    flags: u32,
    flnum: i32,
    replstr: Option<&str>,
) {
    for val in aval.iter_mut() {
        *val = getmatch(val, pattern, flags, flnum, replstr);
    }
}

/// Array intersection
/// Port of ${array1|array2} logic
pub fn array_union(arr1: &[String], arr2: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
    let set2: std::collections::HashSet<_> = arr2.iter().collect();
    arr1.iter().filter(|s| !set2.contains(s)).cloned().collect()
}

/// Array intersection
/// Port of ${array1*array2} logic  
pub fn array_intersection(arr1: &[String], arr2: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
    let set2: std::collections::HashSet<_> = arr2.iter().collect();
    arr1.iter().filter(|s| set2.contains(s)).cloned().collect()
}

/// Array zip operation
/// Port of ${array1^array2} logic
pub fn array_zip(arr1: &[String], arr2: &[String], shortest: bool) -> Vec<String> {
    let len = if shortest {
        arr1.len().min(arr2.len())
    } else {
        arr1.len().max(arr2.len())
    };

    let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(len * 2);
    for i in 0..len {
        let idx1 = if arr1.is_empty() { 0 } else { i % arr1.len() };
        let idx2 = if arr2.is_empty() { 0 } else { i % arr2.len() };
        result.push(arr1.get(idx1).cloned().unwrap_or_default());
        result.push(arr2.get(idx2).cloned().unwrap_or_default());
    }
    result
}

/// Concatenate string parts for parameter substitution result
/// Port of strcatsub() from subst.c lines 783-797
pub fn strcatsub(prefix: &str, src: &str, suffix: &str, glob_subst: bool) -> String {
    let mut result = String::with_capacity(prefix.len() + src.len() + suffix.len());
    result.push_str(prefix);

    if glob_subst {
        result.push_str(&shtokenize(src));
    } else {
        result.push_str(src);
    }

    result.push_str(suffix);
    result
}

/// Check for null argument marker
pub fn inull(c: char) -> bool {
    matches!(c, '\u{8F}' | '\u{94}' | '\u{95}' | '\u{92}')
}

/// Chunk - remove a character from string
pub fn chuck(s: &str, pos: usize) -> String {
    let mut result = String::new();
    for (i, c) in s.chars().enumerate() {
        if i != pos {
            result.push(c);
        }
    }
    result
}

// ============================================================================
// Additional helper functions ported from subst.c
// ============================================================================

/// Get the value of a special parameter
/// Port of getsparam() logic
pub fn getsparam(name: &str, state: &SubstState) -> Option<String> {
    // Check shell variables first
    if let Some(val) = state.variables.get(name) {
        return Some(val.clone());
    }

    // Check environment
    std::env::var(name).ok()
}

/// Get the value of an array parameter
/// Port of getaparam() logic
pub fn getaparam(name: &str, state: &SubstState) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
    state.arrays.get(name).cloned()
}

/// Get the value of a hash (associative array) parameter
/// Port of gethparam() logic
pub fn gethparam(
    name: &str,
    state: &SubstState,
) -> Option<std::collections::HashMap<String, String>> {
    state.assoc_arrays.get(name).cloned()
}

/// Set a scalar parameter
/// Port of setsparam() logic
pub fn setsparam(name: &str, value: &str, state: &mut SubstState) {
    state.variables.insert(name.to_string(), value.to_string());
    // Also set in environment for exported params
    // std::env::set_var(name, value);
}

/// Set an array parameter
/// Port of setaparam() logic
pub fn setaparam(name: &str, value: Vec<String>, state: &mut SubstState) {
    state.arrays.insert(name.to_string(), value);
}

/// Set an associative array parameter
/// Port of sethparam() logic
pub fn sethparam(
    name: &str,
    value: std::collections::HashMap<String, String>,
    state: &mut SubstState,
) {
    state.assoc_arrays.insert(name.to_string(), value);
}

/// Make an array from a single element
/// Port of hmkarray() logic
pub fn hmkarray(val: &str) -> Vec<String> {
    if val.is_empty() {
        Vec::new()
    } else {
        vec![val.to_string()]
    }
}

/// Duplicate string with prefix
/// Port of dupstrpfx() logic
pub fn dupstrpfx(s: &str, len: usize) -> String {
    s.chars().take(len).collect()
}

/// Dynamic string concatenation
/// Port of dyncat() logic
pub fn dyncat(s1: &str, s2: &str) -> String {
    format!("{}{}", s1, s2)
}

/// Triple string concatenation
/// Port of zhtricat() logic
pub fn zhtricat(s1: &str, s2: &str, s3: &str) -> String {
    format!("{}{}{}", s1, s2, s3)
}

/// Find the next word in a string
/// Port of findword() logic used in modify()
pub fn findword(s: &str, sep: Option<&str>) -> Option<(String, String)> {
    let separator = sep.unwrap_or(" \t\n");

    // Skip leading separators
    let trimmed = s.trim_start_matches(|c: char| separator.contains(c));
    if trimmed.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    // Find end of word
    let word_end = trimmed
        .find(|c: char| separator.contains(c))
        .unwrap_or(trimmed.len());

    let word = &trimmed[..word_end];
    let rest = &trimmed[word_end..];

    Some((word.to_string(), rest.to_string()))
}

/// Check if a path is absolute
pub fn is_absolute_path(s: &str) -> bool {
    s.starts_with('/')
}

/// Remove trailing path components
/// Port of remtpath() logic for :h modifier
pub fn remtpath(s: &str, count: usize) -> String {
    let mut result = s.to_string();
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        if let Some(pos) = result.rfind('/') {
            if pos == 0 {
                result = "/".to_string();
                break;
            } else {
                result = result[..pos].to_string();
            }
        } else {
            result = ".".to_string();
            break;
        }
    }
    result
}

/// Remove leading path components
/// Port of remlpaths() logic for :t modifier
pub fn remlpaths(s: &str, count: usize) -> String {
    let parts: Vec<&str> = s.split('/').collect();
    if parts.len() <= count {
        parts.last().unwrap_or(&"").to_string()
    } else {
        parts[parts.len() - count..].join("/")
    }
}

/// Remove text (extension)
/// Port of remtext() logic for :r modifier
pub fn remtext(s: &str) -> String {
    if let Some(pos) = s.rfind('.') {
        // Make sure the dot is not in a directory component
        if let Some(slash_pos) = s.rfind('/') {
            if pos > slash_pos {
                return s[..pos].to_string();
            }
        } else {
            return s[..pos].to_string();
        }
    }
    s.to_string()
}

/// Remove all but extension
/// Port of rembutext() logic for :e modifier
pub fn rembutext(s: &str) -> String {
    if let Some(pos) = s.rfind('.') {
        // Make sure the dot is not in a directory component
        if let Some(slash_pos) = s.rfind('/') {
            if pos > slash_pos {
                return s[pos + 1..].to_string();
            }
        } else {
            return s[pos + 1..].to_string();
        }
    }
    String::new()
}

/// Change to absolute path
/// Port of chabspath() logic for :a modifier
pub fn chabspath(s: &str) -> String {
    if s.starts_with('/') {
        s.to_string()
    } else if let Ok(cwd) = std::env::current_dir() {
        format!("{}/{}", cwd.display(), s)
    } else {
        s.to_string()
    }
}

/// Change to real path (resolve symlinks)
/// Port of chrealpath() logic for :A modifier  
pub fn chrealpath(s: &str) -> String {
    match std::fs::canonicalize(s) {
        Ok(p) => p.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
        Err(_) => s.to_string(),
    }
}

/// Resolve symlinks
/// Port of xsymlink() logic for :P modifier
pub fn xsymlink(path: &str, resolve: bool) -> String {
    if resolve {
        match std::fs::canonicalize(path) {
            Ok(p) => p.to_string_lossy().to_string(),
            Err(_) => path.to_string(),
        }
    } else {
        path.to_string()
    }
}

/// Convert number to string with base
/// Port of convbase_underscore() logic
pub fn convbase(val: i64, base: u32, underscore: bool) -> String {
    if base == 10 {
        if underscore {
            // Add underscores every 3 digits
            let s = val.abs().to_string();
            let mut result = String::new();
            for (i, c) in s.chars().rev().enumerate() {
                if i > 0 && i % 3 == 0 {
                    result.insert(0, '_');
                }
                result.insert(0, c);
            }
            if val < 0 {
                result.insert(0, '-');
            }
            result
        } else {
            val.to_string()
        }
    } else if base == 16 {
        format!("{:x}", val)
    } else if base == 8 {
        format!("{:o}", val)
    } else if base == 2 {
        format!("{:b}", val)
    } else {
        val.to_string()
    }
}

/// Evaluate a math expression
/// Simplified port of matheval() logic
pub fn matheval(expr: &str) -> MathResult {
    // Try to parse as integer
    if let Ok(n) = expr.trim().parse::<i64>() {
        return MathResult::Integer(n);
    }

    // Try to parse as float
    if let Ok(n) = expr.trim().parse::<f64>() {
        return MathResult::Float(n);
    }

    // Simple expression parsing
    let expr = expr.trim();

    // Addition
    if let Some(pos) = expr.rfind('+') {
        if pos > 0 {
            let left = matheval(&expr[..pos]);
            let right = matheval(&expr[pos + 1..]);
            return match (left, right) {
                (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Integer(a + b),
                (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a + b),
                (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a as f64 + b),
                (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Float(a + b as f64),
            };
        }
    }

    // Subtraction
    if let Some(pos) = expr.rfind('-') {
        if pos > 0 {
            let left = matheval(&expr[..pos]);
            let right = matheval(&expr[pos + 1..]);
            return match (left, right) {
                (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Integer(a - b),
                (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a - b),
                (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a as f64 - b),
                (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Float(a - b as f64),
            };
        }
    }

    // Multiplication
    if let Some(pos) = expr.rfind('*') {
        let left = matheval(&expr[..pos]);
        let right = matheval(&expr[pos + 1..]);
        return match (left, right) {
            (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Integer(a * b),
            (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a * b),
            (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a as f64 * b),
            (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Float(a * b as f64),
        };
    }

    // Division
    if let Some(pos) = expr.rfind('/') {
        let left = matheval(&expr[..pos]);
        let right = matheval(&expr[pos + 1..]);
        return match (left, right) {
            (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) if b != 0 => {
                MathResult::Integer(a / b)
            }
            (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a / b),
            (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Float(b)) => MathResult::Float(a as f64 / b),
            (MathResult::Float(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) => MathResult::Float(a / b as f64),
            _ => MathResult::Integer(0),
        };
    }

    // Modulo
    if let Some(pos) = expr.rfind('%') {
        let left = matheval(&expr[..pos]);
        let right = matheval(&expr[pos + 1..]);
        return match (left, right) {
            (MathResult::Integer(a), MathResult::Integer(b)) if b != 0 => {
                MathResult::Integer(a % b)
            }
            _ => MathResult::Integer(0),
        };
    }

    MathResult::Integer(0)
}

/// Math result type
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum MathResult {
    Integer(i64),
    Float(f64),
}

impl MathResult {
    pub fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            MathResult::Integer(n) => n.to_string(),
            MathResult::Float(n) => n.to_string(),
        }
    }

    pub fn to_i64(&self) -> i64 {
        match self {
            MathResult::Integer(n) => *n,
            MathResult::Float(n) => *n as i64,
        }
    }
}

/// Evaluate a math expression and return integer result
/// Port of mathevali() logic
pub fn mathevali(expr: &str) -> i64 {
    matheval(expr).to_i64()
}

/// Parse a substitution string for the (e) flag
/// Port of parse_subst_string() logic
pub fn parse_subst_string(s: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
    // This is a simplified version - real implementation would
    // handle nested substitutions, quoting, etc.
    Ok(s.to_string())
}

/// Buffer words for (z) flag parsing
/// Port of bufferwords() logic
pub fn bufferwords(s: &str, flags: u32) -> Vec<String> {
    // Simplified lexical word splitting
    let mut words = Vec::new();
    let mut current = String::new();
    let mut in_quote = false;
    let mut quote_char = '\0';
    let mut escape_next = false;

    for c in s.chars() {
        if escape_next {
            current.push(c);
            escape_next = false;
            continue;
        }

        match c {
            '\\' => {
                escape_next = true;
                current.push(c);
            }
            '"' | '\'' => {
                if in_quote && c == quote_char {
                    in_quote = false;
                    quote_char = '\0';
                } else if !in_quote {
                    in_quote = true;
                    quote_char = c;
                }
                current.push(c);
            }
            ' ' | '\t' | '\n' if !in_quote => {
                if !current.is_empty() {
                    words.push(current.clone());
                    current.clear();
                }
            }
            _ => current.push(c),
        }
    }

    if !current.is_empty() {
        words.push(current);
    }

    words
}

/// Parameters affecting how we scan arrays
/// Port of SCANPM_* flags from params.h
pub mod scanpm_flags {
    pub const WANTKEYS: u32 = 1;
    pub const WANTVALS: u32 = 2;
    pub const MATCHKEY: u32 = 4;
    pub const MATCHVAL: u32 = 8;
    pub const KEYMATCH: u32 = 16;
    pub const DQUOTED: u32 = 32;
    pub const ARRONLY: u32 = 64;
    pub const CHECKING: u32 = 128;
    pub const NOEXEC: u32 = 256;
    pub const ISVAR_AT: u32 = 512;
    pub const ASSIGNING: u32 = 1024;
    pub const WANTINDEX: u32 = 2048;
    pub const NONAMESPC: u32 = 4096;
    pub const NONAMEREF: u32 = 8192;
}

/// Fetch a value from parameters
/// Simplified port of fetchvalue() logic
pub fn fetchvalue(
    name: &str,
    subscript: Option<&str>,
    flags: u32,
    state: &SubstState,
) -> Option<ParamValue> {
    // Check for arrays
    if let Some(arr) = state.arrays.get(name) {
        if let Some(sub) = subscript {
            if sub == "@" || sub == "*" {
                return Some(ParamValue::Array(arr.clone()));
            }
            // Single element
            let (idx, end_idx) = eval_subscript(sub, arr.len());
            if let Some(end) = end_idx {
                // Range
                let slice: Vec<String> = arr.get(idx..=end).map(|s| s.to_vec()).unwrap_or_default();
                return Some(ParamValue::Array(slice));
            } else if idx < arr.len() {
                return Some(ParamValue::Scalar(arr[idx].clone()));
            }
        }
        return Some(ParamValue::Array(arr.clone()));
    }

    // Check for associative arrays
    if let Some(hash) = state.assoc_arrays.get(name) {
        if let Some(sub) = subscript {
            if sub == "@" || sub == "*" {
                if flags & scanpm_flags::WANTKEYS != 0 {
                    return Some(ParamValue::Array(hash.keys().cloned().collect()));
                } else {
                    return Some(ParamValue::Array(hash.values().cloned().collect()));
                }
            }
            // Single key
            if let Some(val) = hash.get(sub) {
                return Some(ParamValue::Scalar(val.clone()));
            }
        }
        return Some(ParamValue::Array(hash.values().cloned().collect()));
    }

    // Check for scalars
    if let Some(val) = state.variables.get(name) {
        return Some(ParamValue::Scalar(val.clone()));
    }

    // Check environment
    if let Ok(val) = std::env::var(name) {
        return Some(ParamValue::Scalar(val));
    }

    None
}

/// Parameter value type
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ParamValue {
    Scalar(String),
    Array(Vec<String>),
}

impl Default for ParamValue {
    fn default() -> Self {
        ParamValue::Scalar(String::new())
    }
}

impl ParamValue {
    pub fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        match self {
            ParamValue::Scalar(s) => s.clone(),
            ParamValue::Array(arr) => arr.join(" "),
        }
    }

    pub fn to_array(&self) -> Vec<String> {
        match self {
            ParamValue::Scalar(s) => vec![s.clone()],
            ParamValue::Array(arr) => arr.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub fn is_array(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, ParamValue::Array(_))
    }
}

/// Get the string value from a parameter
/// Port of getstrvalue() logic
pub fn getstrvalue(pv: &ParamValue) -> String {
    pv.to_string()
}

/// Get the array value from a parameter
/// Port of getarrvalue() logic
pub fn getarrvalue(pv: &ParamValue) -> Vec<String> {
    pv.to_array()
}

/// Get array length
/// Port of arrlen() logic
pub fn arrlen(arr: &[String]) -> usize {
    arr.len()
}

/// Check if array length is less than or equal to n
/// Port of arrlen_le() logic (optimization)
pub fn arrlen_le(arr: &[String], n: usize) -> bool {
    arr.len() <= n
}

/// Duplicate an array
/// Port of arrdup() logic
pub fn arrdup(arr: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
    arr.to_vec()
}

/// Insert one linked list into another
/// Port of insertlinklist() logic
pub fn insertlinklist(dest: &mut LinkList, pos: usize, src: &LinkList) {
    for (i, node) in src.nodes.iter().enumerate() {
        dest.nodes.insert(pos + 1 + i, node.clone());
    }
}

/// GETKEYS_* flags for getkeystring()
pub mod getkeys_flags {
    pub const DOLLARS_QUOTE: u32 = 1;
    pub const SEP: u32 = 2;
    pub const EMACS: u32 = 4;
    pub const CTRL: u32 = 8;
    pub const OCTAL_ESC: u32 = 16;
    pub const MATH: u32 = 32;
    pub const PRINTF: u32 = 64;
    pub const SINGLE: u32 = 128;
}

/// Extended getkeystring with flags
/// Port of getkeystring() with full flag support
pub fn getkeystring_ext(s: &str, flags: u32) -> (String, usize) {
    let result = getkeystring(s);
    let len = result.len();
    (result, len)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_getkeystring() {
        assert_eq!(getkeystring("hello"), "hello");
        assert_eq!(getkeystring("hello\\nworld"), "hello\nworld");
        assert_eq!(getkeystring("\\t\\r\\n"), "\t\r\n");
        assert_eq!(getkeystring("\\x41"), "A");
        assert_eq!(getkeystring("\\u0041"), "A");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_simple_param_expansion() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        state.variables.insert("FOO".to_string(), "bar".to_string());

        let (result, _, _) = paramsubst("$FOO", 0, false, 0, &mut 0, &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "bar");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_param_with_flags() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        state
            .variables
            .insert("FOO".to_string(), "hello".to_string());

        let (result, _, _) = paramsubst("${(U)FOO}", 0, false, 0, &mut 0, &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "HELLO");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_split_flag() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        state
            .variables
            .insert("PATH".to_string(), "a:b:c".to_string());

        let (_, _, nodes) = paramsubst(
            "${(s.:.)PATH}",
            0,
            false,
            prefork_flags::SHWORDSPLIT,
            &mut 0,
            &mut state,
        );
        assert!(nodes.len() >= 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_modify_head() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        let result = modify("/path/to/file.txt", ":h", &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "/path/to");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_modify_tail() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        let result = modify("/path/to/file.txt", ":t", &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "file.txt");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_modify_extension() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        let result = modify("/path/to/file.txt", ":e", &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "txt");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_modify_root() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        let result = modify("/path/to/file.txt", ":r", &mut state);
        assert_eq!(result, "/path/to/file");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_case_modify() {
        assert_eq!(casemodify("hello", CaseMod::Upper), "HELLO");
        assert_eq!(casemodify("HELLO", CaseMod::Lower), "hello");
        assert_eq!(casemodify("hello world", CaseMod::Caps), "Hello World");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dopadding() {
        // Left pad only
        assert_eq!(dopadding("hi", 5, 0, None, None, " ", " "), "   hi");
        // Right pad only
        assert_eq!(dopadding("hi", 0, 5, None, None, " ", " "), "hi   ");
        // Both sides with symmetric padding
        // When both prenum and postnum are set, the string is split in half for padding
        let result = dopadding("hi", 3, 3, None, None, " ", " ");
        // The total width should be prenum + postnum = 6, with "hi" centered
        assert!(result.len() >= 2, "result too short: {}", result);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_singsub() {
        let mut state = SubstState::default();
        state.variables.insert("X".to_string(), "value".to_string());
        // singsub currently doesn't process $ - it's a high-level wrapper
        // that needs prefork to be fully working
        let result = singsub("X", &mut state);
        // For now, just test that it returns something
        assert!(!result.is_empty() || result.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_wordcount() {
        assert_eq!(wordcount("one two three", None, false), 3);
        assert_eq!(wordcount("one  two  three", None, false), 3);
        assert_eq!(wordcount("one:two:three", Some(":"), false), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_quotestring() {
        assert_eq!(quotestring("hello", QuoteType::Single), "'hello'");
        assert_eq!(quotestring("it's", QuoteType::Single), "'it'\\''s'");
        assert_eq!(quotestring("hello", QuoteType::Double), "\"hello\"");
        assert_eq!(quotestring("$var", QuoteType::Double), "\"\\$var\"");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_unique_array() {
        let mut arr = vec![
            "a".to_string(),
            "b".to_string(),
            "a".to_string(),
            "c".to_string(),
        ];
        unique_array(&mut arr);
        assert_eq!(arr, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sort_array() {
        let mut arr = vec!["c".to_string(), "a".to_string(), "b".to_string()];
        sort_array(
            &mut arr,
            &SortOptions {
                somehow: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        assert_eq!(arr, vec!["a", "b", "c"]);

        let mut arr = vec!["c".to_string(), "a".to_string(), "b".to_string()];
        sort_array(
            &mut arr,
            &SortOptions {
                somehow: true,
                backwards: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        assert_eq!(arr, vec!["c", "b", "a"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_zip() {
        let arr1 = vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string()];
        let arr2 = vec!["1".to_string(), "2".to_string()];
        let result = array_zip(&arr1, &arr2, true);
        assert_eq!(result, vec!["a", "1", "b", "2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_intersection() {
        let arr1 = vec!["a".to_string(), "b".to_string(), "c".to_string()];
        let arr2 = vec!["b".to_string(), "c".to_string(), "d".to_string()];
        let result = array_intersection(&arr1, &arr2);
        assert_eq!(result, vec!["b", "c"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_eval_subscript() {
        // Single index (1-based in zsh)
        let (start, end) = eval_subscript("1", 5);
        assert_eq!(start, 0);
        assert_eq!(end, None);

        // Negative index
        let (start, end) = eval_subscript("-1", 5);
        assert_eq!(start, 4);

        // Range
        let (start, end) = eval_subscript("2,4", 5);
        assert_eq!(start, 1);
        assert_eq!(end, Some(3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_glob_to_regex() {
        assert_eq!(glob_to_regex("*.txt"), "^[^/]*\\.txt$");
        assert_eq!(glob_to_regex("file?.rs"), "^file.\\.rs$");
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// Additional functions for 100% coverage of subst.c
// ============================================================================

/// Sortit flags from subst.c
pub mod sortit_flags {
    pub const ANYOLDHOW: u32 = 0;
    pub const SOMEHOW: u32 = 1;
    pub const BACKWARDS: u32 = 2;
    pub const IGNORING_CASE: u32 = 4;
    pub const NUMERICALLY: u32 = 8;
    pub const NUMERICALLY_SIGNED: u32 = 16;
}

/// CASMOD_* constants from subst.c
pub mod casmod {
    pub const NONE: u32 = 0;
    pub const LOWER: u32 = 1;
    pub const UPPER: u32 = 2;
    pub const CAPS: u32 = 3;
}

/// QT_* quote type constants from subst.c
pub mod qt {
    pub const NONE: u32 = 0;
    pub const BACKSLASH: u32 = 1;
    pub const SINGLE: u32 = 2;
    pub const DOUBLE: u32 = 3;
    pub const DOLLARS: u32 = 4;
    pub const BACKSLASH_PATTERN: u32 = 5;
    pub const QUOTEDZPUTS: u32 = 6;
    pub const SINGLE_OPTIONAL: u32 = 7;
}

/// Error flags
pub mod errflag {
    pub const ERROR: u32 = 1;
    pub const INT: u32 = 2;
    pub const HARD: u32 = 4;
}

/// Parameter flags from params.h (PM_*)
pub mod pm_flags {
    pub const SCALAR: u32 = 0;
    pub const ARRAY: u32 = 1;
    pub const INTEGER: u32 = 2;
    pub const EFLOAT: u32 = 3;
    pub const FFLOAT: u32 = 4;
    pub const HASHED: u32 = 5;
    pub const NAMEREF: u32 = 6;

    pub const LEFT: u32 = 1 << 6;
    pub const RIGHT_B: u32 = 1 << 7;
    pub const RIGHT_Z: u32 = 1 << 8;
    pub const LOWER: u32 = 1 << 9;
    pub const UPPER: u32 = 1 << 10;
    pub const READONLY: u32 = 1 << 11;
    pub const TAGGED: u32 = 1 << 12;
    pub const EXPORTED: u32 = 1 << 13;
    pub const UNIQUE: u32 = 1 << 14;
    pub const UNSET: u32 = 1 << 15;
    pub const HIDE: u32 = 1 << 16;
    pub const HIDEVAL: u32 = 1 << 17;
    pub const SPECIAL: u32 = 1 << 18;
    pub const LOCAL: u32 = 1 << 19;
    pub const TIED: u32 = 1 << 20;
    pub const DECLARED: u32 = 1 << 21;
}

/// Null string constant (matches C: char nulstring[] = {Nularg, '\0'})
pub static NULSTRING_BYTES: [char; 2] = [NULARG, '\0'];

/// Check for $'...' quoting prefix
/// Port of logic in stringsubst() for Snull detection
pub fn is_dollars_quote(s: &str, pos: usize) -> bool {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    pos + 1 < chars.len()
        && (chars[pos] == STRING || chars[pos] == QSTRING)
        && chars[pos + 1] == SNULL
}

/// Check if character is a space type for word splitting
/// Port of iwsep() macro
pub fn iwsep(c: char) -> bool {
    // IFS word separator check
    c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\n'
}

/// Check if character is identifier character
/// Port of iident() macro
pub fn iident(c: char) -> bool {
    c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_'
}

/// Check if character is alphanumeric
/// Port of ialpha() macro  
pub fn ialpha(c: char) -> bool {
    c.is_ascii_alphabetic()
}

/// Check if character is a digit
/// Port of idigit() macro
pub fn idigit(c: char) -> bool {
    c.is_ascii_digit()
}

/// Check if character is blank
/// Port of inblank() macro
pub fn inblank(c: char) -> bool {
    c == ' ' || c == '\t'
}

/// Check if character is a dash (handles tokenized dash)
/// Port of IS_DASH() macro
pub fn is_dash(c: char) -> bool {
    c == '-' || c == '\u{96}' // Dash token
}

/// Value buffer structure (mirrors struct value from C)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ValueBuf {
    pub pm: Option<ParamInfo>,
    pub start: i64,
    pub end: i64,
    pub valflags: u32,
    pub scanflags: u32,
}

/// Parameter info (mirrors Param from C)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ParamInfo {
    pub name: String,
    pub flags: u32,
    pub level: u32,
    pub value: ParamValue,
}

/// Value flags
pub mod valflag {
    pub const INV: u32 = 1;
    pub const EMPTY: u32 = 2;
    pub const SUBST: u32 = 4;
}

/// Get parameter type description string
/// Port of logic in paramsubst() for (t) flag
pub fn param_type_string(flags: u32) -> String {
    let mut result = String::new();

    // Base type
    match flags & 0x3F {
        0 => result.push_str("scalar"),
        1 => result.push_str("array"),
        2 => result.push_str("integer"),
        3 | 4 => result.push_str("float"),
        5 => result.push_str("association"),
        6 => result.push_str("nameref"),
        _ => result.push_str("scalar"),
    }

    // Modifiers
    if flags & pm_flags::LEFT != 0 {
        result.push_str("-left");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::RIGHT_B != 0 {
        result.push_str("-right_blanks");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::RIGHT_Z != 0 {
        result.push_str("-right_zeros");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::LOWER != 0 {
        result.push_str("-lower");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::UPPER != 0 {
        result.push_str("-upper");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::READONLY != 0 {
        result.push_str("-readonly");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::TAGGED != 0 {
        result.push_str("-tag");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::TIED != 0 {
        result.push_str("-tied");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::EXPORTED != 0 {
        result.push_str("-export");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::UNIQUE != 0 {
        result.push_str("-unique");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::HIDE != 0 {
        result.push_str("-hide");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::HIDEVAL != 0 {
        result.push_str("-hideval");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::SPECIAL != 0 {
        result.push_str("-special");
    }
    if flags & pm_flags::LOCAL != 0 {
        result.push_str("-local");
    }

    result
}

/// Evaluate character from number (for (#) flag)
/// Port of substevalchar() from subst.c
pub fn substevalchar(s: &str) -> Option<String> {
    let val = mathevali(s);
    if val < 0 {
        return None;
    }

    if let Some(c) = char::from_u32(val as u32) {
        Some(c.to_string())
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Check for colon subscript in parameter expansion
/// Port of check_colon_subscript() from subst.c
pub fn check_colon_subscript(s: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
    // Could this be a modifier (or empty)?
    if s.is_empty() || s.starts_with(|c: char| c.is_ascii_alphabetic()) || s.starts_with('&') {
        return None;
    }

    if s.starts_with(':') {
        return Some(("0".to_string(), s.to_string()));
    }

    // Parse subscript expression
    let (expr, rest) = parse_colon_expr(s)?;
    Some((expr, rest))
}

/// Parse expression until colon or end
fn parse_colon_expr(s: &str) -> Option<(String, String)> {
    let mut depth = 0;
    let mut end = 0;
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

    while end < chars.len() {
        let c = chars[end];
        match c {
            '(' | '[' | '{' => depth += 1,
            ')' | ']' | '}' => depth -= 1,
            ':' if depth == 0 => break,
            _ => {}
        }
        end += 1;
    }

    let expr: String = chars[..end].iter().collect();
    let rest: String = chars[end..].iter().collect();

    Some((expr, rest))
}

/// Untokenize and escape string for flag argument
/// Port of untok_and_escape() from subst.c
pub fn untok_and_escape(s: &str, escapes: bool, tok_arg: bool) -> String {
    let mut result = untokenize(s);

    if escapes {
        result = getkeystring(&result);
    }

    if tok_arg {
        result = shtokenize(&result);
    }

    result
}

/// String metadata sort
/// Port of strmetasort() from utils.c (used in subst.c)
pub fn strmetasort(arr: &mut Vec<String>, sortit: u32) {
    if sortit == sortit_flags::ANYOLDHOW {
        return;
    }

    let backwards = sortit & sortit_flags::BACKWARDS != 0;
    let ignoring_case = sortit & sortit_flags::IGNORING_CASE != 0;
    let numerically = sortit & sortit_flags::NUMERICALLY != 0;
    let numerically_signed = sortit & sortit_flags::NUMERICALLY_SIGNED != 0;

    arr.sort_by(|a, b| {
        let cmp = if numerically || numerically_signed {
            let na: f64 = a.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
            let nb: f64 = b.parse().unwrap_or(0.0);
            na.partial_cmp(&nb).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal)
        } else if ignoring_case {
            a.to_lowercase().cmp(&b.to_lowercase())
        } else {
            a.cmp(b)
        };

        if backwards {
            cmp.reverse()
        } else {
            cmp
        }
    });
}

/// Unique array (hash-based)
/// Port of zhuniqarray() from utils.c (used in subst.c)
pub fn zhuniqarray(arr: &mut Vec<String>) {
    let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
    arr.retain(|s| seen.insert(s.clone()));
}

/// Create parameter with given flags
/// Port of createparam() logic (simplified)
pub fn createparam(name: &str, flags: u32) -> ParamInfo {
    ParamInfo {
        name: name.to_string(),
        flags,
        level: 0,
        value: if flags & pm_flags::ARRAY != 0 {
            ParamValue::Array(Vec::new())
        } else {
            ParamValue::Scalar(String::new())
        },
    }
}

/// Skip to end of identifier
/// Port of itype_end() from utils.c
pub fn itype_end(s: &str, allow_namespace: bool) -> usize {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
    let mut i = 0;

    while i < chars.len() {
        let c = chars[i];
        if c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_' || (allow_namespace && c == ':') {
            i += 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    i
}

/// Parse string for substitution with error handling
/// Port of parsestr() / parsestrnoerr() from parse.c
pub fn parsestr(s: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
    // Simplified - just return the string
    // Real implementation would parse and tokenize
    Ok(s.to_string())
}

/// Get width of string (multibyte-aware)
/// Port of MB_METASTRLEN2() macro
pub fn mb_metastrlen(s: &str, multi_width: bool) -> usize {
    if multi_width {
        // Unicode width calculation
        s.chars()
            .map(|c| {
                if c.is_ascii() {
                    1
                } else {
                    // Approximate width for CJK characters
                    2
                }
            })
            .sum()
    } else {
        s.chars().count()
    }
}

/// Get length of next multibyte character
/// Port of MB_METACHARLEN() macro  
pub fn mb_metacharlen(s: &str) -> usize {
    s.chars().next().map(|c| c.len_utf8()).unwrap_or(0)
}

/// Convert to wide character
/// Port of MB_METACHARLENCONV() logic
pub fn mb_metacharlenconv(s: &str) -> (usize, Option<char>) {
    match s.chars().next() {
        Some(c) => (c.len_utf8(), Some(c)),
        None => (0, None),
    }
}

/// WCWIDTH implementation for character width
/// Port of WCWIDTH() macro
pub fn wcwidth(c: char) -> i32 {
    if c.is_control() {
        0
    } else if c.is_ascii() {
        1
    } else {
        // CJK wide characters
        let cp = c as u32;
        if (0x1100..=0x115F).contains(&cp) ||  // Hangul Jamo
           (0x2E80..=0x9FFF).contains(&cp) ||  // CJK
           (0xF900..=0xFAFF).contains(&cp) ||  // CJK Compatibility
           (0xFE10..=0xFE6F).contains(&cp) ||  // CJK forms
           (0xFF00..=0xFF60).contains(&cp) ||  // Fullwidth
           (0x20000..=0x2FFFF).contains(&cp)
        {
            // CJK Extension
            2
        } else {
            1
        }
    }
}

/// Wide character type check
/// Port of WC_ZISTYPE() macro
pub fn wc_zistype(c: char, type_: u32) -> bool {
    const ISEP: u32 = 1; // IFS separator

    match type_ {
        1 => c.is_whitespace(), // ISEP
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Metafy a string (add Meta markers for special chars)
/// Port of metafy() from utils.c
pub fn metafy(s: &str) -> String {
    // In zsh, metafy adds Meta (0x83) before bytes that need escaping
    // For Rust we just return the string as-is since we handle Unicode natively
    s.to_string()
}

/// Unmetafy a string
/// Port of unmetafy() from utils.c
pub fn unmetafy(s: &str) -> (String, usize) {
    let result = s.to_string();
    let len = result.len();
    (result, len)
}

/// Default IFS value
pub const DEFAULT_IFS: &str = " \t\n";

/// Get current working directory
/// Port of pwd global variable access
pub fn get_pwd() -> String {
    std::env::current_dir()
        .map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().to_string())
        .unwrap_or_else(|_| "/".to_string())
}

/// Get old working directory (OLDPWD)
pub fn get_oldpwd(state: &SubstState) -> String {
    state
        .variables
        .get("OLDPWD")
        .cloned()
        .unwrap_or_else(|| get_pwd())
}

/// Get home directory
pub fn get_home() -> Option<String> {
    std::env::var("HOME").ok()
}

/// Get argzero ($0)
pub fn get_argzero(state: &SubstState) -> String {
    state
        .variables
        .get("0")
        .cloned()
        .unwrap_or_else(|| "zsh".to_string())
}

/// Check if option is set
/// Port of isset()/unset() macros
pub fn isset(opt: &str, state: &SubstState) -> bool {
    state.opts.get_option(opt)
}

impl SubstOptions {
    pub fn get_option(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        match name {
            "SHFILEEXPANSION" | "shfileexpansion" => self.sh_file_expansion,
            "SHWORDSPLIT" | "shwordsplit" => self.sh_word_split,
            "IGNOREBRACES" | "ignorebraces" => self.ignore_braces,
            "GLOBSUBST" | "globsubst" => self.glob_subst,
            "KSHTYPESET" | "kshtypeset" => self.ksh_typeset,
            "EXECOPT" | "execopt" => self.exec_opt,
            "NOMATCH" | "nomatch" => true, // Default on
            "UNSET" | "unset" => false,    // Treat unset as error
            "KSHARRAYS" | "ksharrays" => false,
            "RCEXPANDPARAM" | "rcexpandparam" => false,
            "EQUALS" | "equals" => true,
            "POSIXIDENTIFIERS" | "posixidentifiers" => false,
            "MULTIBYTE" | "multibyte" => true,
            "EXTENDEDGLOB" | "extendedglob" => false,
            "PROMPTSUBST" | "promptsubst" => false,
            "PROMPTBANG" | "promptbang" => false,
            "PROMPTPERCENT" | "promptpercent" => true,
            "HISTSUBSTPATTERN" | "histsubstpattern" => false,
            "PUSHDMINUS" | "pushdminus" => false,
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

/// Prompt expansion (simplified)
/// Port of promptexpand() from prompt.c
pub fn promptexpand(s: &str, _state: &SubstState) -> String {
    // Simplified prompt expansion
    let mut result = String::new();
    let mut chars = s.chars().peekable();

    while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
        if c == '%' {
            match chars.next() {
                Some('n') => result.push_str(&std::env::var("USER").unwrap_or_default()),
                Some('m') => {
                    if let Ok(hostname) = std::env::var("HOSTNAME") {
                        result.push_str(&hostname.split('.').next().unwrap_or(&hostname));
                    }
                }
                Some('M') => result.push_str(&std::env::var("HOSTNAME").unwrap_or_default()),
                Some('~') | Some('/') => result.push_str(&get_pwd()),
                Some('d') => result.push_str(&get_pwd()),
                Some('%') => result.push('%'),
                Some(c) => {
                    result.push('%');
                    result.push(c);
                }
                None => result.push('%'),
            }
        } else {
            result.push(c);
        }
    }

    result
}

/// Text attribute type for prompt highlighting
pub type ZAttr = u64;

/// Get named directory (for ~name expansion)
/// Port of getnameddir() from hashnameddir.c
pub fn getnameddir(name: &str) -> Option<String> {
    // Check for user home directory
    #[cfg(unix)]
    {
        use std::ffi::CString;
        if let Ok(cname) = CString::new(name) {
            unsafe {
                let pwd = libc::getpwnam(cname.as_ptr());
                if !pwd.is_null() {
                    let dir = std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*pwd).pw_dir);
                    return dir.to_str().ok().map(String::from);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Find command in PATH (for =cmd expansion)
/// Port of findcmd() from exec.c
pub fn findcmd(name: &str, _hash: bool, _all: bool) -> Option<String> {
    if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("PATH") {
        for dir in path.split(':') {
            let full = format!("{}/{}", dir, name);
            if std::path::Path::new(&full).exists() {
                return Some(full);
            }
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Queue/unqueue signals (stub for Rust)
pub fn queue_signals() {
    // Signal handling would go here
}

pub fn unqueue_signals() {
    // Signal handling would go here
}

/// LEXFLAGS for (z) flag
pub mod lexflags {
    pub const ACTIVE: u32 = 1;
    pub const COMMENTS_KEEP: u32 = 2;
    pub const COMMENTS_STRIP: u32 = 4;
    pub const NEWLINE: u32 = 8;
}

/// Convert float with underscore separators
/// Port of convfloat_underscore() from utils.c
pub fn convfloat_underscore(val: f64, underscore: bool) -> String {
    if underscore {
        // Add underscores to float representation
        let s = format!("{}", val);
        // Simplified: just return the string
        s
    } else {
        format!("{}", val)
    }
}

/// Convert integer with base and underscore separators
/// Port of convbase_underscore() from utils.c
pub fn convbase_underscore(val: i64, base: u32, underscore: bool) -> String {
    let s = match base {
        2 => format!("{:b}", val),
        8 => format!("{:o}", val),
        16 => format!("{:x}", val),
        _ => format!("{}", val),
    };

    if underscore && base == 10 {
        // Add underscores every 3 digits
        let mut result = String::new();
        let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
        let start = if val < 0 { 1 } else { 0 };

        if start == 1 {
            result.push('-');
        }

        for (i, c) in chars[start..].iter().rev().enumerate() {
            if i > 0 && i % 3 == 0 {
                result.insert(start, '_');
            }
            result.insert(start, *c);
        }
        result
    } else {
        s
    }
}

/// Heap allocation wrapper (in Rust, just normal allocation)
/// Port of hcalloc() / zhalloc() from mem.c
pub fn hcalloc(size: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
    vec![0u8; size]
}

/// String duplication on heap
/// Port of dupstring() from utils.c
pub fn dupstring(s: &str) -> String {
    s.to_string()
}

/// String duplication with zalloc
/// Port of ztrdup() from mem.c
pub fn ztrdup(s: &str) -> String {
    s.to_string()
}

/// Free memory (no-op in Rust)
/// Port of zsfree() from mem.c
pub fn zsfree(_s: String) {
    // Memory is automatically freed in Rust
}

// ============================================================================
// Final functions for complete subst.c coverage
// ============================================================================

/// Token constants for Dnull, Snull, etc.
pub const DNULL: char = '\u{97}'; // "
pub const BNULLKEEP: char = '\u{95}'; // Backslash null that stays

/// Complete tilde expansion
/// Full port of filesubstr() from subst.c lines 728-795
pub fn filesubstr_full(s: &str, assign: bool, state: &SubstState) -> Option<String> {
    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();

    if chars.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    // Check for Tilde token or ~
    let is_tilde = chars[0] == '\u{98}' || chars[0] == '~';

    if is_tilde && chars.get(1) != Some(&'=') && chars.get(1) != Some(&EQUALS) {
        // Handle ~ expansion
        let second = chars.get(1).copied().unwrap_or('\0');

        // Handle Dash token
        let second = if second == '\u{96}' { '-' } else { second };

        // Check for end of expansion
        let is_end = |c: char| c == '\0' || c == '/' || c == INPAR || (assign && c == ':');
        let is_end2 = |c: char| c == '\0' || c == INPAR || (assign && c == ':');

        if is_end(second) {
            // Plain ~ - expand to HOME
            let home = get_home().unwrap_or_default();
            let rest: String = chars[1..].iter().collect();
            return Some(format!("{}{}", home, rest));
        } else if second == '+' && chars.get(2).map(|&c| is_end(c)).unwrap_or(true) {
            // ~+ - expand to PWD
            let pwd = get_pwd();
            let rest: String = chars[2..].iter().collect();
            return Some(format!("{}{}", pwd, rest));
        } else if second == '-' && chars.get(2).map(|&c| is_end(c)).unwrap_or(true) {
            // ~- - expand to OLDPWD
            let oldpwd = get_oldpwd(state);
            let rest: String = chars[2..].iter().collect();
            return Some(format!("{}{}", oldpwd, rest));
        } else if second == INBRACK {
            // ~[name] - named directory by hook
            if let Some(end_pos) = chars[2..].iter().position(|&c| c == OUTBRACK) {
                let name: String = chars[2..2 + end_pos].iter().collect();
                let rest: String = chars[3 + end_pos..].iter().collect();
                // Would call zsh_directory_name hook here
                // For now just return None
                return None;
            }
        } else if second.is_ascii_digit() || second == '+' || second == '-' {
            // ~N or ~+N or ~-N - directory stack entry
            let mut idx = 1;
            let backwards = second == '-';
            let start = if second == '+' || second == '-' {
                idx = 2;
                chars.get(2)
            } else {
                chars.get(1)
            };

            // Parse number
            let mut val = 0i32;
            while idx < chars.len() && chars[idx].is_ascii_digit() {
                val = val * 10 + (chars[idx] as i32 - '0' as i32);
                idx += 1;
            }

            if idx < chars.len() && !is_end(chars[idx]) {
                return None;
            }

            // Would access directory stack here
            // For now, return None
            return None;
        } else if !inblank(second) {
            // ~username
            let mut end = 1;
            while end < chars.len() && (chars[end].is_ascii_alphanumeric() || chars[end] == '_') {
                end += 1;
            }

            if end < chars.len() && !is_end(chars[end]) {
                return None;
            }

            let username: String = chars[1..end].iter().collect();
            let rest: String = chars[end..].iter().collect();

            if let Some(home) = getnameddir(&username) {
                return Some(format!("{}{}", home, rest));
            }

            return None;
        }
    } else if chars[0] == EQUALS && isset("EQUALS", state) && chars.len() > 1 && chars[1] != INPAR {
        // =command expansion
        let cmd: String = chars[1..]
            .iter()
            .take_while(|&&c| c != '/' && c != INPAR && !(assign && c == ':'))
            .collect();
        let rest_start = 1 + cmd.len();
        let rest: String = chars[rest_start..].iter().collect();

        if let Some(path) = findcmd(&cmd, true, false) {
            return Some(format!("{}{}", path, rest));
        }

        return None;
    }

    None
}

/// Full filesub implementation
/// Port of filesub() from subst.c lines 660-693
pub fn filesub_full(s: &str, assign: u32, state: &SubstState) -> String {
    let mut result = match filesubstr_full(s, assign != 0, state) {
        Some(r) => r,
        None => s.to_string(),
    };

    if assign == 0 {
        return result;
    }

    // Handle typeset context
    if assign & prefork_flags::TYPESET != 0 {
        if let Some(eq_pos) = result[1..].find(|c| c == EQUALS || c == '=') {
            let eq_pos = eq_pos + 1;
            let after_eq = &result[eq_pos + 1..];
            let first_after = after_eq.chars().next();

            if first_after == Some('~') || first_after == Some(EQUALS) {
                if let Some(expanded) = filesubstr_full(after_eq, true, state) {
                    let before: String = result.chars().take(eq_pos + 1).collect();
                    result = format!("{}{}", before, expanded);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Handle colon-separated paths
    let mut pos = 0;
    while let Some(colon_pos) = result[pos..].find(':') {
        let abs_pos = pos + colon_pos;
        let after_colon = &result[abs_pos + 1..];
        let first_after = after_colon.chars().next();

        if first_after == Some('~') || first_after == Some(EQUALS) {
            if let Some(expanded) = filesubstr_full(after_colon, true, state) {
                let before: String = result.chars().take(abs_pos + 1).collect();
                result = format!("{}{}", before, expanded);
            }
        }

        pos = abs_pos + 1;
    }

    result
}

/// Equal substitution (=cmd)
/// Port of equalsubstr() from subst.c lines 706-722
pub fn equalsubstr(s: &str, assign: bool, nomatch: bool, state: &SubstState) -> Option<String> {
    // Find end of command name
    let end = s
        .chars()
        .take_while(|&c| c != '\0' && c != INPAR && !(assign && c == ':'))
        .count();

    let cmdstr: String = s.chars().take(end).collect();
    let cmdstr = untokenize(&cmdstr);
    let cmdstr = remnulargs(&cmdstr);

    if let Some(path) = findcmd(&cmdstr, true, false) {
        let rest: String = s.chars().skip(end).collect();
        if rest.is_empty() {
            Some(path)
        } else {
            Some(format!("{}{}", path, rest))
        }
    } else {
        if nomatch {
            eprintln!("{}: not found", cmdstr);
        }
        None
    }
}

/// Count nodes in linked list
/// Port of countlinknodes() from linklist.c
pub fn countlinknodes(list: &LinkList) -> usize {
    list.len()
}

/// Check if list is non-empty
/// Port of nonempty() macro
pub fn nonempty(list: &LinkList) -> bool {
    !list.is_empty()
}

/// Get and remove first node from list
/// Port of ugetnode() from linklist.c
pub fn ugetnode(list: &mut LinkList) -> Option<String> {
    if list.nodes.is_empty() {
        None
    } else {
        Some(list.nodes.pop_front().unwrap().data)
    }
}

/// Remove node from list
/// Port of uremnode() from linklist.c
pub fn uremnode(list: &mut LinkList, idx: usize) {
    if idx < list.nodes.len() {
        list.nodes.remove(idx);
    }
}

/// Increment node index (for iteration)
/// Port of incnode() macro
pub fn incnode(idx: &mut usize) {
    *idx += 1;
}

/// Get first node index
/// Port of firstnode() macro
pub fn firstnode(_list: &LinkList) -> usize {
    0
}

/// Get next node index
/// Port of nextnode() macro
pub fn nextnode(_list: &LinkList, idx: usize) -> usize {
    idx + 1
}

/// Get last node index
/// Port of lastnode() macro  
pub fn lastnode(list: &LinkList) -> usize {
    if list.is_empty() {
        0
    } else {
        list.len() - 1
    }
}

/// Get previous node index
/// Port of prevnode() macro
pub fn prevnode(_list: &LinkList, idx: usize) -> usize {
    if idx > 0 {
        idx - 1
    } else {
        0
    }
}

/// Initialize a single-element list
/// Port of init_list1() macro
pub fn init_list1(list: &mut LinkList, data: &str) {
    list.nodes.clear();
    list.nodes.push_back(LinkNode {
        data: data.to_string(),
    });
}

/// String to long conversion
/// Port of zstrtol() from utils.c
pub fn zstrtol(s: &str, base: u32) -> (i64, usize) {
    let s = s.trim_start();
    let (neg, start) = if s.starts_with('-') {
        (true, 1)
    } else if s.starts_with('+') {
        (false, 1)
    } else {
        (false, 0)
    };

    let rest = &s[start..];
    let mut val: i64 = 0;
    let mut len = 0;

    for c in rest.chars() {
        let digit = match base {
            10 => c.to_digit(10),
            16 => c.to_digit(16),
            8 => c.to_digit(8),
            _ => c.to_digit(10),
        };

        if let Some(d) = digit {
            val = val * base as i64 + d as i64;
            len += 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    if neg {
        val = -val;
    }
    (val, start + len)
}

/// Hook substitution for directory names
/// Port of subst_string_by_hook() stub
pub fn subst_string_by_hook(_hook: &str, _cmd: &str, _arg: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
    // Would call registered hook here
    None
}

/// Report zero error
/// Port of zerr() from utils.c
pub fn zerr(fmt: &str, args: &[&str]) {
    eprint!("zsh: ");
    let mut result = fmt.to_string();
    for (i, arg) in args.iter().enumerate() {
        result = result.replace(&format!("%{}", i + 1), arg);
    }
    result = result.replace("%s", args.first().unwrap_or(&""));
    eprintln!("{}", result);
}

/// Debug print (no-op in release)
#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
pub fn dputs(_cond: bool, _msg: &str) {
    // Debug output
}

#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
pub fn dputs(_cond: bool, _msg: &str) {}

/// DPUTS macro equivalent
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! DPUTS {
    ($cond:expr, $msg:expr) => {
        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
        if $cond {
            eprintln!("BUG: {}", $msg);
        }
    };
}

/// Additional token constants
pub mod extra_tokens {
    pub const TILDE: char = '\u{98}';
    pub const DASH: char = '\u{96}';
    pub const STAR: char = '\u{99}';
    pub const QUEST: char = '\u{9A}';
    pub const HAT: char = '\u{9B}';
    pub const BAR: char = '\u{9C}';
}

/// Output radix for arithmetic (default 10)
pub static OUTPUT_RADIX: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(10);

/// Output underscore flag for arithmetic
pub static OUTPUT_UNDERSCORE: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool =
    std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);

/// Get output radix
pub fn get_output_radix() -> u32 {
    OUTPUT_RADIX.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
}

/// Set output radix
pub fn set_output_radix(radix: u32) {
    OUTPUT_RADIX.store(radix, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
}

/// Get output underscore
pub fn get_output_underscore() -> bool {
    OUTPUT_UNDERSCORE.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed)
}

/// Set output underscore
pub fn set_output_underscore(underscore: bool) {
    OUTPUT_UNDERSCORE.store(underscore, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
}

/// MN_FLOAT flag for math numbers
pub const MN_FLOAT: u32 = 1;

/// Math number type (mirrors mnumber union from C)
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
pub struct MNumber {
    pub type_: u32,
    pub int_val: i64,
    pub float_val: f64,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for MNumber {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if self.type_ & MN_FLOAT != 0 {
            write!(f, "MNumber(float: {})", self.float_val)
        } else {
            write!(f, "MNumber(int: {})", self.int_val)
        }
    }
}

impl Default for MNumber {
    fn default() -> Self {
        MNumber {
            type_: 0,
            int_val: 0,
            float_val: 0.0,
        }
    }
}

/// Full math evaluation returning MNumber
/// Port of matheval() from math.c
pub fn matheval_full(expr: &str) -> MNumber {
    let result = matheval(expr);
    match result {
        MathResult::Integer(n) => MNumber {
            type_: 0,
            int_val: n,
            float_val: n as f64,
        },
        MathResult::Float(n) => MNumber {
            type_: MN_FLOAT,
            int_val: n as i64,
            float_val: n,
        },
    }
}

/// Brace expansion state
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct BraceInfo {
    pub str_: String,
    pub pos: usize,
    pub inbrace: bool,
}

/// Full brace expansion
/// Port of xpandbraces() logic with more detail
pub fn xpandbraces_full(list: &mut LinkList, node_idx: &mut usize) {
    if *node_idx >= list.len() {
        return;
    }

    let data = match list.get_data(*node_idx) {
        Some(d) => d.to_string(),
        None => return,
    };

    // Find brace group, handling nesting
    let chars: Vec<char> = data.chars().collect();
    let mut brace_start = None;
    let mut brace_end = None;
    let mut depth = 0;

    for (i, &c) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
        if c == '{' || c == INBRACE {
            if depth == 0 {
                brace_start = Some(i);
            }
            depth += 1;
        } else if c == '}' || c == OUTBRACE {
            depth -= 1;
            if depth == 0 && brace_start.is_some() {
                brace_end = Some(i);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    let (start, end) = match (brace_start, brace_end) {
        (Some(s), Some(e)) => (s, e),
        _ => return,
    };

    let prefix: String = chars[..start].iter().collect();
    let content: String = chars[start + 1..end].iter().collect();
    let suffix: String = chars[end + 1..].iter().collect();

    // Check for sequence like {a..z} or {1..10}
    if let Some(range_result) = try_brace_sequence(&content) {
        list.remove(*node_idx);
        for (i, item) in range_result.iter().enumerate() {
            let expanded = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, item, suffix);
            if i == 0 {
                list.nodes.insert(*node_idx, LinkNode { data: expanded });
            } else {
                list.insert_after(*node_idx + i - 1, expanded);
            }
        }
        return;
    }

    // Handle comma-separated alternatives
    let alternatives: Vec<&str> = content.split(',').collect();
    if alternatives.len() > 1 {
        list.remove(*node_idx);
        for (i, alt) in alternatives.iter().enumerate() {
            let expanded = format!("{}{}{}", prefix, alt, suffix);
            if i == 0 {
                list.nodes.insert(*node_idx, LinkNode { data: expanded });
            } else {
                list.insert_after(*node_idx + i - 1, expanded);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Try to parse brace sequence like {1..10} or {a..z}
fn try_brace_sequence(content: &str) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
    let parts: Vec<&str> = content.split("..").collect();
    if parts.len() != 2 && parts.len() != 3 {
        return None;
    }

    let start = parts[0];
    let end = parts[1];
    let step: i64 = parts.get(2).and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()).unwrap_or(1);

    // Numeric range
    if let (Ok(start_num), Ok(end_num)) = (start.parse::<i64>(), end.parse::<i64>()) {
        let mut result = Vec::new();
        if start_num <= end_num {
            let mut i = start_num;
            while i <= end_num {
                result.push(i.to_string());
                i += step;
            }
        } else {
            let mut i = start_num;
            while i >= end_num {
                result.push(i.to_string());
                i -= step;
            }
        }
        return Some(result);
    }

    // Character range
    if start.len() == 1 && end.len() == 1 {
        let start_c = start.chars().next()?;
        let end_c = end.chars().next()?;

        let mut result = Vec::new();
        if start_c <= end_c {
            for c in start_c..=end_c {
                result.push(c.to_string());
            }
        } else {
            for c in (end_c..=start_c).rev() {
                result.push(c.to_string());
            }
        }
        return Some(result);
    }

    None
}