worker-pool 0.2.1

/*!
This crate provides the [`WorkerPool`] struct, which lets you manage a set of threads that need to communicate with the parent thread.
Throughout this documentation, the thread owning [`WorkerPool`] is called the "Manager",
whereas the threads created and handled by the [`WorkerPool`] instance are called "Workers".

Communication to and from the workers are done using [`std::sync::mpsc`] queues.
When the manager communicates to the workers, the messages are said to go "down",
and when the workers communicate to the manager, the messages are said to go "up".

Communication from the workers to the manager uses a [`SyncSender`][std::sync::mpsc::SyncSender] wrapped inside of [`WorkerSender`], as to not overwhelm the manager thread and cause a memory overflow.
[`WorkerSender::send`] can thus block and [`WorkerSender::try_send`] can return [`Err(TrySendError::Full)`][std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError::Full].

Because of the guarantees of [`WorkerSender`], locking or waiting for the queue to become available will *not* cause a deadlock when trying to join the threads,
as all the joining methods of [`WorkerPool`] ([`WorkerPool::stop`] and [`WorkerPool::stop_and_join`]) will first empty the message queue before
calling `join()`.

This guarantee of absence of deadlocks comes at the cost of restricting what a workers may or may not do:
- if a worker is blocking or looping indefinitely, then it must be able to receive a [`Stop`][DownMsg::Stop] message at any time
- once the `Stop` message is received, execution must stop shortly: a worker may only block on the message queue of their `WorkerSender`
- downward message queues aren't bounded, as that might otherwise introduce a deadlock when trying to send the `Stop` message

Additionally, the livelock problem of requests queuing up in the upward channel while the manager thread tries to catch up with them is solved by [`WorkerPool::recv_burst`]:
- any message sent before `recv_burst` was called will be yielded by its returned iterator ([`RecvBurstIterator`]) if it reaches the manager thread in time (otherwise, it'll sit in the queue until the next call to `recv_burst`)
- any message sent after `recv_burst` was called will cause that iterator to stop and put the message in a temporary buffer for the next call to `recv_burst`
- [`RecvBurstIterator`] is non-blocking and holds a mutable reference to its `WorkerPool`
*/
#![feature(negative_impls)]

use std::thread::{JoinHandle};
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::time::Instant;

use std::sync::mpsc::{channel, sync_channel};

// TODO: support for robust causality as a feature
// TODO: regular Sender

#[cfg(test)]
mod test;

pub mod iterator;
use iterator::*;

mod msg;
pub use msg::*;

mod crate_macros;

// As per this test: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/1.3.0/src/libstd/sync/mpsc/mod.rs#L1581-L1592
// it looks like std::sync::mpsc channels are meant to preserve the order sent within a single thread

/**
The main struct, represents a pool of worker.
The owner of this struct is the "Manager", while the threads handled by this struct are the "Workers".

# Example

```
use worker_pool::WorkerPool;

let mut pool: WorkerPool<String, ()> = WorkerPool::new(100);

pool.execute(|tx, _rx| {
    tx.send(String::from("Hello"));
    tx.send(String::from("world!"));
});

assert_eq!(pool.stop().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" "), "Hello world!");
```
*/
pub struct WorkerPool<Up, Down>
where
    Up: Send + 'static,
    Down: Send + 'static,
{
    channel: (SyncSender<UpMsg<Up>>, Receiver<UpMsg<Up>>),
    buffer_length: usize,
    buffer_prev: Option<UpMsg<Up>>,

    workers: Vec<(JoinHandle<()>, Sender<DownMsg<Down>>)>,
    worker_index: usize,

    phantoms: PhantomData<(Up, Down)>
}

impl<Up, Down> WorkerPool<Up, Down>
where
    Up: Send + 'static,
    Down: Send + 'static,
{
    /**
    Creates a new WorkerPool instance, with a given maximum buffer length.

    The higher the buffer length, the higher the message throughput,
    but the higher the memory cost.
    See [SyncSender](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/mpsc/struct.SyncSender.html) for more information.

    # Example

    ```
    use std::time::Duration;
    use worker_pool::{WorkerPool, DownMsg};

    let mut pool: WorkerPool<usize, String> = WorkerPool::new(3);

    pool.execute(|tx, rx| {
        loop {
            let msg = worker_pool::recv_break!(rx);
            tx.send(msg.len()).unwrap();
        }
    });

    pool.broadcast(DownMsg::Other(String::from("Betelgeuse")));
    pool.broadcast(DownMsg::Other(String::from("Alpha Centauri")));
    pool.broadcast(DownMsg::Other(String::from("Sirius")));

    // When the worker will send the result for this message, tx.send will block, but the message
    // will still count as being sent before recv_burst(). Whether or not it will appear in the
    // iterator depends on the speed at which the items in the iterator are read.
    pool.broadcast(DownMsg::Other(String::from("Procyon")));

    pool.broadcast(DownMsg::Other(String::from("Sun")));

    std::thread::sleep(Duration::new(0, 100_000_000));

    assert_eq!(
        pool.recv_burst().take(3).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
        vec![10, 14, 6]
    );
    ```
    */
    #[inline]
    pub fn new(buffer_length: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            channel: sync_channel(buffer_length),
            buffer_length,
            buffer_prev: None,
            workers: Vec::new(),
            worker_index: 0,
            phantoms: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /**
    Spawns one worker thread with the given callback:

    ```
    # use worker_pool::*;
    # let mut pool: WorkerPool<(), ()> = WorkerPool::new(100);
    // Spawns 1 worker thread
    pool.execute(|tx, rx| {
        // Send messages in tx
        // Receive messages in rx
    });
    # pool.stop_and_join();
    ```

    To prevent any deadlocks, the worker thread *must* stop shortly after receiving the `Stop` message:
    - if it is in an infinite loop, then that loop must be broken (`recv_break!` and `try_recv_break!` will handle that for you)
    - after the `Stop` message is received, it may only wait for space in the buffer of `tx`
    - make sure that no lock will prevent a `Stop` message from being received
    - the worker thread may `panic!`, in which case its exception will be propagated up by `stop()` and `stop_and_join()`
    */
    #[inline]
    pub fn execute<F>(&mut self, callback: F)
    where
        F: (FnOnce(WorkerSender<Up>, Receiver<DownMsg<Down>>)),
        F: Send + 'static
    {
        let (down_tx, down_rx) = channel();
        let up_tx = self.channel.0.clone();
        self.workers.push((
            std::thread::spawn(move || {
                (callback)(WorkerSender::new(up_tx), down_rx);
            }),
            down_tx
        ));
    }

    /**
    Spawns `n` worker threads with the given callback.
    The callback must implement `Clone`.

    ```
    # use worker_pool::*;
    # let mut pool: WorkerPool<(), ()> = WorkerPool::new(100);
    // Spawns 16 worker thread
    pool.execute_many(16, |tx, rx| {
        // Send messages in tx
        // Receive messages in rx
    });
    # pool.stop_and_join();
    ```

    To prevent any deadlocks, the worker threads *must* stop shortly after receiving the `Stop` message.
    See [`execute`](#execute) for more information.
    */
    #[inline]
    pub fn execute_many<F>(&mut self, n_workers: usize, callback: F)
    where
        F: (FnOnce(WorkerSender<Up>, Receiver<DownMsg<Down>>)),
        F: Clone + Send + 'static
    {
        for _n in 0..n_workers {
            self.execute(callback.clone());
        }
    }

    /// Returns the maximum length of the message queue
    #[inline]
    pub fn buffer_length(&self) -> usize {
        self.buffer_length
    }

    /// Receives a single message from a worker; this is a blocking operation.
    /// If you need to call this function repeatedly, then consider iterating over the result of `recv_burst` instead.
    pub fn recv(&mut self) -> Result<Up, RecvError> {
        if self.buffer_prev.is_some() {
            return Ok(std::mem::replace(&mut self.buffer_prev, None).unwrap().get());
        }

        self.channel.1.recv().map(|x| x.get())
    }

    /// Returns an iterator that will yield a "burst" of messages.
    /// This iterator will respect causality, meaning that it will not yield any message that were sent after it was created.
    /// You can thus safely iterate over all of the elements of this iterator without risking a livelock.
    pub fn recv_burst<'b>(&'b mut self) -> RecvBurstIterator<'b, Up> {
        let start = Instant::now();

        RecvBurstIterator::new(
            &self.channel.1,
            &mut self.buffer_prev,
            start
        )
    }

    /// Stops the execution of all threads, returning an iterator that will yield and join all of the
    /// messages from the workers. As soon as this function returns, the WorkerPool will be back to its starting state,
    /// allowing you to execute more tasks immediately.
    ///
    /// The returned iterator will read all of the remaining messages one by one.
    /// Once the last message is received, it will join all threads.
    pub fn stop(&mut self) -> RecvAllIterator<Up> {
        let channel = std::mem::replace(&mut self.channel, sync_channel(self.buffer_length));
        let buffer_prev = std::mem::replace(&mut self.buffer_prev, None);
        let workers_len = self.workers.len();
        let workers = std::mem::replace(&mut self.workers, Vec::with_capacity(workers_len));
        self.worker_index = 0;

        let workers = workers.into_iter().map(|worker| {
            // Note: the only instance where this can fail is if the receiver was dropped,
            // in which case we can only hope that the thread will eventually join
            let _ = worker.1.send(DownMsg::Stop);
            worker.0
        }).collect::<Vec<_>>();

        RecvAllIterator::new(
            channel.1,
            buffer_prev,
            workers
        )
    }

    /// Stops the execution of all threads and joins them. Returns a Vec containing all of the remaining yielded values.
    /// Note that the returned Vec will ignore the `buffer_length` limitation.
    #[inline]
    pub fn stop_and_join(&mut self) -> Vec<Up> {
        let (sender, receiver) = std::mem::replace(&mut self.channel, sync_channel(self.buffer_length));
        std::mem::drop(sender); // Prevent deadlock
        let buffer_prev = std::mem::replace(&mut self.buffer_prev, None);
        let workers_len = self.workers.len();
        let workers = std::mem::replace(&mut self.workers, Vec::with_capacity(workers_len));
        self.worker_index = 0;

        for worker in workers.iter() {
            // Note: the only instance where this can fail is if the receiver was dropped,
            // in which case we can only hope that the thread will eventually join
            let _ = worker.1.send(DownMsg::Stop);
        }

        let mut res = Vec::new();

        if let Some(buffer_prev) = buffer_prev {
            res.push(buffer_prev.get());
        }

        while let Ok(msg) = receiver.recv() {
            res.push(msg.get());
        }

        for worker in workers {
            match worker.0.join() {
                Ok(_) => {},
                Err(e) => std::panic::resume_unwind(e),
            }
        }

        res
    }

    /// Sends `msg` to every worker.
    /// If a worker has dropped their [`Receiver`][std::sync::mpsc::Receiver], then it will be skipped.
    pub fn broadcast(&self, msg: DownMsg<Down>) where Down: Clone {
        for (_join, tx) in self.workers.iter() {
            // This will fail iff the thread has dropped its receiver, in which case we
            // don't want for it to affect the other threads
            let _ = tx.send(msg.clone());
        }
    }

    /// Sends `msg` to a single worker, in a round-robin fashion.
    /// Returns `Err` if there is no worker or if the worker has dropped its receiver.
    pub fn broadcast_one(&mut self, msg: DownMsg<Down>) -> Result<(), SendError<DownMsg<Down>>> {
        if self.workers.len() == 0 {
            return Err(std::sync::mpsc::SendError(msg))
        }

        self.worker_index = (self.worker_index + 1) % self.workers.len();
        self.workers[self.worker_index].1.send(msg)
    }

    pub fn get(&self, index: usize) -> Option<(&JoinHandle<()>, Sender<DownMsg<Down>>)> {
        match self.workers.get(index) {
            Some(x) => Some((&x.0, x.1.clone())),
            None => None
        }
    }
}