# Security Model Design
This design document outlines the comprehensive security model for wasm-sandbox, including capability-based security, sandboxing mechanisms, threat modeling, and defense-in-depth strategies.
## Security Philosophy
The wasm-sandbox security model is built on these core principles:
1. **Principle of Least Privilege** - Grant minimal necessary permissions
2. **Defense in Depth** - Multiple layers of security controls
3. **Capability-Based Security** - Explicit capability delegation
4. **Fail-Safe Defaults** - Secure by default configuration
5. **Complete Mediation** - Every access is checked
6. **Audit Trail** - Comprehensive security logging
## Threat Model
### Threat Actors
```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum ThreatActor {
/// Malicious untrusted code running in sandbox
MaliciousGuest {
intent: AttackIntent,
sophistication: SophisticationLevel,
persistence: bool,
},
/// Compromised host application
CompromisedHost {
compromise_vector: CompromiseVector,
privileges: HostPrivileges,
},
/// External network attacker
NetworkAttacker {
access_level: NetworkAccess,
target: NetworkTarget,
},
/// Malicious or careless administrator
InsiderThreat {
privilege_level: AdminPrivileges,
access_scope: AccessScope,
},
/// Supply chain compromise
SupplyChainAttack {
compromise_point: SupplyChainVector,
affected_components: Vec<Component>,
},
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum AttackIntent {
DataExfiltration,
SystemCompromise,
DenialOfService,
PrivilegeEscalation,
PersistentAccess,
ResourceAbuse,
InformationDisclosure,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub enum SophisticationLevel {
Script, // Script kiddie attacks
Intermediate, // Moderately skilled attacker
Advanced, // Nation-state level
Expert, // Zero-day, custom exploits
}
```
### Attack Vectors
```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AttackVector {
pub id: String,
pub name: String,
pub description: String,
pub severity: RiskSeverity,
pub likelihood: Probability,
pub attack_surface: AttackSurface,
pub prerequisites: Vec<String>,
pub mitigations: Vec<Mitigation>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum AttackSurface {
// WebAssembly-specific attacks
WasmBytecodeTampering,
WasmMemoryCorruption,
WasmStackOverflow,
WasmTableOverflow,
WasmFunctionPointerCorruption,
// Host-guest communication attacks
ChannelPoisoning,
SerializationAttacks,
MemoryChannelExploits,
RpcProtocolAbuse,
// Resource-based attacks
MemoryExhaustion,
CpuExhaustion,
DiskSpaceExhaustion,
NetworkFlood,
FileDescriptorExhaustion,
// Security boundary attacks
SandboxEscape,
CapabilityForging,
PermissionEscalation,
TimeOfCheckTimeOfUse,
// Infrastructure attacks
ContainerEscape,
ProcessInjection,
SystemCallAbuse,
KernelExploits,
// Application-level attacks
LogicBombs,
ConfigurationTampering,
DependencyConfusion,
SupplyChainPoisoning,
}
impl AttackVector {
pub fn sandbox_escape() -> Self {
Self {
id: "AV001".to_string(),
name: "Sandbox Escape".to_string(),
description: "Malicious code attempts to break out of the WebAssembly sandbox and access host system resources".to_string(),
severity: RiskSeverity::Critical,
likelihood: Probability::Low,
attack_surface: AttackSurface::SandboxEscape,
prerequisites: vec![
"Arbitrary code execution in sandbox".to_string(),
"Knowledge of sandbox implementation".to_string(),
"Runtime vulnerability".to_string(),
],
mitigations: vec![
Mitigation::runtime_isolation(),
Mitigation::capability_restrictions(),
Mitigation::memory_protection(),
Mitigation::system_call_filtering(),
],
}
}
pub fn memory_corruption() -> Self {
Self {
id: "AV002".to_string(),
name: "Memory Corruption".to_string(),
description: "Exploit memory safety vulnerabilities to corrupt host memory or achieve code execution".to_string(),
severity: RiskSeverity::High,
likelihood: Probability::Medium,
attack_surface: AttackSurface::WasmMemoryCorruption,
prerequisites: vec![
"Memory safety bug in runtime".to_string(),
"Ability to trigger the bug".to_string(),
"Knowledge of memory layout".to_string(),
],
mitigations: vec![
Mitigation::memory_safe_runtime(),
Mitigation::address_space_randomization(),
Mitigation::stack_canaries(),
Mitigation::control_flow_integrity(),
],
}
}
pub fn resource_exhaustion() -> Self {
Self {
id: "AV003".to_string(),
name: "Resource Exhaustion".to_string(),
description: "Consume excessive system resources to cause denial of service".to_string(),
severity: RiskSeverity::Medium,
likelihood: Probability::High,
attack_surface: AttackSurface::MemoryExhaustion,
prerequisites: vec![
"Ability to execute code in sandbox".to_string(),
"Insufficient resource limits".to_string(),
],
mitigations: vec![
Mitigation::resource_limits(),
Mitigation::resource_monitoring(),
Mitigation::fair_scheduling(),
Mitigation::circuit_breakers(),
],
}
}
}
```
## Capability-Based Security Model
### Capability System
```rust
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
/// Core capability that grants specific permissions
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Capability {
pub id: CapabilityId,
pub permissions: HashSet<Permission>,
pub constraints: CapabilityConstraints,
pub delegation_rights: DelegationRights,
pub audit_level: AuditLevel,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct CapabilityId(pub String);
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Permission {
// File system permissions
FileRead { path_pattern: PathPattern },
FileWrite { path_pattern: PathPattern },
FileExecute { path_pattern: PathPattern },
DirectoryList { path_pattern: PathPattern },
DirectoryCreate { path_pattern: PathPattern },
// Network permissions
NetworkConnect {
host_pattern: HostPattern,
port_range: PortRange,
protocol: NetworkProtocol,
},
NetworkListen {
interface: NetworkInterface,
port_range: PortRange,
protocol: NetworkProtocol,
},
NetworkRaw,
// System permissions
SystemInfo,
ProcessSpawn { executable_pattern: PathPattern },
EnvironmentRead { variable_pattern: VariablePattern },
EnvironmentWrite { variable_pattern: VariablePattern },
// Resource permissions
MemoryAllocate { max_bytes: u64 },
CpuTime { max_milliseconds: u64 },
DiskSpace { max_bytes: u64 },
// Host communication permissions
HostFunctionCall { function_pattern: FunctionPattern },
MemoryShare { size_limit: u64 },
EventEmit { event_pattern: EventPattern },
// Security permissions
CryptographicOperations,
RandomNumberGeneration,
TimeAccess,
// Administrative permissions
ConfigurationRead,
ConfigurationWrite,
LogAccess,
MetricsAccess,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct CapabilityConstraints {
/// Time-based constraints
pub time_constraints: Option<TimeConstraints>,
/// Usage-based constraints
pub usage_constraints: Option<UsageConstraints>,
/// Context-based constraints
pub context_constraints: Option<ContextConstraints>,
/// Rate limiting
pub rate_limits: Option<RateLimits>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct TimeConstraints {
pub valid_from: Option<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>,
pub valid_until: Option<chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>>,
pub time_of_day_restrictions: Option<TimeOfDayRestrictions>,
pub day_of_week_restrictions: Option<HashSet<chrono::Weekday>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct UsageConstraints {
pub max_invocations: Option<u64>,
pub max_data_transfer: Option<u64>,
pub max_file_operations: Option<u64>,
pub max_network_connections: Option<u64>,
}
/// Capability delegation system
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct DelegationRights {
pub can_delegate: bool,
pub max_delegation_depth: Option<u32>,
pub delegatable_permissions: HashSet<Permission>,
pub delegation_constraints: Option<CapabilityConstraints>,
}
impl Capability {
/// Create a minimal capability for read-only file access
pub fn file_read_only(path_pattern: PathPattern) -> Self {
let mut permissions = HashSet::new();
permissions.insert(Permission::FileRead { path_pattern });
Self {
id: CapabilityId(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()),
permissions,
constraints: CapabilityConstraints::default(),
delegation_rights: DelegationRights {
can_delegate: false,
max_delegation_depth: None,
delegatable_permissions: HashSet::new(),
delegation_constraints: None,
},
audit_level: AuditLevel::Standard,
}
}
/// Create a network capability for HTTP client access
pub fn http_client(allowed_hosts: Vec<String>) -> Self {
let mut permissions = HashSet::new();
for host in allowed_hosts {
permissions.insert(Permission::NetworkConnect {
host_pattern: HostPattern::Exact(host),
port_range: PortRange::Single(443), // HTTPS
protocol: NetworkProtocol::Tcp,
});
permissions.insert(Permission::NetworkConnect {
host_pattern: HostPattern::Exact("*".to_string()),
port_range: PortRange::Single(80), // HTTP
protocol: NetworkProtocol::Tcp,
});
}
Self {
id: CapabilityId(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()),
permissions,
constraints: CapabilityConstraints {
rate_limits: Some(RateLimits {
requests_per_second: Some(10.0),
bytes_per_second: Some(1024 * 1024), // 1MB/s
concurrent_connections: Some(5),
}),
..Default::default()
},
delegation_rights: DelegationRights::no_delegation(),
audit_level: AuditLevel::Enhanced,
}
}
/// Create a capability for host function calls
pub fn host_functions(function_patterns: Vec<FunctionPattern>) -> Self {
let mut permissions = HashSet::new();
for pattern in function_patterns {
permissions.insert(Permission::HostFunctionCall {
function_pattern: pattern
});
}
Self {
id: CapabilityId(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()),
permissions,
constraints: CapabilityConstraints::default(),
delegation_rights: DelegationRights::no_delegation(),
audit_level: AuditLevel::Standard,
}
}
/// Check if this capability grants a specific permission
pub fn grants_permission(&self, permission: &Permission) -> bool {
self.permissions.iter().any(|p| p.encompasses(permission))
}
/// Delegate a subset of this capability to another entity
pub fn delegate(
&self,
permissions: HashSet<Permission>,
constraints: Option<CapabilityConstraints>,
) -> Result<Capability, DelegationError> {
if !self.delegation_rights.can_delegate {
return Err(DelegationError::DelegationNotAllowed);
}
// Check if all requested permissions are delegatable
for permission in &permissions {
if !self.delegation_rights.delegatable_permissions.contains(permission) {
return Err(DelegationError::PermissionNotDelegatable(permission.clone()));
}
}
let effective_constraints = match (constraints, &self.delegation_rights.delegation_constraints) {
(Some(req), Some(base)) => Some(base.intersect(&req)),
(None, Some(base)) => Some(base.clone()),
(Some(req), None) => Some(req),
(None, None) => None,
};
Ok(Capability {
id: CapabilityId(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string()),
permissions,
constraints: effective_constraints.unwrap_or_default(),
delegation_rights: DelegationRights::no_delegation(), // Delegated caps can't delegate further by default
audit_level: self.audit_level.clone(),
})
}
}
```
### Capability Store and Management
```rust
use std::sync::Arc;
use tokio::sync::RwLock;
pub struct CapabilityStore {
capabilities: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<CapabilityId, Capability>>>,
delegations: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<CapabilityId, Vec<CapabilityId>>>>,
revocations: Arc<RwLock<HashSet<CapabilityId>>>,
audit_log: Arc<RwLock<Vec<CapabilityAuditEvent>>>,
}
impl CapabilityStore {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
capabilities: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
delegations: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
revocations: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashSet::new())),
audit_log: Arc::new(RwLock::new(Vec::new())),
}
}
/// Store a new capability
pub async fn store_capability(&self, capability: Capability) -> CapabilityId {
let id = capability.id.clone();
self.capabilities.write().await.insert(id.clone(), capability.clone());
self.audit_log.write().await.push(CapabilityAuditEvent {
timestamp: chrono::Utc::now(),
event_type: AuditEventType::CapabilityCreated,
capability_id: id.clone(),
actor: None,
details: serde_json::to_value(&capability).unwrap(),
});
id
}
/// Retrieve a capability by ID
pub async fn get_capability(&self, id: &CapabilityId) -> Option<Capability> {
// Check if capability is revoked
if self.revocations.read().await.contains(id) {
return None;
}
self.capabilities.read().await.get(id).cloned()
}
/// Check if a capability grants a specific permission
pub async fn check_permission(&self, id: &CapabilityId, permission: &Permission) -> bool {
if let Some(capability) = self.get_capability(id).await {
// Check time constraints
if !self.check_time_constraints(&capability.constraints).await {
return false;
}
// Check usage constraints
if !self.check_usage_constraints(id, &capability.constraints).await {
return false;
}
// Check permission
capability.grants_permission(permission)
} else {
false
}
}
/// Revoke a capability
pub async fn revoke_capability(&self, id: &CapabilityId, actor: Option<String>) {
self.revocations.write().await.insert(id.clone());
// Also revoke all delegated capabilities
if let Some(delegated_ids) = self.delegations.read().await.get(id) {
for delegated_id in delegated_ids {
self.revocations.write().await.insert(delegated_id.clone());
}
}
self.audit_log.write().await.push(CapabilityAuditEvent {
timestamp: chrono::Utc::now(),
event_type: AuditEventType::CapabilityRevoked,
capability_id: id.clone(),
actor,
details: serde_json::json!({}),
});
}
/// Delegate a capability
pub async fn delegate_capability(
&self,
parent_id: &CapabilityId,
permissions: HashSet<Permission>,
constraints: Option<CapabilityConstraints>,
actor: Option<String>,
) -> Result<CapabilityId, DelegationError> {
let parent_capability = self.get_capability(parent_id).await
.ok_or(DelegationError::CapabilityNotFound)?;
let delegated_capability = parent_capability.delegate(permissions, constraints)?;
let delegated_id = delegated_capability.id.clone();
// Store the delegated capability
self.capabilities.write().await.insert(delegated_id.clone(), delegated_capability);
// Track delegation relationship
self.delegations.write().await
.entry(parent_id.clone())
.or_insert_with(Vec::new)
.push(delegated_id.clone());
self.audit_log.write().await.push(CapabilityAuditEvent {
timestamp: chrono::Utc::now(),
event_type: AuditEventType::CapabilityDelegated,
capability_id: delegated_id.clone(),
actor,
details: serde_json::json!({
"parent_capability": parent_id,
"permissions": permissions.len(),
}),
});
Ok(delegated_id)
}
async fn check_time_constraints(&self, constraints: &CapabilityConstraints) -> bool {
if let Some(time_constraints) = &constraints.time_constraints {
let now = chrono::Utc::now();
// Check validity window
if let Some(valid_from) = &time_constraints.valid_from {
if now < *valid_from {
return false;
}
}
if let Some(valid_until) = &time_constraints.valid_until {
if now > *valid_until {
return false;
}
}
// Check time of day restrictions
if let Some(time_restrictions) = &time_constraints.time_of_day_restrictions {
let current_time = now.time();
if !time_restrictions.allows_time(current_time) {
return false;
}
}
// Check day of week restrictions
if let Some(day_restrictions) = &time_constraints.day_of_week_restrictions {
let current_day = now.weekday();
if !day_restrictions.contains(¤t_day) {
return false;
}
}
}
true
}
async fn check_usage_constraints(&self, _id: &CapabilityId, _constraints: &CapabilityConstraints) -> bool {
// TODO: Implement usage tracking and constraint checking
true
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct CapabilityAuditEvent {
pub timestamp: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
pub event_type: AuditEventType,
pub capability_id: CapabilityId,
pub actor: Option<String>,
pub details: serde_json::Value,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum AuditEventType {
CapabilityCreated,
CapabilityAccessed,
CapabilityDelegated,
CapabilityRevoked,
PermissionDenied,
ConstraintViolation,
}
```
## Sandboxing Mechanisms
### Multi-Layer Sandboxing
```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SandboxConfiguration {
/// WebAssembly runtime isolation
pub wasm_isolation: WasmIsolationConfig,
/// Process-level isolation
pub process_isolation: ProcessIsolationConfig,
/// Container-level isolation
pub container_isolation: ContainerIsolationConfig,
/// Network isolation
pub network_isolation: NetworkIsolationConfig,
/// File system isolation
pub filesystem_isolation: FilesystemIsolationConfig,
/// Memory protection
pub memory_protection: MemoryProtectionConfig,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct WasmIsolationConfig {
/// Enable WebAssembly bounds checking
pub bounds_checking: bool,
/// Stack size limit
pub stack_size_limit: Option<usize>,
/// Table size limit
pub table_size_limit: Option<usize>,
/// Memory size limit
pub memory_size_limit: Option<usize>,
/// Fuel limit for execution metering
pub fuel_limit: Option<u64>,
/// Disable dangerous features
pub disable_bulk_memory: bool,
pub disable_reference_types: bool,
pub disable_simd: bool,
pub disable_multi_value: bool,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ProcessIsolationConfig {
/// Use separate process for each sandbox
pub separate_process: bool,
/// Linux namespaces to use
pub namespaces: HashSet<LinuxNamespace>,
/// seccomp-bpf filter
pub seccomp_filter: Option<SeccompFilter>,
/// Capabilities to drop
pub dropped_capabilities: HashSet<LinuxCapability>,
/// User/group to run as
pub uid: Option<u32>,
pub gid: Option<u32>,
/// chroot/pivot_root
pub root_directory: Option<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum LinuxNamespace {
User,
Pid,
Network,
Mount,
Ipc,
Uts,
Cgroup,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ContainerIsolationConfig {
/// Container runtime to use
pub runtime: ContainerRuntime,
/// Resource limits
pub cpu_limit: Option<f64>,
pub memory_limit: Option<u64>,
pub pids_limit: Option<u64>,
/// Security options
pub read_only_root: bool,
pub no_new_privileges: bool,
pub apparmor_profile: Option<String>,
pub selinux_context: Option<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ContainerRuntime {
Docker,
Podman,
Containerd,
CriO,
}
```
### Runtime Isolation Implementation
```rust
use nix::sys::prctl;
use nix::unistd::{setuid, setgid, chroot};
use seccomp::{ScmpFilterCtx, ScmpAction, ScmpArgCompare, ScmpCompareOp};
pub struct IsolationManager {
config: SandboxConfiguration,
active_isolations: HashMap<String, ActiveIsolation>,
}
impl IsolationManager {
pub fn new(config: SandboxConfiguration) -> Self {
Self {
config,
active_isolations: HashMap::new(),
}
}
/// Create isolated environment for sandbox execution
pub async fn create_isolation(&mut self, sandbox_id: &str) -> Result<ActiveIsolation, IsolationError> {
let isolation = ActiveIsolation::new(sandbox_id.to_string());
// Apply process isolation
if self.config.process_isolation.separate_process {
self.setup_process_isolation(&isolation).await?;
}
// Apply container isolation
if let Some(container_config) = &self.config.container_isolation {
self.setup_container_isolation(&isolation, container_config).await?;
}
// Apply network isolation
self.setup_network_isolation(&isolation).await?;
// Apply filesystem isolation
self.setup_filesystem_isolation(&isolation).await?;
// Apply memory protection
self.setup_memory_protection(&isolation).await?;
self.active_isolations.insert(sandbox_id.to_string(), isolation.clone());
Ok(isolation)
}
async fn setup_process_isolation(&self, isolation: &ActiveIsolation) -> Result<(), IsolationError> {
let config = &self.config.process_isolation;
// Create new namespaces
if config.namespaces.contains(&LinuxNamespace::User) {
// Create user namespace
unsafe {
if libc::unshare(libc::CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0 {
return Err(IsolationError::NamespaceCreationFailed("user".to_string()));
}
}
}
if config.namespaces.contains(&LinuxNamespace::Pid) {
unsafe {
if libc::unshare(libc::CLONE_NEWPID) != 0 {
return Err(IsolationError::NamespaceCreationFailed("pid".to_string()));
}
}
}
if config.namespaces.contains(&LinuxNamespace::Network) {
unsafe {
if libc::unshare(libc::CLONE_NEWNET) != 0 {
return Err(IsolationError::NamespaceCreationFailed("network".to_string()));
}
}
}
if config.namespaces.contains(&LinuxNamespace::Mount) {
unsafe {
if libc::unshare(libc::CLONE_NEWNS) != 0 {
return Err(IsolationError::NamespaceCreationFailed("mount".to_string()));
}
}
}
// Set up seccomp filter
if let Some(filter) = &config.seccomp_filter {
self.apply_seccomp_filter(filter)?;
}
// Drop capabilities
for capability in &config.dropped_capabilities {
self.drop_capability(capability)?;
}
// Change user/group
if let Some(gid) = config.gid {
setgid(nix::unistd::Gid::from_raw(gid))?;
}
if let Some(uid) = config.uid {
setuid(nix::unistd::Uid::from_raw(uid))?;
}
// Change root directory
if let Some(root_dir) = &config.root_directory {
chroot(root_dir)?;
std::env::set_current_dir("/")?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn apply_seccomp_filter(&self, filter: &SeccompFilter) -> Result<(), IsolationError> {
let mut ctx = ScmpFilterCtx::new_filter(ScmpAction::Errno(libc::EPERM))?;
// Allow basic system calls
let allowed_syscalls = vec![
"read", "write", "open", "close", "mmap", "munmap", "brk",
"rt_sigaction", "rt_sigprocmask", "rt_sigreturn",
"ioctl", "access", "pipe", "select", "mremap", "msync",
"mincore", "madvise", "shmget", "shmat", "shmctl",
"dup", "dup2", "pause", "nanosleep", "getitimer",
"alarm", "setitimer", "getpid", "sendfile", "socket",
"connect", "accept", "sendto", "recvfrom", "sendmsg",
"recvmsg", "shutdown", "bind", "listen", "getsockname",
"getpeername", "socketpair", "setsockopt", "getsockopt",
"clone", "fork", "vfork", "execve", "exit", "wait4",
"kill", "uname", "semget", "semop", "semctl", "shmdt",
"msgget", "msgsnd", "msgrcv", "msgctl", "fcntl",
"flock", "fsync", "fdatasync", "truncate", "ftruncate",
"getdents", "getcwd", "chdir", "fchdir", "rename",
"mkdir", "rmdir", "creat", "link", "unlink", "symlink",
"readlink", "chmod", "fchmod", "chown", "fchown",
"lchown", "umask", "gettimeofday", "getrlimit",
"getrusage", "sysinfo", "times", "ptrace", "getuid",
"syslog", "getgid", "setuid", "setgid", "geteuid",
"getegid", "setpgid", "getppid", "getpgrp", "setsid",
"setreuid", "setregid", "getgroups", "setgroups",
"setresuid", "getresuid", "setresgid", "getresgid",
"getpgid", "setfsuid", "setfsgid", "getsid",
"capget", "capset", "rt_sigpending", "rt_sigtimedwait",
"rt_sigqueueinfo", "rt_sigsuspend", "sigaltstack",
"utime", "mknod", "uselib", "personality", "ustat",
"statfs", "fstatfs", "sysfs", "getpriority",
"setpriority", "sched_setparam", "sched_getparam",
"sched_setscheduler", "sched_getscheduler",
"sched_get_priority_max", "sched_get_priority_min",
"sched_rr_get_interval", "mlock", "munlock", "mlockall",
"munlockall", "vhangup", "modify_ldt", "pivot_root",
"_sysctl", "prctl", "arch_prctl", "adjtimex",
"setrlimit", "chroot", "sync", "acct", "settimeofday",
"mount", "umount2", "swapon", "swapoff", "reboot",
"sethostname", "setdomainname", "iopl", "ioperm",
"create_module", "init_module", "delete_module",
"get_kernel_syms", "query_module", "quotactl",
"nfsservctl", "getpmsg", "putpmsg", "afs_syscall",
"tuxcall", "security", "gettid", "readahead",
"setxattr", "lsetxattr", "fsetxattr", "getxattr",
"lgetxattr", "fgetxattr", "listxattr", "llistxattr",
"flistxattr", "removexattr", "lremovexattr",
"fremovexattr", "tkill", "time", "futex",
"sched_setaffinity", "sched_getaffinity",
"set_thread_area", "io_setup", "io_destroy", "io_getevents",
"io_submit", "io_cancel", "get_thread_area",
"lookup_dcookie", "epoll_create", "epoll_ctl_old",
"epoll_wait_old", "remap_file_pages", "getdents64",
"set_tid_address", "restart_syscall", "semtimedop",
"fadvise64", "timer_create", "timer_settime",
"timer_gettime", "timer_getoverrun", "timer_delete",
"clock_settime", "clock_gettime", "clock_getres",
"clock_nanosleep", "exit_group", "epoll_wait",
"epoll_ctl", "tgkill", "utimes", "vserver", "mbind",
"set_mempolicy", "get_mempolicy", "mq_open", "mq_unlink",
"mq_timedsend", "mq_timedreceive", "mq_notify",
"mq_getsetattr", "kexec_load", "waitid", "add_key",
"request_key", "keyctl", "ioprio_set", "ioprio_get",
"inotify_init", "inotify_add_watch", "inotify_rm_watch",
"migrate_pages", "openat", "mkdirat", "mknodat",
"fchownat", "futimesat", "newfstatat", "unlinkat",
"renameat", "linkat", "symlinkat", "readlinkat",
"fchmodat", "faccessat", "pselect6", "ppoll",
"unshare", "set_robust_list", "get_robust_list",
"splice", "tee", "sync_file_range", "vmsplice",
"move_pages", "utimensat", "epoll_pwait", "signalfd",
"timerfd_create", "eventfd", "fallocate",
"timerfd_settime", "timerfd_gettime", "accept4",
"signalfd4", "eventfd2", "epoll_create1", "dup3",
"pipe2", "inotify_init1", "preadv", "pwritev",
"rt_tgsigqueueinfo", "perf_event_open", "recvmmsg",
"fanotify_init", "fanotify_mark", "prlimit64",
"name_to_handle_at", "open_by_handle_at", "clock_adjtime",
"syncfs", "sendmmsg", "setns", "getcpu", "process_vm_readv",
"process_vm_writev", "kcmp", "finit_module",
"sched_setattr", "sched_getattr", "renameat2",
"seccomp", "getrandom", "memfd_create", "kexec_file_load",
"bpf", "execveat", "userfaultfd", "membarrier",
"mlock2", "copy_file_range", "preadv2", "pwritev2",
"pkey_mprotect", "pkey_alloc", "pkey_free", "statx",
"io_pgetevents", "rseq",
];
for syscall in allowed_syscalls {
ctx.add_rule(ScmpAction::Allow, syscall)?;
}
// Block dangerous system calls
let blocked_syscalls = vec![
"ptrace", "process_vm_readv", "process_vm_writev",
"kexec_load", "kexec_file_load", "reboot", "swapon",
"swapoff", "mount", "umount2", "pivot_root", "chroot",
"create_module", "init_module", "delete_module",
"iopl", "ioperm", "clone",
];
for syscall in blocked_syscalls {
ctx.add_rule(ScmpAction::Errno(libc::EPERM), syscall)?;
}
ctx.load()?;
Ok(())
}
fn drop_capability(&self, capability: &LinuxCapability) -> Result<(), IsolationError> {
use caps::{CapSet, CapsHashSet};
let mut caps = CapsHashSet::new();
caps.insert(capability.to_caps_capability());
caps::drop(None, CapSet::Effective, &caps)?;
caps::drop(None, CapSet::Permitted, &caps)?;
caps::drop(None, CapSet::Inheritable, &caps)?;
Ok(())
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ActiveIsolation {
pub sandbox_id: String,
pub process_id: Option<u32>,
pub container_id: Option<String>,
pub network_namespace: Option<String>,
pub mount_namespace: Option<String>,
pub created_at: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
}
impl ActiveIsolation {
pub fn new(sandbox_id: String) -> Self {
Self {
sandbox_id,
process_id: None,
container_id: None,
network_namespace: None,
mount_namespace: None,
created_at: chrono::Utc::now(),
}
}
}
```
## Security Monitoring and Auditing
### Real-time Security Monitoring
```rust
use tokio::sync::broadcast;
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SecurityMonitor {
event_sender: broadcast::Sender<SecurityEvent>,
threat_detector: Arc<ThreatDetector>,
incident_responder: Arc<IncidentResponder>,
audit_logger: Arc<SecurityAuditLogger>,
}
impl SecurityMonitor {
pub fn new() -> Self {
let (event_sender, _) = broadcast::channel(1000);
Self {
event_sender,
threat_detector: Arc::new(ThreatDetector::new()),
incident_responder: Arc::new(IncidentResponder::new()),
audit_logger: Arc::new(SecurityAuditLogger::new()),
}
}
/// Monitor security events in real-time
pub async fn start_monitoring(&self) -> Result<(), MonitoringError> {
let mut event_receiver = self.event_sender.subscribe();
tokio::spawn({
let threat_detector = Arc::clone(&self.threat_detector);
let incident_responder = Arc::clone(&self.incident_responder);
let audit_logger = Arc::clone(&self.audit_logger);
async move {
while let Ok(event) = event_receiver.recv().await {
// Log all security events
audit_logger.log_event(&event).await;
// Analyze for threats
if let Some(threat) = threat_detector.analyze_event(&event).await {
// Respond to detected threat
incident_responder.respond_to_threat(&threat).await;
}
}
}
});
Ok(())
}
/// Report a security event
pub async fn report_event(&self, event: SecurityEvent) {
let _ = self.event_sender.send(event);
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SecurityEvent {
pub timestamp: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
pub event_id: String,
pub event_type: SecurityEventType,
pub severity: SecuritySeverity,
pub sandbox_id: Option<String>,
pub execution_id: Option<String>,
pub actor: Option<String>,
pub details: serde_json::Value,
pub source_ip: Option<std::net::IpAddr>,
pub user_agent: Option<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum SecurityEventType {
// Access control events
PermissionDenied,
CapabilityViolation,
UnauthorizedAccess,
PrivilegeEscalation,
// Sandbox security events
SandboxEscapeAttempt,
ResourceLimitExceeded,
MemoryViolation,
SecurityPolicyViolation,
// Network security events
NetworkConnectionBlocked,
SuspiciousNetworkActivity,
DataExfiltrationAttempt,
NetworkFlood,
// File system security events
UnauthorizedFileAccess,
FileSystemModification,
SymlinkAttack,
PathTraversalAttempt,
// Runtime security events
MaliciousCodeDetected,
AnomalousExecution,
RuntimeViolation,
FunctionCallViolation,
// Administrative events
ConfigurationChange,
SecurityPolicyUpdate,
AdminAccess,
SystemMaintenance,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum SecuritySeverity {
Info,
Low,
Medium,
High,
Critical,
}
/// Threat detection engine
pub struct ThreatDetector {
detection_rules: Vec<Box<dyn ThreatDetectionRule>>,
anomaly_detector: AnomalyDetector,
threat_intelligence: ThreatIntelligence,
}
impl ThreatDetector {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
detection_rules: vec![
Box::new(SandboxEscapeDetector::new()),
Box::new(ResourceAbuseDetector::new()),
Box::new(AnomalousNetworkDetector::new()),
Box::new(MaliciousCodeDetector::new()),
Box::new(PrivilegeEscalationDetector::new()),
],
anomaly_detector: AnomalyDetector::new(),
threat_intelligence: ThreatIntelligence::new(),
}
}
/// Analyze a security event for threats
pub async fn analyze_event(&self, event: &SecurityEvent) -> Option<ThreatDetection> {
// Check against detection rules
for rule in &self.detection_rules {
if let Some(threat) = rule.detect_threat(event).await {
return Some(threat);
}
}
// Check for anomalies
if let Some(anomaly) = self.anomaly_detector.detect_anomaly(event).await {
return Some(ThreatDetection {
threat_id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
threat_type: ThreatType::Anomaly(anomaly),
severity: SecuritySeverity::Medium,
confidence: 0.7,
source_event: event.clone(),
indicators: vec![],
recommended_actions: vec![
"Monitor for additional anomalous activity".to_string(),
"Review event context and user behavior".to_string(),
],
});
}
None
}
}
#[async_trait]
pub trait ThreatDetectionRule: Send + Sync {
async fn detect_threat(&self, event: &SecurityEvent) -> Option<ThreatDetection>;
fn rule_name(&self) -> &str;
fn rule_description(&self) -> &str;
}
/// Sandbox escape detection
pub struct SandboxEscapeDetector {
suspicious_patterns: Vec<String>,
}
impl SandboxEscapeDetector {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
suspicious_patterns: vec![
"ptrace".to_string(),
"/proc/self/mem".to_string(),
"../../../".to_string(),
"mmap".to_string(),
"mprotect".to_string(),
],
}
}
}
#[async_trait]
impl ThreatDetectionRule for SandboxEscapeDetector {
async fn detect_threat(&self, event: &SecurityEvent) -> Option<ThreatDetection> {
match &event.event_type {
SecurityEventType::SandboxEscapeAttempt => {
Some(ThreatDetection {
threat_id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
threat_type: ThreatType::SandboxEscape,
severity: SecuritySeverity::Critical,
confidence: 0.95,
source_event: event.clone(),
indicators: vec![
"Direct sandbox escape attempt detected".to_string(),
],
recommended_actions: vec![
"Immediately terminate sandbox".to_string(),
"Quarantine the code".to_string(),
"Alert security team".to_string(),
"Review sandbox configuration".to_string(),
],
})
}
SecurityEventType::MemoryViolation => {
if let Some(details) = event.details.as_object() {
if let Some(violation_type) = details.get("violation_type") {
if violation_type.as_str() == Some("memory_corruption") {
return Some(ThreatDetection {
threat_id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
threat_type: ThreatType::SandboxEscape,
severity: SecuritySeverity::High,
confidence: 0.8,
source_event: event.clone(),
indicators: vec![
"Memory corruption detected - potential escape vector".to_string(),
],
recommended_actions: vec![
"Terminate sandbox immediately".to_string(),
"Analyze memory dump".to_string(),
"Review runtime security".to_string(),
],
});
}
}
}
None
}
_ => None,
}
}
fn rule_name(&self) -> &str {
"sandbox_escape_detector"
}
fn rule_description(&self) -> &str {
"Detects attempts to escape from WebAssembly sandbox"
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ThreatDetection {
pub threat_id: String,
pub threat_type: ThreatType,
pub severity: SecuritySeverity,
pub confidence: f64,
pub source_event: SecurityEvent,
pub indicators: Vec<String>,
pub recommended_actions: Vec<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ThreatType {
SandboxEscape,
ResourceAbuse,
DataExfiltration,
PrivilegeEscalation,
MaliciousCode,
AnomalousNetwork,
Anomaly(AnomalyType),
}
```
## Compliance and Certification
### Security Standards Compliance
```rust
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ComplianceFramework {
pub standards: Vec<SecurityStandard>,
pub auditor: ComplianceAuditor,
pub reporter: ComplianceReporter,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum SecurityStandard {
/// ISO 27001 Information Security Management
Iso27001,
/// NIST Cybersecurity Framework
NistCsf,
/// SOC 2 Type II
Soc2TypeII,
/// Common Criteria EAL4+
CommonCriteriaEal4Plus,
/// FIPS 140-2 Level 3
Fips140Level3,
/// PCI DSS
PciDss,
/// GDPR Privacy
Gdpr,
/// HIPAA
Hipaa,
}
impl ComplianceFramework {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
standards: vec![
SecurityStandard::Iso27001,
SecurityStandard::NistCsf,
SecurityStandard::Soc2TypeII,
],
auditor: ComplianceAuditor::new(),
reporter: ComplianceReporter::new(),
}
}
/// Check compliance against all configured standards
pub async fn check_compliance(&self, sandbox_config: &SandboxConfiguration) -> ComplianceReport {
let mut report = ComplianceReport::new();
for standard in &self.standards {
let result = self.auditor.audit_standard(standard, sandbox_config).await;
report.add_standard_result(standard.clone(), result);
}
report
}
/// Generate compliance documentation
pub async fn generate_compliance_docs(&self) -> Result<ComplianceDocumentation, ComplianceError> {
let mut docs = ComplianceDocumentation::new();
// Generate security architecture documentation
docs.add_section("Security Architecture", self.generate_security_architecture_doc().await?);
// Generate threat model documentation
docs.add_section("Threat Model", self.generate_threat_model_doc().await?);
// Generate security controls documentation
docs.add_section("Security Controls", self.generate_security_controls_doc().await?);
// Generate incident response documentation
docs.add_section("Incident Response", self.generate_incident_response_doc().await?);
Ok(docs)
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ComplianceReport {
pub timestamp: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
pub overall_compliance: ComplianceStatus,
pub standard_results: HashMap<SecurityStandard, StandardComplianceResult>,
pub recommendations: Vec<ComplianceRecommendation>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ComplianceStatus {
Compliant,
PartiallyCompliant,
NonCompliant,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct StandardComplianceResult {
pub standard: SecurityStandard,
pub status: ComplianceStatus,
pub score: f64, // 0.0 to 1.0
pub passed_controls: Vec<String>,
pub failed_controls: Vec<String>,
pub gaps: Vec<ComplianceGap>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct ComplianceGap {
pub control_id: String,
pub description: String,
pub severity: GapSeverity,
pub remediation_effort: RemediationEffort,
pub recommended_actions: Vec<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum GapSeverity {
Low,
Medium,
High,
Critical,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum RemediationEffort {
Low, // < 1 day
Medium, // 1-5 days
High, // 1-4 weeks
VeryHigh, // > 1 month
}
```
## Next Steps
This security model design provides:
1. **Comprehensive Threat Modeling** - Identified threat actors, attack vectors, and attack surfaces
2. **Capability-Based Security** - Fine-grained permission system with delegation and constraints
3. **Multi-Layer Sandboxing** - WebAssembly, process, container, and system-level isolation
4. **Real-time Monitoring** - Security event detection and incident response
5. **Compliance Framework** - Support for major security standards and certifications
Continue with:
- **[Error Handling Guide](error-handling.md)** - Handle security-related errors
- **[Monitoring Guide](monitoring.md)** - Monitor security events and metrics
- **[Production Deployment](production.md)** - Deploy with enterprise security
---
**Security Excellence:** This design document establishes the foundation for enterprise-grade security. Implement these patterns progressively, starting with basic capability restrictions and expanding to full multi-layer isolation as your security requirements mature.