volas-core 1.2.0

use super::*;

#[test]
fn datetime_column_basics() {
    let c = Column::datetime(vec![10, 20, 30]);
    assert_eq!(c.len(), 3);
    assert_eq!(c.dtype(), DType::Datetime);
    assert_eq!(c.as_datetime().unwrap(), &[10, 20, 30]);
    assert_eq!(c.get_f64(1), 20.0);
    assert_eq!(c.to_f64_vec(), vec![10.0, 20.0, 30.0]);
    assert_eq!(c.slice(1, 3), Column::datetime(vec![20, 30]));
    assert_eq!(c.take(&[2, 0]), Column::datetime(vec![30, 10]));
}

#[test]
fn append_is_copy_on_write() {
    // A shared view must not see a later append (CoW), but an unshared column
    // grows in place.
    let mut a = Column::f64(vec![1.0, 2.0]);
    let view = a.clone(); // shares the Arc buffer
    a.append(&Column::f64(vec![3.0])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(a.as_f64().unwrap(), &[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
    assert_eq!(view.as_f64().unwrap(), &[1.0, 2.0]); // view unchanged
}

#[test]
fn datetime_append_same_dtype_only() {
    let mut a = Column::datetime(vec![1]);
    a.append(&Column::datetime(vec![2, 3])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(a, Column::datetime(vec![1, 2, 3]));
    assert!(a.append(&Column::i64(vec![4])).is_err());
}

#[test]
fn to_datetime_parses_strings() {
    let c = Column::str(vec!["2020-01-01".into(), "2020-01-02 03:04:05".into()]);
    let dt = c.to_datetime().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(dt.dtype(), DType::Datetime);
    assert_eq!(dt.len(), 2);
    // idempotent on an already-datetime column
    assert_eq!(dt.to_datetime().unwrap(), dt);
}

#[test]
fn to_datetime_errors() {
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["not-a-date".into()])
        .to_datetime()
        .is_err());
    assert!(Column::i64(vec![1, 2]).to_datetime().is_err());
}

#[test]
fn cast_between_dtypes_and_errors() {
    // no-op when already the target dtype
    let f = Column::f64(vec![1.0, 2.0]);
    assert_eq!(f.cast(DType::F64).unwrap(), f);

    // -> F64
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![3]).cast(DType::F64).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![3.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false]).cast(DType::F64).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 0.0])
    );
    // Str -> F64 PARSES (explicit astype, Q2): a valid number converts, a
    // blank cell -> NaN, and a non-empty non-numeric string raises rather
    // than funnelling silently to NaN.
    let parsed = Column::str(vec!["1.5".into(), "".into()])
        .cast(DType::F64)
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(parsed.dtype(), DType::F64);
    let pv = parsed.to_f64_vec();
    assert_eq!(pv[0], 1.5);
    assert!(pv[1].is_nan());
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).cast(DType::F64).is_err());

    // -> I64 (F64 / F32 truncate, Bool / Datetime; Str parses, see below)
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![2.9]).cast(DType::I64).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![2])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f32(vec![2.9]).cast(DType::I64).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![2])
    );
    assert!(Column::f32(vec![f32::NAN]).cast(DType::I64).is_err()); // non-finite
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true]).cast(DType::I64).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::datetime(vec![5]).cast(DType::I64).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![5])
    );
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["x".into()]).cast(DType::I64).is_err());

    // -> Bool (F64 / I64; Str errors)
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![0.0, 1.5]).cast(DType::Bool).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![false, true])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![0, 2]).cast(DType::Bool).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![false, true])
    );
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["x".into()]).cast(DType::Bool).is_err());

    // -> Utf8 (every source variant of to_string_vec)
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.5]).cast(DType::Utf8).unwrap(),
        Column::str(vec!["1.5".into()])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![7]).cast(DType::Utf8).unwrap(),
        Column::str(vec!["7".into()])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false]).cast(DType::Utf8).unwrap(),
        Column::str(vec!["True".into(), "False".into()])
    );
    let dt_str = Column::datetime(vec![0]).cast(DType::Utf8).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(dt_str.dtype(), DType::Utf8);
    assert_eq!(dt_str.len(), 1);

    // -> Datetime (delegates to to_datetime)
    assert_eq!(
        Column::str(vec!["2020-01-01".into()])
            .cast(DType::Datetime)
            .unwrap()
            .dtype(),
        DType::Datetime
    );
}

#[test]
fn cast_str_to_numeric_parses_blanks_and_rejects() {
    let s = |xs: &[&str]| Column::str(xs.iter().map(|x| x.to_string()).collect());

    // F32: a valid number parses, a blank cell -> NaN.
    let f32c = s(&["3.25", "  "]).cast(DType::F32).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(f32c.dtype(), DType::F32);
    let f32v = f32c.to_f64_vec();
    assert_eq!(f32v[0], 3.25);
    assert!(f32v[1].is_nan());

    // I32: a valid integer parses, a blank cell is NA (validity), and an
    // out-of-i32-range value raises.
    let i32c = s(&["5", "", "-7"]).cast(DType::I32).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(i32c.dtype(), DType::I32);
    assert_eq!(i32c.to_f64_vec()[0], 5.0);
    assert!(!i32c.is_valid(1)); // blank -> NA
    assert_eq!(i32c.to_f64_vec()[2], -7.0);
    assert!(s(&["9999999999"]).cast(DType::I32).is_err()); // > i32::MAX

    // int target rejects a non-integral / non-numeric literal (no truncation).
    assert!(s(&["1.5"]).cast(DType::I64).is_err());
    assert!(s(&["abc"]).cast(DType::I64).is_err());
    assert!(s(&["nope"]).cast(DType::F32).is_err());
}

#[test]
fn equals_treats_nan_as_equal() {
    let a = Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN]);
    let b = Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN]);
    assert!(a.equals(&b)); // NaN == NaN here ...
    assert_ne!(a, b); // ... but derived PartialEq says NaN != NaN
    assert!(!a.equals(&Column::f64(vec![1.0]))); // length mismatch
    assert!(Column::i64(vec![1, 2]).equals(&Column::i64(vec![1, 2]))); // non-F64 fallback
    assert!(!Column::i64(vec![1]).equals(&Column::str(vec!["1".into()]))); // dtype mismatch
}

#[test]
fn typed_accessors_reject_wrong_variant() {
    let f = Column::f64(vec![1.0]);
    assert!(f.as_bool().is_none());
    assert!(f.as_i64().is_none());
    assert!(f.str_at(0).is_none());
    assert!(f.as_datetime().is_none());
    assert!(Column::bool(vec![true]).as_f64().is_none());
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![]).is_empty());
}

#[test]
fn per_variant_get_slice_take() {
    // get_f64 across the Bool / I64 / Str / F64 arms
    assert_eq!(Column::f64(vec![2.5]).get_f64(0), 2.5);
    assert_eq!(Column::bool(vec![true, false]).get_f64(0), 1.0);
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![5]).get_f64(0), 5.0);
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["x".into()]).get_f64(0).is_nan());

    // slice / take across Bool / I64 / Str
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]).slice(1, 3),
        Column::bool(vec![false, true])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3]).take(&[2, 0]),
        Column::i64(vec![3, 1])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::str(vec!["a".into(), "b".into(), "c".into()]).take(&[1, 2]),
        Column::str(vec!["b".into(), "c".into()])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::str(vec!["a".into(), "b".into()]).slice(0, 1),
        Column::str(vec!["a".into()])
    );

    // to_f64_vec Bool / I64 arms
    assert_eq!(Column::bool(vec![true, false]).to_f64_vec(), vec![1.0, 0.0]);
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![3, 4]).to_f64_vec(), vec![3.0, 4.0]);
}

#[test]
fn bool_get_false_branch_and_bool_append() {
    assert_eq!(Column::bool(vec![true, false]).get_f64(1), 0.0); // the `else { 0.0 }` arm
    let mut a = Column::bool(vec![true]);
    a.append(&Column::bool(vec![false, true])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(a.as_bool().unwrap(), &[true, false, true]);
}

#[test]
fn epoch_to_datetime_and_to_string_vec() {
    // epoch_to_datetime over int64 and float64 epochs; non-numeric dtypes error.
    assert!(Column::i64(vec![1, 2]).epoch_to_datetime("s").is_ok());
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![1.0, 2.0]).epoch_to_datetime("s").is_ok());
    assert!(Column::bool(vec![true]).epoch_to_datetime("s").is_err());
    // epoch_to_datetime_rounded preserves a fractional second; integers agree.
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.5])
            .epoch_to_datetime_rounded("s")
            .unwrap(),
        Column::datetime(vec![1_500_000_000])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![2.0]).epoch_to_datetime("s").unwrap(),
        Column::datetime(vec![2_000_000_000])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![3]).epoch_to_datetime_rounded("s").unwrap(),
        Column::datetime(vec![3_000_000_000])
    );
    // the error closure on each numeric arm fires on an unknown unit
    assert!(Column::i64(vec![1]).epoch_to_datetime("weeks").is_err());
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![1.0]).epoch_to_datetime("weeks").is_err());
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![1.0])
        .epoch_to_datetime_rounded("weeks")
        .is_err());
    assert!(Column::bool(vec![true])
        .epoch_to_datetime_rounded("s")
        .is_err());
    // A missing epoch maps to NaT (i64::MIN), not 1970 / an error: a float NaN
    // and an int64 NA-bit both yield NaT, in both the truncating and rounded
    // variants; a present value still converts, and a bad unit still errors.
    let fnan = Column::f64(vec![f64::NAN, 2.0])
        .epoch_to_datetime("s")
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!fnan.is_valid(0) && fnan.is_valid(1) && fnan.null_count() == 1);
    let fnan_r = Column::f64(vec![f64::NAN, 1.5])
        .epoch_to_datetime_rounded("s")
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!fnan_r.is_valid(0) && fnan_r.is_valid(1));
    let ina = Column::i64_with(vec![0, 100], Validity::from_valid_iter(2, [false, true]))
        .epoch_to_datetime("s")
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!ina.is_valid(0) && ina.is_valid(1)); // NA-bit -> NaT, not epoch 0 -> 1970
    let ina_r = Column::i64_with(vec![5, 0], Validity::from_valid_iter(2, [true, false]))
        .epoch_to_datetime_rounded("s")
        .unwrap();
    assert!(ina_r.is_valid(0) && !ina_r.is_valid(1));
    // an all-NA float column is all NaT
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![f64::NAN, f64::NAN])
            .epoch_to_datetime("s")
            .unwrap()
            .null_count(),
        2
    );
    // to_string_vec renders each supported dtype.
    assert_eq!(
        Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).to_string_vec(),
        vec!["a".to_string()]
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.5]).to_string_vec(),
        vec!["1.5".to_string()]
    );
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![3]).to_string_vec(), vec!["3".to_string()]);
}

#[test]
fn scatter_follows_dtype_rules() {
    // `scatter` is the single assignment primitive (a 1-element source is a
    // scalar write); it keeps the target dtype and updates validity.
    // F64 stays F64 for a number or a bool source.
    let f = Column::f64(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0]);
    assert_eq!(
        f.scatter(&[1], &Column::f64(vec![9.0])).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 9.0, 3.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        f.scatter(&[0], &Column::bool(vec![false])).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![0.0, 2.0, 3.0])
    );
    // I64 keeps int for an integral number or a bool source.
    let i = Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3]);
    assert_eq!(
        i.scatter(&[2], &Column::f64(vec![0.0])).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.scatter(&[0], &Column::bool(vec![false])).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![0, 2, 3])
    );
    // I64 + NaN keeps int64, marking that cell NA (the NA model; no float upcast).
    let na = i.scatter(&[1], &Column::f64(vec![f64::NAN])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(na.dtype(), DType::I64);
    assert!(na.is_valid(0) && !na.is_valid(1) && na.is_valid(2));
    // I64 + a non-integral number is lossy -> error.
    assert!(i.scatter(&[0], &Column::f64(vec![2.5])).is_err());
    // Bool keeps bool for a bool source; a number into bool is lossy -> error.
    let b = Column::bool(vec![true, false]);
    assert_eq!(
        b.scatter(&[1], &Column::bool(vec![true])).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, true])
    );
    assert!(b.scatter(&[0], &Column::f64(vec![0.0])).is_err());
    // A number / datetime into a str column is unsupported -> error.
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()])
        .scatter(&[0], &Column::f64(vec![1.0]))
        .is_err());
}

#[test]
fn cumulatives_preserve_dtype() {
    // i64 stays i64, computed natively
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3, 4]).cumsum().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 3, 6, 10])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![3, 1, 4, 1]).cummax().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![3, 3, 4, 4])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![3, 1, 4, 1]).cummin().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![3, 1, 1, 1])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3]).cumprod().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 6])
    );
    // f64 keeps NaN in place (compare with equals: NaN == NaN)
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 2.0, 4.0])
        .cumsum()
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 3.0, 7.0])));
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 4.0, 2.0])
        .cummax()
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 4.0, 4.0])));
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![3.0, f64::NAN, 1.0])
        .cummin()
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![3.0, f64::NAN, 1.0])));
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![2.0, f64::NAN, 3.0])
        .cumprod()
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![2.0, f64::NAN, 6.0])));
    // bool is treated as i64 (pandas bool.cumsum -> int64); str -> error
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]).cumsum().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 1, 2])
    );
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).cumsum().is_err());
}

#[test]
fn abs_preserves_dtype_and_wraps() {
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![-1.0, f64::NAN, 2.0])
        .abs()
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 2.0])));
    // abs(i64::MIN) wraps to i64::MIN (pandas / numpy)
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![-3, 4, i64::MIN]).abs().unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![3, 4, i64::MIN])
    );
}

#[test]
fn round_preserves_dtype() {
    // f64 banker's, NaN passthrough
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![0.5, 1.5, 2.5, f64::NAN])
        .round(0)
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![0.0, 2.0, 2.0, f64::NAN])));
    // i64 identity at decimals>=0; banker's-to-multiple at negative decimals
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![7, 8]).round(0).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![7, 8])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![15, 25, 35, 45, 5]).round(-1).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![20, 20, 40, 40, 0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![16, 13]).round(-1).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![20, 10])
    ); // r>half / r<half
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![-15, -25]).round(-1).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![-20, -20])
    ); // negative
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![123]).round(-25).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![0])
    ); // 10^25 overflows -> 0
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false]).round(0).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
    ); // bool no-op
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).round(0).is_err());
}

#[test]
fn clip_preserves_dtype_or_promotes() {
    use DType::{F64, I64};
    // f64: both bounds, lo-only, hi-only, no bounds, NaN passthrough
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![-1.0, 1.0, 3.0, f64::NAN])
        .clip(Some(0.0), Some(2.0))
        .unwrap()
        .equals(&Column::f64(vec![0.0, 1.0, 2.0, f64::NAN])));
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![-1.0, 5.0]).clip(Some(0.0), None).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![0.0, 5.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![-1.0, 5.0]).clip(None, Some(2.0)).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![-1.0, 2.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 5.0]).clip(None, None).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 5.0])
    );
    // i64 with integral bounds stays int
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![1, 5, 9])
            .clip(Some(2.0), Some(8.0))
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![2, 5, 8])
    );
    // i64 with a non-integral bound promotes to float (pandas)
    let p = Column::i64(vec![1, 5, 9]).clip(Some(2.5), None).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(p.dtype(), F64);
    assert_eq!(p, Column::f64(vec![2.5, 5.0, 9.0]));
    let _ = I64;
    // bool stays bool: clip(F,T) no-op, clip(T,T) forces true, clip(F,F) forces false
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
            .clip(Some(0.0), Some(1.0))
            .unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
            .clip(Some(1.0), Some(1.0))
            .unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, true])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
            .clip(Some(0.0), Some(0.0))
            .unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![false, false])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false]).clip(None, None).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false])
    );
    assert!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).clip(None, None).is_err());
}

#[test]
fn select_picks_in_target_dtype() {
    let cond = [true, false, true];
    let a = Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3]);
    // target I64: other is i64 (direct) and f64-integral (lossless narrow)
    assert_eq!(
        a.select(&cond, &Column::i64(vec![10, 20, 30]), DType::I64)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 20, 3])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        a.select(&cond, &Column::f64(vec![10.0, 20.0, 30.0]), DType::I64)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![1, 20, 3])
    );
    // target F64
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
            .select(&cond, &Column::f64(vec![10.0, 20.0, 30.0]), DType::F64)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![1.0, 20.0, 3.0])
    );
    // as_i64_vec error: target I64 but a value is non-integral
    assert!(a
        .select(&cond, &Column::f64(vec![1.5, 2.0, 3.0]), DType::I64)
        .is_err());
}

#[test]
fn binary_and_div_dtype() {
    use DType::{F64, I64};
    let a = Column::i64(vec![5, 7]);
    let b = Column::i64(vec![2, 3]);
    assert_eq!(a.binary(&b, BinOp::Add).unwrap(), Column::i64(vec![7, 10]));
    assert_eq!(a.binary(&b, BinOp::Sub).unwrap(), Column::i64(vec![3, 4]));
    assert_eq!(a.binary(&b, BinOp::Mul).unwrap(), Column::i64(vec![10, 21]));
    // int + float -> f64
    let r = a.binary(&Column::f64(vec![2.0, 3.0]), BinOp::Add).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(r.dtype(), F64);
    assert_eq!(r, Column::f64(vec![7.0, 10.0]));
    // wrapping overflow matches pandas int64
    assert_eq!(
        Column::i64(vec![i64::MAX])
            .binary(&Column::i64(vec![1]), BinOp::Add)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![i64::MIN])
    );
    // div is always float
    assert_eq!(a.div(&b).unwrap().dtype(), F64);
    assert_eq!(a.div(&b).unwrap(), Column::f64(vec![2.5, 7.0 / 3.0]));
    let _ = I64;
}

#[test]
fn reductions_carry_result_dtype() {
    use Scalar::{Bool as SB, F64, I64};
    // sum / prod: float -> F64; int / bool -> I64; non-numeric -> F64 (f64 fallback)
    assert_eq!(Column::f64(vec![1.0, f64::NAN, 2.0]).sum(), F64(3.0));
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![1, 2, 3]).sum(), I64(6));
    assert_eq!(Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]).sum(), I64(2));
    assert!(matches!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).sum(), F64(_)));
    assert_eq!(Column::f64(vec![2.0, 3.0]).prod(), F64(6.0));
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![2, 3, 4]).prod(), I64(24));
    assert_eq!(Column::bool(vec![true, true]).prod(), I64(1));
    assert!(matches!(Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).prod(), F64(_)));
    // min / max keep dtype: int -> I64, bool -> Bool, float -> F64
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![3, 1, 2]).extreme(false), I64(1));
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![3, 1, 2]).extreme(true), I64(3));
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]).extreme(false),
        SB(false)
    ); // AND
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]).extreme(true),
        SB(true)
    ); // OR
    assert_eq!(Column::f64(vec![3.0, 1.0]).extreme(false), F64(1.0));
    assert!(matches!(
        Column::str(vec!["a".into()]).extreme(true),
        F64(_)
    ));
    // empty / all-missing extreme -> NaN (F64)
    assert!(matches!(Column::i64(vec![]).extreme(false), F64(x) if x.is_nan()));
    assert!(matches!(Column::bool(vec![]).extreme(true), F64(x) if x.is_nan()));
    assert!(matches!(Column::f64(vec![]).extreme(true), F64(x) if x.is_nan()));
}

#[test]
fn f32_i32_columns() {
    use Scalar::{F32, I32, I64};
    let f = Column::f32(vec![1.5, 2.5, 3.5]);
    let i = Column::i32(vec![3, 1, 4]);
    // storage basics
    assert_eq!((f.dtype(), i.dtype(), f.len()), (DType::F32, DType::I32, 3));
    assert_eq!(f.to_f64_vec(), vec![1.5, 2.5, 3.5]);
    assert_eq!(i.get_f64(0), 3.0);
    assert_eq!(f.slice(0, 2), Column::f32(vec![1.5, 2.5]));
    assert_eq!(i.take(&[2, 0]), Column::i32(vec![4, 3]));
    assert_eq!(Column::i64(vec![1, 2]).to_f32_vec(), vec![1.0_f32, 2.0]);
    assert_eq!(i.to_string_vec(), vec!["3", "1", "4"]);
    assert!(Column::f32(vec![f32::NAN]).equals(&Column::f32(vec![f32::NAN]))); // NaN == NaN
    let mut a = Column::f32(vec![1.0]);
    a.append(&Column::f32(vec![2.0])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(a, Column::f32(vec![1.0, 2.0]));
    // cast
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![1.5]).cast(DType::F32).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![1.5])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f64(vec![3.0]).cast(DType::I32).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![3])
    );
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![2.5]).cast(DType::I32).is_err()); // non-integral
    assert!(Column::f64(vec![3e9]).cast(DType::I32).is_err()); // out of range
    assert_eq!(
        f.cast(DType::F64).unwrap(),
        Column::f64(vec![1.5, 2.5, 3.5])
    );
    // reductions: f32 -> F32; i32 sum -> I64 (promotes), min -> I32
    assert_eq!(f.sum(), F32(7.5));
    assert_eq!(f.extreme(false), F32(1.5));
    assert_eq!(i.sum(), I64(8));
    assert_eq!(i.prod(), I64(12));
    assert_eq!(i.extreme(true), I32(4));
    // round / clip preserve dtype
    assert_eq!(
        Column::f32(vec![1.4, 2.6]).round(0).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![1.0, 3.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(i.round(-1).unwrap().dtype(), DType::I32);
    assert_eq!(
        f.clip(Some(2.0), Some(3.0)).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![2.0, 2.5, 3.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(i.clip(Some(2.0), Some(3.0)).unwrap().dtype(), DType::I32);
    // binary: same-dtype preserves
    assert_eq!(
        f.binary(&f, BinOp::Add).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![3.0, 5.0, 7.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.binary(&i, BinOp::Add).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![6, 2, 8])
    );
    // select (where/mask) in f32 / i32 target
    let cond = [true, false, true];
    assert_eq!(
        f.select(&cond, &Column::f32(vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), DType::F32)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![1.5, 0.0, 3.5])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.select(&cond, &Column::i32(vec![0, 0, 0]), DType::I32)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![3, 0, 4])
    );
    // assignment (scatter, 1-elem source): f32 writes; i32 keeps the dtype (a
    // NaN write marks the cell NA, no float upcast), rejects a lossy value
    assert_eq!(
        f.scatter(&[1], &Column::f32(vec![9.0])).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![1.5, 9.0, 3.5])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.scatter(&[1], &Column::bool(vec![true])).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![3, 1, 4])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.scatter(&[1], &Column::f64(vec![9.0])).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![3, 9, 4])
    );
    let i_na = i.scatter(&[0], &Column::f64(vec![f64::NAN])).unwrap();
    assert!(i_na.dtype() == DType::I32 && !i_na.is_valid(0) && i_na.is_valid(1));
    assert!(i.scatter(&[0], &Column::f64(vec![2.5])).is_err());
    assert_eq!(
        f.scatter(&[0], &Column::bool(vec![false])).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![0.0, 2.5, 3.5])
    );
    // remaining f32/i32 arms (both directions of slice/take, the other reductions,
    // sub/mul kernels through the trait, bool->i32, append/append_missing)
    assert_eq!(f.get_f64(0), 1.5);
    assert_eq!(i.slice(1, 3), Column::i32(vec![1, 4]));
    assert_eq!(f.take(&[2, 0]), Column::f32(vec![3.5, 1.5]));
    assert_eq!(f.to_string_vec(), vec!["1.5", "2.5", "3.5"]);
    assert_eq!(f.prod(), F32(13.125));
    assert!(matches!(Column::i32(vec![]).extreme(false), Scalar::F64(x) if x.is_nan()));
    assert_eq!(
        f.binary(&f, BinOp::Sub).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        f.binary(&f, BinOp::Mul).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![2.25, 6.25, 12.25])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.binary(&i, BinOp::Sub).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![0, 0, 0])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        i.binary(&i, BinOp::Mul).unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![9, 1, 16])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true])
            .binary(&i, BinOp::Add)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![4, 1, 5])
    );
    // as_i32_vec f64 fallback (lossless narrow + lossy error)
    assert_eq!(
        i.select(&cond, &Column::f64(vec![0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), DType::I32)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::i32(vec![3, 0, 4])
    );
    assert!(i
        .select(&cond, &Column::f64(vec![2.5, 0.0, 0.0]), DType::I32)
        .is_err());
    assert_eq!(
        f.scatter(&[0], &Column::bool(vec![true])).unwrap(),
        Column::f32(vec![1.0, 2.5, 3.5])
    );
    let mut ii = Column::i32(vec![1]);
    ii.append(&Column::i32(vec![2])).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(ii, Column::i32(vec![1, 2]));
    assert!(Column::f32(vec![1.0])
        .append(&Column::i32(vec![1]))
        .is_err());
    let mut fm = Column::f32(vec![1.0]);
    fm.append_missing(2).unwrap();
    assert!(matches!(&fm, Column::F32(v) if v.len() == 3 && v[1].is_nan()));
}

#[test]
fn bool_matches_pandas() {
    let b = || Column::bool(vec![true, false, true]);
    let c = Column::bool(vec![true, true, false]);
    // cumsum / cumprod -> int64 (counts / product)
    assert_eq!(b().cumsum().unwrap(), Column::i64(vec![1, 1, 2]));
    assert_eq!(b().cumprod().unwrap(), Column::i64(vec![1, 0, 0]));
    // cummax / cummin -> bool (running OR / AND)
    assert_eq!(b().cummax().unwrap(), Column::bool(vec![true, true, true]));
    assert_eq!(
        b().cummin().unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, false])
    );
    // abs -> bool (identity)
    assert_eq!(b().abs().unwrap(), b());
    // + is OR, * is AND, - is an error
    assert_eq!(
        b().binary(&c, BinOp::Add).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, true, true])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        b().binary(&c, BinOp::Mul).unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, false])
    );
    assert!(b().binary(&c, BinOp::Sub).is_err());
    // bool / bool -> error; bool ∘ number promotes (bool acts as 0/1)
    assert!(b().div(&c).is_err());
    assert_eq!(
        b().binary(&Column::i64(vec![1, 1, 1]), BinOp::Add).unwrap(),
        Column::i64(vec![2, 1, 2])
    );
    let f = b()
        .binary(&Column::f64(vec![1.0, 1.0, 1.0]), BinOp::Add)
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(f.dtype(), DType::F64);
    // where/mask with a bool fill stays bool (Column::select Bool target)
    let cond = [true, false, true];
    assert_eq!(
        b().select(&cond, &Column::bool(vec![false, false, false]), DType::Bool)
            .unwrap(),
        Column::bool(vec![true, false, true])
    );
    assert!(Column::i64(vec![1]).as_bool_vec().is_err()); // non-bool -> error
}


#[test]
fn take_optional_every_dtype() {
    // `Some(i)` gathers row i, `None` is a dtype-preserving NA — every arm.
    let idx = [Some(1), None, Some(0)];
    let f = Column::f64(vec![1.5, 2.5]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert!(f.is_valid(0) && !f.is_valid(1) && f.to_f64_vec()[2] == 1.5);
    let f32c = Column::f32(vec![1.5, 2.5]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert!(f32c.is_valid(0) && !f32c.is_valid(1));
    let i = Column::i64(vec![10, 20]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert_eq!((i.is_valid(1), i.to_f64_vec()[0]), (false, 20.0));
    let i32c = Column::i32(vec![10, 20]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert_eq!((i32c.is_valid(1), i32c.to_f64_vec()[2]), (false, 10.0));
    let b = Column::bool(vec![true, false]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert!(!b.is_valid(1) && b.is_valid(2));
    let s = Column::str(vec!["a".into(), "b".into()]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert_eq!((s.to_string_vec()[0].as_str(), s.is_valid(1)), ("b", false));
    let d = Column::datetime(vec![100, 200]).take_optional(&idx);
    assert!(d.is_valid(0) && !d.is_valid(1));
    // a Some(i) pointing at a missing source cell stays missing
    let holey = Column::i64_with(vec![0, 7], crate::validity::Validity::from_valid_iter(2, [false, true]));
    let g = holey.take_optional(&[Some(0), Some(1)]);
    assert!(!g.is_valid(0) && g.is_valid(1));
}

/// A `Str` column must APPEND in place (amortised growth), not rebuild the whole
/// column on every call — otherwise a live row-by-row append is O(n²). We count
/// buffer reallocations across 100 single-row appends: a rebuild reallocates ~100
/// times (a fresh buffer each call), amortised growth ~log n (<20).
#[test]
fn str_append_is_amortised_not_quadratic() {
    fn data_ptr(c: &Column) -> *const u8 {
        match c {
            Column::Str(s, _) => s.buffers().1.as_ptr(),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }
    let mut a = Column::str(vec!["seed".into()]);
    let mut last = data_ptr(&a);
    let mut reallocs = 0;
    for i in 0..100 {
        a.append(&Column::str(vec![format!("row{i}")])).unwrap();
        let p = data_ptr(&a);
        if p != last {
            reallocs += 1;
            last = p;
        }
    }
    assert!(
        reallocs < 20,
        "str append rebuilt the buffer {reallocs} times over 100 appends (expected amortised <20)"
    );
    assert_eq!(a.len(), 101);
    assert_eq!(a.str_at(100).unwrap(), "row99");
}