vlen 0.4.6

High-performance variable-length integer encoding with bulk operations, const fn support, and no_std compatibility
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
use core::fmt;
use rstest::*;

macro_rules! assert_expected {
	($test_name:ident, $value:expr, $expect:expr, $got:expr) => {
		if $got != $expect {
			panic!(
				"{}({}): expected {}, got {}",
				stringify!($test_name),
				($value).arg_fmt(),
				($expect).arg_fmt(),
				($got).arg_fmt(),
			);
		}
	};
}

// Consolidated test cases
#[fixture]
fn u16_cases() -> Vec<(u16, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x0000, &[0x00]),
		(0x007F, &[0x7F]),
		(0x0080, &[0b10000000, 0x02]),
		(0x3FFF, &[0b10111111, 0xFF]),
		(0x4000, &[0xC0, 0x00, 0x02]),
		(0xFFFF, &[0xDF, 0xFF, 0x07]),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn u32_cases() -> Vec<(u32, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x00000000, &[0x00000000]),
		(0x0000007F, &[0x0000007F]),
		(0x00000080, &[0b10000000, 0x02]),
		(0x00003FFF, &[0b10111111, 0xFF]),
		(0x00004000, &[0b11000000, 0x00, 0x02]),
		(0x001FFFFF, &[0b11011111, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
		(0x00200000, &[0b11100000, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02]),
		(0x0FFFFFFF, &[0b11101111, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
		(0x10000000, &[0b11110011, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10]),
		(0xFFFFFFFF, &[0b11110011, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn u64_cases() -> Vec<(u64, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x00000000_00000000, &[0x00000000]),
		(0x00000000_0000007F, &[0x0000007F]),
		(0x00000000_00000080, &[0b10000000, 0x02]),
		(0x00000000_00003FFF, &[0b10111111, 0xFF]),
		(0x00000000_00004000, &[0b11000000, 0x00, 0x02]),
		(0x00000000_001FFFFF, &[0b11011111, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
		(0x00000000_00200000, &[0b11100000, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02]),
		(0x00000000_0FFFFFFF, &[0b11101111, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
		(0x00000000_10000000, &[0b11110011, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10]),
		(0x00000000_FFFFFFFF, &[0b11110011, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
		(
			0x00000001_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110100, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x000000FF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110100, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
		),
		(
			0x000001FF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110101, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x0000FFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110101, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
		),
		(
			0x0001FFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110110, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x00FFFFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110110, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
		),
		(
			0x01FFFFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110111, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0b11110111, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
		),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn i16_cases() -> Vec<(i16, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x0000, &[0x00]),
		(0x007F, &[0xBE, 0x03]),
		(0x0080, &[0x80, 0x04]),
		(0x3FFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x03]),
		(0x4000, &[0xC0, 0x00, 0x04]),
		(0x7FFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x07]),
		(-0x0001, &[0x01]),
		(-0x007F, &[0xBD, 0x03]),
		(-0x0080, &[0xBF, 0x03]),
		(-0x3FFF, &[0xDD, 0xFF, 0x03]),
		(-0x4000, &[0xDF, 0xFF, 0x03]),
		(-0x7FFF, &[0xDD, 0xFF, 0x07]),
		(-0x8000, &[0xDF, 0xFF, 0x07]),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn i32_cases() -> Vec<(i32, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x00000000, &[0x00]),
		(0x0000007F, &[0xBE, 0x03]),
		(0x00000080, &[0x80, 0x04]),
		(0x000000FF, &[0xBE, 0x07]),
		(0x000001FF, &[0xBE, 0x0F]),
		(0x0000FFFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x0F]),
		(0x0001FFFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(0x00FFFFFF, &[0xEE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(0x01FFFFFF, &[0xEE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x3F]),
		(0xFFFFFFFFu32 as i32, &[0x01]),
		(0xFFFFFF00u32 as i32, &[0xBF, 0x07]),
		(0xFFFF0000u32 as i32, &[0xDF, 0xFF, 0x0F]),
		(0xFF000000u32 as i32, &[0xEF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(0x80000000u32 as i32, &[0xF3, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF]),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn i64_cases() -> Vec<(i64, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![
		(0x00000000_00000000, &[0x00]),
		(0x00000000_0000007F, &[0xBE, 0x03]),
		(0x00000000_00000080, &[0x80, 0x04]),
		(0x00000000_000000FF, &[0xBE, 0x07]),
		(0x00000000_000001FF, &[0xBE, 0x0F]),
		(0x00000000_0000FFFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x0F]),
		(0x00000000_0001FFFF, &[0xDE, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(0x00000000_00FFFFFF, &[0xEE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(0x00000000_01FFFFFF, &[0xEE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x3F]),
		(0x00000000_FFFFFFFF, &[0xF4, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01]),
		(0x00000001_FFFFFFFF, &[0xF4, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x03]),
		(
			0x000000FF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF5, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x000001FF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF5, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x03],
		),
		(
			0x0000FFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF6, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x0001FFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF6, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x03],
		),
		(
			0x00FFFFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF7, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x01FFFFFF_FFFFFFFF,
			&[0xF7, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x03],
		),
		(0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFFu64 as i64, &[0x01]),
		(0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFF00u64 as i64, &[0xBF, 0x07]),
		(0xFFFFFFFF_FFFF0000u64 as i64, &[0xDF, 0xFF, 0x0F]),
		(0xFFFFFFFF_FF000000u64 as i64, &[0xEF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x1F]),
		(
			0xFFFFFFFF_00000000u64 as i64,
			&[0xF4, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0xFFFFFF00_00000000u64 as i64,
			&[0xF5, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0xFFFF0000_00000000u64 as i64,
			&[0xF6, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0xFF000000_00000000u64 as i64,
			&[0xF7, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01],
		),
		(
			0x80000000_00000000u64 as i64,
			&[0xF7, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF],
		),
	]
}

#[fixture]
fn f32_cases() -> Vec<(f32, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![(0.0, &[0x00]), (-0.0, &[0x80, 0x02])]
}

#[fixture]
fn f64_cases() -> Vec<(f64, &'static [u8])> {
	vec![(0.0, &[0x00]), (-0.0, &[0x80, 0x02])]
}

// Generic encode/decode tests using fixtures
#[rstest]
fn test_encode_u16(u16_cases: Vec<(u16, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in u16_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 3];
		let len = vlen::encode_u16(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_u16, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_u16(u16_cases: Vec<(u16, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in u16_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 3];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_u16(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_u16, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_u32(u32_cases: Vec<(u32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in u32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		let len = vlen::encode_u32(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_u32, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_u32(u32_cases: Vec<(u32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in u32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_u32(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_u32, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_u64(u64_cases: Vec<(u64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in u64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		let len = vlen::encode_u64(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_u64, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_u64(u64_cases: Vec<(u64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in u64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_u64(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_u64, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_i16(i16_cases: Vec<(i16, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in i16_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 3];
		let len = vlen::encode_i16(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_i16, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_i16(i16_cases: Vec<(i16, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in i16_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 3];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_i16(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_i16, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_i32(i32_cases: Vec<(i32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in i32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		let len = vlen::encode_i32(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_i32, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_i32(i32_cases: Vec<(i32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in i32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_i32(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_i32, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_i64(i64_cases: Vec<(i64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in i64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		let len = vlen::encode_i64(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_i64, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_i64(i64_cases: Vec<(i64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in i64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_i64(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_i64, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_f32(f32_cases: Vec<(f32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in f32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		let len = vlen::encode_f32(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_f32, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_f32(f32_cases: Vec<(f32, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in f32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_f32(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_f32, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_f64(f64_cases: Vec<(f64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (value, expect) in f64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		let len = vlen::encode_f64(&mut buf, value);
		assert_expected!(encode_f64, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_f64(f64_cases: Vec<(f64, &'static [u8])>) {
	for (expect, encoded_value) in f64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 9];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_f64(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_f64, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_u128(
	u32_cases: Vec<(u32, &'static [u8])>,
	u64_cases: Vec<(u64, &'static [u8])>,
) {
	// Test u128 encoding with values that fit in u32 and u64
	for (value, expect) in u32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		let len = vlen::encode_u128(&mut buf, value as u128);
		assert_expected!(encode_u128, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
	for (value, expect) in u64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		let len = vlen::encode_u128(&mut buf, value as u128);
		assert_expected!(encode_u128, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_u128(
	u32_cases: Vec<(u32, &'static [u8])>,
	u64_cases: Vec<(u64, &'static [u8])>,
) {
	// Test u128 decoding with values that fit in u32 and u64
	for (expect, encoded_value) in u32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect as u128, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_u128(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_u128, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
	for (expect, encoded_value) in u64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect as u128, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_u128(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_u128, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_encode_i128(
	i32_cases: Vec<(i32, &'static [u8])>,
	i64_cases: Vec<(i64, &'static [u8])>,
) {
	// Test i128 encoding with values that fit in i32 and i64
	for (value, expect) in i32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		let len = vlen::encode_i128(&mut buf, value as i128);
		assert_expected!(encode_i128, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
	for (value, expect) in i64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		let len = vlen::encode_i128(&mut buf, value as i128);
		assert_expected!(encode_i128, value, expect, &buf[..len]);
	}
}

#[rstest]
fn test_decode_i128(
	i32_cases: Vec<(i32, &'static [u8])>,
	i64_cases: Vec<(i64, &'static [u8])>,
) {
	// Test i128 decoding with values that fit in i32 and i64
	for (expect, encoded_value) in i32_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect as i128, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_i128(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_i128, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
	for (expect, encoded_value) in i64_cases {
		let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
		buf[0..encoded_value.len()].copy_from_slice(encoded_value);
		let expect = (expect as i128, encoded_value.len());
		for padding in [0u8, 255] {
			buf[encoded_value.len()..].fill(padding);
			let got = vlen::decode_i128(&buf);
			assert_expected!(decode_i128, encoded_value, expect, got);
		}
	}
}

#[test]
fn test_large_i128() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
	// A value that requires more than 64 bits
	// 2^100
	let value: i128 = 1 << 100;
	let len = vlen::encode_i128(&mut buf, value);
	let (decoded, decoded_len) = vlen::decode_i128(&buf);
	assert_eq!(value, decoded, "Failed to round-trip large i128");
	assert_eq!(len, decoded_len, "Length mismatch");

	// A negative value that requires more than 64 bits
	let value: i128 = -(1 << 100);
	let len = vlen::encode_i128(&mut buf, value);
	let (decoded, decoded_len) = vlen::decode_i128(&buf);
	assert_eq!(value, decoded, "Failed to round-trip large negative i128");
	assert_eq!(len, decoded_len, "Length mismatch");

	// Check encoded_size consistency
	let size = vlen::encoded_size(value);
	assert_eq!(size, len, "encoded_size mismatch for large negative i128");
}

#[test]
fn test_overlong_encodings_u16() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 3];
	// Test over-long encoding for u16
	let value = 0x1234u16;
	let len = vlen::encode_u16(&mut buf, value);
	assert_eq!(len, 2);
	assert_eq!(buf[0], 0xB4); // 0x80 | (0x34 & 0x3F) = 0x80 | 0x34 = 0xB4
	assert_eq!(buf[1], 0x48); // 0x1234 >> 6 = 0x48
}

#[test]
fn test_overlong_encodings() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
	// Test over-long encoding for u32
	let value = 0x12345678u32;
	let len = vlen::encode_u32(&mut buf, value);
	assert_eq!(len, 5);
	assert_eq!(buf[0], 0xF3);
	assert_eq!(buf[1], 0x78);
	assert_eq!(buf[2], 0x56);
	assert_eq!(buf[3], 0x34);
	assert_eq!(buf[4], 0x12);
}

#[test]
fn test_bulk_u32_specialized() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 20];
	let values = [1u32, 1000, 1000000, 1000000000];
	let encoded_len = vlen::bulk_encode_u32(&mut buf, &values).unwrap();
	let mut decoded_values = [0u32; 4];
	let decoded_len =
		vlen::bulk_decode_u32(&buf[..encoded_len], &mut decoded_values)
			.unwrap();
	assert_eq!(decoded_len, encoded_len);
	assert_eq!(values, decoded_values);
}

#[test]
fn test_generic_encode_decode() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
	let value = 12345u32;
	let encoded_len = vlen::encode(&mut buf, value).unwrap();
	let (decoded_value, decoded_len) = vlen::decode::<u32>(&buf).unwrap();
	assert_eq!(value, decoded_value);
	assert_eq!(encoded_len, decoded_len);
}

#[test]
fn test_generic_encoded_size() {
	let value = 12345u32;
	let size = vlen::encoded_size(value);
	let mut buf = [0u8; 17];
	let encoded_len = vlen::encode(&mut buf, value).unwrap();
	assert_eq!(size, encoded_len);
}

#[test]
fn test_manual_vs_bulk_encoding() {
	let values = [1u32, 1000, 1000000, 1000000000];
	let mut manual_buf = [0u8; 20];
	let mut bulk_buf = [0u8; 20];

	// Manual encoding
	let mut manual_offset = 0;
	for value in values {
		let len =
			vlen::encode(&mut manual_buf[manual_offset..], value).unwrap();
		manual_offset += len;
	}

	// Bulk encoding using generic function
	let bulk_offset = vlen::bulk_encode(&mut bulk_buf, &values).unwrap();

	// Verify the encoded data matches
	assert_eq!(&manual_buf[..manual_offset], &bulk_buf[..bulk_offset]);
	assert_eq!(manual_offset, bulk_offset);
}

#[test]
fn test_generic_bulk_operations() {
	let values = [1u32, 1000, 1000000, 1000000000];
	let mut buf = [0u8; 20];
	let encoded_len = vlen::bulk_encode(&mut buf, &values).unwrap();
	let mut decoded_values = [0u32; 4];
	let decoded_len =
		vlen::bulk_decode(&buf[..encoded_len], &mut decoded_values).unwrap();
	assert_eq!(decoded_len, encoded_len);
	assert_eq!(values, decoded_values);
}

#[test]
fn test_decode_value() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
	let value = 12345u32;
	let _len = vlen::encode_u32(&mut buf, value);
	let decoded_value = vlen::decode_value::<u32>(&buf).unwrap();
	assert_eq!(value, decoded_value);
}

#[test]
fn test_buffer_size_errors() {
	let mut buf = [0u8; 1];
	let value = 12345u32;
	let result = vlen::encode(&mut buf, value);
	assert!(result.is_err());
}

#[test]
fn test_bulk_buffer_too_small() {
	let values = [1u32, 1000, 1000000, 1000000000];
	let mut buf = [0u8; 5];
	let result = vlen::bulk_encode_u32(&mut buf, &values);
	assert!(result.is_err());
}

trait ArgFmt: fmt::Debug {
	fn arg_fmt(&self) -> String {
		format!("{self:?}")
	}
}

impl ArgFmt for u16 {}
impl ArgFmt for u32 {}
impl ArgFmt for u64 {}
impl ArgFmt for u128 {}
impl ArgFmt for i16 {}
impl ArgFmt for i32 {}
impl ArgFmt for i64 {}
impl ArgFmt for i128 {}
impl ArgFmt for f32 {}
impl ArgFmt for f64 {}
impl ArgFmt for usize {}

// Add implementations for tuples and slices used in tests
impl<T: ArgFmt, U: ArgFmt> ArgFmt for (T, U) {}
impl ArgFmt for &[u8] {
	fn arg_fmt(&self) -> String {
		format!("{:?}", HexArray(self))
	}
}

struct HexArray<'a>(&'a [u8]);

impl fmt::Debug for HexArray<'_> {
	fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
		write!(fmt, "[")?;
		for (i, &byte) in self.0.iter().enumerate() {
			if i > 0 {
				write!(fmt, ", ")?;
			}
			write!(fmt, "0x{byte:02X}")?;
		}
		write!(fmt, "]")
	}
}