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<h1 id="chrw-function">ChrW$ Function</h1>
<p>Returns a <code>String</code> containing the Unicode character associated with the specified character code.
The dollar sign suffix (<code>$</code>) explicitly indicates that this function returns a <code>String</code> type
(not a <code>Variant</code>), and the "W" suffix indicates this is the wide (Unicode) version.</p>
<h2 id="syntax">Syntax</h2>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">ChrW$(charcode)</code></pre>
<h2 id="parameters">Parameters</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong><code>charcode</code></strong>: Required. <code>Long</code> value that identifies a Unicode character. Valid values are
-32768 to 65535. The range 0-65535 represents Unicode characters. Negative values are treated
as unsigned values (e.g., -1 becomes 65535).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="return-value">Return Value</h2>
<p>Returns a <code>String</code> containing the single Unicode character corresponding to the specified character
code. The return value is always a <code>String</code> type (never <code>Variant</code>), and represents a Unicode
character (2 bytes).</p>
<h2 id="remarks">Remarks</h2>
<ul>
<li>The <code>ChrW$</code> function combines the behavior of <code>ChrW</code> (Unicode character) with the <code>$</code> suffix
(explicit <code>String</code> return type).</li>
<li>Valid range: -32768 to 65535 (values outside this range may cause errors).</li>
<li><code>ChrW$</code> returns Unicode characters, allowing access to the full Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP).</li>
<li>For values 0-127, <code>ChrW$</code> and <code>Chr$</code> return the same ASCII characters.</li>
<li>For values 128-255, <code>ChrW$</code> returns Unicode characters while <code>Chr$</code> returns ANSI characters.</li>
<li>For values above 255, only <code>ChrW$</code> can be used (not <code>Chr$</code> or <code>ChrB$</code>).</li>
<li><code>ChrW$(0)</code> returns a null character (<code>vbNullChar</code>).</li>
<li><code>ChrW$(13)</code> returns carriage return (<code>vbCr</code>).</li>
<li><code>ChrW$(10)</code> returns line feed (<code>vbLf</code>).</li>
<li><code>ChrW$(9)</code> returns tab character (<code>vbTab</code>).</li>
<li>The inverse function is <code>AscW</code>, which returns the Unicode character code of a character.</li>
<li>For better performance when you know the result is a string, use <code>ChrW$</code> instead of <code>ChrW</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="common-character-codes">Common Character Codes</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Code</th>
<th>Character</th>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0</td>
<td>(null)</td>
<td><code>vbNullChar</code></td>
<td>Null character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td>\t</td>
<td><code>vbTab</code></td>
<td>Horizontal tab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td>\n</td>
<td><code>vbLf</code></td>
<td>Line feed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13</td>
<td>\r</td>
<td><code>vbCr</code></td>
<td>Carriage return</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32</td>
<td>(space)</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Space character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>34</td>
<td>"</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Double quote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>39</td>
<td>'</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Single quote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>65</td>
<td>A</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Uppercase A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>97</td>
<td>a</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Lowercase a</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>169</td>
<td>©</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Copyright symbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8364</td>
<td>€</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>Euro sign</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="typical-uses">Typical Uses</h2>
<ol>
<li><strong>Unicode characters</strong> - Access characters beyond the ANSI range</li>
<li><strong>International text</strong> - Work with non-English characters</li>
<li><strong>Special symbols</strong> - Insert mathematical, currency, and other Unicode symbols</li>
<li><strong>Line breaks</strong> - Insert carriage returns and line feeds</li>
<li><strong>Emoji and symbols</strong> - Access Unicode symbols (within BMP range)</li>
<li><strong>Cross-platform text</strong> - Generate Unicode text for better compatibility</li>
<li><strong>Web content</strong> - Create Unicode strings for web applications</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="basic-examples">Basic Examples</h2>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">' Example 1: Get character from code
Dim ch As String
ch = ChrW$(65) ' Returns "A"</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">' Example 2: Unicode character beyond ANSI
Dim euro As String
euro = ChrW$(8364) ' Returns "€"</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">' Example 3: Copyright symbol
Dim copyright As String
copyright = ChrW$(169) ' Returns "©"</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">' Example 4: Line break
Dim msg As String
msg = "Line 1" & ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10) & "Line 2"</code></pre>
<h2 id="common-patterns">Common Patterns</h2>
<h3 id="multi-line-strings">Multi-line Strings</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateMultiLine() As String
Dim result As String
result = "First Line" & ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10)
result = result & "Second Line" & ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10)
result = result & "Third Line"
CreateMultiLine = result
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="unicode-symbols">Unicode Symbols</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateCopyrightNotice(year As String, company As String) As String
CreateCopyrightNotice = "Copyright " & ChrW$(169) & " " & year & " " & company
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="currency-symbols">Currency Symbols</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function FormatPrice(amount As Double, currency As String) As String
Dim symbol As String
Select Case currency
Case "EUR"
symbol = ChrW$(8364) ' €
Case "GBP"
symbol = ChrW$(163) ' £
Case "YEN"
symbol = ChrW$(165) ' ¥
Case Else
symbol = "$"
End Select
FormatPrice = symbol & Format(amount, "0.00")
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="international-characters">International Characters</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function GetGreeting(language As String) As String
Select Case language
Case "German"
GetGreeting = "Gr" & ChrW$(252) & ChrW$(223) & " Gott" ' Grüß Gott
Case "French"
GetGreeting = "Fran" & ChrW$(231) & "ais" ' Français
Case "Spanish"
GetGreeting = "Espa" & ChrW$(241) & "ol" ' Español
Case Else
GetGreeting = "Hello"
End Select
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="mathematical-symbols">Mathematical Symbols</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateMathExpression() As String
Dim result As String
result = "x " & ChrW$(8804) & " 10" ' x ≤ 10
result = result & " " & ChrW$(8743) & " " ' ∧ (and)
result = result & "x " & ChrW$(8805) & " 0" ' x ≥ 0
CreateMathExpression = result
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="tab-separated-values">Tab-Separated Values</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateTSV(col1 As String, col2 As String, col3 As String) As String
CreateTSV = col1 & ChrW$(9) & col2 & ChrW$(9) & col3
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="quote-in-string">Quote in String</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function AddQuotes(text As String) As String
AddQuotes = ChrW$(34) & text & ChrW$(34)
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="bullet-points">Bullet Points</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateBulletList() As String
Dim result As String
Dim bullet As String
bullet = ChrW$(8226) ' •
result = bullet & " First item" & ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10)
result = result & bullet & " Second item" & ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10)
result = result & bullet & " Third item"
CreateBulletList = result
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="null-terminated-string">Null-Terminated String</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function CreateNullTerminated(text As String) As String
CreateNullTerminated = text & ChrW$(0)
End Function</code></pre>
<h3 id="generate-alphabet">Generate Alphabet</h3>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function GenerateAlphabet() As String
Dim i As Integer
Dim result As String
For i = 65 To 90
result = result & ChrW$(i)
Next i
GenerateAlphabet = result ' Returns "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
End Function</code></pre>
<h2 id="related-functions">Related Functions</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>ChrW</code>: Returns Unicode character as <code>Variant</code> instead of <code>String</code></li>
<li><code>Chr$</code>: Returns ANSI/system character (limited to 0-255)</li>
<li><code>ChrB$</code>: Returns byte character (limited to 0-255)</li>
<li><code>AscW</code>: Returns Unicode character code (inverse of <code>ChrW$</code>)</li>
<li><code>Asc</code>: Returns ANSI character code</li>
<li><code>AscB</code>: Returns byte value</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="error-handling">Error Handling</h2>
<pre><code class="language-vbnet">Function SafeChrW(code As Long) As String
On Error Resume Next
SafeChrW = ChrW$(code)
If Err.Number <> 0 Then
SafeChrW = ""
Err.Clear
End If
End Function</code></pre>
<h2 id="performance-considerations">Performance Considerations</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>ChrW$</code> is slightly more efficient than <code>ChrW</code> because it avoids <code>Variant</code> overhead</li>
<li>For building strings from many characters, consider using arrays and <code>Join</code></li>
<li>Concatenating many <code>ChrW$</code> calls can be slow; use buffers for better performance</li>
<li>Unicode strings may take more memory than ANSI strings</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="best-practices">Best Practices</h2>
<ol>
<li>Use named constants for common characters instead of magic numbers</li>
<li>Use <code>ChrW$</code> for Unicode characters, <code>Chr$</code> for ANSI-only characters</li>
<li>Document character codes with comments showing the actual character</li>
<li>Validate character codes are in valid range before calling <code>ChrW$</code></li>
<li>Use <code>vbCrLf</code> constant instead of <code>ChrW$(13) & ChrW$(10)</code> when possible</li>
<li>Prefer <code>ChrW$</code> over <code>ChrW</code> when you need a <code>String</code> result</li>
<li>Consider internationalization when working with Unicode characters</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="unicode-ranges">Unicode Ranges</h2>
<ul>
<li>0-127: ASCII characters (same as ANSI)</li>
<li>128-255: Latin-1 Supplement</li>
<li>256-383: Latin Extended-A</li>
<li>384-591: Latin Extended-B</li>
<li>8192-8303: General Punctuation</li>
<li>8352-8399: Currency Symbols</li>
<li>8448-8527: Letterlike Symbols</li>
<li>8592-8703: Arrows</li>
<li>8704-8959: Mathematical Operators</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="limitations">Limitations</h2>
<ul>
<li>Limited to Unicode BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane) - codes 0-65535</li>
<li>Cannot directly create characters from supplementary planes (codes > 65535)</li>
<li>VB6 uses UCS-2 encoding, not full UTF-16</li>
<li>Some Unicode characters may not display correctly depending on font support</li>
</ul>
</article>
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