uu_dd/

dd.rs

// This file is part of the uutils coreutils package.
//
// For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
// file that was distributed with this source code.

// spell-checker:ignore fname, ftype, tname, fpath, specfile, testfile, unspec, ifile, ofile, outfile, fullblock, urand, fileio, atoe, atoibm, behaviour, bmax, bremain, cflags, creat, ctable, ctty, datastructures, doesnt, etoa, fileout, fname, gnudd, iconvflags, iseek, nocache, noctty, noerror, nofollow, nolinks, nonblock, oconvflags, oseek, outfile, parseargs, rlen, rmax, rremain, rsofar, rstat, sigusr, wlen, wstat seekable oconv canonicalized fadvise Fadvise FADV DONTNEED ESPIPE bufferedoutput, SETFL

mod blocks;
mod bufferedoutput;
mod conversion_tables;
mod datastructures;
mod numbers;
mod parseargs;
mod progress;

use crate::bufferedoutput::BufferedOutput;
use blocks::conv_block_unblock_helper;
use datastructures::*;
#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
use nix::fcntl::FcntlArg::F_SETFL;
#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
use nix::fcntl::OFlag;
use parseargs::Parser;
use progress::ProgUpdateType;
use progress::{ProgUpdate, ReadStat, StatusLevel, WriteStat, gen_prog_updater};
use uucore::io::OwnedFileDescriptorOrHandle;
use uucore::translate;

use std::cmp;
use std::env;
use std::ffi::OsString;
use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
use std::io::{self, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Stdout, Write};
#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
use std::os::fd::AsFd;
#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
#[cfg(unix)]
use std::os::unix::{
    fs::FileTypeExt,
    io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd},
};
#[cfg(windows)]
use std::os::windows::{fs::MetadataExt, io::AsHandle};
use std::path::Path;
use std::sync::atomic::AtomicU8;
use std::sync::{Arc, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed, mpsc};
use std::thread;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use clap::{Arg, Command};
use gcd::Gcd;
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
use nix::{
    errno::Errno,
    fcntl::{PosixFadviseAdvice, posix_fadvise},
};
use uucore::display::Quotable;
use uucore::error::{FromIo, UResult};
#[cfg(unix)]
use uucore::error::{USimpleError, set_exit_code};
#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
use uucore::show_if_err;
use uucore::{format_usage, show_error};

const BUF_INIT_BYTE: u8 = 0xDD;

/// Final settings after parsing
#[derive(Default)]
struct Settings {
    infile: Option<String>,
    outfile: Option<String>,
    ibs: usize,
    obs: usize,
    skip: u64,
    seek: u64,
    count: Option<Num>,
    iconv: IConvFlags,
    iflags: IFlags,
    oconv: OConvFlags,
    oflags: OFlags,
    status: Option<StatusLevel>,
    /// Whether the output writer should buffer partial blocks until complete.
    buffered: bool,
}

/// A timer which triggers on a given interval
///
/// After being constructed with [`Alarm::with_interval`], [`Alarm::get_trigger`]
/// will return [`ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER`] once per the given [`Duration`].
/// Alarm can be manually triggered with closure returned by [`Alarm::manual_trigger_fn`].
/// [`Alarm::get_trigger`] will return [`ALARM_TRIGGER_SIGNAL`] in this case.
///
/// Can be cloned, but the trigger status is shared across all instances so only
/// the first caller each interval will yield true.
///
/// When all instances are dropped the background thread will exit on the next interval.
pub struct Alarm {
    interval: Duration,
    trigger: Arc<AtomicU8>,
}

pub const ALARM_TRIGGER_NONE: u8 = 0;
pub const ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER: u8 = 1;
pub const ALARM_TRIGGER_SIGNAL: u8 = 2;

impl Alarm {
    /// use to construct alarm timer with duration
    pub fn with_interval(interval: Duration) -> Self {
        let trigger = Arc::new(AtomicU8::default());

        let weak_trigger = Arc::downgrade(&trigger);
        thread::spawn(move || {
            while let Some(trigger) = weak_trigger.upgrade() {
                thread::sleep(interval);
                trigger.store(ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER, Relaxed);
            }
        });

        Self { interval, trigger }
    }

    /// Returns a closure that allows to manually trigger the alarm
    ///
    /// This is useful for cases where more than one alarm even source exists
    /// In case of `dd` there is the SIGUSR1/SIGINFO case where we want to
    /// trigger an manual progress report.
    pub fn manual_trigger_fn(&self) -> Box<dyn Send + Sync + Fn()> {
        let weak_trigger = Arc::downgrade(&self.trigger);
        Box::new(move || {
            if let Some(trigger) = weak_trigger.upgrade() {
                trigger.store(ALARM_TRIGGER_SIGNAL, Relaxed);
            }
        })
    }

    /// Use this function to poll for any pending alarm event
    ///
    /// Returns `ALARM_TRIGGER_NONE` for no pending event.
    /// Returns `ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER` if the event was triggered by timer
    /// Returns `ALARM_TRIGGER_SIGNAL` if the event was triggered manually
    /// by the closure returned from `manual_trigger_fn`
    pub fn get_trigger(&self) -> u8 {
        self.trigger.swap(ALARM_TRIGGER_NONE, Relaxed)
    }

    // Getter function for the configured interval duration
    pub fn get_interval(&self) -> Duration {
        self.interval
    }
}

/// A number in blocks or bytes
///
/// Some values (seek, skip, iseek, oseek) can have values either in blocks or in bytes.
/// We need to remember this because the size of the blocks (ibs) is only known after parsing
/// all the arguments.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
enum Num {
    Blocks(u64),
    Bytes(u64),
}

impl Default for Num {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::Blocks(0)
    }
}

impl Num {
    fn force_bytes_if(self, force: bool) -> Self {
        match self {
            Self::Blocks(n) if force => Self::Bytes(n),
            count => count,
        }
    }

    fn to_bytes(self, block_size: u64) -> u64 {
        match self {
            Self::Blocks(n) => n * block_size,
            Self::Bytes(n) => n,
        }
    }
}

/// Data sources.
///
/// Use [`Source::stdin_as_file`] if available to enable more
/// fine-grained access to reading from stdin.
enum Source {
    /// Input from stdin.
    #[cfg(not(unix))]
    Stdin(io::Stdin),

    /// Input from a file.
    File(File),

    /// Input from stdin, opened from its file descriptor.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    StdinFile(File),

    /// Input from a named pipe, also known as a FIFO.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    Fifo(File),
}

impl Source {
    /// Create a source from stdin using its raw file descriptor.
    ///
    /// This returns an instance of the `Source::StdinFile` variant,
    /// using the raw file descriptor of [`std::io::Stdin`] to create
    /// the [`std::fs::File`] parameter. You can use this instead of
    /// `Source::Stdin` to allow reading from stdin without consuming
    /// the entire contents of stdin when this process terminates.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    fn stdin_as_file() -> Self {
        let fd = io::stdin().as_raw_fd();
        let f = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(fd) };
        Self::StdinFile(f)
    }

    /// The length of the data source in number of bytes.
    ///
    /// If it cannot be determined, then this function returns 0.
    fn len(&self) -> io::Result<i64> {
        #[allow(clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants)]
        match self {
            Self::File(f) => Ok(f.metadata()?.len().try_into().unwrap_or(i64::MAX)),
            _ => Ok(0),
        }
    }

    fn skip(&mut self, n: u64) -> io::Result<u64> {
        match self {
            #[cfg(not(unix))]
            Self::Stdin(stdin) => match io::copy(&mut stdin.take(n), &mut io::sink()) {
                Ok(m) if m < n => {
                    show_error!(
                        "{}",
                        translate!("dd-error-cannot-skip-offset", "file" => "standard input")
                    );
                    Ok(m)
                }
                Ok(m) => Ok(m),
                Err(e) => Err(e),
            },
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::StdinFile(f) => {
                if let Ok(Some(len)) = try_get_len_of_block_device(f) {
                    if len < n {
                        // GNU compatibility:
                        // this case prints the stats but sets the exit code to 1
                        show_error!(
                            "{}",
                            translate!("dd-error-cannot-skip-invalid", "file" => "standard input")
                        );
                        set_exit_code(1);
                        return Ok(len);
                    }
                }
                match io::copy(&mut f.take(n), &mut io::sink()) {
                    Ok(m) if m < n => {
                        show_error!(
                            "{}",
                            translate!("dd-error-cannot-skip-offset", "file" => "standard input")
                        );
                        Ok(m)
                    }
                    Ok(m) => Ok(m),
                    Err(e) => Err(e),
                }
            }
            Self::File(f) => f.seek(SeekFrom::Current(n.try_into().unwrap())),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => io::copy(&mut f.take(n), &mut io::sink()),
        }
    }

    /// Discard the system file cache for the given portion of the data source.
    ///
    /// `offset` and `len` specify a contiguous portion of the data
    /// source. This function informs the kernel that the specified
    /// portion of the source is no longer needed. If not possible,
    /// then this function returns an error.
    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) -> nix::Result<()> {
        #[allow(clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants)]
        match self {
            Self::File(f) => {
                let advice = PosixFadviseAdvice::POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED;
                posix_fadvise(f.as_fd(), offset, len, advice)
            }
            _ => Err(Errno::ESPIPE), // "Illegal seek"
        }
    }
}

impl Read for Source {
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        match self {
            #[cfg(not(unix))]
            Self::Stdin(stdin) => stdin.read(buf),
            Self::File(f) => f.read(buf),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::StdinFile(f) => f.read(buf),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => f.read(buf),
        }
    }
}

/// The source of the data, configured with the given settings.
///
/// Use the [`Input::new_stdin`] or [`Input::new_file`] functions to
/// construct a new instance of this struct. Then pass the instance to
/// the [`dd_copy`] function to execute the main copy operation
/// for `dd`.
struct Input<'a> {
    /// The source from which bytes will be read.
    src: Source,

    /// Configuration settings for how to read the data.
    settings: &'a Settings,
}

impl<'a> Input<'a> {
    /// Instantiate this struct with stdin as a source.
    fn new_stdin(settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        #[cfg(not(unix))]
        let mut src = {
            let f = File::from(io::stdin().as_handle().try_clone_to_owned()?);
            let is_file = if let Ok(metadata) = f.metadata() {
                // this hack is needed as there is no other way on windows
                // to differentiate between the case where `seek` works
                // on a file handle or not. i.e. when the handle is no real
                // file but a pipe, `seek` is still successful, but following
                // `read`s are not affected by the seek.
                metadata.creation_time() != 0
            } else {
                false
            };
            if is_file {
                Source::File(f)
            } else {
                Source::Stdin(io::stdin())
            }
        };
        #[cfg(unix)]
        let mut src = Source::stdin_as_file();
        #[cfg(unix)]
        if let Source::StdinFile(f) = &src {
            if settings.iflags.directory && !f.metadata()?.is_dir() {
                return Err(USimpleError::new(
                    1,
                    translate!("dd-error-not-directory", "file" => "standard input"),
                ));
            }
        }
        if settings.skip > 0 {
            src.skip(settings.skip)?;
        }
        Ok(Self { src, settings })
    }

    /// Instantiate this struct with the named file as a source.
    fn new_file(filename: &Path, settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        let src = {
            let mut opts = OpenOptions::new();
            opts.read(true);

            #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
            if let Some(libc_flags) = make_linux_iflags(&settings.iflags) {
                opts.custom_flags(libc_flags);
            }

            opts.open(filename).map_err_context(
                || translate!("dd-error-failed-to-open", "path" => filename.quote()),
            )?
        };

        let mut src = Source::File(src);
        if settings.skip > 0 {
            src.skip(settings.skip)?;
        }
        Ok(Self { src, settings })
    }

    /// Instantiate this struct with the named pipe as a source.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    fn new_fifo(filename: &Path, settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        let mut opts = OpenOptions::new();
        opts.read(true);
        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
        opts.custom_flags(make_linux_iflags(&settings.iflags).unwrap_or(0));
        let mut src = Source::Fifo(opts.open(filename)?);
        if settings.skip > 0 {
            src.skip(settings.skip)?;
        }
        Ok(Self { src, settings })
    }
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
fn make_linux_iflags(iflags: &IFlags) -> Option<libc::c_int> {
    let mut flag = 0;

    if iflags.direct {
        flag |= libc::O_DIRECT;
    }
    if iflags.directory {
        flag |= libc::O_DIRECTORY;
    }
    if iflags.dsync {
        flag |= libc::O_DSYNC;
    }
    if iflags.noatime {
        flag |= libc::O_NOATIME;
    }
    if iflags.noctty {
        flag |= libc::O_NOCTTY;
    }
    if iflags.nofollow {
        flag |= libc::O_NOFOLLOW;
    }
    if iflags.nonblock {
        flag |= libc::O_NONBLOCK;
    }
    if iflags.sync {
        flag |= libc::O_SYNC;
    }

    if flag == 0 { None } else { Some(flag) }
}

impl Read for Input<'_> {
    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        let mut base_idx = 0;
        let target_len = buf.len();
        loop {
            match self.src.read(&mut buf[base_idx..]) {
                Ok(0) => return Ok(base_idx),
                Ok(rlen) if self.settings.iflags.fullblock => {
                    base_idx += rlen;

                    if base_idx >= target_len {
                        return Ok(target_len);
                    }
                }
                Ok(len) => return Ok(len),
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => (),
                Err(_) if self.settings.iconv.noerror => return Ok(base_idx),
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Input<'_> {
    /// Discard the system file cache for the given portion of the input.
    ///
    /// `offset` and `len` specify a contiguous portion of the input.
    /// This function informs the kernel that the specified portion of
    /// the input file is no longer needed. If not possible, then this
    /// function prints an error message to stderr and sets the exit
    /// status code to 1.
    #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "linux"), allow(clippy::unused_self, unused_variables))]
    fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) {
        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        {
            show_if_err!(
                self.src
                    .discard_cache(offset, len)
                    .map_err_context(|| translate!("dd-error-failed-discard-cache-input"))
            );
        }
        #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
        {
            // TODO Is there a way to discard filesystem cache on
            // these other operating systems?
        }
    }

    /// Fills a given buffer.
    /// Reads in increments of 'self.ibs'.
    /// The start of each ibs-sized read follows the previous one.
    fn fill_consecutive(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<ReadStat> {
        let mut reads_complete = 0;
        let mut reads_partial = 0;
        let mut bytes_total = 0;

        for chunk in buf.chunks_mut(self.settings.ibs) {
            match self.read(chunk)? {
                rlen if rlen == self.settings.ibs => {
                    bytes_total += rlen;
                    reads_complete += 1;
                }
                rlen if rlen > 0 => {
                    bytes_total += rlen;
                    reads_partial += 1;
                }
                _ => break,
            }
        }
        buf.truncate(bytes_total);
        Ok(ReadStat {
            reads_complete,
            reads_partial,
            // Records are not truncated when filling.
            records_truncated: 0,
            bytes_total: bytes_total.try_into().unwrap(),
        })
    }

    /// Fills a given buffer.
    /// Reads in increments of 'self.ibs'.
    /// The start of each ibs-sized read is aligned to multiples of ibs; remaining space is filled with the 'pad' byte.
    fn fill_blocks(&mut self, buf: &mut Vec<u8>, pad: u8) -> io::Result<ReadStat> {
        let mut reads_complete = 0;
        let mut reads_partial = 0;
        let mut base_idx = 0;
        let mut bytes_total = 0;

        while base_idx < buf.len() {
            let next_blk = cmp::min(base_idx + self.settings.ibs, buf.len());
            let target_len = next_blk - base_idx;

            match self.read(&mut buf[base_idx..next_blk])? {
                0 => break,
                rlen if rlen < target_len => {
                    bytes_total += rlen;
                    reads_partial += 1;
                    let padding = vec![pad; target_len - rlen];
                    buf.splice(base_idx + rlen..next_blk, padding.into_iter());
                }
                rlen => {
                    bytes_total += rlen;
                    reads_complete += 1;
                }
            }

            base_idx += self.settings.ibs;
        }

        buf.truncate(base_idx);
        Ok(ReadStat {
            reads_complete,
            reads_partial,
            records_truncated: 0,
            bytes_total: bytes_total.try_into().unwrap(),
        })
    }
}

enum Density {
    Sparse,
    Dense,
}

/// Data destinations.
enum Dest {
    /// Output to stdout.
    Stdout(Stdout),

    /// Output to a file.
    ///
    /// The [`Density`] component indicates whether to attempt to
    /// write a sparse file when all-zero blocks are encountered.
    File(File, Density),

    /// Output to a named pipe, also known as a FIFO.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    Fifo(File),

    /// Output to nothing, dropping each byte written to the output.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    Sink,
}

impl Dest {
    fn fsync(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::Stdout(stdout) => stdout.flush(),
            Self::File(f, _) => {
                f.flush()?;
                f.sync_all()
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => {
                f.flush()?;
                f.sync_all()
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Sink => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    fn fdatasync(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::Stdout(stdout) => stdout.flush(),
            Self::File(f, _) => {
                f.flush()?;
                f.sync_data()
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => {
                f.flush()?;
                f.sync_data()
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Sink => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    fn seek(&mut self, n: u64) -> io::Result<u64> {
        match self {
            Self::Stdout(stdout) => io::copy(&mut io::repeat(0).take(n), stdout),
            Self::File(f, _) => {
                #[cfg(unix)]
                if let Ok(Some(len)) = try_get_len_of_block_device(f) {
                    if len < n {
                        // GNU compatibility:
                        // this case prints the stats but sets the exit code to 1
                        show_error!(
                            "{}",
                            translate!("dd-error-cannot-seek-invalid", "output" => "standard output")
                        );
                        set_exit_code(1);
                        return Ok(len);
                    }
                }
                f.seek(SeekFrom::Current(n.try_into().unwrap()))
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => {
                // Seeking in a named pipe means *reading* from the pipe.
                io::copy(&mut f.take(n), &mut io::sink())
            }
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Sink => Ok(0),
        }
    }

    /// Truncate the underlying file to the current stream position, if possible.
    fn truncate(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        #[allow(clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants)]
        match self {
            Self::File(f, _) => {
                let pos = f.stream_position()?;
                f.set_len(pos)
            }
            _ => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    /// Discard the system file cache for the given portion of the destination.
    ///
    /// `offset` and `len` specify a contiguous portion of the
    /// destination. This function informs the kernel that the
    /// specified portion of the destination is no longer needed. If
    /// not possible, then this function returns an error.
    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) -> nix::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::File(f, _) => {
                let advice = PosixFadviseAdvice::POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED;
                posix_fadvise(f.as_fd(), offset, len, advice)
            }
            _ => Err(Errno::ESPIPE), // "Illegal seek"
        }
    }

    /// The length of the data destination in number of bytes.
    ///
    /// If it cannot be determined, then this function returns 0.
    fn len(&self) -> io::Result<i64> {
        #[allow(clippy::match_wildcard_for_single_variants)]
        match self {
            Self::File(f, _) => Ok(f.metadata()?.len().try_into().unwrap_or(i64::MAX)),
            _ => Ok(0),
        }
    }
}

/// Decide whether the given buffer is all zeros.
fn is_sparse(buf: &[u8]) -> bool {
    buf.iter().all(|&e| e == 0u8)
}

impl Write for Dest {
    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        match self {
            Self::File(f, Density::Sparse) if is_sparse(buf) => {
                let seek_amt: i64 = buf
                    .len()
                    .try_into()
                    .expect("Internal dd Error: Seek amount greater than signed 64-bit integer");
                f.seek(SeekFrom::Current(seek_amt))?;
                Ok(buf.len())
            }
            Self::File(f, _) => f.write(buf),
            Self::Stdout(stdout) => stdout.write(buf),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => f.write(buf),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Sink => Ok(buf.len()),
        }
    }

    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::Stdout(stdout) => stdout.flush(),
            Self::File(f, _) => f.flush(),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Fifo(f) => f.flush(),
            #[cfg(unix)]
            Self::Sink => Ok(()),
        }
    }
}

/// The destination of the data, configured with the given settings.
///
/// Use the [`Output::new_stdout`] or [`Output::new_file`] functions
/// to construct a new instance of this struct. Then use the
/// [`dd_copy`] function to execute the main copy operation for
/// `dd`.
struct Output<'a> {
    /// The destination to which bytes will be written.
    dst: Dest,

    /// Configuration settings for how to read and write the data.
    settings: &'a Settings,
}

impl<'a> Output<'a> {
    /// Instantiate this struct with stdout as a destination.
    fn new_stdout(settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        let mut dst = Dest::Stdout(io::stdout());
        dst.seek(settings.seek)
            .map_err_context(|| translate!("dd-error-write-error"))?;
        Ok(Self { dst, settings })
    }

    /// Instantiate this struct with the named file as a destination.
    fn new_file(filename: &Path, settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        fn open_dst(path: &Path, cflags: &OConvFlags, oflags: &OFlags) -> Result<File, io::Error> {
            let mut opts = OpenOptions::new();
            opts.write(true)
                .create(!cflags.nocreat)
                .create_new(cflags.excl)
                .append(oflags.append);

            #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
            if let Some(libc_flags) = make_linux_oflags(oflags) {
                opts.custom_flags(libc_flags);
            }

            opts.open(path)
        }

        let dst = open_dst(filename, &settings.oconv, &settings.oflags).map_err_context(
            || translate!("dd-error-failed-to-open", "path" => filename.quote()),
        )?;

        // Seek to the index in the output file, truncating if requested.
        //
        // Calling `set_len()` may result in an error (for example,
        // when calling it on `/dev/null`), but we don't want to
        // terminate the process when that happens.  Instead, we
        // suppress the error by calling `Result::ok()`. This matches
        // the behavior of GNU `dd` when given the command-line
        // argument `of=/dev/null`.
        if !settings.oconv.notrunc {
            dst.set_len(settings.seek).ok();
        }

        Self::prepare_file(dst, settings)
    }

    fn prepare_file(dst: File, settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        let density = if settings.oconv.sparse {
            Density::Sparse
        } else {
            Density::Dense
        };
        let mut dst = Dest::File(dst, density);
        dst.seek(settings.seek)
            .map_err_context(|| translate!("dd-error-failed-to-seek"))?;
        Ok(Self { dst, settings })
    }

    /// Instantiate this struct with file descriptor as a destination.
    ///
    /// This is useful e.g. for the case when the file descriptor was
    /// already opened by the system (stdout) and has a state
    /// (current position) that shall be used.
    fn new_file_from_stdout(settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        let fx = OwnedFileDescriptorOrHandle::from(io::stdout())?;
        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
        if let Some(libc_flags) = make_linux_oflags(&settings.oflags) {
            nix::fcntl::fcntl(
                fx.as_raw().as_fd(),
                F_SETFL(OFlag::from_bits_retain(libc_flags)),
            )?;
        }

        Self::prepare_file(fx.into_file(), settings)
    }

    /// Instantiate this struct with the given named pipe as a destination.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    fn new_fifo(filename: &Path, settings: &'a Settings) -> UResult<Self> {
        // We simulate seeking in a FIFO by *reading*, so we open the
        // file for reading. But then we need to close the file and
        // re-open it for writing.
        if settings.seek > 0 {
            Dest::Fifo(File::open(filename)?).seek(settings.seek)?;
        }
        // If `count=0`, then we don't bother opening the file for
        // writing because that would cause this process to block
        // indefinitely.
        if let Some(Num::Blocks(0) | Num::Bytes(0)) = settings.count {
            let dst = Dest::Sink;
            return Ok(Self { dst, settings });
        }
        // At this point, we know there is at least one block to write
        // to the output, so we open the file for writing.
        let mut opts = OpenOptions::new();
        opts.write(true)
            .create(!settings.oconv.nocreat)
            .create_new(settings.oconv.excl)
            .append(settings.oflags.append);
        #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
        opts.custom_flags(make_linux_oflags(&settings.oflags).unwrap_or(0));
        let dst = Dest::Fifo(opts.open(filename)?);
        Ok(Self { dst, settings })
    }

    /// Discard the system file cache for the given portion of the output.
    ///
    /// `offset` and `len` specify a contiguous portion of the output.
    /// This function informs the kernel that the specified portion of
    /// the output file is no longer needed. If not possible, then
    /// this function prints an error message to stderr and sets the
    /// exit status code to 1.
    #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "linux"), allow(clippy::unused_self, unused_variables))]
    fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) {
        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        {
            show_if_err!(
                self.dst
                    .discard_cache(offset, len)
                    .map_err_context(|| { translate!("dd-error-failed-discard-cache-output") })
            );
        }
        #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
        {
            // TODO Is there a way to discard filesystem cache on
            // these other operating systems?
        }
    }

    /// writes a block of data. optionally retries when first try didn't complete
    ///
    /// this is needed by gnu-test: tests/dd/stats.s
    /// the write can be interrupted by a system signal.
    /// e.g. SIGUSR1 which is send to report status
    /// without retry, the data might not be fully written to destination.
    fn write_block(&mut self, chunk: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
        let full_len = chunk.len();
        let mut base_idx = 0;
        loop {
            match self.dst.write(&chunk[base_idx..]) {
                Ok(wlen) => {
                    base_idx += wlen;
                    // take iflags.fullblock as oflags shall not have this option
                    if (base_idx >= full_len) || !self.settings.iflags.fullblock {
                        return Ok(base_idx);
                    }
                }
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => (),
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }
        }
    }

    /// Write the given bytes one block at a time.
    ///
    /// This may write partial blocks (for example, if the underlying
    /// call to [`Write::write`] writes fewer than `buf.len()`
    /// bytes). The returned [`WriteStat`] object will include the
    /// number of partial and complete blocks written during execution
    /// of this function.
    fn write_blocks(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<WriteStat> {
        let mut writes_complete = 0;
        let mut writes_partial = 0;
        let mut bytes_total = 0;

        for chunk in buf.chunks(self.settings.obs) {
            let wlen = self.write_block(chunk)?;
            if wlen < self.settings.obs {
                writes_partial += 1;
            } else {
                writes_complete += 1;
            }
            bytes_total += wlen;
        }

        Ok(WriteStat {
            writes_complete,
            writes_partial,
            bytes_total: bytes_total.try_into().unwrap_or(0u128),
        })
    }

    /// Flush the output to disk, if configured to do so.
    fn sync(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        if self.settings.oconv.fsync {
            self.dst.fsync()
        } else if self.settings.oconv.fdatasync {
            self.dst.fdatasync()
        } else {
            // Intentionally do nothing in this case.
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Truncate the underlying file to the current stream position, if possible.
    fn truncate(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        self.dst.truncate()
    }
}

/// The block writer either with or without partial block buffering.
enum BlockWriter<'a> {
    /// Block writer with partial block buffering.
    ///
    /// Partial blocks are buffered until completed.
    Buffered(BufferedOutput<'a>),

    /// Block writer without partial block buffering.
    ///
    /// Partial blocks are written immediately.
    Unbuffered(Output<'a>),
}

impl BlockWriter<'_> {
    fn discard_cache(&self, offset: libc::off_t, len: libc::off_t) {
        match self {
            Self::Unbuffered(o) => o.discard_cache(offset, len),
            Self::Buffered(o) => o.discard_cache(offset, len),
        }
    }

    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<WriteStat> {
        match self {
            Self::Unbuffered(_) => Ok(WriteStat::default()),
            Self::Buffered(o) => o.flush(),
        }
    }

    fn sync(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        match self {
            Self::Unbuffered(o) => o.sync(),
            Self::Buffered(o) => o.sync(),
        }
    }

    /// Truncate the file to the final cursor location.
    fn truncate(&mut self) {
        // Calling `set_len()` may result in an error (for example,
        // when calling it on `/dev/null`), but we don't want to
        // terminate the process when that happens. Instead, we
        // suppress the error by calling `Result::ok()`. This matches
        // the behavior of GNU `dd` when given the command-line
        // argument `of=/dev/null`.
        match self {
            Self::Unbuffered(o) => o.truncate().ok(),
            Self::Buffered(o) => o.truncate().ok(),
        };
    }

    fn write_blocks(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<WriteStat> {
        match self {
            Self::Unbuffered(o) => o.write_blocks(buf),
            Self::Buffered(o) => o.write_blocks(buf),
        }
    }
}

/// depending on the command line arguments, this function
/// informs the OS to flush/discard the caches for input and/or output file.
fn flush_caches_full_length(i: &Input, o: &Output) -> io::Result<()> {
    // TODO Better error handling for overflowing `len`.
    if i.settings.iflags.nocache {
        let offset = 0;
        #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
        let len = i.src.len()?.try_into().unwrap();
        i.discard_cache(offset, len);
    }
    // Similarly, discard the system cache for the output file.
    //
    // TODO Better error handling for overflowing `len`.
    if i.settings.oflags.nocache {
        let offset = 0;
        #[allow(clippy::useless_conversion)]
        let len = o.dst.len()?.try_into().unwrap();
        o.discard_cache(offset, len);
    }

    Ok(())
}

/// Copy the given input data to this output, consuming both.
///
/// This method contains the main loop for the `dd` program. Bytes
/// are read in blocks from `i` and written in blocks to this
/// output. Read/write statistics are reported to stderr as
/// configured by the `status` command-line argument.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// If there is a problem reading from the input or writing to
/// this output.
fn dd_copy(mut i: Input, o: Output) -> io::Result<()> {
    // The read and write statistics.
    //
    // These objects are counters, initialized to zero. After each
    // iteration of the main loop, each will be incremented by the
    // number of blocks read and written, respectively.
    let mut rstat = ReadStat::default();
    let mut wstat = WriteStat::default();

    // The time at which the main loop starts executing.
    //
    // When `status=progress` is given on the command-line, the
    // `dd` program reports its progress every second or so. Part
    // of its report includes the throughput in bytes per second,
    // which requires knowing how long the process has been
    // running.
    let start = Instant::now();

    // A good buffer size for reading.
    //
    // This is an educated guess about a good buffer size based on
    // the input and output block sizes.
    let bsize = calc_bsize(i.settings.ibs, o.settings.obs);

    // Start a thread that reports transfer progress.
    //
    // The `dd` program reports its progress after every block is written,
    // at most every 1 second, and only if `status=progress` is given on
    // the command-line or a SIGUSR1 signal is received. We
    // perform this reporting in a new thread so as not to take
    // any CPU time away from the actual reading and writing of
    // data. We send a `ProgUpdate` from the transmitter `prog_tx`
    // to the receives `rx`, and the receiver prints the transfer
    // information.
    let (prog_tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
    let output_thread = thread::spawn(gen_prog_updater(rx, i.settings.status));

    // Whether to truncate the output file after all blocks have been written.
    let truncate = !o.settings.oconv.notrunc;

    // Optimization: if no blocks are to be written, then don't
    // bother allocating any buffers.
    if let Some(Num::Blocks(0) | Num::Bytes(0)) = i.settings.count {
        // Even though we are not reading anything from the input
        // file, we still need to honor the `nocache` flag, which
        // requests that we inform the system that we no longer
        // need the contents of the input file in a system cache.
        //
        flush_caches_full_length(&i, &o)?;
        return finalize(
            BlockWriter::Unbuffered(o),
            rstat,
            wstat,
            start,
            &prog_tx,
            output_thread,
            truncate,
        );
    }

    // Create a common buffer with a capacity of the block size.
    // This is the max size needed.
    let mut buf = vec![BUF_INIT_BYTE; bsize];

    // Spawn a timer thread to provide a scheduled signal indicating when we
    // should send an update of our progress to the reporting thread.
    //
    // This avoids the need to query the OS monotonic clock for every block.
    let alarm = Alarm::with_interval(Duration::from_secs(1));

    // The signal handler spawns an own thread that waits for signals.
    // When the signal is received, it calls a handler function.
    // We inject a handler function that manually triggers the alarm.
    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    let signal_handler = progress::SignalHandler::install_signal_handler(alarm.manual_trigger_fn());
    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    if let Err(e) = &signal_handler {
        if Some(StatusLevel::None) != i.settings.status {
            eprintln!("{}\n\t{e}", translate!("dd-warning-signal-handler"));
        }
    }

    // Index in the input file where we are reading bytes and in
    // the output file where we are writing bytes.
    //
    // These are updated on each iteration of the main loop.
    let mut read_offset = 0;
    let mut write_offset = 0;

    let input_nocache = i.settings.iflags.nocache;
    let output_nocache = o.settings.oflags.nocache;

    // Add partial block buffering, if needed.
    let mut o = if o.settings.buffered {
        BlockWriter::Buffered(BufferedOutput::new(o))
    } else {
        BlockWriter::Unbuffered(o)
    };

    // The main read/write loop.
    //
    // Each iteration reads blocks from the input and writes
    // blocks to this output. Read/write statistics are updated on
    // each iteration and cumulative statistics are reported to
    // the progress reporting thread.
    while below_count_limit(i.settings.count, &rstat) {
        // Read a block from the input then write the block to the output.
        //
        // As an optimization, make an educated guess about the
        // best buffer size for reading based on the number of
        // blocks already read and the number of blocks remaining.
        let loop_bsize = calc_loop_bsize(i.settings.count, &rstat, &wstat, i.settings.ibs, bsize);
        let rstat_update = read_helper(&mut i, &mut buf, loop_bsize)?;
        if rstat_update.is_empty() {
            break;
        }
        let wstat_update = o.write_blocks(&buf)?;

        // Discard the system file cache for the read portion of
        // the input file.
        //
        // TODO Better error handling for overflowing `offset` and `len`.
        let read_len = rstat_update.bytes_total;
        if input_nocache {
            let offset = read_offset.try_into().unwrap();
            let len = read_len.try_into().unwrap();
            i.discard_cache(offset, len);
        }
        read_offset += read_len;

        // Discard the system file cache for the written portion
        // of the output file.
        //
        // TODO Better error handling for overflowing `offset` and `len`.
        let write_len = wstat_update.bytes_total;
        if output_nocache {
            let offset = write_offset.try_into().unwrap();
            let len = write_len.try_into().unwrap();
            o.discard_cache(offset, len);
        }
        write_offset += write_len;

        // Update the read/write stats and inform the progress thread once per second.
        //
        // If the receiver is disconnected, `send()` returns an
        // error. Since it is just reporting progress and is not
        // crucial to the operation of `dd`, let's just ignore the
        // error.
        rstat += rstat_update;
        wstat += wstat_update;
        match alarm.get_trigger() {
            ALARM_TRIGGER_NONE => {}
            t @ (ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER | ALARM_TRIGGER_SIGNAL) => {
                let tp = match t {
                    ALARM_TRIGGER_TIMER => ProgUpdateType::Periodic,
                    _ => ProgUpdateType::Signal,
                };
                let prog_update = ProgUpdate::new(rstat, wstat, start.elapsed(), tp);
                prog_tx.send(prog_update).unwrap_or(());
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    finalize(o, rstat, wstat, start, &prog_tx, output_thread, truncate)
}

/// Flush output, print final stats, and join with the progress thread.
fn finalize<T>(
    mut output: BlockWriter,
    rstat: ReadStat,
    wstat: WriteStat,
    start: Instant,
    prog_tx: &mpsc::Sender<ProgUpdate>,
    output_thread: thread::JoinHandle<T>,
    truncate: bool,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    // Flush the output in case a partial write has been buffered but
    // not yet written.
    let wstat_update = output.flush()?;

    // Sync the output, if configured to do so.
    output.sync()?;

    // Truncate the file to the final cursor location.
    if truncate {
        output.truncate();
    }

    // Print the final read/write statistics.
    let wstat = wstat + wstat_update;
    let prog_update = ProgUpdate::new(rstat, wstat, start.elapsed(), ProgUpdateType::Final);
    prog_tx.send(prog_update).unwrap_or(());
    // Wait for the output thread to finish
    output_thread
        .join()
        .expect("Failed to join with the output thread.");

    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
#[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
fn make_linux_oflags(oflags: &OFlags) -> Option<libc::c_int> {
    let mut flag = 0;

    // oflag=FLAG
    if oflags.append {
        flag |= libc::O_APPEND;
    }
    if oflags.direct {
        flag |= libc::O_DIRECT;
    }
    if oflags.directory {
        flag |= libc::O_DIRECTORY;
    }
    if oflags.dsync {
        flag |= libc::O_DSYNC;
    }
    if oflags.noatime {
        flag |= libc::O_NOATIME;
    }
    if oflags.noctty {
        flag |= libc::O_NOCTTY;
    }
    if oflags.nofollow {
        flag |= libc::O_NOFOLLOW;
    }
    if oflags.nonblock {
        flag |= libc::O_NONBLOCK;
    }
    if oflags.sync {
        flag |= libc::O_SYNC;
    }

    if flag == 0 { None } else { Some(flag) }
}

/// Read from an input (that is, a source of bytes) into the given buffer.
///
/// This function also performs any conversions as specified by
/// `conv=swab` or `conv=block` command-line arguments. This function
/// mutates the `buf` argument in-place. The returned [`ReadStat`]
/// indicates how many blocks were read.
fn read_helper(i: &mut Input, buf: &mut Vec<u8>, bsize: usize) -> io::Result<ReadStat> {
    // Local Helper Fns -------------------------------------------------
    fn perform_swab(buf: &mut [u8]) {
        for base in (1..buf.len()).step_by(2) {
            buf.swap(base, base - 1);
        }
    }
    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Read
    // Resize the buffer to the bsize. Any garbage data in the buffer is overwritten or truncated, so there is no need to fill with BUF_INIT_BYTE first.
    buf.resize(bsize, BUF_INIT_BYTE);

    let mut rstat = match i.settings.iconv.sync {
        Some(ch) => i.fill_blocks(buf, ch)?,
        _ => i.fill_consecutive(buf)?,
    };
    // Return early if no data
    if rstat.reads_complete == 0 && rstat.reads_partial == 0 {
        return Ok(rstat);
    }

    // Perform any conv=x[,x...] options
    if i.settings.iconv.swab {
        perform_swab(buf);
    }

    match i.settings.iconv.mode {
        Some(ref mode) => {
            *buf = conv_block_unblock_helper(buf.clone(), mode, &mut rstat);
            Ok(rstat)
        }
        None => Ok(rstat),
    }
}

// Calculate a 'good' internal buffer size.
// For performance of the read/write functions, the buffer should hold
// both an integral number of reads and an integral number of writes. For
// sane real-world memory use, it should not be too large. I believe
// the least common multiple is a good representation of these interests.
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple#Using_the_greatest_common_divisor
fn calc_bsize(ibs: usize, obs: usize) -> usize {
    let gcd = Gcd::gcd(ibs, obs);
    // calculate the lcm from gcd
    (ibs / gcd) * obs
}

/// Calculate the buffer size appropriate for this loop iteration, respecting
/// a `count=N` if present.
fn calc_loop_bsize(
    count: Option<Num>,
    rstat: &ReadStat,
    wstat: &WriteStat,
    ibs: usize,
    ideal_bsize: usize,
) -> usize {
    match count {
        Some(Num::Blocks(rmax)) => {
            let rsofar = rstat.reads_complete + rstat.reads_partial;
            let rremain = rmax - rsofar;
            cmp::min(ideal_bsize as u64, rremain * ibs as u64) as usize
        }
        Some(Num::Bytes(bmax)) => {
            let bmax: u128 = bmax.into();
            let bremain: u128 = bmax - wstat.bytes_total;
            cmp::min(ideal_bsize as u128, bremain) as usize
        }
        None => ideal_bsize,
    }
}

/// Decide if the current progress is below a `count=N` limit or return
/// `true` if no such limit is set.
fn below_count_limit(count: Option<Num>, rstat: &ReadStat) -> bool {
    match count {
        Some(Num::Blocks(n)) => rstat.reads_complete + rstat.reads_partial < n,
        Some(Num::Bytes(n)) => rstat.bytes_total < n,
        None => true,
    }
}

/// Canonicalized file name of `/dev/stdout`.
///
/// For example, if this process were invoked from the command line as
/// `dd`, then this function returns the [`OsString`] form of
/// `"/dev/stdout"`. However, if this process were invoked as `dd >
/// outfile`, then this function returns the canonicalized path to
/// `outfile`, something like `"/path/to/outfile"`.
fn stdout_canonicalized() -> OsString {
    match Path::new("/dev/stdout").canonicalize() {
        Ok(p) => p.into_os_string(),
        Err(_) => OsString::from("/dev/stdout"),
    }
}

/// Decide whether stdout is being redirected to a seekable file.
///
/// For example, if this process were invoked from the command line as
///
/// ```sh
/// dd if=/dev/zero bs=1 count=10 seek=5 > /dev/sda1
/// ```
///
/// where `/dev/sda1` is a seekable block device then this function
/// would return true. If invoked as
///
/// ```sh
/// dd if=/dev/zero bs=1 count=10 seek=5
/// ```
///
/// then this function would return false.
fn is_stdout_redirected_to_seekable_file() -> bool {
    let s = stdout_canonicalized();
    let p = Path::new(&s);
    match File::open(p) {
        Ok(mut f) => {
            f.stream_position().is_ok() && f.seek(SeekFrom::End(0)).is_ok() && f.rewind().is_ok()
        }
        Err(_) => false,
    }
}

/// Try to get the len if it is a block device
#[cfg(unix)]
fn try_get_len_of_block_device(file: &mut File) -> io::Result<Option<u64>> {
    let ftype = file.metadata()?.file_type();
    if !ftype.is_block_device() {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    // FIXME: this can be replaced by file.stream_len() when stable.
    let len = file.seek(SeekFrom::End(0))?;
    file.rewind()?;
    Ok(Some(len))
}

/// Decide whether the named file is a named pipe, also known as a FIFO.
#[cfg(unix)]
fn is_fifo(filename: &str) -> bool {
    if let Ok(metadata) = std::fs::metadata(filename) {
        if metadata.file_type().is_fifo() {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

#[uucore::main]
pub fn uumain(args: impl uucore::Args) -> UResult<()> {
    let matches = uucore::clap_localization::handle_clap_result(uu_app(), args)?;

    let settings: Settings = Parser::new().parse(
        matches
            .get_many::<String>(options::OPERANDS)
            .unwrap_or_default(),
    )?;

    let i = match settings.infile {
        #[cfg(unix)]
        Some(ref infile) if is_fifo(infile) => Input::new_fifo(Path::new(&infile), &settings)?,
        Some(ref infile) => Input::new_file(Path::new(&infile), &settings)?,
        None => Input::new_stdin(&settings)?,
    };
    let o = match settings.outfile {
        #[cfg(unix)]
        Some(ref outfile) if is_fifo(outfile) => Output::new_fifo(Path::new(&outfile), &settings)?,
        Some(ref outfile) => Output::new_file(Path::new(&outfile), &settings)?,
        None if is_stdout_redirected_to_seekable_file() => Output::new_file_from_stdout(&settings)?,
        None => Output::new_stdout(&settings)?,
    };
    dd_copy(i, o).map_err_context(|| translate!("dd-error-io-error"))
}

pub fn uu_app() -> Command {
    Command::new(uucore::util_name())
        .version(uucore::crate_version!())
        .help_template(uucore::localized_help_template(uucore::util_name()))
        .about(translate!("dd-about"))
        .override_usage(format_usage(&translate!("dd-usage")))
        .after_help(translate!("dd-after-help"))
        .infer_long_args(true)
        .arg(Arg::new(options::OPERANDS).num_args(1..))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use crate::{Output, Parser, calc_bsize};

    use std::path::Path;

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_primes() {
        let (n, m) = (7901, 7919);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, n * m);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_rel_prime_obs_greater() {
        let (n, m) = (7 * 5119, 13 * 5119);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, 7 * 13 * 5119);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_rel_prime_ibs_greater() {
        let (n, m) = (13 * 5119, 7 * 5119);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, 7 * 13 * 5119);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_3fac_rel_prime() {
        let (n, m) = (11 * 13 * 5119, 7 * 11 * 5119);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, 7 * 11 * 13 * 5119);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_ibs_greater() {
        let (n, m) = (512 * 1024, 256 * 1024);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, n);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_obs_greater() {
        let (n, m) = (256 * 1024, 512 * 1024);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, m);
    }

    #[test]
    fn bsize_test_bs_eq() {
        let (n, m) = (1024, 1024);
        let res = calc_bsize(n, m);
        assert_eq!(res % n, 0);
        assert_eq!(res % m, 0);

        assert_eq!(res, m);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_nocreat_causes_failure_when_ofile_doesnt_exist() {
        let args = &["conv=nocreat", "of=not-a-real.file"];
        let settings = Parser::new().parse(args).unwrap();
        assert!(
            Output::new_file(Path::new(settings.outfile.as_ref().unwrap()), &settings).is_err()
        );
    }
}