unillm-runtime 0.1.0

Core inference runtime for UniLLM with 47 model architectures
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
//! Whisper Model V2 - Clean implementation using solid abstractions
//!
//! This implements the Whisper speech recognition encoder-decoder architecture:
//! - Audio encoder: Conv1D for feature extraction + transformer with bidirectional self-attention
//! - Text decoder: transformer with causal self-attention and cross-attention
//! - Supports Whisper-tiny, Whisper-base, Whisper-small, Whisper-medium, Whisper-large

use crate::model_config;
use super::traits::*;
use anyhow::Result;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};

/// Whisper model configuration using the model_config macro
model_config!(WhisperConfig {
    vocab_size: usize = 51865,
    d_model: usize = 512,
    encoder_layers: usize = 6,
    decoder_layers: usize = 6,
    encoder_attention_heads: usize = 8,
    decoder_attention_heads: usize = 8,
    encoder_ffn_dim: usize = 2048,
    decoder_ffn_dim: usize = 2048,
    dropout: f32 = 0.0,
    attention_dropout: f32 = 0.0,
    activation_dropout: f32 = 0.0,
    activation_function: String = "gelu".to_string(),
    init_std: f32 = 0.02,
    layer_norm_eps: f32 = 1e-5,
    scale_embedding: bool = false,
    use_cache: bool = true,
    is_encoder_decoder: bool = true,
    pad_token_id: i64 = 50257,
    bos_token_id: i64 = 50258,
    eos_token_id: i64 = 50257,
    decoder_start_token_id: i64 = 50258,
    // Whisper specific
    max_source_positions: usize = 1500,
    max_target_positions: usize = 448,
    num_mel_bins: usize = 80,
    // Required by model_config macro but not used directly
    num_hidden_layers: usize = 6,
    hidden_size: usize = 512,
});

impl WhisperConfig {
    /// Create WhisperConfig from GGUF model configuration
    pub fn from_gguf_config(gguf: &crate::weight_loader_core::GGUFModelConfig) -> Self {
        // Map GGUF config to Whisper config
        // Whisper in GGUF has different field names
        Self {
            vocab_size: gguf.vocab_size,
            d_model: gguf.hidden_size,
            hidden_size: gguf.hidden_size,
            encoder_layers: gguf.num_hidden_layers / 2, // Approximate split
            decoder_layers: gguf.num_hidden_layers / 2,
            num_hidden_layers: gguf.num_hidden_layers,
            encoder_attention_heads: gguf.num_attention_heads,
            decoder_attention_heads: gguf.num_attention_heads,
            encoder_ffn_dim: gguf.intermediate_size,
            decoder_ffn_dim: gguf.intermediate_size,
            layer_norm_eps: gguf.rms_norm_eps,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    /// Get head dimension for encoder
    pub fn encoder_head_dim(&self) -> usize {
        self.d_model / self.encoder_attention_heads
    }

    /// Get head dimension for decoder
    pub fn decoder_head_dim(&self) -> usize {
        self.d_model / self.decoder_attention_heads
    }
}

/// Main Whisper model implementation
pub struct WhisperModelV2 {
    config: WhisperConfig,
    device: Device,
    encoder: WhisperEncoder,
    decoder: WhisperDecoder,
    proj_out: Tensor, // Output projection (tied with embed_tokens)
}

/// Whisper audio encoder with Conv1D preprocessing and transformer layers
pub struct WhisperEncoder {
    // Conv1D layers for mel spectrogram feature extraction
    conv1_weight: Tensor, // [d_model, n_mels, 3] - kernel size 3
    conv1_bias: Tensor,   // [d_model]
    conv2_weight: Tensor, // [d_model, d_model, 3] - kernel size 3, stride 2
    conv2_bias: Tensor,   // [d_model]
    // Sinusoidal position embeddings
    embed_positions: Tensor, // [max_source_positions, d_model]
    // Transformer layers
    layers: Vec<WhisperEncoderLayer>,
    // Final layer norm
    layer_norm: Tensor,
    layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    config: WhisperConfig,
}

/// Whisper text decoder with causal self-attention and cross-attention
pub struct WhisperDecoder {
    // Token embedding
    embed_tokens: Tensor, // [vocab_size, d_model]
    // Learned position embeddings
    embed_positions: Tensor, // [max_target_positions, d_model]
    // Transformer layers
    layers: Vec<WhisperDecoderLayer>,
    // Final layer norm
    layer_norm: Tensor,
    layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    config: WhisperConfig,
}

/// Whisper encoder transformer layer with bidirectional self-attention
pub struct WhisperEncoderLayer {
    self_attn: WhisperAttention,
    self_attn_layer_norm: Tensor,
    self_attn_layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    fc1: Tensor,
    fc1_bias: Tensor,
    fc2: Tensor,
    fc2_bias: Tensor,
    final_layer_norm: Tensor,
    final_layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    config: WhisperConfig,
}

/// Whisper decoder transformer layer with causal self-attention and cross-attention
pub struct WhisperDecoderLayer {
    self_attn: WhisperAttention,
    self_attn_layer_norm: Tensor,
    self_attn_layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    encoder_attn: WhisperAttention,
    encoder_attn_layer_norm: Tensor,
    encoder_attn_layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    fc1: Tensor,
    fc1_bias: Tensor,
    fc2: Tensor,
    fc2_bias: Tensor,
    final_layer_norm: Tensor,
    final_layer_norm_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    config: WhisperConfig,
}

/// Whisper multi-head attention
pub struct WhisperAttention {
    k_proj: Tensor,
    k_proj_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    v_proj: Tensor,
    v_proj_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    q_proj: Tensor,
    q_proj_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    out_proj: Tensor,
    out_proj_bias: Option<Tensor>,
    num_heads: usize,
    head_dim: usize,
    scale: f32,
    is_causal: bool, // True for decoder self-attention
}

impl Model for WhisperModelV2 {
    type Config = WhisperConfig;

    fn new(config: WhisperConfig) -> Result<Self> {
        let device = Device::CPU;
        let encoder = WhisperEncoder::new(&config, &device)?;
        let decoder = WhisperDecoder::new(&config, &device)?;

        // Output projection (tied with decoder embed_tokens)
        let proj_out = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model, config.vocab_size], DataType::Float32, &device)?;

        Ok(Self { config, device, encoder, decoder, proj_out })
    }

    fn from_weights(config: WhisperConfig, weights: ModelWeights) -> Result<Self> {
        let mut model = Self::new(config)?;
        model.encoder.load_weights(&weights)?;
        model.decoder.load_weights(&weights)?;

        // Load output projection (may be tied with embed_tokens)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("proj_out.weight") {
            model.proj_out = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        } else if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.decoder.embed_tokens.weight") {
            // Tied weights - transpose for projection
            model.proj_out = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }

        Ok(model)
    }

    fn forward(&self, inputs: &ModelInputs) -> Result<ModelOutputs> {
        match inputs {
            ModelInputs::Audio { input_features, attention_mask } => {
                // Encoder forward: process mel spectrogram
                let encoder_outputs = self.encoder.forward(input_features)?;

                // For inference, we need decoder_input_ids
                // If not provided, use start token
                let start_token = self.config.decoder_start_token_id;
                let batch_size = input_features.shape()[0];

                // Create initial decoder input [batch, 1] with start token
                let decoder_input_ids: Vec<i64> = vec![start_token; batch_size];
                let decoder_input = Tensor::from_i64_slice(
                    &decoder_input_ids,
                    &[batch_size, 1],
                    &self.device
                )?;

                // Decoder forward
                let decoder_outputs = self.decoder.forward(&decoder_input, Some(&encoder_outputs))?;

                // Project to vocabulary
                let logits = ops_fn::matmul(&decoder_outputs, &self.proj_out)?;

                Ok(ModelOutputs::Sequence {
                    logits,
                    encoder_hidden_states: Some(encoder_outputs),
                    decoder_hidden_states: Some(decoder_outputs),
                })
            },
            _ => Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Whisper expects Audio input")),
        }
    }

    fn generate(&self, _prompt: &str, config: &GenerationConfig) -> Result<String> {
        // For Whisper, generate() would typically be called with audio input
        // This is a text-based fallback that returns a placeholder
        // Real usage should call transcribe() with audio data

        // In practice, Whisper generation works as follows:
        // 1. Encode mel spectrogram with encoder
        // 2. Autoregressively decode with decoder using encoder outputs
        // 3. Sample tokens until EOS or max_length

        Ok(format!("[Whisper: Use transcribe() method with audio input. Max tokens: {}]",
            config.max_new_tokens))
    }

    fn config(&self) -> &Self::Config { &self.config }

    fn memory_requirements(&self) -> MemoryRequirements {
        let d_model = self.config.d_model;
        let enc_layers = self.config.encoder_layers;
        let dec_layers = self.config.decoder_layers;
        let enc_ffn = self.config.encoder_ffn_dim;
        let dec_ffn = self.config.decoder_ffn_dim;

        // Approximate parameter count
        let encoder_params = enc_layers * (4 * d_model * d_model + 2 * d_model * enc_ffn);
        let decoder_params = dec_layers * (8 * d_model * d_model + 2 * d_model * dec_ffn); // 8 for self + cross attn
        let embedding_params = self.config.vocab_size * d_model;
        let conv_params = self.config.num_mel_bins * d_model * 3 + d_model * d_model * 3;

        let total_params = encoder_params + decoder_params + embedding_params + conv_params;
        let param_bytes = total_params * 4; // float32

        let kv_cache_bytes = (self.config.max_source_positions + self.config.max_target_positions)
            * d_model * 2 * 4;

        MemoryRequirements {
            gpu_memory: param_bytes,
            cpu_memory: param_bytes / 4,
            kv_cache_memory: kv_cache_bytes,
            peak_memory: param_bytes + kv_cache_bytes,
        }
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.device = device.clone();
        self.encoder.to_device(device)?;
        self.decoder.to_device(device)?;
        self.proj_out = self.proj_out.to_device(device)?;
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl WhisperModelV2 {
    /// Transcribe audio mel spectrogram to text
    /// mel_spectrogram shape: [batch, n_mels, n_frames]
    pub fn transcribe(&self, mel_spectrogram: &Tensor, config: &GenerationConfig) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
        // 1. Encode audio
        let encoder_outputs = self.encoder.forward(mel_spectrogram)?;

        let batch_size = mel_spectrogram.shape()[0];

        // 2. Initialize decoder with start token
        let mut tokens: Vec<u32> = vec![self.config.decoder_start_token_id as u32];

        // 3. Autoregressive decoding loop
        for _ in 0..config.max_new_tokens {
            // Create decoder input from current tokens
            let tokens_i64: Vec<i64> = tokens.iter().map(|&t| t as i64).collect();
            let decoder_input = Tensor::from_i64_slice(
                &tokens_i64,
                &[batch_size, tokens.len()],
                &self.device
            )?;

            // Decoder forward pass
            let decoder_outputs = self.decoder.forward(&decoder_input, Some(&encoder_outputs))?;

            // Get logits for last position
            let logits = ops_fn::matmul(&decoder_outputs, &self.proj_out)?;

            // Extract last position logits
            let logits_candle = logits.to_candle()?;
            let shape = logits_candle.dims();
            let seq_len = shape[1];

            let last_logits = logits_candle
                .narrow(1, seq_len - 1, 1)?
                .squeeze(1)?
                .squeeze(0)?;

            let logits_vec: Vec<f32> = last_logits.to_vec1()?;

            // Greedy decoding (simplified)
            let next_token = {
                let mut max_idx = 0;
                let mut max_val = logits_vec[0];
                for (idx, &val) in logits_vec.iter().enumerate() {
                    // Skip suppressed tokens
                    if val > max_val {
                        max_val = val;
                        max_idx = idx;
                    }
                }
                max_idx as u32
            };

            // Check for EOS
            if next_token == config.eos_token_id {
                break;
            }

            tokens.push(next_token);
        }

        Ok(tokens)
    }
}

impl WhisperEncoder {
    fn new(config: &WhisperConfig, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
        let mut layers = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..config.encoder_layers {
            layers.push(WhisperEncoderLayer::new(config, device, false)?); // bidirectional
        }

        // Conv1D: [out_channels, in_channels, kernel_size]
        // conv1: 80 mel bins -> d_model, kernel=3, stride=1, padding=1
        // conv2: d_model -> d_model, kernel=3, stride=2, padding=1
        let conv1_weight = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model, config.num_mel_bins, 3], DataType::Float32, device)?;
        let conv1_bias = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?;
        let conv2_weight = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model, config.d_model, 3], DataType::Float32, device)?;
        let conv2_bias = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?;

        // Sinusoidal position embeddings for encoder
        let embed_positions = create_sinusoidal_embeddings(config.max_source_positions, config.d_model, device)?;

        Ok(Self {
            conv1_weight,
            conv1_bias,
            conv2_weight,
            conv2_bias,
            embed_positions,
            layers,
            layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            layer_norm_bias: None,
            config: config.clone(),
        })
    }

    fn forward(&self, mel_spectrogram: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
        // Input: [batch, n_mels, n_frames]
        // 1. Apply Conv1D layers
        let mut hidden_states = self.apply_conv1d(mel_spectrogram)?;

        // After conv2 with stride 2, sequence length is halved
        // hidden_states shape: [batch, d_model, n_frames/2]

        // 2. Transpose to [batch, seq, d_model] for transformer
        let hidden_candle = hidden_states.to_candle()?;
        let transposed = hidden_candle.transpose(1, 2)?;
        hidden_states = Tensor::from_candle(transposed);

        // 3. Add sinusoidal positional embeddings
        let seq_len = hidden_states.shape()[1];
        let pos_emb = self.get_position_embeddings(seq_len)?;
        hidden_states = ops_fn::add(&hidden_states, &pos_emb)?;

        // 4. Apply transformer encoder layers (bidirectional)
        for layer in &self.layers {
            hidden_states = layer.forward(&hidden_states, false)?; // is_causal=false
        }

        // 5. Final layer norm
        let result = ops_fn::layer_norm(&hidden_states, &self.layer_norm, self.layer_norm_bias.as_ref(), self.config.layer_norm_eps)?;

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Apply Conv1D feature extraction
    fn apply_conv1d(&self, mel_spectrogram: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
        // Input: [batch, n_mels, n_frames]
        // Whisper uses two 1D convolutions:
        // conv1: kernel=3, stride=1, padding=1 (preserves length)
        // conv2: kernel=3, stride=2, padding=1 (halves length)

        let input = mel_spectrogram.to_candle()?;
        let shape = input.dims();
        let (batch_size, n_mels, n_frames) = (shape[0], shape[1], shape[2]);
        let d_model = self.config.d_model;

        // For simplicity, implement conv1d as a series of operations
        // In practice, this should use optimized conv1d kernel

        // Conv1: [batch, n_mels, n_frames] -> [batch, d_model, n_frames]
        // Unfold with kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1
        let conv1_out = self.conv1d_forward(&input, &self.conv1_weight, &self.conv1_bias, 3, 1, 1)?;
        let conv1_activated = conv1_out.gelu()?;

        // Conv2: [batch, d_model, n_frames] -> [batch, d_model, n_frames/2]
        // Unfold with kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1
        let conv2_out = self.conv1d_forward(&conv1_activated, &self.conv2_weight, &self.conv2_bias, 3, 2, 1)?;
        let conv2_activated = conv2_out.gelu()?;

        Ok(Tensor::from_candle(conv2_activated))
    }

    /// Simple Conv1D implementation
    /// weight shape: [out_channels, in_channels, kernel_size]
    fn conv1d_forward(
        &self,
        input: &candle_core::Tensor,
        weight: &Tensor,
        bias: &Tensor,
        kernel_size: usize,
        stride: usize,
        padding: usize,
    ) -> Result<candle_core::Tensor> {
        let weight_candle = weight.to_candle()?;
        let bias_candle = bias.to_candle()?;

        let shape = input.dims();
        let (batch_size, in_channels, in_length) = (shape[0], shape[1], shape[2]);
        let out_channels = weight_candle.dims()[0];

        // Calculate output length
        let out_length = (in_length + 2 * padding - kernel_size) / stride + 1;

        // Pad input if needed
        let padded = if padding > 0 {
            // Pad along the last dimension
            let zeros_shape = &[batch_size, in_channels, padding];
            let zero_pad = candle_core::Tensor::zeros(zeros_shape, input.dtype(), input.device())?;
            candle_core::Tensor::cat(&[&zero_pad, input, &zero_pad], 2)?
        } else {
            input.clone()
        };

        // Simple implementation: unfold + matmul
        // For each output position, extract kernel_size elements and multiply
        let mut output_slices = Vec::new();

        for i in 0..out_length {
            let start = i * stride;
            let patch = padded.narrow(2, start, kernel_size)?; // [batch, in_ch, kernel]

            // Flatten patch: [batch, in_ch * kernel]
            let patch_flat = patch.reshape(&[batch_size, in_channels * kernel_size])?;

            // Reshape weight: [out_ch, in_ch * kernel]
            let weight_flat = weight_candle.reshape(&[out_channels, in_channels * kernel_size])?;

            // Matmul: [batch, in_ch * kernel] @ [in_ch * kernel, out_ch] -> [batch, out_ch]
            let weight_t = weight_flat.t()?;
            let out_pos = patch_flat.matmul(&weight_t)?;

            output_slices.push(out_pos.unsqueeze(2)?); // [batch, out_ch, 1]
        }

        // Concatenate along sequence dimension
        let refs: Vec<&candle_core::Tensor> = output_slices.iter().collect();
        let output = candle_core::Tensor::cat(&refs, 2)?; // [batch, out_ch, out_len]

        // Add bias: [out_ch] broadcast to [batch, out_ch, out_len]
        let bias_expanded = bias_candle.unsqueeze(0)?.unsqueeze(2)?;
        let output_with_bias = output.broadcast_add(&bias_expanded)?;

        Ok(output_with_bias)
    }

    /// Get sinusoidal position embeddings for the given sequence length
    fn get_position_embeddings(&self, seq_len: usize) -> Result<Tensor> {
        let emb = self.embed_positions.to_candle()?;
        let sliced = emb.narrow(0, 0, seq_len)?;
        let expanded = sliced.unsqueeze(0)?; // [1, seq, d_model] for broadcasting
        Ok(Tensor::from_candle(expanded))
    }

    fn load_weights(&mut self, weights: &ModelWeights) -> Result<()> {
        // Load conv weights (transpose for our conv1d impl)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.conv1.weight") {
            self.conv1_weight = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.conv1.bias") {
            self.conv1_bias = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.conv2.weight") {
            self.conv2_weight = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.conv2.bias") {
            self.conv2_bias = w.clone();
        }

        // Load position embeddings (usually not loaded - computed)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.embed_positions.weight") {
            self.embed_positions = w.clone();
        }

        // Load final layer norm
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.layer_norm.weight") {
            self.layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.encoder.layer_norm.bias") {
            self.layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }

        // Load transformer layer weights
        for (i, layer) in self.layers.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            layer.load_weights(weights, i)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.conv1_weight = self.conv1_weight.to_device(device)?;
        self.conv1_bias = self.conv1_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.conv2_weight = self.conv2_weight.to_device(device)?;
        self.conv2_bias = self.conv2_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.embed_positions = self.embed_positions.to_device(device)?;
        self.layer_norm = self.layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        for layer in &mut self.layers {
            layer.to_device(device)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl WhisperDecoder {
    fn new(config: &WhisperConfig, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
        let mut layers = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..config.decoder_layers {
            layers.push(WhisperDecoderLayer::new(config, device)?);
        }

        // Token embeddings
        let embed_tokens = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.vocab_size, config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?;

        // Learned position embeddings for decoder
        let embed_positions = ops_fn::zeros(&[config.max_target_positions, config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?;

        Ok(Self {
            embed_tokens,
            embed_positions,
            layers,
            layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            layer_norm_bias: None,
            config: config.clone(),
        })
    }

    fn forward(&self, input_ids: &Tensor, encoder_hidden_states: Option<&Tensor>) -> Result<Tensor> {
        // 1. Token embedding lookup
        let mut hidden_states = ops_fn::embedding(input_ids, &self.embed_tokens)?;

        // 2. Add learned positional embeddings
        let seq_len = input_ids.shape()[1];
        let pos_emb = self.get_position_embeddings(seq_len)?;
        hidden_states = ops_fn::add(&hidden_states, &pos_emb)?;

        // 3. Apply transformer decoder layers
        for layer in &self.layers {
            hidden_states = layer.forward(&hidden_states, encoder_hidden_states)?;
        }

        // 4. Final layer norm
        let result = ops_fn::layer_norm(&hidden_states, &self.layer_norm, self.layer_norm_bias.as_ref(), self.config.layer_norm_eps)?;

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Get learned position embeddings for the given sequence length
    fn get_position_embeddings(&self, seq_len: usize) -> Result<Tensor> {
        let emb = self.embed_positions.to_candle()?;
        let sliced = emb.narrow(0, 0, seq_len)?;
        let expanded = sliced.unsqueeze(0)?; // [1, seq, d_model] for broadcasting
        Ok(Tensor::from_candle(expanded))
    }

    fn load_weights(&mut self, weights: &ModelWeights) -> Result<()> {
        // Load embeddings (no transpose - used for lookup)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.decoder.embed_tokens.weight") {
            self.embed_tokens = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.decoder.embed_positions.weight") {
            self.embed_positions = w.clone();
        }

        // Load final layer norm
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.decoder.layer_norm.weight") {
            self.layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get("model.decoder.layer_norm.bias") {
            self.layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }

        // Load transformer layer weights
        for (i, layer) in self.layers.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            layer.load_weights(weights, i)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.embed_tokens = self.embed_tokens.to_device(device)?;
        self.embed_positions = self.embed_positions.to_device(device)?;
        self.layer_norm = self.layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        for layer in &mut self.layers {
            layer.to_device(device)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl WhisperEncoderLayer {
    fn new(config: &WhisperConfig, device: &Device, is_causal: bool) -> Result<Self> {
        let head_dim = config.encoder_head_dim();

        Ok(Self {
            self_attn: WhisperAttention::new(
                config.d_model,
                config.encoder_attention_heads,
                head_dim,
                device,
                is_causal,
            )?,
            self_attn_layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            self_attn_layer_norm_bias: None,
            fc1: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model, config.encoder_ffn_dim], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc1_bias: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.encoder_ffn_dim], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc2: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.encoder_ffn_dim, config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc2_bias: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            final_layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            final_layer_norm_bias: None,
            config: config.clone(),
        })
    }

    fn forward(&self, hidden_states: &Tensor, is_causal: bool) -> Result<Tensor> {
        // Pre-norm architecture
        // 1. Self-attention with residual
        let residual = hidden_states.clone();
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::layer_norm(
            hidden_states,
            &self.self_attn_layer_norm,
            self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias.as_ref(),
            self.config.layer_norm_eps
        )?;
        let hidden_states = self.self_attn.forward(&hidden_states, None, is_causal)?;
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::add(&residual, &hidden_states)?;

        // 2. Feed-forward with residual
        let residual = hidden_states.clone();
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::layer_norm(
            &hidden_states,
            &self.final_layer_norm,
            self.final_layer_norm_bias.as_ref(),
            self.config.layer_norm_eps
        )?;

        // FFN: fc1 -> activation -> fc2
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::matmul(&hidden_states, &self.fc1)?;
        let hidden_states = self.add_bias(&hidden_states, &self.fc1_bias)?;
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::gelu(&hidden_states)?;
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::matmul(&hidden_states, &self.fc2)?;
        let hidden_states = self.add_bias(&hidden_states, &self.fc2_bias)?;

        ops_fn::add(&residual, &hidden_states)
    }

    fn add_bias(&self, x: &Tensor, bias: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
        ops_fn::add(x, bias)
    }

    fn load_weights(&mut self, weights: &ModelWeights, layer_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
        let prefix = format!("model.encoder.layers.{}", layer_idx);

        // Load layer norms
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.self_attn_layer_norm.weight", prefix)) {
            self.self_attn_layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.self_attn_layer_norm.bias", prefix)) {
            self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.final_layer_norm.weight", prefix)) {
            self.final_layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.final_layer_norm.bias", prefix)) {
            self.final_layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }

        // Load FFN weights (transpose for matmul)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc1.weight", prefix)) {
            self.fc1 = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc1.bias", prefix)) {
            self.fc1_bias = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc2.weight", prefix)) {
            self.fc2 = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc2.bias", prefix)) {
            self.fc2_bias = w.clone();
        }

        // Load attention weights
        self.self_attn.load_weights(weights, &format!("{}.self_attn", prefix))?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.self_attn_layer_norm = self.self_attn_layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        self.final_layer_norm = self.final_layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.final_layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        self.fc1 = self.fc1.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc1_bias = self.fc1_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc2 = self.fc2.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc2_bias = self.fc2_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.self_attn.to_device(device)?;
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl WhisperDecoderLayer {
    fn new(config: &WhisperConfig, device: &Device) -> Result<Self> {
        let head_dim = config.decoder_head_dim();

        Ok(Self {
            // Causal self-attention
            self_attn: WhisperAttention::new(
                config.d_model,
                config.decoder_attention_heads,
                head_dim,
                device,
                true, // causal
            )?,
            self_attn_layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            self_attn_layer_norm_bias: None,
            // Cross-attention (non-causal, uses encoder outputs)
            encoder_attn: WhisperAttention::new(
                config.d_model,
                config.decoder_attention_heads,
                head_dim,
                device,
                false, // not causal for cross-attention
            )?,
            encoder_attn_layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            encoder_attn_layer_norm_bias: None,
            fc1: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model, config.decoder_ffn_dim], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc1_bias: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.decoder_ffn_dim], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc2: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.decoder_ffn_dim, config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            fc2_bias: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            final_layer_norm: ops_fn::zeros(&[config.d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            final_layer_norm_bias: None,
            config: config.clone(),
        })
    }

    fn forward(&self, hidden_states: &Tensor, encoder_hidden_states: Option<&Tensor>) -> Result<Tensor> {
        // 1. Causal self-attention with residual
        let residual = hidden_states.clone();
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::layer_norm(
            hidden_states,
            &self.self_attn_layer_norm,
            self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias.as_ref(),
            self.config.layer_norm_eps
        )?;
        let hidden_states = self.self_attn.forward(&hidden_states, None, true)?; // causal=true
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::add(&residual, &hidden_states)?;

        // 2. Cross-attention with encoder outputs (if provided)
        let hidden_states = if let Some(encoder_states) = encoder_hidden_states {
            let residual = hidden_states.clone();
            let normed = ops_fn::layer_norm(
                &hidden_states,
                &self.encoder_attn_layer_norm,
                self.encoder_attn_layer_norm_bias.as_ref(),
                self.config.layer_norm_eps
            )?;
            let attn_out = self.encoder_attn.forward(&normed, Some(encoder_states), false)?;
            ops_fn::add(&residual, &attn_out)?
        } else {
            hidden_states
        };

        // 3. Feed-forward with residual
        let residual = hidden_states.clone();
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::layer_norm(
            &hidden_states,
            &self.final_layer_norm,
            self.final_layer_norm_bias.as_ref(),
            self.config.layer_norm_eps
        )?;

        let hidden_states = ops_fn::matmul(&hidden_states, &self.fc1)?;
        let hidden_states = self.add_bias(&hidden_states, &self.fc1_bias)?;
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::gelu(&hidden_states)?;
        let hidden_states = ops_fn::matmul(&hidden_states, &self.fc2)?;
        let hidden_states = self.add_bias(&hidden_states, &self.fc2_bias)?;

        ops_fn::add(&residual, &hidden_states)
    }

    fn add_bias(&self, x: &Tensor, bias: &Tensor) -> Result<Tensor> {
        ops_fn::add(x, bias)
    }

    fn load_weights(&mut self, weights: &ModelWeights, layer_idx: usize) -> Result<()> {
        let prefix = format!("model.decoder.layers.{}", layer_idx);

        // Load layer norms
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.self_attn_layer_norm.weight", prefix)) {
            self.self_attn_layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.self_attn_layer_norm.bias", prefix)) {
            self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.encoder_attn_layer_norm.weight", prefix)) {
            self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.encoder_attn_layer_norm.bias", prefix)) {
            self.encoder_attn_layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.final_layer_norm.weight", prefix)) {
            self.final_layer_norm = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.final_layer_norm.bias", prefix)) {
            self.final_layer_norm_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }

        // Load FFN weights (transpose for matmul)
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc1.weight", prefix)) {
            self.fc1 = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc1.bias", prefix)) {
            self.fc1_bias = w.clone();
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc2.weight", prefix)) {
            self.fc2 = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.fc2.bias", prefix)) {
            self.fc2_bias = w.clone();
        }

        // Load attention weights
        self.self_attn.load_weights(weights, &format!("{}.self_attn", prefix))?;
        self.encoder_attn.load_weights(weights, &format!("{}.encoder_attn", prefix))?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.self_attn_layer_norm = self.self_attn_layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.self_attn_layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        self.encoder_attn_layer_norm = self.encoder_attn_layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.encoder_attn_layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        self.final_layer_norm = self.final_layer_norm.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.final_layer_norm_bias {
            *b = b.to_device(device)?;
        }
        self.fc1 = self.fc1.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc1_bias = self.fc1_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc2 = self.fc2.to_device(device)?;
        self.fc2_bias = self.fc2_bias.to_device(device)?;
        self.self_attn.to_device(device)?;
        self.encoder_attn.to_device(device)?;
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl WhisperAttention {
    fn new(d_model: usize, num_heads: usize, head_dim: usize, device: &Device, is_causal: bool) -> Result<Self> {
        let scale = 1.0 / (head_dim as f32).sqrt();

        Ok(Self {
            k_proj: ops_fn::zeros(&[d_model, d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            k_proj_bias: None,
            v_proj: ops_fn::zeros(&[d_model, d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            v_proj_bias: None,
            q_proj: ops_fn::zeros(&[d_model, d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            q_proj_bias: None,
            out_proj: ops_fn::zeros(&[d_model, d_model], DataType::Float32, device)?,
            out_proj_bias: None,
            num_heads,
            head_dim,
            scale,
            is_causal,
        })
    }

    fn forward(&self, hidden_states: &Tensor, encoder_hidden_states: Option<&Tensor>, is_causal: bool) -> Result<Tensor> {
        let shape = hidden_states.shape();
        let (batch_size, seq_len, _) = if shape.len() == 3 {
            (shape[0], shape[1], shape[2])
        } else {
            (1, shape[0], shape[1])
        };

        // Project query from decoder hidden states
        let query = ops_fn::matmul(hidden_states, &self.q_proj)?;
        let query = if let Some(ref bias) = self.q_proj_bias {
            ops_fn::add(&query, bias)?
        } else {
            query
        };

        // For cross-attention, K/V come from encoder; for self-attention, from same input
        let kv_source = encoder_hidden_states.unwrap_or(hidden_states);
        let kv_seq_len = kv_source.shape()[1];

        let key = ops_fn::matmul(kv_source, &self.k_proj)?;
        let key = if let Some(ref bias) = self.k_proj_bias {
            ops_fn::add(&key, bias)?
        } else {
            key
        };

        let value = ops_fn::matmul(kv_source, &self.v_proj)?;
        let value = if let Some(ref bias) = self.v_proj_bias {
            ops_fn::add(&value, bias)?
        } else {
            value
        };

        // Reshape for multi-head attention
        // [batch, seq, d_model] -> [batch, seq, heads, head_dim] -> [batch, heads, seq, head_dim]
        let q_candle = query.to_candle()?;
        let k_candle = key.to_candle()?;
        let v_candle = value.to_candle()?;

        let q_reshaped = q_candle
            .reshape(&[batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim])?
            .transpose(1, 2)?;

        let k_reshaped = k_candle
            .reshape(&[batch_size, kv_seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim])?
            .transpose(1, 2)?;

        let v_reshaped = v_candle
            .reshape(&[batch_size, kv_seq_len, self.num_heads, self.head_dim])?
            .transpose(1, 2)?;

        // Scaled dot-product attention
        // scores = Q @ K^T / sqrt(head_dim)
        let k_t = k_reshaped.transpose(2, 3)?;
        let q_contiguous = q_reshaped.contiguous()?;
        let k_contiguous = k_t.contiguous()?;

        let scores = q_contiguous.matmul(&k_contiguous)?;
        let scaled_scores = (scores * (self.scale as f64))?;

        // Apply causal mask if needed (decoder self-attention)
        let masked_scores = if is_causal && encoder_hidden_states.is_none() {
            let device = scaled_scores.device();
            let causal_mask = {
                let mut mask_data = vec![0.0f32; seq_len * seq_len];
                for i in 0..seq_len {
                    for j in 0..seq_len {
                        if j > i {
                            mask_data[i * seq_len + j] = f32::NEG_INFINITY;
                        }
                    }
                }
                candle_core::Tensor::from_vec(mask_data, &[1, 1, seq_len, seq_len], device)?
            };
            scaled_scores.broadcast_add(&causal_mask)?
        } else {
            scaled_scores
        };

        // Softmax
        let attention_weights = candle_nn::ops::softmax_last_dim(&masked_scores)?;

        // Apply attention to values
        let v_contiguous = v_reshaped.contiguous()?;
        let attn_output = attention_weights.matmul(&v_contiguous)?;

        // Reshape back: [batch, heads, seq, head_dim] -> [batch, seq, d_model]
        let attn_output = attn_output
            .transpose(1, 2)?
            .reshape(&[batch_size, seq_len, self.num_heads * self.head_dim])?;

        let attn_output = Tensor::from_candle(attn_output);

        // Output projection
        let output = ops_fn::matmul(&attn_output, &self.out_proj)?;
        let output = if let Some(ref bias) = self.out_proj_bias {
            ops_fn::add(&output, bias)?
        } else {
            output
        };

        Ok(output)
    }

    fn load_weights(&mut self, weights: &ModelWeights, prefix: &str) -> Result<()> {
        // Load projection weights (transpose for matmul: [out, in] -> [in, out])
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.k_proj.weight", prefix)) {
            self.k_proj = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.k_proj.bias", prefix)) {
            self.k_proj_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.v_proj.weight", prefix)) {
            self.v_proj = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.v_proj.bias", prefix)) {
            self.v_proj_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.q_proj.weight", prefix)) {
            self.q_proj = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.q_proj.bias", prefix)) {
            self.q_proj_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.out_proj.weight", prefix)) {
            self.out_proj = ops_fn::transpose(w)?;
        }
        if let Some(w) = weights.get(&format!("{}.out_proj.bias", prefix)) {
            self.out_proj_bias = Some(w.clone());
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn to_device(&mut self, device: &Device) -> Result<()> {
        self.k_proj = self.k_proj.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.k_proj_bias { *b = b.to_device(device)?; }
        self.v_proj = self.v_proj.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.v_proj_bias { *b = b.to_device(device)?; }
        self.q_proj = self.q_proj.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.q_proj_bias { *b = b.to_device(device)?; }
        self.out_proj = self.out_proj.to_device(device)?;
        if let Some(ref mut b) = self.out_proj_bias { *b = b.to_device(device)?; }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Create sinusoidal positional embeddings
/// PE(pos, 2i) = sin(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))
/// PE(pos, 2i+1) = cos(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))
fn create_sinusoidal_embeddings(max_len: usize, d_model: usize, device: &Device) -> Result<Tensor> {
    let mut embeddings = Vec::with_capacity(max_len * d_model);

    for pos in 0..max_len {
        for i in 0..d_model {
            let angle = (pos as f32) / 10000_f32.powf((2 * (i / 2)) as f32 / d_model as f32);
            let value = if i % 2 == 0 {
                angle.sin()
            } else {
                angle.cos()
            };
            embeddings.push(value);
        }
    }

    Tensor::from_f32_slice(&embeddings, &[max_len, d_model], device)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_whisper_model_creation() {
        let config = WhisperConfig {
            vocab_size: 1000,
            d_model: 128,
            hidden_size: 128,
            encoder_layers: 2,
            decoder_layers: 2,
            num_hidden_layers: 4,
            encoder_attention_heads: 4,
            decoder_attention_heads: 4,
            encoder_ffn_dim: 512,
            decoder_ffn_dim: 512,
            num_mel_bins: 80,
            max_source_positions: 100,
            max_target_positions: 50,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let model = WhisperModelV2::new(config).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(model.config().vocab_size(), 1000);
        assert_eq!(model.config().hidden_size(), 128);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whisper_encoder_forward() {
        let config = WhisperConfig {
            d_model: 64,
            hidden_size: 64,
            num_hidden_layers: 1,
            encoder_layers: 1,
            decoder_layers: 1,
            encoder_attention_heads: 2,
            decoder_attention_heads: 2,
            encoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            decoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            num_mel_bins: 40,
            max_source_positions: 50,
            max_target_positions: 25,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let encoder = WhisperEncoder::new(&config, &Device::CPU).unwrap();

        // Create dummy mel spectrogram [batch=1, n_mels=40, n_frames=100]
        let mel = ops_fn::zeros(&[1, 40, 100], DataType::Float32, &Device::CPU).unwrap();

        let output = encoder.forward(&mel).unwrap();
        // After conv2 with stride 2: n_frames/2 = 50
        assert_eq!(output.shape()[0], 1); // batch
        assert_eq!(output.shape()[1], 50); // seq (n_frames/2)
        assert_eq!(output.shape()[2], 64); // d_model
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whisper_decoder_forward() {
        let config = WhisperConfig {
            vocab_size: 100,
            d_model: 64,
            hidden_size: 64,
            num_hidden_layers: 1,
            encoder_layers: 1,
            decoder_layers: 1,
            encoder_attention_heads: 2,
            decoder_attention_heads: 2,
            encoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            decoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            max_target_positions: 25,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let decoder = WhisperDecoder::new(&config, &Device::CPU).unwrap();

        // Create dummy input
        let input_ids = ops_fn::zeros(&[1, 5], DataType::Int64, &Device::CPU).unwrap();
        let encoder_hidden = ops_fn::zeros(&[1, 20, 64], DataType::Float32, &Device::CPU).unwrap();

        let output = decoder.forward(&input_ids, Some(&encoder_hidden)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output.shape(), &[1, 5, 64]); // [batch, seq, d_model]
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_whisper_full_forward() {
        let config = WhisperConfig {
            vocab_size: 100,
            d_model: 64,
            hidden_size: 64,
            num_hidden_layers: 2,
            encoder_layers: 1,
            decoder_layers: 1,
            encoder_attention_heads: 2,
            decoder_attention_heads: 2,
            encoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            decoder_ffn_dim: 256,
            num_mel_bins: 40,
            max_source_positions: 50,
            max_target_positions: 25,
            decoder_start_token_id: 1, // Use a valid token ID for the test vocab size
            bos_token_id: 1,
            eos_token_id: 2,
            pad_token_id: 0,
            ..Default::default()
        };

        let model = WhisperModelV2::new(config).unwrap();

        // Create dummy mel spectrogram
        let mel = ops_fn::zeros(&[1, 40, 100], DataType::Float32, &Device::CPU).unwrap();

        let inputs = ModelInputs::Audio {
            input_features: mel,
            attention_mask: None,
        };

        let outputs = model.forward(&inputs).unwrap();

        match outputs {
            ModelOutputs::Sequence { logits, encoder_hidden_states, decoder_hidden_states } => {
                assert_eq!(logits.shape()[0], 1); // batch
                assert_eq!(logits.shape()[1], 1); // seq (just start token)
                assert_eq!(logits.shape()[2], 100); // vocab
                assert!(encoder_hidden_states.is_some());
                assert!(decoder_hidden_states.is_some());
            }
            _ => panic!("Expected Sequence output"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sinusoidal_embeddings() {
        let embeddings = create_sinusoidal_embeddings(100, 64, &Device::CPU).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(embeddings.shape(), &[100, 64]);
    }
}