#[path = "connection_manager/required.rs"]
mod required;
#[path = "connection_manager/tool_catalog.rs"]
mod tool_catalog;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
use std::time::Duration;
use crate::binding_clients::McpBindingClients;
use crate::elicitation::ElicitationRequestManager;
use crate::elicitation::ElicitationRequestRouter;
use crate::elicitation::ElicitationReviewerHandle;
use crate::mcp::CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME;
use crate::mcp::ToolPluginProvenance;
use crate::rmcp_client::AsyncManagedClient;
use crate::rmcp_client::DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT;
use crate::rmcp_client::ManagedClient;
use crate::rmcp_client::StartupOutcomeError;
use crate::runtime::McpRuntimeContext;
use crate::server::EffectiveMcpServer;
use crate::server::McpServerMetadata;
use crate::tool_catalog_cache::McpToolCatalogCache;
use crate::tools::ToolInfo;
use anyhow::Context;
use anyhow::Result;
use anyhow::anyhow;
use async_channel::Sender;
use codex_api::SharedAuthProvider;
use codex_config::Constrained;
use codex_config::McpServerAuth;
use codex_config::McpServerConfig;
use codex_config::McpServerTransportConfig;
use codex_config::types::AuthKeyringBackendKind;
use codex_config::types::OAuthCredentialsStoreMode;
use codex_connectors::ConnectorRuntimeContextKey;
use codex_connectors::ConnectorRuntimeManager;
use codex_login::AuthManager;
use codex_login::CodexAuth;
use codex_protocol::mcp::CallToolResult;
use codex_protocol::mcp::McpServerInfo;
use codex_protocol::models::PermissionProfile;
use codex_protocol::protocol::AskForApproval;
use codex_protocol::protocol::Event;
use codex_protocol::protocol::EventMsg;
use codex_protocol::protocol::McpStartupCompleteEvent;
use codex_protocol::protocol::McpStartupFailure;
use codex_protocol::protocol::McpStartupFailureReason;
use codex_protocol::protocol::McpStartupStatus;
use codex_protocol::protocol::McpStartupUpdateEvent;
use codex_rmcp_client::ElicitationResponse;
use codex_rmcp_client::McpAuthState;
use codex_rmcp_client::McpLoginRequirement;
use codex_rmcp_client::determine_streamable_http_auth_status_from_credentials;
use rmcp::model::ElicitationCapability;
use rmcp::model::ListResourceTemplatesResult;
use rmcp::model::ListResourcesResult;
use rmcp::model::PaginatedRequestParams;
use rmcp::model::ReadResourceRequestParams;
use rmcp::model::ReadResourceResult;
use rmcp::model::RequestId;
use rmcp::model::Resource;
use rmcp::model::ResourceTemplate;
use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
use tokio::sync::Mutex;
use tokio::sync::RwLock;
use tokio::task::JoinSet;
use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
use tracing::warn;
const MCP_UI_META_KEY: &str = "ui";
const MCP_UI_VISIBILITY_META_KEY: &str = "visibility";
const MCP_UI_MODEL_VISIBILITY: &str = "model";
pub fn tool_is_model_visible(tool: &ToolInfo) -> bool {
let Some(visibility) = tool
.tool
.meta
.as_deref()
.and_then(|meta| meta.get(MCP_UI_META_KEY))
.and_then(JsonValue::as_object)
.and_then(|ui| ui.get(MCP_UI_VISIBILITY_META_KEY))
.and_then(JsonValue::as_array)
else {
return true;
};
visibility
.iter()
.any(|target| target.as_str() == Some(MCP_UI_MODEL_VISIBILITY))
}
pub struct McpConnectionManager {
clients: HashMap<String, AsyncManagedClient>,
server_metadata: HashMap<String, McpServerMetadata>,
required_servers: Vec<String>,
tool_catalog_revision: Arc<RwLock<u64>>,
codex_apps_tools_override: RwLock<Option<Vec<ToolInfo>>>,
codex_apps_refresh_lock: Mutex<()>,
tool_plugin_provenance: Arc<ToolPluginProvenance>,
prefix_mcp_tool_names: bool,
elicitation_requests: ElicitationRequestManager,
startup_cancellation_token: CancellationToken,
}
impl McpConnectionManager {
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub async fn new(
mcp_servers: &HashMap<String, EffectiveMcpServer>,
store_mode: OAuthCredentialsStoreMode,
keyring_backend_kind: AuthKeyringBackendKind,
approval_policy: &Constrained<AskForApproval>,
submit_id: String,
tx_event: Option<Sender<Event>>,
startup_cancellation_token: CancellationToken,
initial_permission_profile: PermissionProfile,
runtime_context: McpRuntimeContext,
codex_home: PathBuf,
codex_apps_tools_cache: ConnectorRuntimeManager<ToolInfo>,
tool_catalog_cache: McpToolCatalogCache,
codex_apps_tools_cache_key: ConnectorRuntimeContextKey,
prefix_mcp_tool_names: bool,
client_elicitation_capability: ElicitationCapability,
supports_openai_form_elicitation: bool,
tool_plugin_provenance: ToolPluginProvenance,
auth: Option<&CodexAuth>,
codex_apps_auth_manager: Option<Arc<AuthManager>>,
elicitation_reviewer: Option<ElicitationReviewerHandle>,
elicitation_lifecycle: Option<crate::ElicitationLifecycle>,
elicitation_router: ElicitationRequestRouter,
) -> Self {
let mut required_servers = mcp_servers
.iter()
.filter(|(_, server)| server.enabled() && server.required())
.map(|(name, _)| name.clone())
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
required_servers.sort();
let mut clients = HashMap::new();
let mut server_metadata = HashMap::new();
let mut join_set = JoinSet::new();
let elicitation_requests = ElicitationRequestManager::new(
approval_policy.value(),
initial_permission_profile,
elicitation_reviewer,
elicitation_lifecycle,
elicitation_router,
);
let tool_plugin_provenance = Arc::new(tool_plugin_provenance);
let startup_submit_id = submit_id.clone();
let static_chatgpt_auth_provider = auth
.filter(|auth| auth.uses_codex_backend())
.map(codex_model_provider::auth_provider_from_auth);
let codex_apps_auth_provider = codex_apps_auth_manager.and_then(|auth_manager| {
auth.filter(|auth| auth.uses_codex_backend()).map(|auth| {
codex_model_provider::auth_provider_from_auth_manager(auth_manager, auth)
})
});
let mcp_servers = mcp_servers.clone();
for (server_name, server) in mcp_servers
.into_iter()
.filter(|(_, server)| server.enabled())
{
server_metadata.insert(server_name.clone(), McpServerMetadata::from(&server));
let cancel_token = startup_cancellation_token.child_token();
if let Some(tx_event) = tx_event.as_ref() {
let _ = emit_update(
startup_submit_id.as_str(),
tx_event,
McpStartupUpdateEvent {
server: server_name.clone(),
status: McpStartupStatus::Starting,
},
)
.await;
}
let configured_config = server.configured_config().cloned();
let resolved_environment = configured_config.as_ref().map_or_else(
|| Ok(None),
|config| runtime_context.resolve_server_environment(&server_name, config),
);
let uses_env_bearer_token =
configured_config
.as_ref()
.is_some_and(|config| match &config.transport {
McpServerTransportConfig::StreamableHttp {
bearer_token_env_var,
..
} => bearer_token_env_var.is_some(),
McpServerTransportConfig::Stdio { .. } => false,
});
let shares_codex_apps_tools_cache =
should_share_codex_apps_tools_cache(&server_name, uses_env_bearer_token);
let codex_apps_tools_cache_context = shares_codex_apps_tools_cache.then(|| {
codex_apps_tools_cache
.context(codex_home.clone(), codex_apps_tools_cache_key.clone())
});
let chatgpt_auth_provider = if server_name == CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME {
codex_apps_auth_provider
.clone()
.or_else(|| static_chatgpt_auth_provider.clone())
} else {
static_chatgpt_auth_provider.clone()
};
let runtime_auth_provider =
if server_name == CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME && uses_env_bearer_token {
None
} else {
chatgpt_auth_provider_for_server(&server, chatgpt_auth_provider)
};
let tool_catalog_cache_context = if server_name == CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME {
None
} else if let Some(config) = configured_config.as_ref()
&& let Ok(environment) = resolved_environment.as_ref()
{
tool_catalog_cache.context(
&server_name,
config,
&runtime_context,
environment.as_ref(),
&client_elicitation_capability,
supports_openai_form_elicitation,
)
} else {
None
};
let has_runtime_auth = runtime_auth_provider.is_some();
let async_managed_client = AsyncManagedClient::new(
server_name.clone(),
startup_submit_id.clone(),
server,
store_mode,
keyring_backend_kind,
cancel_token.clone(),
tx_event.clone(),
elicitation_requests.clone(),
codex_apps_tools_cache_context,
tool_catalog_cache_context,
Arc::clone(&tool_plugin_provenance),
runtime_context.clone(),
resolved_environment,
runtime_auth_provider,
client_elicitation_capability.clone(),
supports_openai_form_elicitation,
);
clients.insert(server_name.clone(), async_managed_client.clone());
let tx_event = tx_event.clone();
let submit_id = startup_submit_id.clone();
join_set.spawn(async move {
let mut outcome = async_managed_client.client().await;
if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
outcome = Err(StartupOutcomeError::Cancelled);
}
if let Some(tx_event) = tx_event.as_ref() {
let auth_state = match &outcome {
Err(error) if error.is_authentication_required() && !has_runtime_auth => {
configured_config.as_ref().and_then(|config| {
let McpServerTransportConfig::StreamableHttp {
url,
bearer_token_env_var,
http_headers,
env_http_headers,
} = &config.transport
else {
return None;
};
match determine_streamable_http_auth_status_from_credentials(
&server_name,
url,
bearer_token_env_var.as_deref(),
http_headers.clone(),
env_http_headers.clone(),
store_mode,
keyring_backend_kind,
) {
Ok(auth_state) => auth_state,
Err(error) => {
warn!(
"failed to read stored auth status for MCP server `{server_name}`: {error:?}"
);
None
}
}
})
}
Ok(_) | Err(_) => None,
};
if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
outcome = Err(StartupOutcomeError::Cancelled);
}
let status = match &outcome {
Ok(_) => McpStartupStatus::Ready,
Err(StartupOutcomeError::Cancelled) => McpStartupStatus::Cancelled,
Err(error) => {
let reason = mcp_startup_failure_reason(auth_state, error);
let error_str = mcp_init_error_display(
server_name.as_str(),
configured_config.as_ref(),
error,
);
McpStartupStatus::Failed {
error: error_str,
reason,
}
}
};
let _ = emit_update(
submit_id.as_str(),
tx_event,
McpStartupUpdateEvent {
server: server_name.clone(),
status,
},
)
.await;
}
if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
outcome = Err(StartupOutcomeError::Cancelled);
}
if matches!(&outcome, Err(StartupOutcomeError::Failed { .. })) {
async_managed_client.reconnect_failed_startup().await;
}
(server_name, outcome)
});
}
let manager = Self {
clients,
server_metadata,
required_servers,
tool_catalog_revision: Arc::new(RwLock::new(0)),
codex_apps_tools_override: RwLock::new(None),
codex_apps_refresh_lock: Mutex::new(()),
tool_plugin_provenance,
prefix_mcp_tool_names,
elicitation_requests: elicitation_requests.clone(),
startup_cancellation_token: startup_cancellation_token.clone(),
};
tokio::spawn(async move {
let outcomes = join_set.join_all().await;
if let Some(tx_event) = tx_event {
let mut summary = McpStartupCompleteEvent::default();
for (server_name, outcome) in outcomes {
match outcome {
Ok(_) => summary.ready.push(server_name),
Err(StartupOutcomeError::Cancelled) => summary.cancelled.push(server_name),
Err(StartupOutcomeError::Failed { error, .. }) => {
summary.failed.push(McpStartupFailure {
server: server_name,
error,
})
}
}
}
let _ = tx_event
.send(Event {
id: startup_submit_id,
msg: EventMsg::McpStartupComplete(summary),
})
.await;
}
});
manager
}
pub fn new_uninitialized_with_permission_profile(
approval_policy: &Constrained<AskForApproval>,
permission_profile: &PermissionProfile,
prefix_mcp_tool_names: bool,
) -> Self {
Self {
clients: HashMap::new(),
server_metadata: HashMap::new(),
required_servers: Vec::new(),
tool_catalog_revision: Arc::new(RwLock::new(0)),
codex_apps_tools_override: RwLock::new(None),
codex_apps_refresh_lock: Mutex::new(()),
tool_plugin_provenance: Arc::new(ToolPluginProvenance::default()),
prefix_mcp_tool_names,
elicitation_requests: ElicitationRequestManager::new(
approval_policy.value(),
permission_profile.clone(),
None,
None,
ElicitationRequestRouter::default(),
),
startup_cancellation_token: CancellationToken::new(),
}
}
pub fn empty(prefix_mcp_tool_names: bool) -> Self {
Self::new_uninitialized_with_permission_profile(
&Constrained::allow_any(AskForApproval::OnRequest),
&PermissionProfile::default(),
prefix_mcp_tool_names,
)
}
pub fn has_servers(&self) -> bool {
!self.clients.is_empty()
}
pub(crate) fn contains_server(&self, server_name: &str) -> bool {
self.clients.contains_key(server_name)
}
pub async fn shutdown(&self) {
self.startup_cancellation_token.cancel();
let clients = self.clients.values().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();
let shutdown_task = tokio::spawn(async move {
for client in clients {
client.shutdown().await;
}
});
if let Err(error) = shutdown_task.await {
warn!("MCP client shutdown task failed: {error}");
}
}
pub fn server_origin(&self, server_name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
self.server_metadata
.get(server_name)
.and_then(|metadata| metadata.origin.as_ref())
.map(super::server::McpServerOrigin::as_str)
}
pub fn server_environment_id(&self, server_name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
self.server_metadata
.get(server_name)
.map(|metadata| metadata.environment_id.as_str())
}
pub fn server_pollutes_memory(&self, server_name: &str) -> bool {
self.server_metadata
.get(server_name)
.is_none_or(|metadata| metadata.pollutes_memory)
}
pub fn plugin_id_for_mcp_server_name(&self, server_name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
self.tool_plugin_provenance
.plugin_id_for_mcp_server_name(server_name)
}
pub fn is_selected_plugin_mcp_server(&self, server_name: &str) -> bool {
self.tool_plugin_provenance
.is_selected_plugin_mcp_server(server_name)
}
pub fn tool_approval_mode(
&self,
server_name: &str,
tool_name: &str,
) -> codex_config::AppToolApproval {
self.server_metadata
.get(server_name)
.map(|metadata| metadata.tool_approval_mode(tool_name))
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn is_host_owned_codex_apps_server(&self, server_name: &str) -> bool {
server_name == CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME && self.server_metadata.contains_key(server_name)
}
pub fn set_approval_policy(&self, approval_policy: &Constrained<AskForApproval>) {
if let Ok(mut policy) = self.elicitation_requests.approval_policy.lock() {
*policy = approval_policy.value();
}
}
pub fn set_permission_profile(&self, permission_profile: PermissionProfile) {
if let Ok(mut profile) = self.elicitation_requests.permission_profile.lock() {
*profile = permission_profile;
}
}
pub fn elicitations_auto_deny(&self) -> bool {
self.elicitation_requests.auto_deny()
}
pub fn set_elicitations_auto_deny(&self, auto_deny: bool) {
self.elicitation_requests.set_auto_deny(auto_deny);
}
pub fn elicitation_router(&self) -> ElicitationRequestRouter {
self.elicitation_requests.router()
}
pub async fn resolve_elicitation(
&self,
server_name: String,
id: RequestId,
response: ElicitationResponse,
) -> Result<()> {
self.elicitation_requests
.resolve(server_name, id, response)
.await
}
pub async fn wait_for_server_ready(&self, server_name: &str, timeout: Duration) -> bool {
let Some(async_managed_client) = self.clients.get(server_name) else {
return false;
};
match tokio::time::timeout(timeout, async_managed_client.client()).await {
Ok(Ok(_)) => true,
Ok(Err(_)) | Err(_) => false,
}
}
pub async fn list_all_resources(
&self,
include_server: impl Fn(&str) -> bool,
) -> HashMap<String, Vec<Resource>> {
self.ready_clients_matching(&include_server)
.await
.list_all_resources(|_| true)
.await
}
pub async fn list_all_resource_templates(
&self,
include_server: impl Fn(&str) -> bool,
) -> HashMap<String, Vec<ResourceTemplate>> {
self.ready_clients_matching(&include_server)
.await
.list_all_resource_templates(|_| true)
.await
}
async fn ready_clients_matching(
&self,
include_server: &impl Fn(&str) -> bool,
) -> McpBindingClients {
let mut clients = HashMap::new();
for (server, client) in self
.clients
.iter()
.filter(|(server, _)| include_server(server))
{
if let Ok(client) = client.client().await {
clients.insert(server.clone(), Arc::new(client));
}
}
McpBindingClients::new(clients)
}
pub async fn call_tool(
&self,
server: &str,
tool: &str,
arguments: Option<serde_json::Value>,
meta: Option<serde_json::Value>,
) -> Result<CallToolResult> {
let client = self.client_by_name(server).await?;
if !client.tool_filter.allows(tool) {
return Err(anyhow!(
"tool '{tool}' is disabled for MCP server '{server}'"
));
}
let result: rmcp::model::CallToolResult = client
.client
.call_tool(tool.to_string(), arguments, meta, client.tool_timeout)
.await
.with_context(|| format!("tool call failed for `{server}/{tool}`"))?;
let content = result
.content
.into_iter()
.map(|content| {
serde_json::to_value(content)
.unwrap_or_else(|_| serde_json::Value::String("<content>".to_string()))
})
.collect();
Ok(CallToolResult {
content,
structured_content: result.structured_content,
is_error: result.is_error,
meta: result.meta.and_then(|meta| serde_json::to_value(meta).ok()),
})
}
pub async fn server_supports_sandbox_state_meta_capability(
&self,
server: &str,
) -> Result<bool> {
Ok(self
.client_by_name(server)
.await?
.server_supports_sandbox_state_meta_capability)
}
pub async fn list_resources(
&self,
server: &str,
params: Option<PaginatedRequestParams>,
) -> Result<ListResourcesResult> {
let managed = self.client_by_name(server).await?;
let timeout = managed.tool_timeout;
managed
.client
.list_resources(params, timeout)
.await
.with_context(|| format!("resources/list failed for `{server}`"))
}
pub async fn list_resource_templates(
&self,
server: &str,
params: Option<PaginatedRequestParams>,
) -> Result<ListResourceTemplatesResult> {
let managed = self.client_by_name(server).await?;
let client = managed.client.clone();
let timeout = managed.tool_timeout;
client
.list_resource_templates(params, timeout)
.await
.with_context(|| format!("resources/templates/list failed for `{server}`"))
}
pub async fn read_resource(
&self,
server: &str,
params: ReadResourceRequestParams,
) -> Result<ReadResourceResult> {
let managed = self.client_by_name(server).await?;
let client = managed.client.clone();
let timeout = managed.tool_timeout;
let uri = params.uri.clone();
client
.read_resource(params, timeout)
.await
.with_context(|| format!("resources/read failed for `{server}` ({uri})"))
}
pub(crate) async fn list_available_server_infos(&self) -> HashMap<String, McpServerInfo> {
let mut server_infos = HashMap::new();
for (server_name, client) in &self.clients {
if !client.startup_complete.load(Ordering::Acquire)
&& let Some(server_info) = client.cached_server_info.clone()
{
server_infos.insert(server_name.clone(), server_info);
continue;
}
match client.client().await {
Ok(managed_client) => {
server_infos.insert(server_name.clone(), managed_client.server_info);
}
Err(_) => {
if let Some(server_info) = client.cached_server_info.clone() {
server_infos.insert(server_name.clone(), server_info);
}
}
}
}
server_infos
}
async fn client_by_name(&self, name: &str) -> Result<ManagedClient> {
self.clients
.get(name)
.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown MCP server '{name}'"))?
.client()
.await
.context("failed to get client")
}
#[cfg(test)]
fn new_uninitialized(
approval_policy: &Constrained<AskForApproval>,
permission_profile: &Constrained<PermissionProfile>,
prefix_mcp_tool_names: bool,
) -> Self {
Self::new_uninitialized_with_permission_profile(
approval_policy,
permission_profile.get(),
prefix_mcp_tool_names,
)
}
}
impl Drop for McpConnectionManager {
fn drop(&mut self) {
self.startup_cancellation_token.cancel();
self.clients.clear();
}
}
fn chatgpt_auth_provider_for_server(
server: &EffectiveMcpServer,
chatgpt_auth_provider: Option<SharedAuthProvider>,
) -> Option<SharedAuthProvider> {
if !server
.configured_config()
.is_some_and(|config| matches!(&config.auth, McpServerAuth::ChatGpt))
{
return None;
}
chatgpt_auth_provider
}
fn should_share_codex_apps_tools_cache(server_name: &str, uses_env_bearer_token: bool) -> bool {
server_name == CODEX_APPS_MCP_SERVER_NAME && !uses_env_bearer_token
}
async fn emit_update(
submit_id: &str,
tx_event: &Sender<Event>,
update: McpStartupUpdateEvent,
) -> Result<(), async_channel::SendError<Event>> {
tx_event
.send(Event {
id: submit_id.to_string(),
msg: EventMsg::McpStartupUpdate(update),
})
.await
}
fn mcp_startup_failure_reason(
auth_state: Option<McpAuthState>,
error: &StartupOutcomeError,
) -> Option<McpStartupFailureReason> {
if !error.is_authentication_required() {
return None;
}
match auth_state {
Some(McpAuthState::LoggedOut(McpLoginRequirement::Reauthentication)) => {
Some(McpStartupFailureReason::ReauthenticationRequired)
}
Some(
McpAuthState::Unsupported
| McpAuthState::LoggedOut(McpLoginRequirement::Login)
| McpAuthState::BearerToken
| McpAuthState::OAuth,
)
| None => None,
}
}
fn mcp_init_error_display(
server_name: &str,
config: Option<&McpServerConfig>,
err: &StartupOutcomeError,
) -> String {
if let Some(McpServerTransportConfig::StreamableHttp {
url,
bearer_token_env_var,
http_headers,
..
}) = config.map(|config| &config.transport)
&& url == "https://api.githubcopilot.com/mcp/"
&& bearer_token_env_var.is_none()
&& http_headers.as_ref().map(HashMap::is_empty).unwrap_or(true)
{
format!(
"GitHub MCP does not support OAuth. Log in by adding a personal access token (https://github.com/settings/personal-access-tokens) to your environment and config.toml:\n[mcp_servers.{server_name}]\nbearer_token_env_var = CODEX_GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN"
)
} else if is_mcp_client_auth_required_error(err) {
format!(
"The {server_name} MCP server is not logged in. Run `codex mcp login {server_name}`."
)
} else if is_mcp_client_startup_timeout_error(err) {
let startup_timeout_secs = config
.and_then(|config| config.startup_timeout_sec)
.unwrap_or(DEFAULT_STARTUP_TIMEOUT)
.as_secs();
format!(
"MCP client for `{server_name}` timed out after {startup_timeout_secs} seconds. Add or adjust `startup_timeout_sec` in your config.toml:\n[mcp_servers.{server_name}]\nstartup_timeout_sec = XX"
)
} else {
format!("MCP client for `{server_name}` failed to start: {err:#}")
}
}
fn is_mcp_client_auth_required_error(error: &StartupOutcomeError) -> bool {
match error {
StartupOutcomeError::Failed { error, .. } => error.contains("Auth required"),
_ => false,
}
}
fn is_mcp_client_startup_timeout_error(error: &StartupOutcomeError) -> bool {
match error {
StartupOutcomeError::Failed { error, .. } => {
error.contains("request timed out")
|| error.contains("timed out handshaking with MCP server")
|| error.contains("MCP client startup timed out")
}
_ => false,
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
#[path = "connection_manager_tests.rs"]
mod tests;