Temporal Rust SDK

This crate contains a prerelease Rust SDK. The SDK is built on top of Core and provides a native Rust experience for writing Temporal workflows and activities.

⚠️ The SDK is under active development and should be considered prerelease. The API can and will continue to evolve.

Quick Start

Activities

Activities are defined using the #[activities] and #[activity] macros:

use temporalio_macros::activities;
use temporalio_sdk::activities::{ActivityContext, ActivityError};
use std::sync::{Arc, atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering}};

struct MyActivities {
    counter: AtomicUsize,
}

#[activities]
impl MyActivities {
    #[activity]
    pub async fn greet(_ctx: ActivityContext, name: String) -> Result<String, ActivityError> {
        Ok(format!("Hello, {}!", name))
    }

    // Activities can also use shared state via Arc<Self>
    #[activity]
    pub async fn increment(self: Arc<Self>, _ctx: ActivityContext) -> Result<u32, ActivityError> {
        Ok(self.counter.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) as u32)
    }
}

Workflows

Workflows are defined using the #[workflow] and #[workflow_methods] macros:

use temporalio_macros::{workflow, workflow_methods};
use temporalio_sdk::{WorkflowContext, WorkflowContextView, WorkflowResult};
use std::time::Duration;

#[workflow]
pub struct GreetingWorkflow {
    name: String,
}

#[workflow_methods]
impl GreetingWorkflow {
    #[init]
    fn new(_ctx: &WorkflowContextView, name: String) -> Self {
        Self { name }
    }

    #[run]
    async fn run(ctx: &mut WorkflowContext<Self>) -> WorkflowResult<String> {
        let name = ctx.state(|s| s.name.clone());

        // Execute an activity
        let greeting = ctx.start_activity(
            MyActivities::greet,
            name,
            ActivityOptions::start_to_close_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
        )?.await?;

        Ok(greeting)
    }
}

Running a Worker

The simplest way to configure a connection is with environment variables and/or a temporal.toml config file. See the envconfig module docs for supported variables and the TOML format.

use temporalio_client::{Client, ClientOptions, Connection, envconfig::LoadClientConfigProfileOptions};
use temporalio_sdk::{Worker, WorkerOptions};
use temporalio_sdk_core::{CoreRuntime, RuntimeOptions};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let runtime = CoreRuntime::new_assume_tokio(RuntimeOptions::builder().build()?)?;

    let (conn_options, client_options) = ClientOptions::load_from_config(
        LoadClientConfigProfileOptions::default()
    )?;
    let connection = Connection::connect(conn_options).await?;
    let client = Client::new(connection, client_options);

    let worker_options = WorkerOptions::new("my-task-queue")
        .register_activities(MyActivities { counter: Default::default() })
        .register_workflow::<GreetingWorkflow>()
        .build();

    Worker::new(&runtime, client, worker_options)?.run().await?;
    Ok(())
}

Workflows in detail

Workflows are the core abstraction in Temporal. They are defined as structs with associated methods:

• #[init] (optional) - Constructor that receives initial input
• #[run] (required) - Main workflow logic, must be async
• #[signal] - Handlers for external signals (sync or async)
• #[query] - Read-only handlers for querying workflow state (must be sync)
• #[update] - Handlers that can mutate state and return a result (sync or async)

#[run], #[signal], #[query], and #[update] all accept an optional name parameter to specify the name of the method. If not specified, the name of the method will be used.

Sync signals and updates are able to mutate state directly. Async methods must mutate state through the context with state() or state_mut().

#[workflow]
pub struct MyWorkflow {
    values: Vec<u32>,
}

#[workflow_methods]
impl MyWorkflow {
    #[run]
    async fn run(ctx: &mut WorkflowContext<Self>) -> WorkflowResult<Vec<u32>> {
        // Wait until we have at least 3 values
        ctx.wait_condition(|s| s.values.len() >= 3).await;
        Ok(ctx.state(|s| s.values.clone()))
    }

    #[signal(name = "add_value")]
    fn push_value(&mut self, _ctx: &mut WorkflowContext<Self>, value: u32) {
        self.values.push(value);
    }

    #[query]
    fn get_values(&self, _ctx: &WorkflowContextView) -> Vec<u32> {
        self.values.clone()
    }

    #[update]
    async fn add_wait_return(ctx: &mut WorkflowContext<Self>, value: u32) -> Vec<u32> {
        ctx.state_mut(|s| s.values.push(value));
        ctx.timer(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
        ctx.state(|s| s.values.clone())
    }
}

Workflow Logic Constraints

Workflow code must be deterministic. This means:

• No direct I/O operations (use activities instead)
• No threading or random number generation
• No access to system time (use ctx.workflow_time() instead)
• No global mutable state
• Do not use tokio or futures concurrency primitives directly in workflow code. Many of them (e.g. tokio::select!, tokio::spawn, futures::select!) introduce nondeterministic behavior that will break workflow replay. Instead, use the deterministic wrappers provided in temporalio_sdk::workflows:
  • select! — deterministic select (polls in declaration order)
  • join! — deterministic join for a fixed number of futures
  • join_all — deterministic join for a dynamic collection of futures

Runtime Nondeterminism Detection

The Rust SDK includes a runtime nondeterminism detector that monitors async wake sources inside workflow code. It is enabled by default and can be disabled via WorkerOptions::detect_nondeterministic_futures(false).

How it works: The SDK tracks which async wake-ups originate from SDK-provided primitives (timers, activities, child workflows, etc.) versus external sources. When a non-SDK wake is detected, the workflow task is failed with a descriptive error.

What it catches:

• tokio::time::sleep / tokio::time::interval -- use ctx.timer() instead
• tokio::net / tokio::fs / any async IO -- perform IO in activities, not workflows
• tokio::spawn -- do not spawn tasks from workflow code
• std::thread::spawn with async channels -- all cross-thread wakes are flagged
• Direct use of tokio::sync channels (oneshot, mpsc, watch) -- use ctx.state_mut() + ctx.wait_condition() for inter-future coordination instead

Detection timing: Detection is based on observing non-SDK wake sources. Because these wakes fire asynchronously (e.g., a tokio timer fires after the activation that started it), the failure is typically reported on the next workflow task, not the one that introduced the nondeterministic code. The workflow task that started the operation completes normally; the subsequent task fails with the detection error. The server then retries from that point.

What it does NOT catch:

• futures::select! without biased -- randomizes poll order within a single poll. Use workflows::select! or futures::select! { biased; ... } for deterministic ordering
• Any combinator that only affects the order in which ready futures are polled
• Purely synchronous nondeterminism (e.g., std::time::SystemTime::now(), rand::random())

Disabling detection: Set detect_nondeterministic_futures(false) on WorkerOptions. This may be useful during migration or for advanced users who understand the determinism constraints and want to use patterns that trigger false positives.

Timers

// Wait for a duration
ctx.timer(Duration::from_secs(60)).await;

Child Workflows

let started = ctx
    .child_workflow(
        MyChildWorkflow::run,
        "input",
        ChildWorkflowOptions {
            workflow_id: "child-1".to_string(),
            ..Default::default()
        },
    )
    .await?;
let result = started.result().await?;

Continue-As-New

// To continue as new, use the workflow context helper and propagate the termination
ctx.continue_as_new(&new_input, ContinueAsNewOptions::default())?;

Patching (Versioning)

Use patching to safely evolve workflow logic:

if ctx.patched("my-patch-id") {
    // New code path
} else {
    // Old code path (for existing workflows)
}

Nexus Operations

The SDK supports starting Nexus operations from a workflow:

let started = ctx.start_nexus_operation(NexusOperationOptions {
    endpoint: "my-endpoint".to_string(),
    service: "my-service".to_string(),
    operation: "my-operation".to_string(),
    input: Some(payload),
    ..Default::default()
}).await?;

Defining Nexus handlers will be added later.

Activities in detail

Use Activities to perform side effects like I/O operations, API calls, or any non-deterministic work.

Error Handling

Activities return Result<T, ActivityError> with the following error types:

• ActivityError::Retryable - Transient failure, will be retried
• ActivityError::NonRetryable - Permanent failure, will not be retried
• ActivityError::Cancelled - Activity was cancelled
• ActivityError::WillCompleteAsync - Activity will complete asynchronously

Local Activities

For short-lived activities that you want to run on the same worker as the workflow:

ctx.start_local_activity(
    MyActivities::quick_operation,
    input,
    LocalActivityOptions {
        schedule_to_close_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(5)),
        ..Default::default()
    }
)?.await?;

Cancellation

Workflows and activities support cancellation. Note that in an activity, you must regularly heartbeat with ctx.record_heartbeat(...) to receive cancellations.

use temporalio_sdk::workflows::select;

// In a workflow: wait for cancellation
let reason = ctx.cancelled().await;

// Race a timer against cancellation
select! {
    _ = ctx.timer(Duration::from_secs(60)) => { /* timer fired */ }
    reason = ctx.cancelled() => { /* workflow cancelled */ }
}

Worker Configuration

Workers can be configured with various options:

let worker_options = WorkerOptions::new("task-queue")
    .max_cached_workflows(1000)           // Workflow cache size
    .workflow_task_poller_behavior(...)   // Polling configuration
    .activity_task_poller_behavior(...)
    .graceful_shutdown_period(Duration::from_secs(30))
    .register_activities(my_activities)
    .register_workflow::<MyWorkflow>()
    .build();

Using the Client

The temporalio_client crate provides a client for interacting with the Temporal service. You can use it to start workflows and communicate with running workflows via signals, queries, and updates, among other operations.

Connecting and Starting Workflows

use temporalio_client::{
    Client, ClientOptions, Connection,
    envconfig::LoadClientConfigProfileOptions,
    WorkflowOptions, GetWorkflowResultOptions,
};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let (conn_options, client_options) = ClientOptions::load_from_config(
        LoadClientConfigProfileOptions::default()
    )?;
    let connection = Connection::connect(conn_options).await?;
    let client = Client::new(connection, client_options);

    // Start a workflow
    let handle = client.start_workflow(
        GreetingWorkflow::run,
        "World".to_string(),
        WorkflowOptions::new("my-task-queue", "greeting-workflow-1").build()
    ).await?;

    // Wait for the result
    let result = handle.get_result(GetWorkflowResultOptions::default()).await?;

    Ok(())
}

Signals, Queries, and Updates

Once you have a workflow handle, you can interact with the running workflow:

use temporalio_client::{
    SignalOptions, QueryOptions, UpdateOptions,
    StartUpdateOptions, WorkflowUpdateWaitStage,
    UntypedSignal,
};
use temporalio_common::data_converters::{PayloadConverter, RawValue};

// Get a handle to an existing workflow (or use one from start_workflow)
let handle = client.get_workflow_handle::<MyWorkflow>("workflow-id");

// --- Signals (fire-and-forget messages) ---
handle.signal(MyWorkflow::push_value, 42, SignalOptions::default()).await?;

// --- Queries (read workflow state) ---
let values = handle
    .query(MyWorkflow::get_values, (), QueryOptions::default())
    .await?;

// --- Updates (modify state and get a result) ---
let values = handle
    .execute_update(MyWorkflow::add_wait_return, 100, UpdateOptions::default())
    .await?;

// Start an update and wait for acceptance only
let update_handle = handle
    .start_update(
        MyWorkflow::add_wait_return,
        50,
        StartUpdateOptions::builder()
            .wait_for_stage(WorkflowUpdateWaitStage::Accepted)
            .build()
    )
    .await?;
update_handle.get_result().await?;

// --- Untyped interactions (when types aren't known at compile time) ---
let pc = PayloadConverter::serde_json();
handle
    .signal(
        UntypedSignal::new("increment"),
        RawValue::from_value(&25i32, &pc),
        SignalOptions::default(),
    )
    .await?;
// UntypedQuery and UntypedUpdate work similarly

Cancelling and Terminating Workflows

use temporalio_client::{CancelWorkflowOptions, TerminateWorkflowOptions};

// Request cancellation (workflow can handle this gracefully)
handle.cancel(CancelWorkflowOptions::builder().reason("No longer needed").build()).await?;

// Terminate immediately (workflow cannot intercept this)
handle.terminate(TerminateWorkflowOptions::builder().reason("Emergency shutdown").build()).await?;

Listing Workflows

use temporalio_client::ListWorkflowsOptions;
use futures_util::StreamExt;

let mut stream = client.list_workflows(
    "WorkflowType = 'GreetingWorkflow'",
    ListWorkflowsOptions::builder().limit(10).build()
);

while let Some(result) = stream.next().await {
    let execution = result?;
    println!("Workflow: {} ({})", execution.id(), execution.workflow_type());
}