subxt 0.50.0

//! Use a scale_decode::visitor::Visitor implementation to have more control over decoding.
//!
//! Here we decode extrinsic fields, but anywhere with a `.visit()` method can do the same,
//! for example storage values.
use std::error::Error;
use subxt::{OnlineClient, PolkadotConfig};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'static>> {
    // Create a new API client, configured to talk to Polkadot nodes.
    let api = OnlineClient::<PolkadotConfig>::new().await?;

    // Stream the finalized blocks. See the OnlineClient docs for how to
    // stream best blocks or all new blocks.
    let mut blocks = api.stream_blocks().await?;

    while let Some(block) = blocks.next().await {
        let block = block?;
        let at_block = block.at().await?;
        println!("Block #{}", at_block.block_number());

        // Fetch the block extrinsics to decode:
        let extrinsics = at_block.extrinsics().fetch().await?;
        for ext in extrinsics.iter() {
            let ext = ext?;

            println!("  {}.{}", ext.pallet_name(), ext.call_name());
            for field in ext.iter_call_data_fields() {
                // This is a visitor. Here, we pass it type information so that it can internally
                // lookup information about types that it's visiting, as an example.
                let visitor = value::GetValue::new(at_block.metadata_ref().types());

                // Use this visitor to decode the extrinsic field into a Value.
                // A `visit` method like this is also provided for storage values, allowing for
                // the same sort of decoding.
                let decoded_value = field.visit(visitor)?;

                println!("    {}: {:?}", field.name(), decoded_value)
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(())
}

/// This visitor demonstrates how to decode and return a custom Value shape
mod value {
    use scale_decode::{
        Visitor,
        visitor::TypeIdFor,
        visitor::types::{Array, BitSequence, Composite, Sequence, Str, Tuple, Variant},
    };
    use std::collections::HashMap;
    use subxt::ext::scale_type_resolver::TypeResolver;

    /// A value type we're decoding into.
    #[derive(Debug)]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub enum Value {
        Number(f64),
        BigNumber(String),
        Bool(bool),
        Char(char),
        Array(Vec<Value>),
        String(String),
        Address(Vec<u8>),
        I256([u8; 32]),
        U256([u8; 32]),
        Struct(HashMap<String, Value>),
        VariantWithoutData(String),
        VariantWithData(String, VariantFields),
    }

    #[derive(Debug)]
    pub enum VariantFields {
        Unnamed(Vec<Value>),
        Named(HashMap<String, Value>),
    }

    /// An error we can encounter trying to decode things into a [`Value`]
    #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
    pub enum ValueError {
        #[error("Decode error: {0}")]
        Decode(#[from] scale_decode::visitor::DecodeError),
        #[error("Cannot decode bit sequence: {0}")]
        CannotDecodeBitSequence(codec::Error),
        #[error("Cannot resolve variant type information: {0}")]
        CannotResolveVariantType(String),
    }

    /// This is a visitor which obtains type names.
    pub struct GetValue<'r, R> {
        resolver: &'r R,
    }

    impl<'r, R> GetValue<'r, R> {
        /// Construct our TypeName visitor.
        pub fn new(resolver: &'r R) -> Self {
            GetValue { resolver }
        }
    }

    impl<'r, R: TypeResolver> Visitor for GetValue<'r, R> {
        type Value<'scale, 'resolver> = Value;
        type Error = ValueError;
        type TypeResolver = R;

        fn visit_i256<'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &[u8; 32],
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'_, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::I256(*value))
        }

        fn visit_u256<'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &[u8; 32],
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'_, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::U256(*value))
        }

        fn visit_i128<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: i128,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            let attempt = value as f64;
            if attempt as i128 == value {
                Ok(Value::Number(attempt))
            } else {
                Ok(Value::BigNumber(value.to_string()))
            }
        }

        fn visit_i64<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: i64,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_i128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_i32<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: i32,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_i128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_i16<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: i16,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_i128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_i8<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: i8,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_i128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_u128<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: u128,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            let attempt = value as f64;
            if attempt as u128 == value {
                Ok(Value::Number(attempt))
            } else {
                Ok(Value::BigNumber(value.to_string()))
            }
        }

        fn visit_u64<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: u64,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_u128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_u32<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: u32,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_u128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_u16<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: u16,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_u128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_u8<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: u8,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            self.visit_u128(value.into(), type_id)
        }

        fn visit_bool<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: bool,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::Bool(value))
        }

        fn visit_char<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: char,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::Char(value))
        }

        fn visit_array<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            values: &mut Array<'scale, 'resolver, Self::TypeResolver>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::Array(to_array(
                self.resolver,
                values.remaining(),
                values,
            )?))
        }

        fn visit_sequence<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            values: &mut Sequence<'scale, 'resolver, Self::TypeResolver>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::Array(to_array(
                self.resolver,
                values.remaining(),
                values,
            )?))
        }

        fn visit_str<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &mut Str<'scale>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::String(value.as_str()?.to_owned()))
        }

        fn visit_tuple<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            values: &mut Tuple<'scale, 'resolver, Self::TypeResolver>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            Ok(Value::Array(to_array(
                self.resolver,
                values.remaining(),
                values,
            )?))
        }

        fn visit_bitsequence<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &mut BitSequence<'scale>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            let bits = value.decode()?;
            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(bits.len());
            for b in bits {
                let b = b.map_err(ValueError::CannotDecodeBitSequence)?;
                out.push(Value::Bool(b));
            }
            Ok(Value::Array(out))
        }

        fn visit_composite<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &mut Composite<'scale, 'resolver, Self::TypeResolver>,
            _type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            // Special case for ss58 addresses:
            if let Some(n) = value.name()
                && n == "AccountId32"
                && value.bytes_from_start().len() == 32
            {
                return Ok(Value::Address(value.bytes_from_start().to_vec()));
            }

            // Reuse logic for decoding variant fields:
            match to_variant_fieldish(self.resolver, value)? {
                VariantFields::Named(s) => Ok(Value::Struct(s)),
                VariantFields::Unnamed(a) => Ok(Value::Array(a)),
            }
        }

        fn visit_variant<'scale, 'resolver>(
            self,
            value: &mut Variant<'scale, 'resolver, Self::TypeResolver>,
            type_id: TypeIdFor<Self>,
        ) -> Result<Self::Value<'scale, 'resolver>, Self::Error> {
            // Because we have access to a type resolver on self, we can
            // look up the type IDs we're given back and base decode decisions
            // on them. here we see whether the enum type has any data attached:
            let has_data_visitor = scale_type_resolver::visitor::new((), |_, _| false)
                .visit_variant(|_, _, variants| {
                    for mut variant in variants {
                        if variant.fields.next().is_some() {
                            return true;
                        }
                    }
                    false
                });

            // Do any variants have data in this enum type?
            let has_data = self
                .resolver
                .resolve_type(type_id, has_data_visitor)
                .map_err(|e| ValueError::CannotResolveVariantType(e.to_string()))?;

            let name = value.name().to_owned();

            // base our decoding on whether any data in enum type.
            if has_data {
                let fields = to_variant_fieldish(self.resolver, value.fields())?;
                Ok(Value::VariantWithData(name, fields))
            } else {
                Ok(Value::VariantWithoutData(name))
            }
        }
    }

    fn to_variant_fieldish<'r, 'scale, 'resolver, R: TypeResolver>(
        resolver: &'r R,
        value: &mut Composite<'scale, 'resolver, R>,
    ) -> Result<VariantFields, ValueError> {
        // If fields are unnamed, treat as array:
        if value.fields().iter().all(|f| f.name.is_none()) {
            return Ok(VariantFields::Unnamed(to_array(
                resolver,
                value.remaining(),
                value,
            )?));
        }

        // Otherwise object:
        let mut out = HashMap::new();
        for field in value {
            let field = field?;
            let name = field.name().unwrap().to_string();
            let value = field.decode_with_visitor(GetValue::new(resolver))?;
            out.insert(name, value);
        }
        Ok(VariantFields::Named(out))
    }

    fn to_array<'r, 'scale, 'resolver, R: TypeResolver>(
        resolver: &'r R,
        len: usize,
        mut values: impl scale_decode::visitor::DecodeItemIterator<'scale, 'resolver, R>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Value>, ValueError> {
        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(len);
        while let Some(value) = values.decode_item(GetValue::new(resolver)) {
            out.push(value?);
        }
        Ok(out)
    }
}