sqlparser 0.49.0

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! AST types specific to CREATE/ALTER variants of [`Statement`](crate::ast::Statement)
//! (commonly referred to as Data Definition Language, or DDL)

#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
use alloc::{boxed::Box, string::String, vec::Vec};
use core::fmt::{self, Write};

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

#[cfg(feature = "visitor")]
use sqlparser_derive::{Visit, VisitMut};

use crate::ast::value::escape_single_quote_string;
use crate::ast::{
    display_comma_separated, display_separated, DataType, Expr, Ident, MySQLColumnPosition,
    ObjectName, SequenceOptions, SqlOption,
};
use crate::tokenizer::Token;

/// An `ALTER TABLE` (`Statement::AlterTable`) operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum AlterTableOperation {
    /// `ADD <table_constraint>`
    AddConstraint(TableConstraint),
    /// `ADD [COLUMN] [IF NOT EXISTS] <column_def>`
    AddColumn {
        /// `[COLUMN]`.
        column_keyword: bool,
        /// `[IF NOT EXISTS]`
        if_not_exists: bool,
        /// <column_def>.
        column_def: ColumnDef,
        /// MySQL `ALTER TABLE` only  [FIRST | AFTER column_name]
        column_position: Option<MySQLColumnPosition>,
    },
    /// `DISABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    DisableRowLevelSecurity,
    /// `DISABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    DisableRule { name: Ident },
    /// `DISABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    DisableTrigger { name: Ident },
    /// `DROP CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ] <name>`
    DropConstraint {
        if_exists: bool,
        name: Ident,
        cascade: bool,
    },
    /// `DROP [ COLUMN ] [ IF EXISTS ] <column_name> [ CASCADE ]`
    DropColumn {
        column_name: Ident,
        if_exists: bool,
        cascade: bool,
    },
    /// `DROP PRIMARY KEY`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a MySQL-specific operation.
    DropPrimaryKey,
    /// `ENABLE ALWAYS RULE rewrite_rule_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableAlwaysRule { name: Ident },
    /// `ENABLE ALWAYS TRIGGER trigger_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableAlwaysTrigger { name: Ident },
    /// `ENABLE REPLICA RULE rewrite_rule_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableReplicaRule { name: Ident },
    /// `ENABLE REPLICA TRIGGER trigger_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableReplicaTrigger { name: Ident },
    /// `ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableRowLevelSecurity,
    /// `ENABLE RULE rewrite_rule_name`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableRule { name: Ident },
    /// `ENABLE TRIGGER [ trigger_name | ALL | USER ]`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    EnableTrigger { name: Ident },
    /// `RENAME TO PARTITION (partition=val)`
    RenamePartitions {
        old_partitions: Vec<Expr>,
        new_partitions: Vec<Expr>,
    },
    /// Add Partitions
    AddPartitions {
        if_not_exists: bool,
        new_partitions: Vec<Partition>,
    },
    DropPartitions {
        partitions: Vec<Expr>,
        if_exists: bool,
    },
    /// `RENAME [ COLUMN ] <old_column_name> TO <new_column_name>`
    RenameColumn {
        old_column_name: Ident,
        new_column_name: Ident,
    },
    /// `RENAME TO <table_name>`
    RenameTable { table_name: ObjectName },
    // CHANGE [ COLUMN ] <old_name> <new_name> <data_type> [ <options> ]
    ChangeColumn {
        old_name: Ident,
        new_name: Ident,
        data_type: DataType,
        options: Vec<ColumnOption>,
        /// MySQL `ALTER TABLE` only  [FIRST | AFTER column_name]
        column_position: Option<MySQLColumnPosition>,
    },
    // CHANGE [ COLUMN ] <col_name> <data_type> [ <options> ]
    ModifyColumn {
        col_name: Ident,
        data_type: DataType,
        options: Vec<ColumnOption>,
        /// MySQL `ALTER TABLE` only  [FIRST | AFTER column_name]
        column_position: Option<MySQLColumnPosition>,
    },
    /// `RENAME CONSTRAINT <old_constraint_name> TO <new_constraint_name>`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    RenameConstraint { old_name: Ident, new_name: Ident },
    /// `ALTER [ COLUMN ]`
    AlterColumn {
        column_name: Ident,
        op: AlterColumnOperation,
    },
    /// 'SWAP WITH <table_name>'
    ///
    /// Note: this is Snowflake specific <https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/alter-table>
    SwapWith { table_name: ObjectName },
    /// 'SET TBLPROPERTIES ( { property_key [ = ] property_val } [, ...] )'
    SetTblProperties { table_properties: Vec<SqlOption> },

    /// `OWNER TO { <new_owner> | CURRENT_ROLE | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER }`
    ///
    /// Note: this is PostgreSQL-specific <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html>
    OwnerTo { new_owner: Owner },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum Owner {
    Ident(Ident),
    CurrentRole,
    CurrentUser,
    SessionUser,
}

impl fmt::Display for Owner {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Owner::Ident(ident) => write!(f, "{}", ident),
            Owner::CurrentRole => write!(f, "CURRENT_ROLE"),
            Owner::CurrentUser => write!(f, "CURRENT_USER"),
            Owner::SessionUser => write!(f, "SESSION_USER"),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum AlterIndexOperation {
    RenameIndex { index_name: ObjectName },
}

impl fmt::Display for AlterTableOperation {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            AlterTableOperation::AddPartitions {
                if_not_exists,
                new_partitions,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "ADD{ine} {}",
                display_separated(new_partitions, " "),
                ine = if *if_not_exists { " IF NOT EXISTS" } else { "" }
            ),
            AlterTableOperation::AddConstraint(c) => write!(f, "ADD {c}"),
            AlterTableOperation::AddColumn {
                column_keyword,
                if_not_exists,
                column_def,
                column_position,
            } => {
                write!(f, "ADD")?;
                if *column_keyword {
                    write!(f, " COLUMN")?;
                }
                if *if_not_exists {
                    write!(f, " IF NOT EXISTS")?;
                }
                write!(f, " {column_def}")?;

                if let Some(position) = column_position {
                    write!(f, " {position}")?;
                }

                Ok(())
            }
            AlterTableOperation::AlterColumn { column_name, op } => {
                write!(f, "ALTER COLUMN {column_name} {op}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::DisableRowLevelSecurity => {
                write!(f, "DISABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::DisableRule { name } => {
                write!(f, "DISABLE RULE {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::DisableTrigger { name } => {
                write!(f, "DISABLE TRIGGER {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::DropPartitions {
                partitions,
                if_exists,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "DROP{ie} PARTITION ({})",
                display_comma_separated(partitions),
                ie = if *if_exists { " IF EXISTS" } else { "" }
            ),
            AlterTableOperation::DropConstraint {
                if_exists,
                name,
                cascade,
            } => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "DROP CONSTRAINT {}{}{}",
                    if *if_exists { "IF EXISTS " } else { "" },
                    name,
                    if *cascade { " CASCADE" } else { "" },
                )
            }
            AlterTableOperation::DropPrimaryKey => write!(f, "DROP PRIMARY KEY"),
            AlterTableOperation::DropColumn {
                column_name,
                if_exists,
                cascade,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "DROP COLUMN {}{}{}",
                if *if_exists { "IF EXISTS " } else { "" },
                column_name,
                if *cascade { " CASCADE" } else { "" }
            ),
            AlterTableOperation::EnableAlwaysRule { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE ALWAYS RULE {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableAlwaysTrigger { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE ALWAYS TRIGGER {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableReplicaRule { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE REPLICA RULE {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableReplicaTrigger { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE REPLICA TRIGGER {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableRowLevelSecurity => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableRule { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE RULE {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::EnableTrigger { name } => {
                write!(f, "ENABLE TRIGGER {name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::RenamePartitions {
                old_partitions,
                new_partitions,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "PARTITION ({}) RENAME TO PARTITION ({})",
                display_comma_separated(old_partitions),
                display_comma_separated(new_partitions)
            ),
            AlterTableOperation::RenameColumn {
                old_column_name,
                new_column_name,
            } => write!(f, "RENAME COLUMN {old_column_name} TO {new_column_name}"),
            AlterTableOperation::RenameTable { table_name } => {
                write!(f, "RENAME TO {table_name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::ChangeColumn {
                old_name,
                new_name,
                data_type,
                options,
                column_position,
            } => {
                write!(f, "CHANGE COLUMN {old_name} {new_name} {data_type}")?;
                if !options.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, " {}", display_separated(options, " "))?;
                }
                if let Some(position) = column_position {
                    write!(f, " {position}")?;
                }

                Ok(())
            }
            AlterTableOperation::ModifyColumn {
                col_name,
                data_type,
                options,
                column_position,
            } => {
                write!(f, "MODIFY COLUMN {col_name} {data_type}")?;
                if !options.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, " {}", display_separated(options, " "))?;
                }
                if let Some(position) = column_position {
                    write!(f, " {position}")?;
                }

                Ok(())
            }
            AlterTableOperation::RenameConstraint { old_name, new_name } => {
                write!(f, "RENAME CONSTRAINT {old_name} TO {new_name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::SwapWith { table_name } => {
                write!(f, "SWAP WITH {table_name}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::OwnerTo { new_owner } => {
                write!(f, "OWNER TO {new_owner}")
            }
            AlterTableOperation::SetTblProperties { table_properties } => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "SET TBLPROPERTIES({})",
                    display_comma_separated(table_properties)
                )
            }
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for AlterIndexOperation {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            AlterIndexOperation::RenameIndex { index_name } => {
                write!(f, "RENAME TO {index_name}")
            }
        }
    }
}

/// An `ALTER COLUMN` (`Statement::AlterTable`) operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum AlterColumnOperation {
    /// `SET NOT NULL`
    SetNotNull,
    /// `DROP NOT NULL`
    DropNotNull,
    /// `SET DEFAULT <expr>`
    SetDefault { value: Expr },
    /// `DROP DEFAULT`
    DropDefault,
    /// `[SET DATA] TYPE <data_type> [USING <expr>]`
    SetDataType {
        data_type: DataType,
        /// PostgreSQL specific
        using: Option<Expr>,
    },
    /// `ADD GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY [ ( sequence_options ) ]`
    ///
    /// Note: this is a PostgreSQL-specific operation.
    AddGenerated {
        generated_as: Option<GeneratedAs>,
        sequence_options: Option<Vec<SequenceOptions>>,
    },
}

impl fmt::Display for AlterColumnOperation {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            AlterColumnOperation::SetNotNull => write!(f, "SET NOT NULL",),
            AlterColumnOperation::DropNotNull => write!(f, "DROP NOT NULL",),
            AlterColumnOperation::SetDefault { value } => {
                write!(f, "SET DEFAULT {value}")
            }
            AlterColumnOperation::DropDefault {} => {
                write!(f, "DROP DEFAULT")
            }
            AlterColumnOperation::SetDataType { data_type, using } => {
                if let Some(expr) = using {
                    write!(f, "SET DATA TYPE {data_type} USING {expr}")
                } else {
                    write!(f, "SET DATA TYPE {data_type}")
                }
            }
            AlterColumnOperation::AddGenerated {
                generated_as,
                sequence_options,
            } => {
                let generated_as = match generated_as {
                    Some(GeneratedAs::Always) => " ALWAYS",
                    Some(GeneratedAs::ByDefault) => " BY DEFAULT",
                    _ => "",
                };

                write!(f, "ADD GENERATED{generated_as} AS IDENTITY",)?;
                if let Some(options) = sequence_options {
                    write!(f, " (")?;

                    for sequence_option in options {
                        write!(f, "{sequence_option}")?;
                    }

                    write!(f, " )")?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A table-level constraint, specified in a `CREATE TABLE` or an
/// `ALTER TABLE ADD <constraint>` statement.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum TableConstraint {
    /// MySQL [definition][1] for `UNIQUE` constraints statements:\
    /// * `[CONSTRAINT [<name>]] UNIQUE <index_type_display> [<index_name>] [index_type] (<columns>) <index_options>`
    ///
    /// where:
    /// * [index_type][2] is `USING {BTREE | HASH}`
    /// * [index_options][3] is `{index_type | COMMENT 'string' | ... %currently unsupported stmts% } ...`
    /// * [index_type_display][4] is `[INDEX | KEY]`
    ///
    /// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/create-table.html
    /// [2]: IndexType
    /// [3]: IndexOption
    /// [4]: KeyOrIndexDisplay
    Unique {
        /// Constraint name.
        ///
        /// Can be not the same as `index_name`
        name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Index name
        index_name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Whether the type is followed by the keyword `KEY`, `INDEX`, or no keyword at all.
        index_type_display: KeyOrIndexDisplay,
        /// Optional `USING` of [index type][1] statement before columns.
        ///
        /// [1]: IndexType
        index_type: Option<IndexType>,
        /// Identifiers of the columns that are unique.
        columns: Vec<Ident>,
        index_options: Vec<IndexOption>,
        characteristics: Option<ConstraintCharacteristics>,
    },
    /// MySQL [definition][1] for `PRIMARY KEY` constraints statements:\
    /// * `[CONSTRAINT [<name>]] PRIMARY KEY [index_name] [index_type] (<columns>) <index_options>`
    ///
    /// Actually the specification have no `[index_name]` but the next query will complete successfully:
    /// ```sql
    /// CREATE TABLE unspec_table (
    ///   xid INT NOT NULL,
    ///   CONSTRAINT p_name PRIMARY KEY index_name USING BTREE (xid)
    /// );
    /// ```
    ///
    /// where:
    /// * [index_type][2] is `USING {BTREE | HASH}`
    /// * [index_options][3] is `{index_type | COMMENT 'string' | ... %currently unsupported stmts% } ...`
    ///
    /// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/create-table.html
    /// [2]: IndexType
    /// [3]: IndexOption
    PrimaryKey {
        /// Constraint name.
        ///
        /// Can be not the same as `index_name`
        name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Index name
        index_name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Optional `USING` of [index type][1] statement before columns.
        ///
        /// [1]: IndexType
        index_type: Option<IndexType>,
        /// Identifiers of the columns that form the primary key.
        columns: Vec<Ident>,
        index_options: Vec<IndexOption>,
        characteristics: Option<ConstraintCharacteristics>,
    },
    /// A referential integrity constraint (`[ CONSTRAINT <name> ] FOREIGN KEY (<columns>)
    /// REFERENCES <foreign_table> (<referred_columns>)
    /// { [ON DELETE <referential_action>] [ON UPDATE <referential_action>] |
    ///   [ON UPDATE <referential_action>] [ON DELETE <referential_action>]
    /// }`).
    ForeignKey {
        name: Option<Ident>,
        columns: Vec<Ident>,
        foreign_table: ObjectName,
        referred_columns: Vec<Ident>,
        on_delete: Option<ReferentialAction>,
        on_update: Option<ReferentialAction>,
        characteristics: Option<ConstraintCharacteristics>,
    },
    /// `[ CONSTRAINT <name> ] CHECK (<expr>)`
    Check {
        name: Option<Ident>,
        expr: Box<Expr>,
    },
    /// MySQLs [index definition][1] for index creation. Not present on ANSI so, for now, the usage
    /// is restricted to MySQL, as no other dialects that support this syntax were found.
    ///
    /// `{INDEX | KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...) [index_option]...`
    ///
    /// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
    Index {
        /// Whether this index starts with KEY (true) or INDEX (false), to maintain the same syntax.
        display_as_key: bool,
        /// Index name.
        name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Optional [index type][1].
        ///
        /// [1]: IndexType
        index_type: Option<IndexType>,
        /// Referred column identifier list.
        columns: Vec<Ident>,
    },
    /// MySQLs [fulltext][1] definition. Since the [`SPATIAL`][2] definition is exactly the same,
    /// and MySQL displays both the same way, it is part of this definition as well.
    ///
    /// Supported syntax:
    ///
    /// ```markdown
    /// {FULLTEXT | SPATIAL} [INDEX | KEY] [index_name] (key_part,...)
    ///
    /// key_part: col_name
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/fulltext-natural-language.html
    /// [2]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/spatial-types.html
    FulltextOrSpatial {
        /// Whether this is a `FULLTEXT` (true) or `SPATIAL` (false) definition.
        fulltext: bool,
        /// Whether the type is followed by the keyword `KEY`, `INDEX`, or no keyword at all.
        index_type_display: KeyOrIndexDisplay,
        /// Optional index name.
        opt_index_name: Option<Ident>,
        /// Referred column identifier list.
        columns: Vec<Ident>,
    },
}

impl fmt::Display for TableConstraint {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            TableConstraint::Unique {
                name,
                index_name,
                index_type_display,
                index_type,
                columns,
                index_options,
                characteristics,
            } => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "{}UNIQUE{index_type_display:>}{}{} ({})",
                    display_constraint_name(name),
                    display_option_spaced(index_name),
                    display_option(" USING ", "", index_type),
                    display_comma_separated(columns),
                )?;

                if !index_options.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, " {}", display_separated(index_options, " "))?;
                }

                write!(f, "{}", display_option_spaced(characteristics))?;
                Ok(())
            }
            TableConstraint::PrimaryKey {
                name,
                index_name,
                index_type,
                columns,
                index_options,
                characteristics,
            } => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "{}PRIMARY KEY{}{} ({})",
                    display_constraint_name(name),
                    display_option_spaced(index_name),
                    display_option(" USING ", "", index_type),
                    display_comma_separated(columns),
                )?;

                if !index_options.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, " {}", display_separated(index_options, " "))?;
                }

                write!(f, "{}", display_option_spaced(characteristics))?;
                Ok(())
            }
            TableConstraint::ForeignKey {
                name,
                columns,
                foreign_table,
                referred_columns,
                on_delete,
                on_update,
                characteristics,
            } => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "{}FOREIGN KEY ({}) REFERENCES {}({})",
                    display_constraint_name(name),
                    display_comma_separated(columns),
                    foreign_table,
                    display_comma_separated(referred_columns),
                )?;
                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
                    write!(f, " ON DELETE {action}")?;
                }
                if let Some(action) = on_update {
                    write!(f, " ON UPDATE {action}")?;
                }
                if let Some(characteristics) = characteristics {
                    write!(f, " {}", characteristics)?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            TableConstraint::Check { name, expr } => {
                write!(f, "{}CHECK ({})", display_constraint_name(name), expr)
            }
            TableConstraint::Index {
                display_as_key,
                name,
                index_type,
                columns,
            } => {
                write!(f, "{}", if *display_as_key { "KEY" } else { "INDEX" })?;
                if let Some(name) = name {
                    write!(f, " {name}")?;
                }
                if let Some(index_type) = index_type {
                    write!(f, " USING {index_type}")?;
                }
                write!(f, " ({})", display_comma_separated(columns))?;

                Ok(())
            }
            Self::FulltextOrSpatial {
                fulltext,
                index_type_display,
                opt_index_name,
                columns,
            } => {
                if *fulltext {
                    write!(f, "FULLTEXT")?;
                } else {
                    write!(f, "SPATIAL")?;
                }

                write!(f, "{index_type_display:>}")?;

                if let Some(name) = opt_index_name {
                    write!(f, " {name}")?;
                }

                write!(f, " ({})", display_comma_separated(columns))?;

                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Representation whether a definition can can contains the KEY or INDEX keywords with the same
/// meaning.
///
/// This enum initially is directed to `FULLTEXT`,`SPATIAL`, and `UNIQUE` indexes on create table
/// statements of `MySQL` [(1)].
///
/// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum KeyOrIndexDisplay {
    /// Nothing to display
    None,
    /// Display the KEY keyword
    Key,
    /// Display the INDEX keyword
    Index,
}

impl KeyOrIndexDisplay {
    pub fn is_none(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::None)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for KeyOrIndexDisplay {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let left_space = matches!(f.align(), Some(fmt::Alignment::Right));

        if left_space && !self.is_none() {
            f.write_char(' ')?
        }

        match self {
            KeyOrIndexDisplay::None => {
                write!(f, "")
            }
            KeyOrIndexDisplay::Key => {
                write!(f, "KEY")
            }
            KeyOrIndexDisplay::Index => {
                write!(f, "INDEX")
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Indexing method used by that index.
///
/// This structure isn't present on ANSI, but is found at least in [`MySQL` CREATE TABLE][1],
/// [`MySQL` CREATE INDEX][2], and [Postgresql CREATE INDEX][3] statements.
///
/// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
/// [2]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-index.html
/// [3]: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/14/sql-createindex.html
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum IndexType {
    BTree,
    Hash,
    // TODO add Postgresql's possible indexes
}

impl fmt::Display for IndexType {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::BTree => write!(f, "BTREE"),
            Self::Hash => write!(f, "HASH"),
        }
    }
}

/// MySQLs index option.
///
/// This structure used here [`MySQL` CREATE TABLE][1], [`MySQL` CREATE INDEX][2].
///
/// [1]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/create-table.html
/// [2]: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/create-index.html
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum IndexOption {
    Using(IndexType),
    Comment(String),
}

impl fmt::Display for IndexOption {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Using(index_type) => write!(f, "USING {index_type}"),
            Self::Comment(s) => write!(f, "COMMENT '{s}'"),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct ProcedureParam {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub data_type: DataType,
}

impl fmt::Display for ProcedureParam {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{} {}", self.name, self.data_type)
    }
}

/// SQL column definition
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct ColumnDef {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub data_type: DataType,
    pub collation: Option<ObjectName>,
    pub options: Vec<ColumnOptionDef>,
}

impl fmt::Display for ColumnDef {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        if self.data_type == DataType::Unspecified {
            write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
        } else {
            write!(f, "{} {}", self.name, self.data_type)?;
        }
        if let Some(collation) = &self.collation {
            write!(f, " COLLATE {collation}")?;
        }
        for option in &self.options {
            write!(f, " {option}")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Column definition specified in a `CREATE VIEW` statement.
///
/// Syntax
/// ```markdown
/// <name> [data_type][OPTIONS(option, ...)]
///
/// option: <name> = <value>
/// ```
///
/// Examples:
/// ```sql
/// name
/// age OPTIONS(description = "age column", tag = "prod")
/// created_at DateTime64
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct ViewColumnDef {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub data_type: Option<DataType>,
    pub options: Option<Vec<SqlOption>>,
}

impl fmt::Display for ViewColumnDef {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self.name)?;
        if let Some(data_type) = self.data_type.as_ref() {
            write!(f, " {}", data_type)?;
        }
        if let Some(options) = self.options.as_ref() {
            write!(
                f,
                " OPTIONS({})",
                display_comma_separated(options.as_slice())
            )?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// An optionally-named `ColumnOption`: `[ CONSTRAINT <name> ] <column-option>`.
///
/// Note that implementations are substantially more permissive than the ANSI
/// specification on what order column options can be presented in, and whether
/// they are allowed to be named. The specification distinguishes between
/// constraints (NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, and CHECK), which can be named
/// and can appear in any order, and other options (DEFAULT, GENERATED), which
/// cannot be named and must appear in a fixed order. `PostgreSQL`, however,
/// allows preceding any option with `CONSTRAINT <name>`, even those that are
/// not really constraints, like NULL and DEFAULT. MSSQL is less permissive,
/// allowing DEFAULT, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY and CHECK to be named, but not NULL or
/// NOT NULL constraints (the last of which is in violation of the spec).
///
/// For maximum flexibility, we don't distinguish between constraint and
/// non-constraint options, lumping them all together under the umbrella of
/// "column options," and we allow any column option to be named.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct ColumnOptionDef {
    pub name: Option<Ident>,
    pub option: ColumnOption,
}

impl fmt::Display for ColumnOptionDef {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}{}", display_constraint_name(&self.name), self.option)
    }
}

/// `ColumnOption`s are modifiers that follow a column definition in a `CREATE
/// TABLE` statement.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum ColumnOption {
    /// `NULL`
    Null,
    /// `NOT NULL`
    NotNull,
    /// `DEFAULT <restricted-expr>`
    Default(Expr),

    /// ClickHouse supports `MATERIALIZE`, `EPHEMERAL` and `ALIAS` expr to generate default values.
    /// Syntax: `b INT MATERIALIZE (a + 1)`
    /// [ClickHouse](https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/statements/create/table#default_values)

    /// `MATERIALIZE <expr>`
    Materialized(Expr),
    /// `EPHEMERAL [<expr>]`
    Ephemeral(Option<Expr>),
    /// `ALIAS <expr>`
    Alias(Expr),

    /// `{ PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE } [<constraint_characteristics>]`
    Unique {
        is_primary: bool,
        characteristics: Option<ConstraintCharacteristics>,
    },
    /// A referential integrity constraint (`[FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES
    /// <foreign_table> (<referred_columns>)
    /// { [ON DELETE <referential_action>] [ON UPDATE <referential_action>] |
    ///   [ON UPDATE <referential_action>] [ON DELETE <referential_action>]
    /// }
    /// [<constraint_characteristics>]
    /// `).
    ForeignKey {
        foreign_table: ObjectName,
        referred_columns: Vec<Ident>,
        on_delete: Option<ReferentialAction>,
        on_update: Option<ReferentialAction>,
        characteristics: Option<ConstraintCharacteristics>,
    },
    /// `CHECK (<expr>)`
    Check(Expr),
    /// Dialect-specific options, such as:
    /// - MySQL's `AUTO_INCREMENT` or SQLite's `AUTOINCREMENT`
    /// - ...
    DialectSpecific(Vec<Token>),
    CharacterSet(ObjectName),
    Comment(String),
    OnUpdate(Expr),
    /// `Generated`s are modifiers that follow a column definition in a `CREATE
    /// TABLE` statement.
    Generated {
        generated_as: GeneratedAs,
        sequence_options: Option<Vec<SequenceOptions>>,
        generation_expr: Option<Expr>,
        generation_expr_mode: Option<GeneratedExpressionMode>,
        /// false if 'GENERATED ALWAYS' is skipped (option starts with AS)
        generated_keyword: bool,
    },
    /// BigQuery specific: Explicit column options in a view [1] or table [2]
    /// Syntax
    /// ```sql
    /// OPTIONS(description="field desc")
    /// ```
    /// [1]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#view_column_option_list
    /// [2]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#column_option_list
    Options(Vec<SqlOption>),
}

impl fmt::Display for ColumnOption {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        use ColumnOption::*;
        match self {
            Null => write!(f, "NULL"),
            NotNull => write!(f, "NOT NULL"),
            Default(expr) => write!(f, "DEFAULT {expr}"),
            Materialized(expr) => write!(f, "MATERIALIZED {expr}"),
            Ephemeral(expr) => {
                if let Some(e) = expr {
                    write!(f, "EPHEMERAL {e}")
                } else {
                    write!(f, "EPHEMERAL")
                }
            }
            Alias(expr) => write!(f, "ALIAS {expr}"),
            Unique {
                is_primary,
                characteristics,
            } => {
                write!(f, "{}", if *is_primary { "PRIMARY KEY" } else { "UNIQUE" })?;
                if let Some(characteristics) = characteristics {
                    write!(f, " {}", characteristics)?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            ForeignKey {
                foreign_table,
                referred_columns,
                on_delete,
                on_update,
                characteristics,
            } => {
                write!(f, "REFERENCES {foreign_table}")?;
                if !referred_columns.is_empty() {
                    write!(f, " ({})", display_comma_separated(referred_columns))?;
                }
                if let Some(action) = on_delete {
                    write!(f, " ON DELETE {action}")?;
                }
                if let Some(action) = on_update {
                    write!(f, " ON UPDATE {action}")?;
                }
                if let Some(characteristics) = characteristics {
                    write!(f, " {}", characteristics)?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            Check(expr) => write!(f, "CHECK ({expr})"),
            DialectSpecific(val) => write!(f, "{}", display_separated(val, " ")),
            CharacterSet(n) => write!(f, "CHARACTER SET {n}"),
            Comment(v) => write!(f, "COMMENT '{}'", escape_single_quote_string(v)),
            OnUpdate(expr) => write!(f, "ON UPDATE {expr}"),
            Generated {
                generated_as,
                sequence_options,
                generation_expr,
                generation_expr_mode,
                generated_keyword,
            } => {
                if let Some(expr) = generation_expr {
                    let modifier = match generation_expr_mode {
                        None => "",
                        Some(GeneratedExpressionMode::Virtual) => " VIRTUAL",
                        Some(GeneratedExpressionMode::Stored) => " STORED",
                    };
                    if *generated_keyword {
                        write!(f, "GENERATED ALWAYS AS ({expr}){modifier}")?;
                    } else {
                        write!(f, "AS ({expr}){modifier}")?;
                    }
                    Ok(())
                } else {
                    // Like Postgres - generated from sequence
                    let when = match generated_as {
                        GeneratedAs::Always => "ALWAYS",
                        GeneratedAs::ByDefault => "BY DEFAULT",
                        // ExpStored goes with an expression, handled above
                        GeneratedAs::ExpStored => unreachable!(),
                    };
                    write!(f, "GENERATED {when} AS IDENTITY")?;
                    if sequence_options.is_some() {
                        let so = sequence_options.as_ref().unwrap();
                        if !so.is_empty() {
                            write!(f, " (")?;
                        }
                        for sequence_option in so {
                            write!(f, "{sequence_option}")?;
                        }
                        if !so.is_empty() {
                            write!(f, " )")?;
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
            }
            Options(options) => {
                write!(f, "OPTIONS({})", display_comma_separated(options))
            }
        }
    }
}

/// `GeneratedAs`s are modifiers that follow a column option in a `generated`.
/// 'ExpStored' is used for a column generated from an expression and stored.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum GeneratedAs {
    Always,
    ByDefault,
    ExpStored,
}

/// `GeneratedExpressionMode`s are modifiers that follow an expression in a `generated`.
/// No modifier is typically the same as Virtual.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum GeneratedExpressionMode {
    Virtual,
    Stored,
}

#[must_use]
fn display_constraint_name(name: &'_ Option<Ident>) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
    struct ConstraintName<'a>(&'a Option<Ident>);
    impl<'a> fmt::Display for ConstraintName<'a> {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            if let Some(name) = self.0 {
                write!(f, "CONSTRAINT {name} ")?;
            }
            Ok(())
        }
    }
    ConstraintName(name)
}

/// If `option` is
/// * `Some(inner)` => create display struct for `"{prefix}{inner}{postfix}"`
/// * `_` => do nothing
#[must_use]
fn display_option<'a, T: fmt::Display>(
    prefix: &'a str,
    postfix: &'a str,
    option: &'a Option<T>,
) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a {
    struct OptionDisplay<'a, T>(&'a str, &'a str, &'a Option<T>);
    impl<'a, T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for OptionDisplay<'a, T> {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            if let Some(inner) = self.2 {
                let (prefix, postfix) = (self.0, self.1);
                write!(f, "{prefix}{inner}{postfix}")?;
            }
            Ok(())
        }
    }
    OptionDisplay(prefix, postfix, option)
}

/// If `option` is
/// * `Some(inner)` => create display struct for `" {inner}"`
/// * `_` => do nothing
#[must_use]
fn display_option_spaced<T: fmt::Display>(option: &Option<T>) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
    display_option(" ", "", option)
}

/// `<constraint_characteristics> = [ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ] [ ENFORCED | NOT ENFORCED ]`
///
/// Used in UNIQUE and foreign key constraints. The individual settings may occur in any order.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct ConstraintCharacteristics {
    /// `[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ]`
    pub deferrable: Option<bool>,
    /// `[ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]`
    pub initially: Option<DeferrableInitial>,
    /// `[ ENFORCED | NOT ENFORCED ]`
    pub enforced: Option<bool>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum DeferrableInitial {
    /// `INITIALLY IMMEDIATE`
    Immediate,
    /// `INITIALLY DEFERRED`
    Deferred,
}

impl ConstraintCharacteristics {
    fn deferrable_text(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        self.deferrable.map(|deferrable| {
            if deferrable {
                "DEFERRABLE"
            } else {
                "NOT DEFERRABLE"
            }
        })
    }

    fn initially_immediate_text(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        self.initially
            .map(|initially_immediate| match initially_immediate {
                DeferrableInitial::Immediate => "INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
                DeferrableInitial::Deferred => "INITIALLY DEFERRED",
            })
    }

    fn enforced_text(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
        self.enforced.map(
            |enforced| {
                if enforced {
                    "ENFORCED"
                } else {
                    "NOT ENFORCED"
                }
            },
        )
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for ConstraintCharacteristics {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let deferrable = self.deferrable_text();
        let initially_immediate = self.initially_immediate_text();
        let enforced = self.enforced_text();

        match (deferrable, initially_immediate, enforced) {
            (None, None, None) => Ok(()),
            (None, None, Some(enforced)) => write!(f, "{enforced}"),
            (None, Some(initial), None) => write!(f, "{initial}"),
            (None, Some(initial), Some(enforced)) => write!(f, "{initial} {enforced}"),
            (Some(deferrable), None, None) => write!(f, "{deferrable}"),
            (Some(deferrable), None, Some(enforced)) => write!(f, "{deferrable} {enforced}"),
            (Some(deferrable), Some(initial), None) => write!(f, "{deferrable} {initial}"),
            (Some(deferrable), Some(initial), Some(enforced)) => {
                write!(f, "{deferrable} {initial} {enforced}")
            }
        }
    }
}

/// `<referential_action> =
/// { RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT }`
///
/// Used in foreign key constraints in `ON UPDATE` and `ON DELETE` options.
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum ReferentialAction {
    Restrict,
    Cascade,
    SetNull,
    NoAction,
    SetDefault,
}

impl fmt::Display for ReferentialAction {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(match self {
            ReferentialAction::Restrict => "RESTRICT",
            ReferentialAction::Cascade => "CASCADE",
            ReferentialAction::SetNull => "SET NULL",
            ReferentialAction::NoAction => "NO ACTION",
            ReferentialAction::SetDefault => "SET DEFAULT",
        })
    }
}

/// SQL user defined type definition
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub enum UserDefinedTypeRepresentation {
    Composite {
        attributes: Vec<UserDefinedTypeCompositeAttributeDef>,
    },
}

impl fmt::Display for UserDefinedTypeRepresentation {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            UserDefinedTypeRepresentation::Composite { attributes } => {
                write!(f, "({})", display_comma_separated(attributes))
            }
        }
    }
}

/// SQL user defined type attribute definition
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Hash)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct UserDefinedTypeCompositeAttributeDef {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub data_type: DataType,
    pub collation: Option<ObjectName>,
}

impl fmt::Display for UserDefinedTypeCompositeAttributeDef {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{} {}", self.name, self.data_type)?;
        if let Some(collation) = &self.collation {
            write!(f, " COLLATE {collation}")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// PARTITION statement used in ALTER TABLE et al. such as in Hive SQL
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, PartialOrd, Ord)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(Serialize, Deserialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "visitor", derive(Visit, VisitMut))]
pub struct Partition {
    pub partitions: Vec<Expr>,
}

impl fmt::Display for Partition {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "PARTITION ({})",
            display_comma_separated(&self.partitions)
        )
    }
}