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//! HTTP/2 connection driver - background task that reads frames and routes them to streams.
//!
//! The driver owns the raw H2Connection and continuously reads frames from the socket,
//! routing them to the appropriate stream channels. This allows multiple requests
//! to be multiplexed without blocking each other.
use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
use http::{Method, Uri};
use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::time::Instant;
use tokio::sync::mpsc;
use tokio::sync::oneshot;
use tracing;
pub type StreamingHeadersResult = Result<(u16, Vec<(String, String)>)>;
use crate::error::{Error, Result};
use crate::transport::h2::connection::{
ControlAction, H2Connection as RawH2Connection, StreamResponse,
};
use crate::transport::h2::frame::{flags, ErrorCode, FrameHeader, FrameType};
use crate::transport::h2::tunnel::{H2Tunnel, H2TunnelEvent, H2TunnelOutbound};
use crate::transport::h2::H2TransportConfig;
/// Command sent from handle to driver
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum DriverCommand {
/// Send a request and get response via oneshot
/// Driver allocates stream_id
SendRequest {
method: http::Method,
uri: http::Uri,
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
body: Option<bytes::Bytes>,
response_tx: oneshot::Sender<Result<StreamResponse>>,
},
/// Send a request with a streaming body
SendStreamingRequest {
method: Method,
uri: Uri,
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
body: Option<bytes::Bytes>,
body_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<Result<Bytes>>,
headers_tx: oneshot::Sender<StreamingHeadersResult>,
},
/// Open an RFC 8441 WebSocket tunnel on a pooled HTTP/2 stream.
OpenWebSocketTunnel {
uri: Uri,
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
response_tx: oneshot::Sender<Result<H2Tunnel>>,
},
/// Queue outbound DATA for an open RFC 8441 tunnel.
SendTunnelData {
stream_id: u32,
outbound: H2TunnelOutbound,
},
}
/// Per-stream state tracked by driver
struct DriverStreamState {
/// Oneshot sender for response completion
response_tx: Option<oneshot::Sender<Result<StreamResponse>>>,
/// Oneshot sender for streaming response headers
streaming_headers_tx: Option<oneshot::Sender<StreamingHeadersResult>>,
/// Streaming response body sender
streaming_body_tx: Option<mpsc::UnboundedSender<Result<Bytes>>>,
/// Accumulated response status
status: Option<u16>,
/// Accumulated response headers
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
/// Accumulated response body
body: BytesMut,
/// Pending request body to be sent (flow control buffer)
pending_body: Bytes,
/// Offset of pending body already sent
body_offset: usize,
}
impl DriverStreamState {
fn new(response_tx: oneshot::Sender<Result<StreamResponse>>, pending_body: Bytes) -> Self {
Self {
response_tx: Some(response_tx),
streaming_headers_tx: None,
streaming_body_tx: None,
status: None,
headers: Vec::new(),
body: BytesMut::new(),
pending_body,
body_offset: 0,
}
}
fn streaming(
headers_tx: oneshot::Sender<StreamingHeadersResult>,
body_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<Result<Bytes>>,
pending_body: Bytes,
) -> Self {
Self {
response_tx: None,
streaming_headers_tx: Some(headers_tx),
streaming_body_tx: Some(body_tx),
status: None,
headers: Vec::new(),
body: BytesMut::new(),
pending_body,
body_offset: 0,
}
}
}
struct DriverTunnelState {
inbound_tx: mpsc::Sender<Result<H2TunnelEvent>>,
pending_outbound: VecDeque<H2TunnelOutbound>,
}
/// HTTP/2 connection driver that runs in a background task
pub struct H2Driver<S> {
/// Channel for receiving commands from handles
command_rx: mpsc::Receiver<DriverCommand>,
/// Sender back into the driver command queue, used by tunnel outbound forwarders.
command_tx: mpsc::Sender<DriverCommand>,
/// Raw H2 connection (owned by driver)
connection: RawH2Connection<S>,
/// Per-stream state for routing responses
streams: HashMap<u32, DriverStreamState>,
/// Per-stream state for open RFC 8441 tunnels.
tunnels: HashMap<u32, DriverTunnelState>,
/// Queue for pending requests when max streams reached
pending_requests: std::collections::VecDeque<DriverCommand>,
/// Shared flag set when GOAWAY frame is received
goaway_received: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool>,
/// Runtime keepalive and flow-control tuning.
config: H2TransportConfig,
/// Outstanding keepalive ping payload and send time.
pending_ping: Option<([u8; 8], Instant)>,
}
impl<S> H2Driver<S>
where
S: tokio::io::AsyncRead + tokio::io::AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send,
{
/// Create a new driver from an established connection
pub fn new(
connection: RawH2Connection<S>,
command_tx: mpsc::Sender<DriverCommand>,
command_rx: mpsc::Receiver<DriverCommand>,
goaway_received: std::sync::Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool>,
config: H2TransportConfig,
) -> Self {
Self {
command_rx,
command_tx,
connection,
streams: HashMap::new(),
tunnels: HashMap::new(),
pending_requests: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
goaway_received,
config,
pending_ping: None,
}
}
/// Run the driver loop - processes commands and reads frames
pub async fn drive(mut self) -> Result<()> {
loop {
// Processing pending requests if slots available
self.process_pending_requests().await?;
// Try to flush any pending data (flow control)
self.flush_pending_data().await?;
self.flush_tunnel_data().await?;
self.check_keepalive_timeout()?;
let mut keepalive_timer = self.keepalive_timer();
tokio::select! {
// Handle incoming commands (send requests)
command = self.command_rx.recv() => {
match command {
Some(cmd) => {
match cmd {
DriverCommand::SendRequest { .. } => {
self.handle_send_request(cmd).await?;
}
DriverCommand::SendStreamingRequest { .. } => {
self.handle_send_streaming_request(cmd).await?;
}
DriverCommand::OpenWebSocketTunnel { uri, headers, response_tx } => {
self.handle_open_websocket_tunnel(uri, headers, response_tx).await?;
}
DriverCommand::SendTunnelData { stream_id, outbound } => {
self.queue_tunnel_outbound(stream_id, outbound).await?;
}
}
}
None => {
// Channel closed - driver should shutdown
break;
}
}
}
// Handle incoming frames
read_res = self.connection.read_next_frame() => {
match read_res {
Ok((header, payload)) => {
if let Err(e) = self.handle_frame(header, payload).await {
tracing::error!("H2Driver frame error: {:?}", e);
// Protocol errors are fatal and require connection termination.
// The connection state may be inconsistent after this error.
return Err(e);
}
}
Err(e) => {
// Connection error
tracing::error!("H2Driver read error: {:?}", e);
return Err(e);
}
}
}
_ = &mut keepalive_timer => {
let ping = self.connection.send_ping().await?;
self.pending_ping = Some((ping, Instant::now()));
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn check_keepalive_timeout(&self) -> Result<()> {
if let Some((_, sent_at)) = self.pending_ping {
if sent_at.elapsed() >= self.config.keep_alive_timeout {
return Err(Error::HttpProtocol(
"HTTP/2 keepalive ping timed out".into(),
));
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn keepalive_timer(&self) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> {
let Some(interval) = self.config.keep_alive_interval else {
return Box::pin(std::future::pending());
};
if self.pending_ping.is_some() {
return Box::pin(std::future::pending());
}
if !self.config.keep_alive_while_idle && self.active_stream_count() == 0 {
return Box::pin(std::future::pending());
}
Box::pin(tokio::time::sleep(interval))
}
/// Handle SendRequest command
async fn handle_send_request(&mut self, cmd: DriverCommand) -> Result<()> {
if !self.has_available_stream_slot() {
// Queue request
self.pending_requests.push_back(cmd);
} else {
// Send immediately
self.send_request_internal(cmd).await?;
}
Ok(())
}
async fn handle_send_streaming_request(&mut self, cmd: DriverCommand) -> Result<()> {
if !self.has_available_stream_slot() {
self.pending_requests.push_back(cmd);
} else {
self.send_streaming_request_internal(cmd).await?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Process pending requests if slots available
async fn process_pending_requests(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
while self.has_available_stream_slot() {
if let Some(cmd) = self.pending_requests.pop_front() {
match cmd {
DriverCommand::SendRequest { .. } => {
self.send_request_internal(cmd).await?;
}
DriverCommand::OpenWebSocketTunnel {
uri,
headers,
response_tx,
} => {
self.open_websocket_tunnel_internal(uri, headers, response_tx)
.await?;
}
DriverCommand::SendStreamingRequest { .. } => {
self.send_streaming_request_internal(cmd).await?;
}
DriverCommand::SendTunnelData {
stream_id,
outbound,
} => {
self.queue_tunnel_outbound(stream_id, outbound).await?;
}
}
} else {
break;
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn active_stream_count(&self) -> usize {
self.streams.len() + self.tunnels.len()
}
fn has_available_stream_slot(&self) -> bool {
let max_streams = self.connection.peer_settings().max_concurrent_streams as usize;
self.active_stream_count() < max_streams
}
/// Internal helper to send request
async fn send_request_internal(&mut self, cmd: DriverCommand) -> Result<()> {
if let DriverCommand::SendRequest {
method,
uri,
headers,
body,
response_tx,
} = cmd
{
// Construct request
let mut req_builder = http::Request::builder().method(method).uri(uri);
for (k, v) in headers {
req_builder = req_builder.header(k, v);
}
// Body
let body_bytes = body.unwrap_or_default();
let has_body = !body_bytes.is_empty();
let req = match req_builder.body(body_bytes.clone()) {
Ok(r) => r,
Err(e) => {
if response_tx
.send(Err(Error::HttpProtocol(format!("Invalid request: {}", e))))
.is_err()
{
tracing::debug!("Response channel closed while sending error");
}
return Ok(());
}
};
// Send HEADERS frame (non-blocking write)
// If body is present, end_stream=false (DATA frames will be sent separately)
let end_stream = !has_body;
match self.connection.send_headers(&req, end_stream).await {
Ok(stream_id) => {
// Register stream state
self.streams
.insert(stream_id, DriverStreamState::new(response_tx, body_bytes));
// Trigger flush to try sending body immediately
self.flush_pending_data().await?;
}
Err(e) => {
// Notify error immediately
if response_tx.send(Err(e)).is_err() {
tracing::debug!("Response channel closed while sending error");
}
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn send_streaming_request_internal(&mut self, cmd: DriverCommand) -> Result<()> {
if let DriverCommand::SendStreamingRequest {
method,
uri,
headers,
body,
body_tx,
headers_tx,
} = cmd
{
let mut req_builder = http::Request::builder().method(method).uri(uri);
for (key, value) in headers {
req_builder = req_builder.header(key, value);
}
let body_bytes = body.unwrap_or_default();
let end_stream = body_bytes.is_empty();
let req = match req_builder.body(body_bytes.clone()) {
Ok(request) => request,
Err(error) => {
let _ = headers_tx.send(Err(Error::HttpProtocol(format!(
"Invalid request: {error}"
))));
return Ok(());
}
};
match self.connection.send_headers(&req, end_stream).await {
Ok(stream_id) => {
self.streams.insert(
stream_id,
DriverStreamState::streaming(headers_tx, body_tx, body_bytes),
);
self.flush_pending_data().await?;
}
Err(error) => {
let _ = headers_tx.send(Err(error));
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn handle_open_websocket_tunnel(
&mut self,
uri: Uri,
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
response_tx: oneshot::Sender<Result<H2Tunnel>>,
) -> Result<()> {
if !self.has_available_stream_slot() {
self.pending_requests
.push_back(DriverCommand::OpenWebSocketTunnel {
uri,
headers,
response_tx,
});
return Ok(());
}
self.open_websocket_tunnel_internal(uri, headers, response_tx)
.await
}
async fn open_websocket_tunnel_internal(
&mut self,
uri: Uri,
headers: Vec<(String, String)>,
response_tx: oneshot::Sender<Result<H2Tunnel>>,
) -> Result<()> {
match self
.connection
.open_extended_connect_websocket_with_end_stream(&uri, headers)
.await
{
Ok((stream_id, end_stream)) => {
let (outbound_tx, outbound_rx) = mpsc::channel(32);
let (inbound_tx, inbound_rx) = mpsc::channel(32);
if end_stream {
let _ = inbound_tx.send(Ok(H2TunnelEvent::EndStream)).await;
self.connection.remove_stream(stream_id);
} else {
let command_tx = self.command_tx.clone();
tokio::spawn(async move {
let mut outbound_rx = outbound_rx;
while let Some(outbound) = outbound_rx.recv().await {
if command_tx
.send(DriverCommand::SendTunnelData {
stream_id,
outbound,
})
.await
.is_err()
{
break;
}
}
});
self.tunnels.insert(
stream_id,
DriverTunnelState {
inbound_tx,
pending_outbound: VecDeque::new(),
},
);
}
if response_tx
.send(Ok(H2Tunnel::new(outbound_tx, inbound_rx)))
.is_err()
{
tracing::debug!("Tunnel response channel closed after open");
self.tunnels.remove(&stream_id);
}
}
Err(e) => {
if response_tx.send(Err(e)).is_err() {
tracing::debug!("Tunnel response channel closed while sending open error");
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn queue_tunnel_outbound(
&mut self,
stream_id: u32,
outbound: H2TunnelOutbound,
) -> Result<()> {
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.get_mut(&stream_id) {
tunnel.pending_outbound.push_back(outbound);
self.flush_tunnel_data().await?;
}
Ok(())
}
/// Iterate all active streams and try to send pending body data
async fn flush_pending_data(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
// Collect IDs to avoid borrow conflict
let stream_ids: Vec<u32> = self.streams.keys().cloned().collect();
for stream_id in stream_ids {
// Keep sending chunks for this stream until blocked or done
loop {
// Check if we have data to send
let (has_data, offset) = if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get(&stream_id) {
(
stream.body_offset < stream.pending_body.len(),
stream.body_offset,
)
} else {
(false, 0)
};
if !has_data {
break;
}
// Prepare arguments for send_data
// We clone the Bytes handle which is cheap
let pending_body = {
let s = self.streams.get(&stream_id).unwrap();
s.pending_body.clone()
};
let remaining = &pending_body[offset..];
let is_last_chunk = true;
// send_data returns bytes sent. If 0, it means blocked.
let sent = self
.connection
.send_data(stream_id, remaining, is_last_chunk)
.await?;
if sent > 0 {
if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get_mut(&stream_id) {
stream.body_offset += sent;
}
// Loop again to send next chunk
} else {
// Blocked by flow control
break;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn flush_tunnel_data(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
let stream_ids: Vec<u32> = self.tunnels.keys().copied().collect();
for stream_id in stream_ids {
loop {
let outbound = match self
.tunnels
.get_mut(&stream_id)
.and_then(|tunnel| tunnel.pending_outbound.pop_front())
{
Some(outbound) => outbound,
None => break,
};
let sent = self
.connection
.send_data(stream_id, &outbound.bytes, outbound.end_stream)
.await?;
if outbound.bytes.is_empty() {
continue;
}
if sent == 0 {
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.get_mut(&stream_id) {
tunnel.pending_outbound.push_front(outbound);
}
break;
}
if sent < outbound.bytes.len() {
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.get_mut(&stream_id) {
tunnel.pending_outbound.push_front(H2TunnelOutbound {
bytes: outbound.bytes.slice(sent..),
end_stream: outbound.end_stream,
});
}
break;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn fail_stream(&mut self, stream_id: u32, message: String) {
self.connection.remove_stream(stream_id);
if let Some(mut stream) = self.streams.remove(&stream_id) {
if let Some(tx) = stream.response_tx.take() {
let _ = tx.send(Err(Error::HttpProtocol(message.clone())));
}
if let Some(tx) = stream.streaming_headers_tx.take() {
let _ = tx.send(Err(Error::HttpProtocol(message.clone())));
}
if let Some(tx) = stream.streaming_body_tx.take() {
let _ = tx.send(Err(Error::HttpProtocol(message)));
}
}
}
/// Handle a single frame
async fn handle_frame(&mut self, header: FrameHeader, mut payload: Bytes) -> Result<()> {
// Check if receiver has been dropped (is_closed) for this stream before frame processing.
// If dropped, send RST_STREAM(CANCEL) and evict.
if header.stream_id != 0 {
if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get(&header.stream_id) {
if let Some(ref tx) = stream.streaming_body_tx {
if tx.is_closed() {
let stream_id = header.stream_id;
self.streams.remove(&stream_id);
self.connection.remove_stream(stream_id);
if let Err(e) = self
.connection
.send_rst_stream(stream_id, ErrorCode::Cancel)
.await
{
tracing::warn!(
"Failed to send RST_STREAM for dropped receiver: {:?}",
e
);
}
return Ok(());
}
}
}
}
// 1. Check control frames that modify connection state
match self
.connection
.handle_control_frame(&header, payload.clone())
.await?
{
ControlAction::RstStream(sid, code) => {
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.remove(&sid) {
let _ = tunnel
.inbound_tx
.send(Ok(H2TunnelEvent::Reset(format!("{:?}", code))))
.await;
}
// Notify stream of reset
self.fail_stream(sid, format!("Stream reset by peer: {:?}", code))
.await;
// Stream slot freed, try to process pending
self.process_pending_requests().await?;
return Ok(());
}
ControlAction::GoAway(last_sid) => {
self.goaway_received
.store(true, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
let tunnel_ids: Vec<u32> = self.tunnels.keys().copied().collect();
for sid in tunnel_ids {
if sid > last_sid {
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.remove(&sid) {
let _ = tunnel
.inbound_tx
.send(Ok(H2TunnelEvent::GoAway {
last_stream_id: last_sid,
}))
.await;
}
}
}
// Close all streams > last_sid
let sids: Vec<u32> = self.streams.keys().cloned().collect();
for sid in sids {
if sid > last_sid {
self.fail_stream(sid, "GOAWAY received".into()).await;
}
}
// Driver continues processing existing streams until they complete.
// A future enhancement could implement immediate shutdown on GOAWAY.
return Ok(());
}
ControlAction::RefusePush(_stream_id, promised_id) => {
// Send RST_STREAM for the promised stream
// RFC 9113 8.4: RST_STREAM with REFUSED_STREAM
if let Err(e) = self
.connection
.send_rst_stream(promised_id, ErrorCode::RefusedStream)
.await
{
tracing::warn!(
"Failed to send RST_STREAM for refused push promise: {:?}",
e
);
}
}
ControlAction::PingAck(data) => {
if self
.pending_ping
.is_some_and(|(pending_data, _)| pending_data == data)
{
self.pending_ping = None;
}
return Ok(());
}
ControlAction::None => {
// Continue to specific processing
}
}
// 2. Data / Headers routing
match header.frame_type {
FrameType::Headers => {
let stream_id = header.stream_id;
// Handle CONTINUATION frames if needed (END_HEADERS flag not set).
// CONTINUATION frames are collected in the loop below; this branch handles
// the initial HEADERS frame that starts a header block.
if (header.flags & flags::END_HEADERS) == 0 {
// Loop to read CONTINUATION frames
// This inner loop blocks the driver select! loop, which is expected
// per RFC 9113 Section 6.2 (CONTINUATION frames must be processed sequentially).
let mut block = BytesMut::from(payload);
loop {
let (next_header, next_payload) = self.connection.read_next_frame().await?;
if next_header.frame_type != FrameType::Continuation {
return Err(Error::HttpProtocol("Expected CONTINUATION frame".into()));
}
if next_header.stream_id != stream_id {
return Err(Error::HttpProtocol(
"CONTINUATION frame stream ID mismatch".into(),
));
}
block.extend_from_slice(&next_payload);
if (next_header.flags & flags::END_HEADERS) != 0 {
break;
}
}
payload = block.freeze();
}
let decoded = self.connection.decode_header_block(payload)?;
// Parse pseudo-headers
let mut status = 0u16;
let mut regular_headers = Vec::new();
for (name, value) in decoded {
if name == ":status" {
status = value.parse().unwrap_or(0);
} else if !name.starts_with(':') {
regular_headers.push((name, value));
}
}
if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get_mut(&stream_id) {
if status >= 200 {
stream.status = Some(status);
stream.headers = regular_headers;
if let Some(tx) = stream.streaming_headers_tx.take() {
let _ =
tx.send(Ok((stream.status.unwrap_or(0), stream.headers.clone())));
}
} else if status > 0 {
// 1xx informational status
tracing::debug!("H2Driver: Ignoring informational status {}", status);
} else {
// status == 0, likely trailers HEADERS frame (no :status)
tracing::debug!("H2Driver: Received trailers for stream {}", stream_id);
}
if (header.flags & flags::END_STREAM) != 0 {
self.complete_stream(stream_id);
}
}
}
FrameType::Data => {
let stream_id = header.stream_id;
let end_stream = (header.flags & flags::END_STREAM) != 0;
// Process flow control for inbound DATA frame.
// The process_inbound_data_frame method takes stream_id, flags, and payload
// to handle window updates and flow control state.
let data = self
.connection
.process_inbound_data_frame(stream_id, header.flags, payload)
.await?;
if let Some(tunnel) = self.tunnels.get_mut(&stream_id) {
if !data.is_empty() {
let _ = tunnel.inbound_tx.send(Ok(H2TunnelEvent::Data(data))).await;
}
if end_stream {
let _ = tunnel.inbound_tx.send(Ok(H2TunnelEvent::EndStream)).await;
self.tunnels.remove(&stream_id);
}
return Ok(());
}
let streaming_body_tx = self
.streams
.get(&stream_id)
.and_then(|stream| stream.streaming_body_tx.clone());
if let Some(tx) = streaming_body_tx {
if !data.is_empty() && tx.send(Ok(data)).is_err() {
self.streams.remove(&stream_id);
self.connection.remove_stream(stream_id);
if let Err(e) = self
.connection
.send_rst_stream(stream_id, ErrorCode::Cancel)
.await
{
tracing::warn!(
"Failed to send RST_STREAM for dropped receiver: {:?}",
e
);
}
return Ok(());
}
if end_stream {
self.complete_stream(stream_id);
}
} else if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get_mut(&stream_id) {
stream.body.extend_from_slice(&data);
if end_stream {
self.complete_stream(stream_id);
}
}
}
FrameType::WindowUpdate => {
// Window update received and processed by handle_control_frame,
// which updates the connection/stream window in self.connection.
// Flush any pending data that was previously blocked by flow control.
self.flush_pending_data().await?;
self.flush_tunnel_data().await?;
}
_ => {} // Other frames handled by handle_control_frame (or ignored)
}
Ok(())
}
/// Complete a stream: build response and send
fn complete_stream(&mut self, stream_id: u32) {
self.connection.remove_stream(stream_id);
if let Some(mut stream) = self.streams.remove(&stream_id) {
if let Some(tx) = stream.response_tx.take() {
// If no status was received, this is a protocol violation
// Return an error rather than defaulting to 200
let response = match stream.status {
Some(status) => Ok(StreamResponse {
status,
headers: stream.headers,
body: stream.body.freeze(),
}),
None => Err(Error::HttpProtocol(format!(
"Stream {} completed without status code",
stream_id
))),
};
if tx.send(response).is_err() {
tracing::debug!("Response channel closed while completing stream");
}
}
}
// Stream slot is now available. The main loop will call process_pending_requests
// to process any queued requests waiting for available stream slots.
}
}