sp1-prover 6.1.0

The SP1 prover implementation
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
use std::sync::Arc;

mod init;

pub use init::SP1LocalNodeBuilder;

use either::Either;
use mti::prelude::{MagicTypeIdExt, V7};
use sp1_core_executor::{ExecutionReport, SP1Context};
use sp1_core_machine::io::SP1Stdin;
use sp1_hypercube::{SP1PcsProofOuter, SP1VerifyingKey, SP1WrapProof};
use sp1_primitives::{io::SP1PublicValues, SP1OuterGlobalContext};
use sp1_prover_types::{
    network_base_types::ProofMode, Artifact, ArtifactClient, ArtifactType, InMemoryArtifactClient,
    TaskStatus, TaskType,
};
pub use sp1_verifier::{ProofFromNetwork, SP1Proof};
use tokio::task::JoinSet;
use tracing::{instrument, Instrument};

use crate::{
    shapes::DEFAULT_ARITY,
    worker::{
        LocalWorkerClient, ProofId, RawTaskRequest, RequesterId, SP1NodeCore, TaskContext,
        VkeyMapControllerInput, VkeyMapControllerOutput, WorkerClient,
    },
};

pub(crate) struct SP1NodeInner {
    artifact_client: InMemoryArtifactClient,
    worker_client: LocalWorkerClient,
    core: SP1NodeCore,
    _tasks: JoinSet<()>,
}

pub struct SP1LocalNode {
    inner: Arc<SP1NodeInner>,
}

impl Clone for SP1LocalNode {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self { inner: self.inner.clone() }
    }
}

impl SP1LocalNode {
    pub fn core(&self) -> &SP1NodeCore {
        &self.inner.core
    }

    #[instrument(name = "execute_program", skip_all)]
    pub async fn execute(
        &self,
        elf: &[u8],
        stdin: SP1Stdin,
        context: SP1Context<'static>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<(SP1PublicValues, [u8; 32], ExecutionReport)> {
        self.inner.core.execute(elf, stdin, context).await
    }

    pub async fn setup(&self, elf: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<SP1VerifyingKey> {
        let elf_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        self.inner.artifact_client.upload_program(&elf_artifact, elf.to_vec()).await?;

        // Create a setup task and wait for the vk
        let vk_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        let context = TaskContext {
            proof_id: ProofId::new("core_proof"),
            parent_id: None,
            parent_context: None,
            requester_id: RequesterId::new("local node"),
        };
        let setup_request = RawTaskRequest {
            inputs: vec![elf_artifact.clone()],
            outputs: vec![vk_artifact.clone()],
            context: context.clone(),
        };
        tracing::trace!("submitting setup task");
        let setup_id =
            self.inner.worker_client.submit_task(TaskType::SetupVkey, setup_request).await?;
        // Wait for the setup task to finish
        let subscriber =
            self.inner.worker_client.subscriber(context.proof_id.clone()).await?.per_task();
        let status =
            subscriber.wait_task(setup_id).instrument(tracing::debug_span!("setup task")).await?;
        if status != TaskStatus::Succeeded {
            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("setup task failed"));
        }
        tracing::trace!("setup task succeeded");
        // Download the vk
        let vk = self.inner.artifact_client.download::<SP1VerifyingKey>(&vk_artifact).await?;

        // Clean up the artifacts
        self.inner.artifact_client.try_delete(&elf_artifact, ArtifactType::Program).await?;
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .try_delete(&vk_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType)
            .await?;

        Ok(vk)
    }

    pub async fn prove(
        &self,
        elf: &[u8],
        stdin: SP1Stdin,
        context: SP1Context<'static>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<ProofFromNetwork> {
        self.prove_with_mode(elf, stdin, context, ProofMode::Compressed).await
    }

    pub async fn build_vks(
        &self,
        range_or_limit: Option<Either<Vec<usize>, usize>>,
        chunk_size: usize,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<VkeyMapControllerOutput> {
        let vk_controller_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        let input =
            VkeyMapControllerInput { range_or_limit, chunk_size, reduce_batch_size: DEFAULT_ARITY };
        self.inner.artifact_client.upload(&vk_controller_artifact, input).await?;

        let output_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;

        let proof_id = ProofId::new("proof".create_type_id::<V7>().to_string());

        let request = RawTaskRequest {
            inputs: vec![vk_controller_artifact.clone()],
            outputs: vec![output_artifact.clone()],
            context: TaskContext {
                proof_id: proof_id.clone(),
                parent_id: None,
                parent_context: None,
                requester_id: RequesterId::new(format!("local-node-{}", std::process::id())),
            },
        };

        let task_id =
            self.inner.worker_client.submit_task(TaskType::UtilVkeyMapController, request).await?;
        let subscriber = self.inner.worker_client.subscriber(proof_id).await?.per_task();
        let status = subscriber.wait_task(task_id).await?;
        if status != TaskStatus::Succeeded {
            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("controller task failed"));
        }

        // Clean up the input artifacts
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .try_delete(&vk_controller_artifact, ArtifactType::Program)
            .await?;

        // Download the output proof and return it.
        let output = self
            .inner
            .artifact_client
            .download::<VkeyMapControllerOutput>(&output_artifact)
            .await?;

        // Clean up the output artifact
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .try_delete(&output_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType)
            .await?;

        Ok(output)
    }

    #[instrument(name = "prove", skip_all, fields(mode = ?mode))]
    pub async fn prove_with_mode(
        &self,
        elf: &[u8],
        stdin: SP1Stdin,
        context: SP1Context<'static>,
        mode: ProofMode,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<ProofFromNetwork> {
        let elf_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        self.inner.artifact_client.upload_program(&elf_artifact, elf.to_vec()).await?;

        let proof_nonce_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .upload::<[u32; 4]>(&proof_nonce_artifact, context.proof_nonce)
            .await?;

        let stdin_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .upload_with_type(&stdin_artifact, ArtifactType::Stdin, stdin)
            .await?;

        let mode_artifact = Artifact((mode as i32).to_string());

        // Create an artifact for the output
        let output_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;

        let proof_id = ProofId::new("proof".create_type_id::<V7>().to_string());
        let request = RawTaskRequest {
            inputs: vec![
                elf_artifact.clone(),
                stdin_artifact.clone(),
                mode_artifact.clone(),
                proof_nonce_artifact.clone(),
            ],
            outputs: vec![output_artifact.clone()],
            context: TaskContext {
                proof_id: proof_id.clone(),
                parent_id: None,
                parent_context: None,
                requester_id: RequesterId::new(format!("local-node-{}", std::process::id())),
            },
        };

        let task_id = self.inner.worker_client.submit_task(TaskType::Controller, request).await?;
        let subscriber = self.inner.worker_client.subscriber(proof_id).await?.per_task();
        let status = subscriber.wait_task(task_id).await?;
        if status != TaskStatus::Succeeded {
            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("controller task failed"));
        }

        // Clean up the input artifacts
        self.inner.artifact_client.try_delete(&elf_artifact, ArtifactType::Program).await?;
        self.inner.artifact_client.try_delete(&stdin_artifact, ArtifactType::Stdin).await?;

        // Download the output proof and return it.
        let proof =
            self.inner.artifact_client.download::<ProofFromNetwork>(&output_artifact).await?;
        // Clean up the output artifact
        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .try_delete(&output_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType)
            .await?;

        self.inner
            .artifact_client
            .try_delete(&proof_nonce_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType)
            .await?;

        Ok(proof)
    }

    pub fn verify(&self, vk: &SP1VerifyingKey, proof: &SP1Proof) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.inner.core.verify(vk, proof)
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub(crate) fn wrap_vk(&self) -> &sp1_hypercube::MachineVerifyingKey<SP1OuterGlobalContext> {
        self.inner.core.wrap_vk()
    }

    /// Convert the given compressed proof to a proof that can be verified by the groth16 circuit.
    pub async fn shrink_wrap(
        &self,
        compressed_proof: &SP1Proof,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<SP1WrapProof<SP1OuterGlobalContext, SP1PcsProofOuter>> {
        let compressed_proof = match compressed_proof {
            SP1Proof::Compressed(proof) => *proof.clone(),
            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("given proof is not a compressed proof")),
        };
        // Upload the compressed proof to the artifact client
        let compressed_proof_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;
        self.inner.artifact_client.upload(&compressed_proof_artifact, compressed_proof).await?;

        // Create an artifact for the output
        let output_artifact = self.inner.artifact_client.create_artifact()?;

        // Create a task request for the shrink wrap task
        let proof_id = ProofId::new("shrink wrap".create_type_id::<V7>().to_string());
        let request = RawTaskRequest {
            inputs: vec![compressed_proof_artifact.clone()],
            outputs: vec![output_artifact.clone()],
            context: TaskContext {
                proof_id: proof_id.clone(),
                parent_id: None,
                parent_context: None,
                requester_id: RequesterId::new(format!("local-node-{}", std::process::id())),
            },
        };

        let task_id = self.inner.worker_client.submit_task(TaskType::ShrinkWrap, request).await?;
        // Wait for the task to finish
        let subscriber = self.inner.worker_client.subscriber(proof_id).await?.per_task();
        let status = subscriber.wait_task(task_id).await?;
        if status != TaskStatus::Succeeded {
            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("shrink wrap task failed"));
        }

        // Download the output proof and return it.
        let proof = self
            .inner
            .artifact_client
            .download::<SP1WrapProof<SP1OuterGlobalContext, SP1PcsProofOuter>>(&output_artifact)
            .await?;
        // Clean up the input and output artifacts
        tokio::try_join!(
            self.inner
                .artifact_client
                .try_delete(&compressed_proof_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType),
            self.inner
                .artifact_client
                .try_delete(&output_artifact, ArtifactType::UnspecifiedArtifactType)
        )?;

        Ok(proof)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use serial_test::serial;
    use sp1_core_machine::utils::setup_logger;

    use crate::CpuSP1ProverComponents;
    use sp1_hypercube::HashableKey;

    use crate::worker::{cpu_worker_builder, SP1LocalNodeBuilder, SP1WorkerBuilder};

    use super::*;

    async fn run_e2e_node_test(
        builder: SP1WorkerBuilder<CpuSP1ProverComponents>,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let elf = test_artifacts::FIBONACCI_ELF;
        let stdin = SP1Stdin::default();
        let mode = ProofMode::Compressed;

        let client =
            SP1LocalNodeBuilder::from_worker_client_builder(builder).build().await.unwrap();

        let proof_nonce = [0x6284, 0xC0DE, 0x4242, 0xCAFE];

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let context = SP1Context { proof_nonce, ..Default::default() };

        let (_, _, report) = client.execute(&elf, stdin.clone(), context.clone()).await.unwrap();

        let execute_time = time.elapsed();
        let cycles = report.total_instruction_count() as usize;
        tracing::info!(
            "execute time: {:?}, cycles: {}, gas: {:?}",
            execute_time,
            cycles,
            report.gas()
        );

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let vk = client.setup(&elf).await.unwrap();
        let setup_time = time.elapsed();
        tracing::info!("setup time: {:?}", setup_time);

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();

        tracing::info!("proving with mode: {mode:?}");
        let proof = client
            .prove_with_mode(&elf, stdin.clone(), context.clone(), mode)
            .await
            .expect("proof failed");
        let proof_time = time.elapsed();
        tracing::info!("proof time: {:?}", proof_time);

        // Verify the proof
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || client.verify(&vk, &proof.proof).unwrap())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial]
    async fn test_e2e_node() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        setup_logger();
        run_e2e_node_test(cpu_worker_builder()).await
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    #[cfg(feature = "experimental")]
    #[serial]
    async fn test_e2e_node_experimental() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        setup_logger();
        run_e2e_node_test(cpu_worker_builder().without_vk_verification()).await
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial]
    #[ignore = "only run to write the vk root and num keys to a file"]
    async fn make_verifier_vks() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        setup_logger();

        let client = SP1LocalNodeBuilder::from_worker_client_builder(cpu_worker_builder())
            .build()
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let recursion_vks = client.core().recursion_vks();

        let mut file = std::fs::File::create("../verifier/vk-artifacts/verifier_vks.bin")?;

        bincode::serialize_into(&mut file, &recursion_vks)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial]
    async fn test_e2e_groth16_node() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        setup_logger();

        let elf = test_artifacts::FIBONACCI_ELF;
        let stdin = SP1Stdin::default();
        let mode = ProofMode::Groth16;

        let client = SP1LocalNodeBuilder::from_worker_client_builder(cpu_worker_builder())
            .build()
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let context = SP1Context::default();
        let (_, _, report) = client.execute(&elf, stdin.clone(), context.clone()).await.unwrap();
        let execute_time = time.elapsed();
        let cycles = report.total_instruction_count() as usize;
        tracing::info!(
            "execute time: {:?}, cycles: {}, gas: {:?}",
            execute_time,
            cycles,
            report.gas()
        );

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let vk = client.setup(&elf).await.unwrap();
        let setup_time = time.elapsed();
        tracing::info!("setup time: {:?}", setup_time);

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();

        tracing::info!("proving with mode: {mode:?}");
        let proof = client.prove_with_mode(&elf, stdin, context, mode).await.unwrap();
        let proof_time = time.elapsed();
        tracing::info!("proof time: {:?}", proof_time);

        // Verify the proof
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || client.verify(&vk, &proof.proof).unwrap())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Test that changing the vk_root (by modifying a vk_map entry) does NOT change the wrap VK
    /// or the Groth16 circuit. This confirms that vk_root is purely a witness variable.
    ///
    /// Note: Before running this test with `SP1_CIRCUIT_MODE=dev`, ensure that there are circuit
    /// artifacts for the current wrap VK (either on S3 or locally cached). Otherwise, the test
    /// will rebuild circuit artifacts locally, which may cause the test to pass incorrectly.
    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial]
    #[cfg(feature = "experimental")]
    #[ignore = "sanity check test; see doc-comment for proper usage"]
    async fn test_e2e_groth16_node_modified_vk_root() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        use slop_algebra::AbstractField;
        use sp1_primitives::SP1Field;
        use sp1_recursion_executor::DIGEST_SIZE;
        use std::collections::BTreeMap;
        use std::io::Write;

        setup_logger();

        // Step 1: Load the original vk_map and modify the first entry.
        let original_map: BTreeMap<[SP1Field; DIGEST_SIZE], usize> =
            bincode::deserialize(include_bytes!("../../../vk_map.bin"))
                .expect("failed to deserialize vk_map.bin");
        tracing::info!("original vk_map has {} entries", original_map.len());

        let mut modified_map = original_map.clone();
        let first_key = *modified_map.keys().next().unwrap();
        let first_val = modified_map.remove(&first_key).unwrap();
        let mut new_key = first_key;
        new_key[0] += SP1Field::one();
        modified_map.insert(new_key, first_val);
        assert_eq!(modified_map.len(), original_map.len(), "map size should not change");

        // Step 2: Write modified vk_map to a temp file.
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir()?;
        let vk_map_path = temp_dir.path().join("modified_vk_map.bin");
        {
            let mut file = std::fs::File::create(&vk_map_path)?;
            bincode::serialize_into(&mut file, &modified_map)?;
            file.flush()?;
        }
        tracing::info!("wrote modified vk_map to {:?}", vk_map_path);

        // Step 3: Build the prover with the modified vk_map (vk_verification stays ON).
        let builder =
            cpu_worker_builder().with_vk_map_path(vk_map_path.to_str().unwrap().to_string());

        let elf = test_artifacts::FIBONACCI_ELF;
        let stdin = SP1Stdin::default();
        let mode = ProofMode::Groth16;

        let client =
            SP1LocalNodeBuilder::from_worker_client_builder(builder).build().await.unwrap();

        // Step 4: Verify that the wrap VK hasn't changed by checking the Groth16 artifacts
        // cache directory. If the wrap VK is the same, the same cache dir
        // (based on wrap VK hash) will be used and the existing artifacts reused.
        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let vk = client.setup(&elf).await.unwrap();
        tracing::info!("setup time: {:?}", time.elapsed());

        let time = tokio::time::Instant::now();
        let context = SP1Context::default();
        tracing::info!("proving with mode: {mode:?} (modified vk_root)");
        let proof = client.prove_with_mode(&elf, stdin, context, mode).await.unwrap();
        tracing::info!("proof time: {:?}", time.elapsed());

        // Step 5: Verify the proof. This uses the cached Groth16 artifacts
        // (from the previous test_e2e_groth16_node run) since the wrap VK is unchanged.
        // If the Groth16 circuit had changed, verification would fail.
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            client.verify(&vk, &proof.proof).unwrap();
            tracing::info!("verification with modified vk_root PASSED");
        })
        .await
        .unwrap();

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial]
    async fn test_node_deferred_compress() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        setup_logger();

        let client = SP1LocalNodeBuilder::from_worker_client_builder(cpu_worker_builder())
            .build()
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Test program which proves the Keccak-256 hash of various inputs.
        let keccak_elf = test_artifacts::KECCAK256_ELF;

        // Test program which verifies proofs of a vkey and a list of committed inputs.
        let verify_elf = test_artifacts::VERIFY_PROOF_ELF;

        tracing::info!("setup keccak elf");
        let keccak_vk = client.setup(&keccak_elf).await?;

        tracing::info!("setup verify elf");
        let verify_vk = client.setup(&verify_elf).await?;

        tracing::info!("prove subproof 1");
        let mut stdin = SP1Stdin::new();
        stdin.write(&1usize);
        stdin.write(&vec![0u8, 0, 0]);
        let context = SP1Context::default();
        let deferred_proof_1 = client
            .prove_with_mode(&keccak_elf, stdin, context.clone(), ProofMode::Compressed)
            .await?;
        let pv_1 = deferred_proof_1.public_values.as_slice().to_vec().clone();

        // Generate a second proof of keccak of various inputs.
        tracing::info!("prove subproof 2");
        let mut stdin = SP1Stdin::new();
        stdin.write(&3usize);
        stdin.write(&vec![0u8, 1, 2]);
        stdin.write(&vec![2, 3, 4]);
        stdin.write(&vec![5, 6, 7]);
        let deferred_proof_2 = client
            .prove_with_mode(&keccak_elf, stdin, context.clone(), ProofMode::Compressed)
            .await?;
        let pv_2 = deferred_proof_2.public_values.as_slice().to_vec().clone();

        let deferred_reduce_1 = match deferred_proof_1.proof {
            SP1Proof::Compressed(proof) => *proof,
            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("deferred proof 1 is not a compressed proof")),
        };
        let deferred_reduce_2 = match deferred_proof_2.proof {
            SP1Proof::Compressed(proof) => *proof,
            _ => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("deferred proof 2 is not a compressed proof")),
        };

        // Exercise deferred proof verification during execute.
        let mut invalid_proof = deferred_reduce_1.clone();
        invalid_proof.proof.public_values.clear();
        let mut execute_stdin = SP1Stdin::new();
        let vkey_digest = keccak_vk.hash_u32();
        execute_stdin.write(&vkey_digest);
        execute_stdin.write(&vec![pv_1.clone(), pv_2.clone(), pv_2.clone()]);
        execute_stdin.write_proof(invalid_proof, keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        execute_stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        execute_stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());

        let execute_result = client.execute(&verify_elf, execute_stdin, context.clone()).await;
        let err = execute_result.expect_err("expected deferred proof verification to fail");
        assert!(
            err.to_string().contains("deferred proof 0 failed verification"),
            "unexpected error: {err}"
        );

        // Execute verify program with deferred proof verification enabled and valid proofs.
        let mut execute_stdin = SP1Stdin::new();
        let vkey_digest = keccak_vk.hash_u32();
        execute_stdin.write(&vkey_digest);
        execute_stdin.write(&vec![pv_1.clone(), pv_2.clone(), pv_2.clone()]);
        execute_stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_1.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        execute_stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        execute_stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());

        let (_execute_pv, _execute_digest, execute_report) =
            client.execute(&verify_elf, execute_stdin, context.clone()).await?;
        assert_eq!(execute_report.exit_code, 0);

        // Run verify program with keccak vkey, subproofs, and their committed values.
        let mut stdin = SP1Stdin::new();
        let vkey_digest = keccak_vk.hash_u32();
        stdin.write(&vkey_digest);
        stdin.write(&vec![pv_1.clone(), pv_2.clone(), pv_2.clone()]);
        stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_1.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());
        stdin.write_proof(deferred_reduce_2.clone(), keccak_vk.vk.clone());

        tracing::info!("proving verify program (core)");
        let verify_proof =
            client.prove_with_mode(&verify_elf, stdin, context, ProofMode::Compressed).await?;

        tracing::info!("verifying verify proof");
        tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
            client.verify(&verify_vk, &verify_proof.proof).unwrap()
        })
        .await
        .unwrap();

        Ok(())
    }
}