sounding_analysis/

parcel.rs

//! Functions for doing parcel analysis on a sounding, specifically related to convection.
//!
use crate::{
    error::{AnalysisError, Result},
    interpolation::{linear_interp, linear_interpolate_sounding},
    layers::{effective_inflow_layer, Layer},
    profile::equivalent_potential_temperature,
    sounding::{DataRow, Sounding},
};
use itertools::{izip, Itertools};
use metfor::{self, Celsius, HectoPascal, Kelvin, Quantity};
use optional::Optioned;

/// Variables defining a parcel as used in parcel analysis.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct Parcel {
    /// Temperature in C
    pub temperature: Celsius,
    /// Pressure in hPa
    pub pressure: HectoPascal,
    /// Dew point in C
    pub dew_point: Celsius,
}

impl Parcel {
    /// Get the potential temperatures of the parcel
    pub fn theta(&self) -> Kelvin {
        metfor::potential_temperature(self.pressure, self.temperature)
    }

    /// Get the equivalent potential temperature of the parcel
    pub fn theta_e(&self) -> Result<Kelvin> {
        metfor::equiv_pot_temperature(self.temperature, self.dew_point, self.pressure)
            .ok_or(AnalysisError::MetForError)
    }

    /// Get the mixing ratio of the parcel
    pub fn mixing_ratio(&self) -> Result<f64> {
        metfor::mixing_ratio(self.dew_point, self.pressure).ok_or(AnalysisError::MetForError)
    }

    /// Get the virtual temperature of the parcel
    pub fn virtual_temperature(&self) -> Result<Kelvin> {
        metfor::virtual_temperature(self.temperature, self.dew_point, self.pressure)
            .ok_or(AnalysisError::MetForError)
    }

    /// Try to convert a `DataRow` to a `Parcel`.
    pub fn from_datarow(mut dr: DataRow) -> Option<Self> {
        let temperature = dr.temperature.take()?;
        let pressure = dr.pressure.take()?;
        let dew_point = dr.dew_point.take()?;

        Some(Parcel {
            temperature,
            pressure,
            dew_point,
        })
    }
}

/// Create a mixed layer parcel.
///
/// Calculated by averaging potential temperature and mixing ratio in the lowest 100 hPa of the
/// sounding and calculating a temperature and dew point at the lowest pressure level using those
/// averaged values. This is a pressure weighted average.
pub fn mixed_layer_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let press = snd.pressure_profile();
    let t = snd.temperature_profile();
    let dp = snd.dew_point_profile();

    if press.is_empty() || t.is_empty() || dp.is_empty() {
        return Err(AnalysisError::MissingProfile);
    }

    let bottom_p = press
        .iter()
        // Remove None values
        .filter_map(|&p| p.into_option())
        // Get the first of the non-None values
        .next()
        // Check to make sure we got one, return error if not.
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::NoDataProfile)?;

    let top_p = bottom_p - HectoPascal(100.0);

    let (sum_p, sum_t, sum_mw) = izip!(press, t, dp)
        // remove levels with missing values
        .filter(|(p, t, dp)| p.is_some() && t.is_some() && dp.is_some())
        // Unpack from the `Optioned` type
        .map(|(p, t, dp)| (p.unpack(), t.unpack(), dp.unpack()))
        // only go up 100 hPa above the lowest level
        .take_while(|&(p, _, _)| p >= top_p)
        // Get theta
        .map(|(p, t, dp)| (p, dp, metfor::potential_temperature(p, t)))
        // convert to mw
        .filter_map(|(p, dp, th)| metfor::mixing_ratio(dp, p).map(|mw| (p, th, mw)))
        // calculate the sums and count needed for the average
        .fold((HectoPascal(0.0), 0.0f64, 0.0f64), |acc, (p, theta, mw)| {
            let (sum_p, sum_t, sum_mw) = acc;
            (
                sum_p + p,
                sum_t + theta.unpack() * p.unpack(),
                sum_mw + mw * p.unpack(),
            )
        });

    if sum_p == HectoPascal(0.0) {
        return Err(AnalysisError::NotEnoughData);
    }

    // convert back to temperature and dew point at the lowest pressure level.
    let pressure = bottom_p;
    let temperature = Celsius::from(metfor::temperature_from_pot_temp(
        Kelvin(sum_t / sum_p.unpack()),
        bottom_p,
    ));
    let dew_point = metfor::dew_point_from_p_and_mw(bottom_p, sum_mw / sum_p.unpack())
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::InvalidInput)?;

    Ok(Parcel {
        temperature,
        pressure,
        dew_point,
    })
}

/// Get a surface parcel.
pub fn surface_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let pressure = snd.station_pressure().ok_or(AnalysisError::MissingValue)?;
    let temperature = snd.sfc_temperature().ok_or(AnalysisError::MissingValue)?;
    let dew_point = snd.sfc_dew_point().ok_or(AnalysisError::MissingValue)?;

    Ok(Parcel {
        temperature,
        pressure,
        dew_point,
    })
}

/// Get the lowest level parcel. This should be the surface parcel, but some files do not have
/// complete information at the surface, so the first level above the ground is best you can do.
pub fn lowest_level_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    snd.bottom_up()
        .filter_map(Parcel::from_datarow)
        .next()
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::NotEnoughData)
}

/// Get the parcel at a specific pressure.
pub fn pressure_parcel(snd: &Sounding, pressure: HectoPascal) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let row = linear_interpolate_sounding(snd, pressure)?;

    Parcel::from_datarow(row).ok_or(AnalysisError::MissingValue)
}

/// Get the most unstable parcel.
///
/// This is defined as the parcel in the lowest 300 hPa of the sounding with the highest equivalent
/// potential temperature.
pub fn most_unstable_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let temp_vec: Vec<Optioned<Kelvin>>;

    let theta_e = if !snd.theta_e_profile().is_empty() {
        snd.theta_e_profile()
    } else {
        temp_vec = equivalent_potential_temperature(snd);
        &temp_vec
    };
    let press = snd.pressure_profile();

    let top_pressure = press
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|p| p.into_option())
        .next()
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::NotEnoughData)?
        - HectoPascal(300.0);

    let (idx, _) = izip!(0.., press, theta_e)
        .filter(|(_, p, theta_e)| p.is_some() && theta_e.is_some())
        .map(|(i, p, theta_e)| (i, p.unpack(), theta_e.unpack()))
        .take_while(|&(_, p, _)| p >= top_pressure)
        .fold(
            (::std::usize::MAX, metfor::ABSOLUTE_ZERO),
            |(max_idx, max_val), (i, _, theta_e)| {
                if theta_e > max_val {
                    (i, theta_e)
                } else {
                    (max_idx, max_val)
                }
            },
        );

    snd.data_row(idx)
        .and_then(Parcel::from_datarow)
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::MissingValue)
}

/// Get the convective parcel - this is the surface parcel that will rise without any lifting.
///
/// This is based off the mixing ratio of the mixed layer parcel.
pub fn convective_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let Parcel {
        dew_point: dp,
        pressure: initial_p,
        temperature: initial_t,
    } = mixed_layer_parcel(snd)?;

    let tgt_mw = metfor::mixing_ratio(dp, initial_p).ok_or(AnalysisError::MetForError)?;

    let pressure = snd.pressure_profile();
    let temperature = snd.temperature_profile();

    let (tgt_p, tgt_t) = izip!(pressure, temperature)
        // Filter out levels with missing values
        .filter(|(p, t)| p.is_some() && t.is_some())
        // Unpack from the `Optioned` type
        .map(|(p, t)| (p.unpack(), t.unpack()))
        // Convert to mixing ratio and filter out any errors.
        .filter_map(|(p, t)| {
            let mw = metfor::mixing_ratio(t, p)?;

            Some((p, t, mw))
        })
        // Get past a cool surface layer where mw < tgt_mw possible due to using a mixed parcel for
        // the target mw in combination with a surface based inversion.
        .skip_while(|(_, _, mw)| *mw <= tgt_mw)
        // Look at them in pairs to detect a crossing
        .tuple_windows::<(_, _)>()
        // Look for a crossing, filter out all the rest.
        .filter_map(|((p0, t0, mw0), (p1, t1, mw1))| {
            if mw0 >= tgt_mw && mw1 <= tgt_mw {
                let tgt_p = linear_interp(tgt_mw, mw0, mw1, p0, p1);
                let tgt_t = linear_interp(tgt_mw, mw0, mw1, t0, t1);
                Some((tgt_p, tgt_t))
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
        // Take the first (and probably only) one, if it exists.
        .next()
        // Probably a bad choice to use an error to signal this, but it is impossible to tell if
        // we never found it because there wasn't enough data, or it just didn't exist.
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::NotEnoughData)?;

    // Extrapolate dry adiabatically back to the parcel level.
    let tgt_theta = metfor::potential_temperature(tgt_p, tgt_t);
    let tgt_t =
        Celsius::from(metfor::temperature_from_pot_temp(tgt_theta, initial_p)).max(initial_t);

    Ok(Parcel {
        pressure: initial_p,
        temperature: tgt_t,
        dew_point: dp,
    })
}

/// Get the effective parcel which is the parcel with the mean values (pressure, temperature, etc)
/// of the sounding from the effective layer.
pub fn effective_layer_parcel(snd: &Sounding) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let effective_layer = &effective_inflow_layer(snd).ok_or(AnalysisError::FailedPrerequisite)?;
    average_parcel(snd, effective_layer)
}

/// Get the parcel with mean values for the given layer.
pub fn average_parcel(snd: &Sounding, layer: &Layer) -> Result<Parcel> {
    let press = snd.pressure_profile();
    let t = snd.temperature_profile();
    let dp = snd.dew_point_profile();

    if press.is_empty() || t.is_empty() || dp.is_empty() {
        return Err(AnalysisError::MissingProfile);
    }

    let bottom_p = layer.bottom.pressure.ok_or(AnalysisError::NoDataProfile)?;
    let top_p = layer.top.pressure.ok_or(AnalysisError::NoDataProfile)?;

    let (sum_p, sum_t, sum_mw, count) = izip!(press, t, dp)
        .filter(|(p, t, dp)| p.is_some() && t.is_some() && dp.is_some())
        // Unpack from the `Optioned` type
        .map(|(p, t, dp)| (p.unpack(), t.unpack(), dp.unpack()))
        .skip_while(|&(p, _, _)| p > bottom_p)
        .take_while(|&(p, _, _)| p >= top_p)
        .map(|(p, t, dp)| (p, dp, metfor::potential_temperature(p, t)))
        .filter_map(|(p, dp, th)| metfor::mixing_ratio(dp, p).map(|mw| (p, th, mw)))
        .fold(
            (HectoPascal(0.0), 0.0f64, 0.0f64, 0),
            |acc, (p, theta, mw)| {
                let (sum_p, sum_t, sum_mw, count) = acc;
                (
                    sum_p + p,
                    sum_t + theta.unpack() * p.unpack(),
                    sum_mw + mw * p.unpack(),
                    count + 1,
                )
            },
        );

    if sum_p == HectoPascal(0.0) {
        return Err(AnalysisError::NotEnoughData);
    }

    // convert back to temperature and dew point at the mean pressure level.
    let pressure = HectoPascal(sum_p.unpack() / f64::from(count));
    let temperature = Celsius::from(metfor::temperature_from_pot_temp(
        Kelvin(sum_t / sum_p.unpack()),
        pressure,
    ));
    let dew_point = metfor::dew_point_from_p_and_mw(pressure, sum_mw / sum_p.unpack())
        .ok_or(AnalysisError::InvalidInput)?;

    Ok(Parcel {
        temperature,
        pressure,
        dew_point,
    })
}