sombra 0.3.6

High-performance graph database with ACID transactions, single-file storage, and bindings for Rust, TypeScript, and Python
Documentation
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use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::convert::TryInto;
use std::fs::{File, OpenOptions};
use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
use std::path::Path;

use crate::error::{GraphError, Result};
use crc32fast::hash;
use lru::LruCache;
use memmap2::MmapMut;
use tracing::{error, warn};

mod wal;

use wal::Wal;

pub const DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE: usize = 8192;
pub const DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE: usize = 1024;
pub const PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE: usize = 4;

pub type PageId = u32;

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Page {
    pub id: PageId,
    pub data: Vec<u8>,
    pub dirty: bool,
}

impl Page {
    pub fn new(id: PageId, page_size: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            id,
            data: vec![0; page_size],
            dirty: false,
        }
    }
}

pub struct Pager {
    file: File,
    page_size: usize,
    cache: LruCache<PageId, Page>,
    file_len: u64,
    wal: Wal,
    mmap: Option<MmapMut>,
    use_mmap: bool,
    checksum_enabled: bool,
    shadow_pages: HashMap<PageId, Vec<u8>>,
    shadow_file_len: Option<u64>,
    max_size_bytes: Option<u64>,
}

impl Pager {
    pub fn open(path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::open_with_config(path, true)
    }

    pub fn open_with_config(path: &Path, wal_sync_enabled: bool) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::open_with_full_config(path, wal_sync_enabled, true, DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, true)
    }

    pub fn open_with_full_config(
        path: &Path,
        wal_sync_enabled: bool,
        use_mmap: bool,
        cache_size: usize,
        checksum_enabled: bool,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::open_with_all_config(
            path,
            wal_sync_enabled,
            use_mmap,
            cache_size,
            checksum_enabled,
            None,
        )
    }

    pub fn open_with_all_config(
        path: &Path,
        wal_sync_enabled: bool,
        use_mmap: bool,
        cache_size: usize,
        checksum_enabled: bool,
        max_size_bytes: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let file = OpenOptions::new()
            .read(true)
            .write(true)
            .create(true)
            .truncate(false)
            .open(path)?;

        let file_len = file.metadata()?.len();

        let mmap = if use_mmap && file_len > 0 {
            unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&file).ok() }
        } else {
            None
        };

        let cache_size_nonzero = NonZeroUsize::new(cache_size).ok_or_else(|| {
            GraphError::InvalidArgument("cache size must be greater than zero".into())
        })?;
        let mut pager = Self {
            file,
            page_size: DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE,
            cache: LruCache::new(cache_size_nonzero),
            file_len,
            wal: Wal::open_with_config(path, DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE, wal_sync_enabled)?,
            mmap,
            use_mmap,
            checksum_enabled,
            shadow_pages: HashMap::new(),
            shadow_file_len: None,
            max_size_bytes,
        };

        pager.recover_wal()?;

        if pager.page_count() > 0 {
            pager.fetch_page(0)?;
        }

        Ok(pager)
    }

    pub fn page_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.page_size
    }

    pub fn page_count(&self) -> usize {
        if self.file_len == 0 {
            0
        } else {
            ((self.file_len - 1) as usize / self.page_size) + 1
        }
    }

    pub fn dirty_page_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.cache.iter().filter(|(_, page)| page.dirty).count()
    }

    pub fn wal_size(&self) -> Result<u64> {
        self.wal.size()
    }

    pub fn ensure_shadow(&mut self, page_id: PageId) -> Result<()> {
        let in_transaction = self.shadow_file_len.is_some();
        let has_shadow = self.shadow_pages.contains_key(&page_id);

        if in_transaction && !has_shadow {
            let page = self.cache.get(&page_id).ok_or_else(|| {
                GraphError::InvalidArgument("page must be in cache before creating shadow".into())
            })?;
            self.shadow_pages.insert(page_id, page.data.clone());
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn fetch_page(&mut self, page_id: PageId) -> Result<&mut Page> {
        if !self.cache.contains(&page_id) {
            let mut page = Page::new(page_id, self.page_size);
            self.read_page_from_disk(&mut page)?;
            if let Some((evicted_id, evicted_page)) = self.cache.push(page_id, page) {
                if evicted_page.dirty {
                    if self.shadow_pages.contains_key(&evicted_id) {
                        return Err(GraphError::InvalidArgument(
                            "cannot evict dirty page with shadow copy during transaction".into(),
                        ));
                    }
                    self.write_page_to_disk(evicted_id, &evicted_page.data)?;
                    self.invalidate_mmap();
                }
            }
        }

        self.ensure_shadow(page_id)?;
        self.cache
            .get_mut(&page_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::Corruption("Page unexpectedly evicted".into()))
    }

    fn invalidate_mmap(&mut self) {
        if self.mmap.is_some() {
            self.mmap = None;
        }
    }

    fn ensure_mmap(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        if self.use_mmap && self.mmap.is_none() && self.file_len > 0 {
            self.file.sync_data()?;
            self.mmap = unsafe { MmapMut::map_mut(&self.file).ok() };
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn allocate_page(&mut self) -> Result<PageId> {
        if !self.file_len.is_multiple_of(self.page_size as u64) {
            return Err(GraphError::Corruption(
                "underlying file length is not page aligned".into(),
            ));
        }

        let next_page_id = (self.file_len / self.page_size as u64) as PageId;
        let new_size = (u64::from(next_page_id) + 1) * self.page_size as u64;

        if let Some(max_size) = self.max_size_bytes {
            if new_size > max_size {
                warn!(
                    current_size = self.file_len,
                    max_size, "Database size limit exceeded"
                );
                return Err(GraphError::InvalidArgument(
                    "Database size limit exceeded".into(),
                ));
            }
        }
        let mut page = Page::new(next_page_id, self.page_size);
        page.dirty = true;

        apply_page_checksum(
            self.checksum_enabled,
            self.page_size,
            next_page_id,
            &mut page.data,
        )?;

        if let Some((evicted_id, evicted_page)) = self.cache.push(next_page_id, page) {
            if evicted_page.dirty {
                if self.shadow_pages.contains_key(&evicted_id) {
                    return Err(GraphError::InvalidArgument(
                        "cannot evict dirty page with shadow copy during transaction".into(),
                    ));
                }
                self.write_page_to_disk(evicted_id, &evicted_page.data)?;
                self.invalidate_mmap();
            }
        }
        self.file_len = (u64::from(next_page_id) + 1) * self.page_size as u64;
        self.invalidate_mmap();
        Ok(next_page_id)
    }

    pub fn with_page<F, T>(&mut self, page_id: PageId, mut f: F) -> Result<T>
    where
        F: FnMut(&[u8]) -> Result<T>,
    {
        let page = self.fetch_page(page_id)?;
        f(&page.data)
    }

    pub fn with_page_mut<F, T>(&mut self, page_id: PageId, mut f: F) -> Result<T>
    where
        F: FnMut(&mut [u8]) -> Result<T>,
    {
        let page = self.fetch_page(page_id)?;
        let result = f(&mut page.data)?;
        page.dirty = true;
        Ok(result)
    }

    pub fn read_page_image(&mut self, page_id: PageId) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        self.load_page_bytes(page_id)
    }

    pub fn flush(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        let dirty_pages: Vec<PageId> = self
            .cache
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(&id, page)| if page.dirty { Some(id) } else { None })
            .collect();

        if dirty_pages.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        self.flush_pages_internal(dirty_pages, 0)?;
        self.invalidate_mmap();
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn flush_pages(&mut self, page_ids: &[PageId], tx_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
        if page_ids.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        self.flush_pages_internal(page_ids.to_vec(), tx_id)
    }

    pub fn append_to_wal(&mut self, page_id: PageId, tx_id: u64, page_bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        self.wal.append_page_frame(page_id, tx_id, page_bytes)
    }

    pub fn append_page_to_wal(&mut self, page_id: PageId, tx_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
        let checksum_enabled = self.checksum_enabled;
        let page_size = self.page_size;
        if let Some(page) = self.cache.get(&page_id) {
            let mut data = page.data.clone();
            apply_page_checksum(checksum_enabled, page_size, page_id, &mut data)?;
            self.wal.append_page_frame(page_id, tx_id, &data)?;
        } else {
            let mut page = Page::new(page_id, page_size);
            self.read_page_from_disk(&mut page)?;
            apply_page_checksum(checksum_enabled, page_size, page_id, &mut page.data)?;
            self.wal.append_page_frame(page_id, tx_id, &page.data)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn append_commit_to_wal(&mut self, tx_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
        self.wal.append_commit_frame(tx_id)
    }

    pub fn sync_wal(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        self.wal.sync()
    }

    pub fn checkpoint(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        // Collect all the page updates first
        let mut page_updates = Vec::new();
        let frames_applied = self.wal.replay(|page_id, data| {
            page_updates.push((page_id, data.to_vec()));
            Ok(())
        })?;

        // Apply the updates to disk
        for (page_id, data) in page_updates {
            self.write_page_to_disk(page_id, &data)?;
            // Clear dirty flag for this page if it's in cache
            if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                page.dirty = false;
            }
        }

        if frames_applied > 0 {
            self.file.sync_data()?;
            self.invalidate_mmap();
            self.wal.reset()?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn flush_pages_internal(&mut self, mut pages: Vec<PageId>, tx_id: u64) -> Result<()> {
        pages.sort_unstable();
        pages.dedup();

        let mut frames = Vec::with_capacity(pages.len());
        let checksum_enabled = self.checksum_enabled;
        let page_size = self.page_size;
        for &page_id in &pages {
            let page = self
                .cache
                .get_mut(&page_id)
                .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::Corruption("dirty page missing from cache".into()))?;
            apply_page_checksum(checksum_enabled, page_size, page_id, &mut page.data)?;
            frames.push((page_id, page.data.clone()));
        }

        for (page_id, data) in &frames {
            self.wal.append_page_frame(*page_id, tx_id, data)?;
        }
        self.wal.append_commit_frame(tx_id)?;
        self.wal.sync()?;

        for (page_id, data) in &frames {
            self.write_page_to_disk(*page_id, data)?;
        }
        self.file.sync_data()?;
        self.invalidate_mmap();

        for &page_id in &pages {
            if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                page.dirty = false;
            }
        }

        self.wal.reset()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn begin_shadow_transaction(&mut self) {
        self.shadow_pages.clear();
        self.shadow_file_len = Some(self.file_len);
    }

    pub fn commit_shadow_transaction(&mut self) {
        self.shadow_pages.clear();
        self.shadow_file_len = None;
    }

    pub fn rollback_shadow_transaction(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        for (page_id, shadow_data) in self.shadow_pages.drain() {
            if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                page.data = shadow_data;
                page.dirty = false;
            }
        }

        if let Some(original_len) = self.shadow_file_len.take() {
            if self.file_len > original_len {
                let original_page_count = (original_len / self.page_size as u64) as u32;
                let to_remove: Vec<PageId> = self
                    .cache
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|(&id, _)| {
                        if id >= original_page_count {
                            Some(id)
                        } else {
                            None
                        }
                    })
                    .collect();

                for id in to_remove {
                    self.cache.pop(&id);
                }

                self.file_len = original_len;
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn restore_pages(&mut self, page_ids: &[PageId]) -> Result<()> {
        if page_ids.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let mut pages = page_ids.to_vec();
        pages.sort_unstable();
        pages.dedup();

        for &page_id in &pages {
            if let Some(shadow_data) = self.shadow_pages.get(&page_id) {
                if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                    page.data = shadow_data.clone();
                    page.dirty = false;
                } else {
                    let mut page = Page::new(page_id, self.page_size);
                    page.data = shadow_data.clone();
                    page.dirty = false;
                    if let Some((evicted_id, evicted_page)) = self.cache.push(page_id, page) {
                        if evicted_page.dirty {
                            self.write_page_to_disk(evicted_id, &evicted_page.data)?;
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                let data = self.load_page_bytes(page_id)?;
                if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                    page.data = data;
                    page.dirty = false;
                } else {
                    let mut page = Page::new(page_id, self.page_size);
                    page.data = data;
                    page.dirty = false;
                    if let Some((evicted_id, evicted_page)) = self.cache.push(page_id, page) {
                        if evicted_page.dirty {
                            self.write_page_to_disk(evicted_id, &evicted_page.data)?;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let file_len = self.file.metadata()?.len();
        let max_pages = if file_len == 0 {
            1
        } else {
            ((file_len - 1) / self.page_size as u64) + 1
        };
        self.file_len = max_pages * self.page_size as u64;

        let to_remove: Vec<PageId> = self
            .cache
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(&id, _)| {
                if id != 0 && u64::from(id) >= max_pages {
                    Some(id)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .collect();

        for id in to_remove {
            self.cache.pop(&id);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn recover_wal(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        let mut page_updates = Vec::new();
        let frames = self.wal.replay(|page_id, data| {
            page_updates.push((page_id, data.to_vec()));
            Ok(())
        })?;

        let checksum_enabled = self.checksum_enabled;
        let page_size = self.page_size;

        for (page_id, mut data) in page_updates {
            self.verify_page_checksum(page_id, &data)?;
            apply_page_checksum(checksum_enabled, page_size, page_id, &mut data)?;
            self.write_page_to_disk(page_id, &data)?;
            if let Some(page) = self.cache.get_mut(&page_id) {
                page.data.copy_from_slice(&data);
                page.dirty = false;
            }
        }

        if frames > 0 {
            warn!(frames_replayed = frames, "WAL recovery performed");
            self.file.sync_data()?;
            self.invalidate_mmap();
            self.wal.reset()?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn read_page_from_disk(&mut self, page: &mut Page) -> Result<()> {
        let data = self.load_page_bytes(page.id)?;
        page.data = data;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn verify_page_checksum(&self, page_id: PageId, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        if !self.checksum_enabled {
            return Ok(());
        }
        if data.len() != self.page_size {
            error!(page_id, "Page size mismatch during checksum verification");
            return Err(GraphError::Corruption(format!(
                "page {page_id} size mismatch during checksum verification"
            )));
        }
        let (payload, checksum) = split_payload_checksum(data)?;
        let stored: [u8; PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE] = checksum
            .try_into()
            .map_err(|_| GraphError::Corruption("checksum slice conversion failed".into()))?;
        let expected = u32::from_le_bytes(stored);
        let actual = hash(payload);

        if expected != actual {
            error!(page_id, expected, actual, "Checksum mismatch detected");
            return Err(GraphError::Corruption(format!(
                "checksum mismatch detected on page {page_id}"
            )));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn write_page_to_disk(&mut self, page_id: PageId, data: &[u8]) -> Result<()> {
        write_page_image(
            &mut self.file,
            &mut self.file_len,
            self.page_size,
            page_id,
            data,
        )
    }

    fn load_page_bytes(&mut self, page_id: PageId) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        let offset = page_offset(page_id, self.page_size)? as usize;
        let mut buf = vec![0u8; self.page_size];
        let checksum_enabled = self.checksum_enabled;
        let page_size = self.page_size;
        let mut page_exists = false;

        if offset < self.file_len as usize {
            page_exists = true;
            self.ensure_mmap()?;

            if let Some(ref mmap) = self.mmap {
                let end = (offset + self.page_size).min(mmap.len());
                if offset < mmap.len() {
                    let copy_len = end - offset;
                    buf[..copy_len].copy_from_slice(&mmap[offset..end]);
                }
            } else {
                self.file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset as u64))?;
                let bytes_read = self.file.read(&mut buf)?;
                if bytes_read < buf.len() {
                    buf[bytes_read..].fill(0);
                }
            }
        }
        if page_exists {
            self.verify_page_checksum(page_id, &buf)?;
        } else {
            apply_page_checksum(checksum_enabled, page_size, page_id, &mut buf)?;
        }
        Ok(buf)
    }
}

fn page_offset(page_id: PageId, page_size: usize) -> Result<u64> {
    let page_size_u64 = page_size as u64;
    let id_u64 = u64::from(page_id);
    id_u64
        .checked_mul(page_size_u64)
        .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::InvalidArgument("page offset overflow".into()))
}

fn page_payload_len(total_len: usize) -> Result<usize> {
    total_len
        .checked_sub(PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE)
        .ok_or_else(|| GraphError::Corruption("page smaller than checksum metadata region".into()))
}

fn split_payload_checksum(data: &[u8]) -> Result<(&[u8], &[u8])> {
    let payload_len = page_payload_len(data.len())?;
    Ok(data.split_at(payload_len))
}

fn split_payload_checksum_mut(data: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(&mut [u8], &mut [u8])> {
    let payload_len = page_payload_len(data.len())?;
    Ok(data.split_at_mut(payload_len))
}

fn apply_page_checksum(
    checksum_enabled: bool,
    page_size: usize,
    page_id: PageId,
    data: &mut [u8],
) -> Result<()> {
    if data.len() != page_size {
        return Err(GraphError::Corruption(format!(
            "page {page_id} size mismatch during checksum application"
        )));
    }
    let (payload, checksum) = split_payload_checksum_mut(data)?;
    if checksum_enabled {
        let digest = hash(payload);
        checksum.copy_from_slice(&digest.to_le_bytes());
    } else {
        checksum.fill(0);
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn write_page_image(
    file: &mut File,
    file_len: &mut u64,
    page_size: usize,
    page_id: PageId,
    data: &[u8],
) -> Result<()> {
    if data.len() != page_size {
        return Err(GraphError::InvalidArgument(
            "page size mismatch during flush".into(),
        ));
    }

    if page_id == 14 || page_id == 26 {
        let (payload, checksum_bytes) = split_payload_checksum(data)?;
        let stored_checksum = u32::from_le_bytes(checksum_bytes.try_into().unwrap());
        let computed_checksum = hash(payload);
        eprintln!(
            "[WRITE] page_id={} stored_checksum=0x{:08X} computed_checksum=0x{:08X} valid={}",
            page_id,
            stored_checksum,
            computed_checksum,
            stored_checksum == computed_checksum
        );
    }

    let offset = page_offset(page_id, page_size)?;
    file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(offset))?;
    file.write_all(data)?;
    let end = offset + data.len() as u64;
    if end > *file_len {
        *file_len = end;
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::wal::{Wal, WAL_HEADER_SIZE};
    use super::*;
    use crc32fast::hash;
    use std::fs::{self, OpenOptions};
    use std::io::{Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
    use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
    use tempfile::NamedTempFile;

    #[test]
    fn allocate_and_reopen_page() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            let page_id = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page");
            assert_eq!(page_id, 0);

            pager
                .with_page_mut(page_id, |data| {
                    data[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3, 4]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("write page");

            pager.flush().expect("flush");
        }

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("reopen pager");
            pager
                .with_page(0, |data| {
                    assert_eq!(&data[0..4], &[1, 2, 3, 4]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("read page");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn flush_truncates_wal_after_checkpoint() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            let page_id = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page");
            pager
                .with_page_mut(page_id, |data| {
                    data[0] = 42;
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("write page");
            pager.flush().expect("flush");
        }

        let wal_path = wal_path_for(&path);
        let metadata = fs::metadata(&wal_path).expect("wal metadata");
        assert_eq!(
            metadata.len(),
            WAL_HEADER_SIZE as u64,
            "checkpoint should truncate WAL to header"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn wal_recovery_applies_pending_frames() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            let page_id = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page");
            pager
                .with_page_mut(page_id, |data| {
                    data.fill(0);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("zero page");
            pager.flush().expect("flush base state");
        }

        {
            let mut wal = Wal::open(&path, DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE).expect("open wal");
            let mut frame = vec![0u8; DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE];
            frame[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[9, 8, 7, 6]);
            apply_checksum(&mut frame);
            wal.append_page_frame(0, 1, &frame).expect("append frame");
            wal.append_commit_frame(1).expect("append commit");
            wal.sync().expect("sync wal");
        }

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("reopen pager with wal recovery");
            pager
                .with_page(0, |data| {
                    assert_eq!(&data[0..4], &[9, 8, 7, 6]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("verify recovered page");

            let wal_path = wal_path_for(&path);
            let metadata = fs::metadata(&wal_path).expect("wal metadata after recovery");
            assert_eq!(
                metadata.len(),
                WAL_HEADER_SIZE as u64,
                "recovery should checkpoint and truncate WAL"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn checksum_mismatch_is_detected_on_read() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            let page_id = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page");
            pager
                .with_page_mut(page_id, |data| {
                    data[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3, 4]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("write page");
            pager.flush().expect("flush page");
        }

        {
            let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
                .read(true)
                .write(true)
                .open(&path)
                .expect("open database file");
            file.seek(SeekFrom::Start(0)).expect("seek");
            file.write_all(&[9u8]).expect("overwrite first byte");
        }

        match Pager::open(&path) {
            Ok(_) => panic!("expected corruption error when reopening pager"),
            Err(GraphError::Corruption(message)) => {
                assert!(
                    message.contains("checksum"),
                    "unexpected message: {message}"
                );
            }
            Err(other) => panic!("expected corruption error, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn cache_size_zero_is_rejected() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        let result = Pager::open_with_full_config(&path, true, true, 0, true);
        let err = match result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("cache size of zero should be rejected"),
            Err(err) => err,
        };

        match err {
            GraphError::InvalidArgument(message) => {
                assert!(
                    message.contains("cache size must be greater than zero"),
                    "unexpected message: {message}"
                );
            }
            other => panic!("expected invalid argument error, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn transaction_prevents_dirty_page_eviction() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        let mut pager = Pager::open_with_full_config(&path, true, false, 1, true)
            .expect("open pager with tiny cache");

        let page0 = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page 0");
        pager
            .with_page_mut(page0, |data| {
                data[0] = 1;
                Ok(())
            })
            .expect("write page 0");
        pager.flush().expect("flush page 0");

        let page1 = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page 1");
        pager
            .with_page_mut(page1, |data| {
                data[0] = 2;
                Ok(())
            })
            .expect("write page 1");
        pager.flush().expect("flush page 1");

        pager.begin_shadow_transaction();
        pager
            .with_page_mut(page0, |data| {
                data[0] = 3;
                Ok(())
            })
            .expect("mark page 0 dirty");

        let err = pager
            .fetch_page(page1)
            .expect_err("evicting dirty shadowed page should error");

        match err {
            GraphError::InvalidArgument(message) => {
                assert!(
                    message.contains("cannot evict dirty page with shadow copy"),
                    "unexpected message: {message}"
                );
            }
            other => panic!("expected invalid argument error, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn wal_recovery_skips_uncommitted_frames() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        let page_id = {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            let page_id = pager.allocate_page().expect("allocate page");
            pager
                .with_page_mut(page_id, |data| {
                    data.fill(0);
                    data[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[1, 2, 3, 4]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("write base page");
            pager.flush().expect("flush base state");
            page_id
        };

        {
            let mut wal = Wal::open(&path, DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE).expect("open wal");
            let mut frame = vec![0u8; DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE];
            frame[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[9, 9, 9, 9]);
            apply_checksum(&mut frame);
            wal.append_page_frame(page_id, 42, &frame)
                .expect("append uncommitted frame");
            wal.sync().expect("sync wal without commit");
        }

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("reopen pager with pending wal");
            pager
                .with_page(page_id, |data| {
                    assert_eq!(&data[0..4], &[1, 2, 3, 4]);
                    Ok(())
                })
                .expect("page should retain original data");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn wal_recovery_detects_page_checksum_mismatch() {
        let tmp = NamedTempFile::new().expect("temp file");
        let path = tmp.path().to_path_buf();

        {
            let mut pager = Pager::open(&path).expect("open pager");
            pager.flush().expect("flush baseline");
        }

        {
            let mut wal = Wal::open(&path, DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE).expect("open wal");
            let mut frame = vec![0u8; DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE];
            frame[0..4].copy_from_slice(&[5, 6, 7, 8]);
            frame[DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE - PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE..].fill(0);
            wal.append_page_frame(0, 99, &frame)
                .expect("append corrupted frame");
            wal.append_commit_frame(99).expect("append commit");
            wal.sync().expect("sync wal");
        }

        match Pager::open(&path) {
            Ok(_) => panic!("expected corruption error during recovery"),
            Err(GraphError::Corruption(message)) => {
                assert!(
                    message.contains("checksum"),
                    "unexpected error message: {message}"
                );
            }
            Err(other) => panic!("expected corruption error, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    fn apply_checksum(bytes: &mut [u8]) {
        if bytes.len() < PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE {
            return;
        }
        let payload_end = bytes.len() - PAGE_CHECKSUM_SIZE;
        let checksum = hash(&bytes[..payload_end]);
        bytes[payload_end..].copy_from_slice(&checksum.to_le_bytes());
    }

    fn wal_path_for(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
        let mut os_str = path.as_os_str().to_owned();
        os_str.push(".wal");
        PathBuf::from(os_str)
    }
}