solana_runtime/

snapshot_utils.rs

#[cfg(feature = "dev-context-only-utils")]
use solana_accounts_db::utils::create_accounts_run_and_snapshot_dirs;
use {
    crate::{
        bank::BankFieldsToDeserialize,
        serde_snapshot::{
            self, AccountsDbFields, ExtraFieldsToSerialize, SerdeObsoleteAccountsMap,
            SnapshotAccountsDbFields, SnapshotBankFields, SnapshotStreams, StartupHints,
            StorageListItem, StoragesList,
        },
        snapshot_package::BankSnapshotPackage,
        snapshot_utils::snapshot_storage_rebuilder::{
            SnapshotStorageRebuilder, get_slot_and_append_vec_id,
        },
    },
    agave_fs::{
        FileInfo, FileSize,
        buffered_reader::large_file_buf_reader,
        buffered_writer::{SizeLimitedWriter, large_file_buf_writer},
        io_setup::IoSetupState,
    },
    agave_snapshots::{
        ArchiveFormat, Result, SnapshotArchiveKind, SnapshotVersion, archive_snapshot,
        error::{
            AddBankSnapshotError, SnapshotError, SnapshotFastbootError, SnapshotNewFromDirError,
        },
        paths::{self as snapshot_paths, incremental_snapshot_archives_iter},
        snapshot_archive_info::{
            FullSnapshotArchiveInfo, IncrementalSnapshotArchiveInfo, SnapshotArchiveInfo,
            SnapshotArchiveInfoGetter,
        },
        snapshot_config::SnapshotConfig,
        snapshot_hash::SnapshotHash,
        streaming_unarchive_snapshot,
    },
    crossbeam_channel::Receiver,
    log::*,
    regex::Regex,
    semver::Version,
    solana_accounts_db::{
        account_storage::AccountStorageMap,
        account_storage_entry::AccountStorageEntry,
        accounts_db::{AccountsFileId, AtomicAccountsFileId},
        utils::{
            ACCOUNTS_RUN_DIR, ACCOUNTS_SNAPSHOT_DIR, move_and_async_delete_path,
            move_and_async_delete_path_contents,
        },
    },
    solana_clock::Slot,
    solana_measure::{measure::Measure, measure_time, measure_us},
    std::{
        cmp::Ordering,
        collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
        fs,
        io::{self, BufReader, Error as IoError, Read, Seek, Write},
        mem,
        num::NonZeroUsize,
        path::{Path, PathBuf},
        str::FromStr,
        sync::{Arc, LazyLock},
        thread,
    },
    tempfile::TempDir,
    wincode::io::std_read::ReadAdapter,
};

pub mod snapshot_storage_rebuilder;

/// Limit the size of the obsolete accounts file
/// If it exceeds this limit, remove the file which will force restore from archives
/// Limit is set assuming 24 bytes per entry, 5% of 10 billion accounts
/// = 500 million entries * 24 bytes = 12 GB
pub const MAX_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 12; // 12 GB
/// Limit the size of the storages list file.
/// Each `(slot, id)` entry encodes to 12 bytes; 100 MiB covers ~8.7 million entries, well past
/// any realistic storage count.
pub const MAX_STORAGES_LIST_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 100 * 1024 * 1024; // 100 MiB
/// The file holds a handful of scalars; this conservative bound limits the impact of bad state.
pub const MAX_STARTUP_HINTS_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 4096;
pub const MAX_SNAPSHOT_DATA_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 32 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024; // 32 GiB
const MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE: u64 = 8; // byte
/// Buffer size for reading auxiliary per-snapshot files (obsolete accounts, storages list).
/// Sized to allow several concurrent reads at the default io-uring reader read size (1MiB).
const AUX_SNAPSHOT_FILE_READ_BUF_SIZE: usize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;

// Snapshot Fastboot Version History
// Legacy - No fastboot version file, storages flushed file presence determines if snapshot is loadable
// 1.0.0 - Initial version file. Backwards and forwards compatible with Legacy.
// 2.0.0 - Obsolete Accounts File added, storages flushed file not written anymore
//         Snapshots created with version 2.0.0 will not fastboot to older versions
//         Snapshots created with versions <2.0.0 will fastboot to version 2.0.0
// 3.0.0 - Storages List file added, replaces the per-storage hardlink dirs.
//         3.0.0 validators can still fastboot from 2.0.0 snapshots: the legacy hardlinks are
//         migrated back into the account run dirs at load time (see `migrate_legacy_hardlinks`),
//         and the next teardown writes the new-format storages list.
//         Note: 2.0.0 validators cannot fastboot from 3.0.0 snapshots because the per-storage
//         hardlink dirs they rely on are no longer written; they must fall back to archive.
// 3.1.0 - Startup hints file added. Optional tuning state, so snapshots fastboot in either
//         direction between 3.0.0 and 3.1.0; a validator finding no hints just skips the tuning.
const SNAPSHOT_FASTBOOT_VERSION: Version = Version::new(3, 1, 0);

/// Information about a bank snapshot. Namely the slot of the bank, the path to the snapshot, and
/// the kind of the snapshot.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct BankSnapshotInfo {
    /// Slot of the bank
    pub slot: Slot,
    /// Path to the bank snapshot directory
    pub snapshot_dir: PathBuf,
    /// Snapshot version
    pub snapshot_version: SnapshotVersion,
    /// Fastboot version
    pub fastboot_version: Option<Version>,
}

impl PartialOrd for BankSnapshotInfo {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

// Order BankSnapshotInfo by slot (ascending), which practically is sorting chronologically
impl Ord for BankSnapshotInfo {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        self.slot.cmp(&other.slot)
    }
}

impl BankSnapshotInfo {
    pub fn new_from_dir(
        bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
        slot: Slot,
    ) -> std::result::Result<BankSnapshotInfo, SnapshotNewFromDirError> {
        // check this directory to see if there is a BankSnapshotPre and/or
        // BankSnapshotPost file
        let bank_snapshot_dir = snapshot_paths::get_bank_snapshot_dir(&bank_snapshots_dir, slot);

        if !bank_snapshot_dir.is_dir() {
            return Err(SnapshotNewFromDirError::InvalidBankSnapshotDir(
                bank_snapshot_dir,
            ));
        }

        // Among the files checks, the completion flag file check should be done first to avoid the later
        // I/O errors.

        // There is a time window from the slot directory being created, and the content being completely
        // filled.  Check the version file as it is the last file written to avoid using a highest
        // found slot directory with missing content
        let version_path = bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
        let version_file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(&version_path)
            .map_err(|err| SnapshotNewFromDirError::IncompleteDir(err, version_path))?;
        let version_str = snapshot_version_from_file(version_file_info).map_err(|err| {
            SnapshotNewFromDirError::IncompleteDir(err, bank_snapshot_dir.clone())
        })?;

        let snapshot_version = SnapshotVersion::from_str(version_str.as_str())
            .or(Err(SnapshotNewFromDirError::InvalidVersion(version_str)))?;

        let status_cache_file =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME);
        if !status_cache_file.is_file() {
            return Err(SnapshotNewFromDirError::MissingStatusCacheFile(
                status_cache_file,
            ));
        }

        let bank_snapshot_path =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::get_snapshot_file_name(slot));
        if !bank_snapshot_path.is_file() {
            return Err(SnapshotNewFromDirError::MissingSnapshotFile(
                bank_snapshot_dir,
            ));
        };

        let snapshot_fastboot_version_path =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_FASTBOOT_VERSION_FILENAME);

        // If the version file is absent, fastboot_version will be None. This allows versions 3.1+
        // to load snapshots created by versions <3.1. In version 3.2, the version file will become
        // mandatory, and its absence can be treated as an error.
        let fastboot_version = fs::read_to_string(&snapshot_fastboot_version_path)
            .ok()
            .map(|version_string| {
                Version::from_str(version_string.trim())
                    .map_err(|_| SnapshotNewFromDirError::InvalidFastbootVersion(version_string))
            })
            .transpose()?;

        Ok(BankSnapshotInfo {
            slot,
            snapshot_dir: bank_snapshot_dir,
            snapshot_version,
            fastboot_version,
        })
    }

    pub fn snapshot_path(&self) -> PathBuf {
        self.snapshot_dir
            .join(snapshot_paths::get_snapshot_file_name(self.slot))
    }
}

/// When constructing a bank a snapshot, traditionally the snapshot was from a snapshot archive.  Now,
/// the snapshot can be from a snapshot directory, or from a snapshot archive.  This is the flag to
/// indicate which.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum SnapshotFrom {
    /// Build from the snapshot archive
    Archive,
    /// Build directly from the bank snapshot directory
    Dir,
}

/// Helper type when rebuilding from snapshots.  Designed to handle when rebuilding from just a
/// full snapshot, or from both a full snapshot and an incremental snapshot.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SnapshotRootPaths {
    pub full_snapshot_root_file_path: PathBuf,
    pub incremental_snapshot_root_file_path: Option<PathBuf>,
}

/// Helper type to bundle up the results from `unarchive_snapshot()`
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UnarchivedSnapshot {
    unpack_dir: TempDir,
    pub storage: AccountStorageMap,
    pub bank_fields: BankFieldsToDeserialize,
    pub(crate) accounts_db_fields: AccountsDbFields,
    pub unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion,
    pub measure_untar: Measure,
}

/// Helper type to bundle up the results from `verify_and_unarchive_snapshots()`.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UnarchivedSnapshots {
    pub full_storage: AccountStorageMap,
    pub incremental_storage: Option<AccountStorageMap>,
    pub bank_fields: SnapshotBankFields,
    pub accounts_db_fields: SnapshotAccountsDbFields,
    pub full_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion,
    pub incremental_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: Option<UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion>,
    pub full_measure_untar: Measure,
    pub incremental_measure_untar: Option<Measure>,
    pub next_append_vec_id: AtomicAccountsFileId,
}

/// Guard type that keeps the unpack directories of snapshots alive.
/// Once dropped, the unpack directories are removed.
#[expect(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UnarchivedSnapshotsGuard {
    full_unpack_dir: TempDir,
    incremental_unpack_dir: Option<TempDir>,
}
/// Helper type for passing around the unpacked snapshots dir and the snapshot version together
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion {
    pub unpacked_snapshots_dir: PathBuf,
    pub snapshot_version: SnapshotVersion,
}

/// Helper type for passing around account storage map and next append vec id
/// for reconstructing accounts from a snapshot
pub(crate) struct StorageAndNextAccountsFileId {
    pub storage: AccountStorageMap,
    pub next_append_vec_id: AtomicAccountsFileId,
}

/// Purges incomplete bank snapshots
pub fn purge_incomplete_bank_snapshots(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) {
    let Ok(read_dir_iter) = std::fs::read_dir(&bank_snapshots_dir) else {
        // If we cannot read the bank snapshots dir, then there's nothing to do
        return;
    };

    let is_incomplete = |dir: &PathBuf| !is_bank_snapshot_complete(dir);

    let incomplete_dirs: Vec<_> = read_dir_iter
        .filter_map(|entry| entry.ok())
        .map(|entry| entry.path())
        .filter(|path| path.is_dir())
        .filter(is_incomplete)
        .collect();

    // attempt to purge all the incomplete directories; do not exit early
    for incomplete_dir in incomplete_dirs {
        let result = purge_bank_snapshot(&incomplete_dir);
        match result {
            Ok(_) => info!(
                "Purged incomplete snapshot dir: {}",
                incomplete_dir.display()
            ),
            Err(err) => warn!("Failed to purge incomplete snapshot dir: {err}"),
        }
    }
}

/// Is the bank snapshot complete?
fn is_bank_snapshot_complete(bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> bool {
    let version_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);

    let Ok(version_file_info) = FileInfo::new_from_path(&version_path) else {
        // failed to either open or query the file -- snapshot is incomplete
        return false;
    };

    let Ok(version_str) = snapshot_version_from_file(version_file_info) else {
        // failed to read from file -- snapshot is incomplete
        return false;
    };

    let Ok(_snapshot_version) = SnapshotVersion::from_str(version_str.as_str()) else {
        // invalid snapshot version -- snapshot is incomplete
        return false;
    };

    // version file is good, so now check the serialized bank and status cache files
    let Some(slot) = bank_snapshot_dir.as_ref().file_name() else {
        return false;
    };
    let Some(slot) = slot.to_str() else {
        return false;
    };
    for file_name in [slot, snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME] {
        let file_path = bank_snapshot_dir.as_ref().join(file_name);
        let Ok(file_info) = FileInfo::new_from_path(file_path) else {
            // failed to either open or query the file -- snapshot is incomplete
            return false;
        };
        if file_info.size == 0 {
            // file is empty -- snapshot is incomplete
            return false;
        }
    }

    true
}

/// Writes files that indicate the bank snapshot is loadable by fastboot
pub fn mark_bank_snapshot_as_loadable(bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
    let snapshot_fastboot_version_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_FASTBOOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
    fs::write(
        &snapshot_fastboot_version_path,
        SNAPSHOT_FASTBOOT_VERSION.to_string(),
    )
    .map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "failed to write fastboot version file '{}': {err}",
            snapshot_fastboot_version_path.display(),
        ))
    })?;
    Ok(())
}

/// Is this bank snapshot loadable?
fn is_bank_snapshot_loadable(
    fastboot_version: Option<&Version>,
) -> std::result::Result<bool, SnapshotFastbootError> {
    if let Some(fastboot_version) = fastboot_version {
        is_snapshot_fastboot_compatible(fastboot_version)
    } else {
        // No fastboot version file, so this is not a fastbootable
        Ok(false)
    }
}

/// Is the fastboot snapshot version compatible?
fn is_snapshot_fastboot_compatible(
    version: &Version,
) -> std::result::Result<bool, SnapshotFastbootError> {
    match version.major {
        // Current format: storages list lives next to the bank snapshot file.
        3 => Ok(true),
        // Legacy format: per-storage hardlink dirs. `rebuild_storages_from_snapshot_dir`
        // migrates them to the new format at load time.
        2 => Ok(true),
        v if v > SNAPSHOT_FASTBOOT_VERSION.major => {
            Err(SnapshotFastbootError::IncompatibleVersion(version.clone()))
        }
        // Older format we no longer know how to load — fall back to archive.
        _ => Ok(false),
    }
}

/// Gets the highest, loadable, bank snapshot
///
/// The highest bank snapshot is the one with the highest slot.
pub fn get_highest_loadable_bank_snapshot(
    snapshot_config: &SnapshotConfig,
) -> Option<BankSnapshotInfo> {
    let highest_bank_snapshot = get_highest_bank_snapshot(&snapshot_config.bank_snapshots_dir)?;

    let is_bank_snapshot_loadable =
        is_bank_snapshot_loadable(highest_bank_snapshot.fastboot_version.as_ref());

    match is_bank_snapshot_loadable {
        Ok(true) => Some(highest_bank_snapshot),
        Ok(false) => None,
        Err(err) => {
            warn!(
                "Bank snapshot is not loadable '{}': {err}",
                highest_bank_snapshot.snapshot_dir.display()
            );
            None
        }
    }
}

/// If the validator halts in the middle of `archive_snapshot_package()`, the temporary staging
/// directory won't be cleaned up.  Call this function to clean them up.
pub fn remove_tmp_snapshot_archives(snapshot_archives_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) {
    if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(snapshot_archives_dir) {
        for entry in entries.flatten() {
            if entry
                .file_name()
                .to_str()
                .map(|file_name| file_name.starts_with(snapshot_paths::TMP_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_PREFIX))
                .unwrap_or(false)
            {
                let path = entry.path();
                let result = if path.is_dir() {
                    fs::remove_dir_all(&path)
                } else {
                    fs::remove_file(&path)
                };
                if let Err(err) = result {
                    warn!(
                        "Failed to remove temporary snapshot archive '{}': {err}",
                        path.display(),
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Creates an archive based on the bank snapshot and snapshot storages
pub fn archive_snapshot_package(
    snapshot_archive_kind: SnapshotArchiveKind,
    snapshot_slot: Slot,
    snapshot_hash: SnapshotHash,
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    mut snapshot_storages: Vec<Arc<AccountStorageEntry>>,
    snapshot_config: &SnapshotConfig,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<SnapshotArchiveInfo> {
    let snapshot_archive_path = match snapshot_archive_kind {
        SnapshotArchiveKind::Full => snapshot_paths::build_full_snapshot_archive_path(
            &snapshot_config.full_snapshot_archives_dir,
            snapshot_slot,
            &snapshot_hash,
            snapshot_config.archive_format,
        ),
        SnapshotArchiveKind::Incremental(incremental_snapshot_base_slot) => {
            // After the snapshot has been serialized, it is now safe (and required) to prune all
            // the storages that are *not* to be archived for this incremental snapshot.
            snapshot_storages.retain(|storage| storage.slot() > incremental_snapshot_base_slot);
            snapshot_paths::build_incremental_snapshot_archive_path(
                &snapshot_config.incremental_snapshot_archives_dir,
                incremental_snapshot_base_slot,
                snapshot_slot,
                &snapshot_hash,
                snapshot_config.archive_format,
            )
        }
    };

    let snapshot_archive_info = archive_snapshot(
        snapshot_archive_kind,
        snapshot_slot,
        snapshot_hash,
        snapshot_storages.as_slice(),
        &bank_snapshot_dir,
        snapshot_archive_path,
        snapshot_config.archive_format,
        io_setup,
    )?;

    Ok(snapshot_archive_info)
}

/// Serializes a snapshot into `bank_snapshots_dir`
pub fn serialize_snapshot(
    bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    snapshot_version: SnapshotVersion,
    bank_snapshot_package: BankSnapshotPackage,
    snapshot_storages: &[Arc<AccountStorageEntry>],
    should_finalize: bool,
    startup_hints: &StartupHints,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<BankSnapshotInfo> {
    let BankSnapshotPackage {
        mut bank_fields,
        bank_hash_stats,
        status_cache_slot_deltas,
    } = bank_snapshot_package;
    let status_cache_slot_deltas = status_cache_slot_deltas.as_slice();
    let slot = bank_fields.slot;

    // this lambda function is to facilitate converting between
    // the AddBankSnapshotError and SnapshotError types
    let do_serialize_snapshot = || {
        let mut measure_everything = Measure::start("");
        let bank_snapshot_dir = snapshot_paths::get_bank_snapshot_dir(&bank_snapshots_dir, slot);
        if bank_snapshot_dir.exists() {
            return Err(AddBankSnapshotError::SnapshotDirAlreadyExists(
                bank_snapshot_dir,
            ));
        }
        fs::create_dir_all(&bank_snapshot_dir).map_err(|err| {
            AddBankSnapshotError::CreateSnapshotDir(err, bank_snapshot_dir.clone())
        })?;

        // the bank snapshot is stored as bank_snapshots_dir/slot/slot
        let bank_snapshot_path =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::get_snapshot_file_name(slot));
        info!(
            "Creating bank snapshot for slot {slot} at '{}'",
            bank_snapshot_path.display(),
        );

        let bank_snapshot_serializer = move |stream: &mut dyn Write| -> Result<()> {
            let versioned_epoch_stakes = mem::take(&mut bank_fields.versioned_epoch_stakes);
            let extra_fields = ExtraFieldsToSerialize {
                lamports_per_signature: bank_fields.fee_rate_governor.lamports_per_signature,
                unused_incremental_snapshot_persistence: None,
                unused_epoch_accounts_hash: None,
                versioned_epoch_stakes,
                accounts_lt_hash: Some(bank_fields.accounts_lt_hash.clone().into()),
                block_id: Some(bank_fields.block_id),
            };
            serde_snapshot::serialize_bank_snapshot_into_wincode(
                stream,
                bank_fields,
                bank_hash_stats,
                extra_fields,
            )?;
            Ok(())
        };
        let (bank_snapshot_consumed_size, bank_serialize) = measure_time!(
            serialize_snapshot_data_file(&bank_snapshot_path, io_setup, bank_snapshot_serializer)
                .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::SerializeBank(Box::new(err)))?,
            "bank serialize"
        );

        let status_cache_path =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME);
        let (status_cache_consumed_size, status_cache_serialize_us) = measure_us!(
            serde_snapshot::serialize_status_cache(
                status_cache_slot_deltas,
                &status_cache_path,
                io_setup,
            )
            .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::SerializeStatusCache(Box::new(err)))?
        );

        let version_path = bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
        let (_, write_version_file_us) = measure_us!(
            fs::write(&version_path, snapshot_version.as_str().as_bytes(),)
                .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::WriteSnapshotVersionFile(err, version_path))?
        );

        let (flush_storages_us, serialize_obsolete_accounts_us, write_storages_list_us) =
            if should_finalize {
                let flush_measure = Measure::start("");
                for storage in snapshot_storages {
                    storage.flush().map_err(|err| {
                        AddBankSnapshotError::FlushStorage(err, storage.path().to_path_buf())
                    })?;
                    // We're about to mark this snapshot fastboot-loadable. Pin the storage
                    // file so it outlives the validator-exit Drop chain.
                    storage.disable_remove_on_drop();
                }
                let flush_us = flush_measure.end_as_us();

                let (_, serialize_obsolete_accounts_us) = measure_us!({
                    write_obsolete_accounts_to_snapshot(
                        &bank_snapshot_dir,
                        snapshot_storages,
                        slot,
                        io_setup,
                    )
                    .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::SerializeObsoleteAccounts(Box::new(err)))?
                });

                let (_, write_storages_list_us) = measure_us!(
                    write_storages_list_to_snapshot(
                        &bank_snapshot_dir,
                        snapshot_storages,
                        io_setup,
                    )
                    .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::WriteStoragesList(Box::new(err)))?
                );

                write_startup_hints_to_snapshot(&bank_snapshot_dir, startup_hints, io_setup)
                    .map_err(|err| AddBankSnapshotError::WriteStartupHints(Box::new(err)))?;

                mark_bank_snapshot_as_loadable(&bank_snapshot_dir)
                    .map_err(AddBankSnapshotError::MarkSnapshotLoadable)?;

                (
                    Some(flush_us),
                    Some(serialize_obsolete_accounts_us),
                    Some(write_storages_list_us),
                )
            } else {
                (None, None, None)
            };

        measure_everything.stop();

        // Monitor sizes because they're capped to MAX_SNAPSHOT_DATA_FILE_SIZE
        datapoint_info!(
            "snapshot_bank",
            ("slot", slot, i64),
            ("bank_size", bank_snapshot_consumed_size, i64),
            ("num_storages", snapshot_storages.len(), i64),
            ("status_cache_size", status_cache_consumed_size, i64),
            ("flush_storages_us", flush_storages_us, Option<i64>),
            ("serialize_obsolete_accounts_us", serialize_obsolete_accounts_us, Option<i64>),
            ("write_storages_list_us", write_storages_list_us, Option<i64>),
            ("bank_serialize_us", bank_serialize.as_us(), i64),
            ("status_cache_serialize_us", status_cache_serialize_us, i64),
            ("write_version_file_us", write_version_file_us, i64),
            ("total_us", measure_everything.as_us(), i64),
        );

        info!(
            "{} for slot {} at {}",
            bank_serialize,
            slot,
            bank_snapshot_path.display(),
        );

        Ok(BankSnapshotInfo {
            slot,
            snapshot_dir: bank_snapshot_dir,
            snapshot_version,
            fastboot_version: None,
        })
    };

    do_serialize_snapshot().map_err(|err| SnapshotError::AddBankSnapshot(err, slot))
}

/// Get the bank snapshots in a directory
pub fn get_bank_snapshots(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Vec<BankSnapshotInfo> {
    let mut bank_snapshots = Vec::default();
    match fs::read_dir(&bank_snapshots_dir) {
        Err(err) => {
            info!(
                "Unable to read bank snapshots directory '{}': {err}",
                bank_snapshots_dir.as_ref().display(),
            );
        }
        Ok(paths) => paths
            .filter_map(|entry| {
                // check if this entry is a directory and only a Slot
                // bank snapshots are bank_snapshots_dir/slot/slot
                entry
                    .ok()
                    .filter(|entry| entry.path().is_dir())
                    .and_then(|entry| {
                        entry
                            .path()
                            .file_name()
                            .and_then(|file_name| file_name.to_str())
                            .and_then(|file_name| file_name.parse::<Slot>().ok())
                    })
            })
            .for_each(
                |slot| match BankSnapshotInfo::new_from_dir(&bank_snapshots_dir, slot) {
                    Ok(snapshot_info) => bank_snapshots.push(snapshot_info),
                    // Other threads may be modifying bank snapshots in parallel; only return
                    // snapshots that are complete as deemed by BankSnapshotInfo::new_from_dir()
                    Err(err) => debug!("Unable to read bank snapshot for slot {slot}: {err}"),
                },
            ),
    }
    bank_snapshots
}

/// Get the bank snapshot with the highest slot in a directory
///
/// This function gets the highest bank snapshot of any kind
pub fn get_highest_bank_snapshot(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Option<BankSnapshotInfo> {
    do_get_highest_bank_snapshot(get_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots_dir))
}

fn do_get_highest_bank_snapshot(
    mut bank_snapshots: Vec<BankSnapshotInfo>,
) -> Option<BankSnapshotInfo> {
    bank_snapshots.sort_unstable();
    bank_snapshots.into_iter().next_back()
}

pub fn write_obsolete_accounts_to_snapshot(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    snapshot_storages: &[Arc<AccountStorageEntry>],
    snapshot_slot: Slot,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<u64> {
    let obsolete_accounts =
        SerdeObsoleteAccountsMap::new_from_storages(snapshot_storages, snapshot_slot);
    serialize_obsolete_accounts(
        bank_snapshot_dir,
        &obsolete_accounts,
        MAX_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILE_SIZE,
        io_setup,
    )
}

fn serialize_obsolete_accounts(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    obsolete_accounts_map: &SerdeObsoleteAccountsMap,
    maximum_obsolete_accounts_file_size: u64,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<u64> {
    let obsolete_accounts_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME);
    let mut file_stream = SizeLimitedWriter::new(
        large_file_buf_writer(&obsolete_accounts_path, io_setup)?,
        maximum_obsolete_accounts_file_size,
    );

    serde_snapshot::serialize_into(&mut file_stream, obsolete_accounts_map).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "unable to serialize obsolete accounts to file '{}': {err}",
            obsolete_accounts_path.display(),
        ))
    })?;

    Ok(file_stream.bytes_written())
}

fn deserialize_obsolete_accounts(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    maximum_obsolete_accounts_file_size: u64,
) -> Result<SerdeObsoleteAccountsMap> {
    let obsolete_accounts_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILENAME);
    let obsolete_accounts_reader = ReadAdapter::new(large_file_buf_reader(
        &obsolete_accounts_path,
        AUX_SNAPSHOT_FILE_READ_BUF_SIZE,
        &IoSetupState::default(),
    )?);
    // If the file is too large return error
    let obsolete_accounts_file_metadata = fs::metadata(&obsolete_accounts_path)?;
    if obsolete_accounts_file_metadata.len() > maximum_obsolete_accounts_file_size {
        let error_message = format!(
            "too large obsolete accounts file to deserialize: '{}' has {} bytes (max size is \
             {maximum_obsolete_accounts_file_size} bytes)",
            obsolete_accounts_path.display(),
            obsolete_accounts_file_metadata.len(),
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message).into());
    }

    Ok(serde_snapshot::deserialize_wincode_from(
        obsolete_accounts_reader,
    )?)
}

pub fn write_storages_list_to_snapshot(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    snapshot_storages: &[Arc<AccountStorageEntry>],
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<FileSize> {
    let storages_list = StoragesList::new_from_storages(snapshot_storages);
    serialize_storages_list_to_snapshot(bank_snapshot_dir, storages_list, io_setup)
}

fn serialize_storages_list_to_snapshot(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    storages_list: StoragesList,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<FileSize> {
    let storages_list_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STORAGES_LIST_FILENAME);
    let mut file_stream = SizeLimitedWriter::new(
        large_file_buf_writer(&storages_list_path, io_setup)?,
        MAX_STORAGES_LIST_FILE_SIZE,
    );
    serde_snapshot::serialize_into(&mut file_stream, &storages_list).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "unable to serialize storages list to file '{}': {err}",
            storages_list_path.display(),
        ))
    })?;
    Ok(file_stream.bytes_written())
}

fn deserialize_storages_list(
    storages_list_path: &Path,
    maximum_storages_list_file_size: u64,
) -> Result<StoragesList> {
    let storages_list_reader = ReadAdapter::new(large_file_buf_reader(
        storages_list_path,
        AUX_SNAPSHOT_FILE_READ_BUF_SIZE,
        &IoSetupState::default(),
    )?);
    // If the file is too large return error
    let storages_list_file_metadata = fs::metadata(storages_list_path)?;
    if storages_list_file_metadata.len() > maximum_storages_list_file_size {
        let error_message = format!(
            "too large storages list file to deserialize: '{}' has {} bytes (max size is \
             {maximum_storages_list_file_size} bytes)",
            storages_list_path.display(),
            storages_list_file_metadata.len(),
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message).into());
    }

    Ok(serde_snapshot::deserialize_wincode_from(
        storages_list_reader,
    )?)
}

pub fn write_startup_hints_to_snapshot(
    bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    startup_hints: &StartupHints,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<FileSize> {
    let startup_hints_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STARTUP_HINTS_FILENAME);
    let mut file_stream = SizeLimitedWriter::new(
        large_file_buf_writer(&startup_hints_path, io_setup)?,
        MAX_STARTUP_HINTS_FILE_SIZE,
    );
    serde_snapshot::serialize_into(&mut file_stream, startup_hints).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "unable to serialize startup hints to file '{}': {err}",
            startup_hints_path.display(),
        ))
    })?;
    Ok(file_stream.bytes_written())
}

/// Reads the startup hints written next to a bank snapshot.
///
/// `Ok(None)` when the snapshot predates the hints file or its hints came from a newer version;
/// any other failure to read a present file is an error.
pub fn read_startup_hints(bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Option<StartupHints>> {
    let startup_hints_path = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STARTUP_HINTS_FILENAME);
    if !startup_hints_path.exists() {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    let startup_hints_file_metadata = fs::metadata(&startup_hints_path)?;
    if startup_hints_file_metadata.len() > MAX_STARTUP_HINTS_FILE_SIZE {
        let error_message = format!(
            "too large startup hints file to deserialize: '{}' has {} bytes (max size is \
             {MAX_STARTUP_HINTS_FILE_SIZE} bytes)",
            startup_hints_path.display(),
            startup_hints_file_metadata.len(),
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message).into());
    }
    let startup_hints_reader = ReadAdapter::new(large_file_buf_reader(
        &startup_hints_path,
        AUX_SNAPSHOT_FILE_READ_BUF_SIZE,
        &IoSetupState::default(),
    )?);

    Ok(StartupHints::read_from(startup_hints_reader)?)
}

pub fn serialize_snapshot_data_file<F>(
    data_file_path: &Path,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
    serializer: F,
) -> Result<u64>
where
    F: FnOnce(&mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>,
{
    serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped::<F>(
        data_file_path,
        MAX_SNAPSHOT_DATA_FILE_SIZE,
        io_setup,
        serializer,
    )
}

pub fn deserialize_snapshot_data_file<T: Sized>(
    data_file_path: &Path,
    deserializer: impl FnOnce(&mut BufReader<std::fs::File>) -> Result<T>,
) -> Result<T> {
    let wrapped_deserializer = move |streams: &mut SnapshotStreams<std::fs::File>| -> Result<T> {
        deserializer(streams.full_snapshot_stream)
    };

    let wrapped_data_file_path = SnapshotRootPaths {
        full_snapshot_root_file_path: data_file_path.to_path_buf(),
        incremental_snapshot_root_file_path: None,
    };

    deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped(
        &wrapped_data_file_path,
        MAX_SNAPSHOT_DATA_FILE_SIZE,
        wrapped_deserializer,
    )
}

pub fn deserialize_snapshot_data_files<T: Sized>(
    snapshot_root_paths: &SnapshotRootPaths,
    deserializer: impl FnOnce(&mut SnapshotStreams<std::fs::File>) -> Result<T>,
) -> Result<T> {
    deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped(
        snapshot_root_paths,
        MAX_SNAPSHOT_DATA_FILE_SIZE,
        deserializer,
    )
}

fn serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped<F>(
    data_file_path: &Path,
    maximum_file_size: u64,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
    serializer: F,
) -> Result<u64>
where
    F: FnOnce(&mut dyn Write) -> Result<()>,
{
    let mut data_file_stream = SizeLimitedWriter::new(
        large_file_buf_writer(data_file_path, io_setup)?,
        maximum_file_size,
    );
    serializer(&mut data_file_stream).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "unable to serialize snapshot data to file '{}': {err}",
            data_file_path.display(),
        ))
    })?;
    data_file_stream.flush()?;
    Ok(data_file_stream.bytes_written())
}

fn deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped<T: Sized>(
    snapshot_root_paths: &SnapshotRootPaths,
    maximum_file_size: u64,
    deserializer: impl FnOnce(&mut SnapshotStreams<std::fs::File>) -> Result<T>,
) -> Result<T> {
    let (full_snapshot_file_size, mut full_snapshot_data_file_stream) =
        create_snapshot_data_file_stream(
            &snapshot_root_paths.full_snapshot_root_file_path,
            maximum_file_size,
        )?;

    let (incremental_snapshot_file_size, mut incremental_snapshot_data_file_stream) =
        if let Some(ref incremental_snapshot_root_file_path) =
            snapshot_root_paths.incremental_snapshot_root_file_path
        {
            Some(create_snapshot_data_file_stream(
                incremental_snapshot_root_file_path,
                maximum_file_size,
            )?)
        } else {
            None
        }
        .unzip();

    let mut snapshot_streams = SnapshotStreams {
        full_snapshot_stream: &mut full_snapshot_data_file_stream,
        incremental_snapshot_stream: incremental_snapshot_data_file_stream.as_mut(),
    };
    let ret = deserializer(&mut snapshot_streams)?;

    check_deserialize_file_consumed(
        full_snapshot_file_size,
        &snapshot_root_paths.full_snapshot_root_file_path,
        &mut full_snapshot_data_file_stream,
    )?;

    if let Some(ref incremental_snapshot_root_file_path) =
        snapshot_root_paths.incremental_snapshot_root_file_path
    {
        check_deserialize_file_consumed(
            incremental_snapshot_file_size.unwrap(),
            incremental_snapshot_root_file_path,
            incremental_snapshot_data_file_stream.as_mut().unwrap(),
        )?;
    }

    Ok(ret)
}

/// Before running the deserializer function, perform common operations on the snapshot archive
/// files, such as checking the file size and opening the file into a stream.
fn create_snapshot_data_file_stream(
    snapshot_root_file_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
    maximum_file_size: u64,
) -> Result<(u64, BufReader<std::fs::File>)> {
    let snapshot_file_size = fs::metadata(&snapshot_root_file_path)?.len();

    if snapshot_file_size > maximum_file_size {
        let error_message = format!(
            "too large snapshot data file to deserialize: '{}' has {} bytes (max size is {} bytes)",
            snapshot_root_file_path.as_ref().display(),
            snapshot_file_size,
            maximum_file_size,
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message).into());
    }

    let snapshot_data_file = fs::File::open(snapshot_root_file_path)?;
    let snapshot_data_file_stream = BufReader::new(snapshot_data_file);

    Ok((snapshot_file_size, snapshot_data_file_stream))
}

/// After running the deserializer function, perform common checks to ensure the snapshot archive
/// files were consumed correctly.
fn check_deserialize_file_consumed(
    file_size: u64,
    file_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
    file_stream: &mut BufReader<std::fs::File>,
) -> Result<()> {
    let consumed_size = file_stream.stream_position()?;

    if consumed_size != file_size {
        let error_message = format!(
            "invalid snapshot data file: '{}' has {} bytes, however consumed {} bytes to \
             deserialize",
            file_path.as_ref().display(),
            file_size,
            consumed_size,
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message).into());
    }

    Ok(())
}

/// Unarchives the given full and incremental snapshot archives, as long as they are compatible.
pub fn verify_and_unarchive_snapshots(
    bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    full_snapshot_archive_info: &FullSnapshotArchiveInfo,
    incremental_snapshot_archive_info: Option<&IncrementalSnapshotArchiveInfo>,
    account_paths: &[PathBuf],
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<(UnarchivedSnapshots, UnarchivedSnapshotsGuard)> {
    check_are_snapshots_compatible(
        full_snapshot_archive_info,
        incremental_snapshot_archive_info,
    )?;

    let next_append_vec_id = Arc::new(AtomicAccountsFileId::new(0));
    let UnarchivedSnapshot {
        unpack_dir: full_unpack_dir,
        storage: full_storage,
        bank_fields: full_bank_fields,
        accounts_db_fields: full_accounts_db_fields,
        unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: full_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version,
        measure_untar: full_measure_untar,
    } = unarchive_snapshot(
        &bank_snapshots_dir,
        snapshot_paths::TMP_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_PREFIX,
        full_snapshot_archive_info.path(),
        "snapshot untar",
        account_paths,
        full_snapshot_archive_info.archive_format(),
        next_append_vec_id.clone(),
        io_setup,
    )?;

    let (
        incremental_unpack_dir,
        incremental_storage,
        incremental_bank_fields,
        incremental_accounts_db_fields,
        incremental_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version,
        incremental_measure_untar,
    ) = if let Some(incremental_snapshot_archive_info) = incremental_snapshot_archive_info {
        let UnarchivedSnapshot {
            unpack_dir,
            storage,
            bank_fields,
            accounts_db_fields,
            unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version,
            measure_untar,
        } = unarchive_snapshot(
            &bank_snapshots_dir,
            snapshot_paths::TMP_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_PREFIX,
            incremental_snapshot_archive_info.path(),
            "incremental snapshot untar",
            account_paths,
            incremental_snapshot_archive_info.archive_format(),
            next_append_vec_id.clone(),
            io_setup,
        )?;
        (
            Some(unpack_dir),
            Some(storage),
            Some(bank_fields),
            Some(accounts_db_fields),
            Some(unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version),
            Some(measure_untar),
        )
    } else {
        (None, None, None, None, None, None)
    };

    let bank_fields = SnapshotBankFields::new(full_bank_fields, incremental_bank_fields);
    let accounts_db_fields =
        SnapshotAccountsDbFields::new(full_accounts_db_fields, incremental_accounts_db_fields);
    let next_append_vec_id = Arc::try_unwrap(next_append_vec_id).unwrap();

    Ok((
        UnarchivedSnapshots {
            full_storage,
            incremental_storage,
            bank_fields,
            accounts_db_fields,
            full_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version,
            incremental_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version,
            full_measure_untar,
            incremental_measure_untar,
            next_append_vec_id,
        },
        UnarchivedSnapshotsGuard {
            full_unpack_dir,
            incremental_unpack_dir,
        },
    ))
}

/// Used to determine if a filename is structured like a version file, bank file, or storage file
#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
enum SnapshotFileKind {
    Version,
    BankFields,
    Storage,
}

/// Determines `SnapshotFileKind` for `filename` if any
fn get_snapshot_file_kind(filename: &str) -> Option<SnapshotFileKind> {
    static VERSION_FILE_REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> =
        LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^version$").unwrap());
    static BANK_FIELDS_FILE_REGEX: LazyLock<Regex> =
        LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"^[0-9]+(\.pre)?$").unwrap());

    if VERSION_FILE_REGEX.is_match(filename) {
        Some(SnapshotFileKind::Version)
    } else if BANK_FIELDS_FILE_REGEX.is_match(filename) {
        Some(SnapshotFileKind::BankFields)
    } else if get_slot_and_append_vec_id(filename).is_ok() {
        Some(SnapshotFileKind::Storage)
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Waits for snapshot file
/// Due to parallel unpacking, we may receive some append_vec files before the snapshot file
/// This function will push append_vec files into a buffer until we receive the snapshot file
fn get_version_and_snapshot_files(
    file_receiver: &Receiver<FileInfo>,
) -> Result<(FileInfo, FileInfo, Vec<FileInfo>)> {
    let mut append_vec_files = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
    let mut snapshot_version = None;
    let mut snapshot_bank = None;

    loop {
        if let Ok(file_info) = file_receiver.recv() {
            let filename = file_info.path.file_name().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
            match get_snapshot_file_kind(filename) {
                Some(SnapshotFileKind::Version) => {
                    snapshot_version = Some(file_info);

                    // break if we have both the snapshot file and the version file
                    if snapshot_bank.is_some() {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                Some(SnapshotFileKind::BankFields) => {
                    snapshot_bank = Some(file_info);

                    // break if we have both the snapshot file and the version file
                    if snapshot_version.is_some() {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                Some(SnapshotFileKind::Storage) => {
                    append_vec_files.push(file_info);
                }
                None => {} // do nothing for other kinds of files
            }
        } else {
            return Err(SnapshotError::RebuildStorages(
                "did not receive snapshot file from unpacking threads".to_string(),
            ));
        }
    }
    let snapshot_version = snapshot_version.unwrap();
    let snapshot_bank = snapshot_bank.unwrap();

    Ok((snapshot_version, snapshot_bank, append_vec_files))
}

/// Fields and information parsed from the snapshot.
struct SnapshotFieldsBundle {
    snapshot_version: SnapshotVersion,
    bank_fields: BankFieldsToDeserialize,
    accounts_db_fields: AccountsDbFields,
    append_vec_files: Vec<FileInfo>,
}

/// Parses fields and information from the snapshot files provided by
/// `file_receiver`.
fn snapshot_fields_from_files(file_receiver: &Receiver<FileInfo>) -> Result<SnapshotFieldsBundle> {
    let (snapshot_version, snapshot_bank, append_vec_files) =
        get_version_and_snapshot_files(file_receiver)?;
    let snapshot_version_str = snapshot_version_from_file(snapshot_version)?;
    let snapshot_version = snapshot_version_str.parse().map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "unsupported snapshot version '{snapshot_version_str}': {err}",
        ))
    })?;

    let mut snapshot_stream = BufReader::new(snapshot_bank.file);
    let (bank_fields, accounts_db_fields) = match snapshot_version {
        SnapshotVersion::V1_2_0 => serde_snapshot::fields_from_stream(&mut snapshot_stream)?,
    };

    Ok(SnapshotFieldsBundle {
        snapshot_version,
        bank_fields,
        accounts_db_fields,
        append_vec_files,
    })
}

/// BankSnapshotInfo::new_from_dir() requires a few meta files to accept a snapshot dir
/// as a valid one.  A dir unpacked from an archive lacks these files.  Fill them here to
/// allow new_from_dir() checks to pass.  These checks are not needed for unpacked dirs,
/// but it is not clean to add another flag to new_from_dir() to skip them.
fn create_snapshot_meta_files_for_unarchived_snapshot(unpack_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
    let snapshots_dir = unpack_dir.as_ref().join(snapshot_paths::BANK_SNAPSHOTS_DIR);
    if !snapshots_dir.is_dir() {
        return Err(SnapshotError::NoSnapshotSlotDir(snapshots_dir));
    }

    // The unpacked dir has a single slot dir, which is the snapshot slot dir.
    let slot_dir = std::fs::read_dir(&snapshots_dir)
        .map_err(|_| SnapshotError::NoSnapshotSlotDir(snapshots_dir.clone()))?
        .find(|entry| entry.as_ref().unwrap().path().is_dir())
        .ok_or_else(|| SnapshotError::NoSnapshotSlotDir(snapshots_dir.clone()))?
        .map_err(|_| SnapshotError::NoSnapshotSlotDir(snapshots_dir.clone()))?
        .path();

    let version_file = unpack_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
    fs::hard_link(
        version_file,
        slot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME),
    )?;

    let status_cache_file = snapshots_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME);
    fs::hard_link(
        status_cache_file,
        slot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME),
    )?;

    Ok(())
}

/// Perform the common tasks when unarchiving a snapshot.  Handles creating the temporary
/// directories, untaring, reading the version file, and then returning those fields plus the
/// rebuilt storage
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn unarchive_snapshot(
    bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    unpacked_snapshots_dir_prefix: &'static str,
    snapshot_archive_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
    measure_name: &'static str,
    account_paths: &[PathBuf],
    archive_format: ArchiveFormat,
    next_append_vec_id: Arc<AtomicAccountsFileId>,
    io_setup: &IoSetupState,
) -> Result<UnarchivedSnapshot> {
    let unpack_dir = tempfile::Builder::new()
        .prefix(unpacked_snapshots_dir_prefix)
        .tempdir_in(bank_snapshots_dir)?;
    let unpacked_snapshots_dir = unpack_dir.path().join(snapshot_paths::BANK_SNAPSHOTS_DIR);

    let (file_sender, file_receiver) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
    thread::scope(|scope| {
        let unarchive_handle = streaming_unarchive_snapshot(
            scope,
            file_sender,
            account_paths.to_vec(),
            unpack_dir.path().to_path_buf(),
            snapshot_archive_path.as_ref().to_path_buf(),
            archive_format,
            io_setup,
        );

        let snapshot_result = snapshot_fields_from_files(&file_receiver).and_then(
            |SnapshotFieldsBundle {
                 snapshot_version,
                 bank_fields,
                 accounts_db_fields,
                 append_vec_files,
                 ..
             }| {
                let (storage, measure_untar) = measure_time!(
                    SnapshotStorageRebuilder::rebuild_storages(
                        append_vec_files.into_iter().chain(file_receiver),
                        next_append_vec_id,
                        SnapshotFrom::Archive,
                        None,
                    )?,
                    measure_name
                );
                info!("{measure_untar}");
                create_snapshot_meta_files_for_unarchived_snapshot(&unpack_dir)?;

                Ok(UnarchivedSnapshot {
                    unpack_dir,
                    storage,
                    bank_fields,
                    accounts_db_fields,
                    unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion {
                        unpacked_snapshots_dir,
                        snapshot_version,
                    },
                    measure_untar,
                })
            },
        );
        // Producer errors are usually the root cause (no files -> no reception).
        let unarchive_result = unarchive_handle.join().expect("must join unarchive thread");
        match (unarchive_result, snapshot_result) {
            // Rebuilder closed the receiver early; the producer's send failure is just the
            // downstream symptom — surface the rebuilder's error instead.
            (Err(SnapshotError::CrossbeamSend(_)), snap @ Err(_)) => snap,
            (Err(err), _) => Err(err),
            (Ok(()), snap) => snap,
        }
    })
}

/// Spawn thread that streams snapshot dir files across channel
///
/// Follow the flow of streaming_unarchive_snapshot(), but handle the from_dir case.
fn spawn_streaming_snapshot_dir_files(
    snapshot_file_path: PathBuf,
    snapshot_version_path: PathBuf,
    account_paths: &[PathBuf],
) -> (Receiver<FileInfo>, thread::JoinHandle<Result<()>>) {
    let (file_sender, file_receiver) = crossbeam_channel::unbounded();
    let account_paths = account_paths.to_vec();

    let handle = thread::Builder::new()
        .name("solSnapDirFiles".to_string())
        .spawn(move || {
            let snapshot_bank_file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(snapshot_file_path)?;
            file_sender.send(snapshot_bank_file_info)?;
            let snapshot_version_file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(snapshot_version_path)?;
            file_sender.send(snapshot_version_file_info)?;

            for account_path in account_paths {
                for dir_entry_result in fs::read_dir(account_path)? {
                    let dir_entry = dir_entry_result?;
                    let path = dir_entry.path();
                    let file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(path)?;
                    file_sender.send(file_info)?;
                }
            }
            Ok::<_, SnapshotError>(())
        })
        .expect("should spawn thread");

    (file_receiver, handle)
}

/// Migrates a legacy (2.0.0) bank snapshot's hardlink-based storages into the new format.
///
/// Walks `<bank_snapshot_dir>/accounts_hardlinks/`, follows each symlink to its
/// `<account_path>/snapshot/<slot>/` target, and renames each storage file there back into
/// `<account_path>/run/`. Writes the derived storages list into the bank snapshot dir so the
/// load path can always read it from disk. Tears down the legacy directories (the
/// `accounts_hardlinks/` symlink dir and the whole `<account_path>/snapshot/` tree) on success
/// so subsequent restarts go through the normal new-format path.
fn migrate_legacy_hardlinks(bank_snapshot_dir: &Path, account_run_paths: &[PathBuf]) -> Result<()> {
    let accounts_hardlinks_dir =
        bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ACCOUNTS_HARDLINKS);
    let mut items: Vec<StorageListItem> = Vec::new();

    for entry in fs::read_dir(&accounts_hardlinks_dir).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "failed to read legacy accounts hardlinks dir '{}': {err}",
            accounts_hardlinks_dir.display(),
        ))
    })? {
        let symlink_path = entry?.path();
        let snapshot_slot_dir = fs::read_link(&symlink_path).map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "failed to read symlink '{}': {err}",
                symlink_path.display(),
            ))
        })?;
        // snapshot_slot_dir = `<X>/snapshot/<slot>/`. The account run dir is its
        // grandparent + `run` (i.e. `<X>/run`).
        let run_dir = snapshot_slot_dir
            .parent()
            .and_then(Path::parent)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                IoError::other(format!(
                    "invalid legacy hardlink target '{}'",
                    snapshot_slot_dir.display(),
                ))
            })?
            .join(ACCOUNTS_RUN_DIR);
        // The legacy snapshot was taken against the account paths in use at the time. If
        // those have changed (e.g. the operator reconfigured `account_paths` while upgrading
        // Agave), the run dir we just derived isn't one we're loading into — bail rather than
        // silently writing files into a location nobody's reading from.
        if !account_run_paths.contains(&run_dir) {
            return Err(IoError::other(format!(
                "legacy hardlink target '{}' points to run dir '{}' which is not in the current \
                 account paths ({:?}); the account paths configuration has changed since this \
                 snapshot was taken — load from a snapshot archive instead",
                snapshot_slot_dir.display(),
                run_dir.display(),
                account_run_paths,
            ))
            .into());
        }

        for file_entry in fs::read_dir(&snapshot_slot_dir).map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "failed to read legacy hardlink dir '{}': {err}",
                snapshot_slot_dir.display(),
            ))
        })? {
            let src = file_entry?.path();
            let Some(name) = src.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) else {
                continue;
            };
            let (slot, id) = get_slot_and_append_vec_id(name)?;
            let dest = run_dir.join(name);
            fs::rename(&src, &dest).map_err(|err| {
                IoError::other(format!(
                    "failed to migrate legacy storage from '{}' to '{}': {err}",
                    src.display(),
                    dest.display(),
                ))
            })?;
            items.push(StorageListItem {
                slot,
                id: id as AccountsFileId,
            });
        }
    }

    // Persist the derived list now: migration is destructive (it removes the legacy hardlinks
    // below), and writing the storages list is what actually brings the bank snapshot to
    // fastboot version >=3 compatibility. Doing it here means the snapshot stays loadable even
    // if the validator never performs a proper teardown (e.g. crashes).
    serialize_storages_list_to_snapshot(
        bank_snapshot_dir,
        StoragesList::from_items(items),
        &IoSetupState::default(),
    )?;

    // Tear down the legacy state so we don't repeat this migration: drop the bank snapshot's
    // `accounts_hardlinks/` symlink dir and wipe each `<account_path>/snapshot/` tree (catches
    // both the per-slot dirs we just emptied and any orphans from older purged snapshots).
    fs::remove_dir_all(&accounts_hardlinks_dir).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "failed to remove legacy accounts hardlinks dir '{}': {err}",
            accounts_hardlinks_dir.display(),
        ))
    })?;
    wipe_account_snapshot_dirs(account_run_paths);

    // Bump the fastboot version so subsequent loads take the normal 3.0+ path instead of
    // re-running the migration (which would fail now that the hardlinks dir is gone).
    mark_bank_snapshot_as_loadable(bank_snapshot_dir)?;

    Ok(())
}

/// Removes storage files from `account_paths` whose `(slot, id)` pair isn't listed in the
/// storages list (i.e. they don't belong to the snapshot being loaded). Files whose names
/// don't parse as `<slot>.<id>` storage filenames are left alone.
fn prune_stale_storages(account_paths: &[PathBuf], storages_list: StoragesList) -> Result<()> {
    let expected_storages = storages_list.into_slot_file_id_set();
    for account_path in account_paths {
        let read_dir = fs::read_dir(account_path).map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "failed to read account path '{}': {err}",
                account_path.display(),
            ))
        })?;
        for entry in read_dir {
            let path = entry?.path();
            let Some(name) = path.file_name().and_then(|n| n.to_str()) else {
                continue;
            };
            let Ok((slot, id)) = get_slot_and_append_vec_id(name) else {
                // Not a storage file name — leave it alone.
                continue;
            };
            if !expected_storages.contains(&(slot, id as AccountsFileId)) {
                info!(
                    "Removing stale storage file '{}' not in storages list",
                    path.display(),
                );
                fs::remove_file(&path)?
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Performs the common tasks when deserializing a snapshot
///
/// Handles reading the snapshot file and version file,
/// then returning those fields plus the rebuilt storages.
pub(crate) fn rebuild_storages_from_snapshot_dir(
    snapshot_info: &BankSnapshotInfo,
    account_paths: &[PathBuf],
    next_append_vec_id: Arc<AtomicAccountsFileId>,
) -> Result<(AccountStorageMap, BankFieldsToDeserialize, AccountsDbFields)> {
    let bank_snapshot_dir = &snapshot_info.snapshot_dir;

    // With fastboot_version >= 2, obsolete accounts are tracked and stored in the snapshot
    // Even if obsolete accounts are not enabled, the snapshot may still contain obsolete accounts
    // as the feature may have been enabled in previous validator runs.
    let obsolete_accounts = snapshot_info
        .fastboot_version
        .as_ref()
        .is_some_and(|fastboot_version| fastboot_version.major >= 2)
        .then(|| deserialize_obsolete_accounts(bank_snapshot_dir, MAX_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILE_SIZE))
        .transpose()
        .map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "failed to read obsolete accounts file '{}': {err}",
                bank_snapshot_dir.display()
            ))
        })?;

    // The bank snapshot lists the storage files belonging to it. Anything else in the account
    // paths is from a later (post-snapshot) slot and must be removed before we load — the
    // lt hash check at startup verifies the surviving storages.
    let storages_list_path =
        bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STORAGES_LIST_FILENAME);
    if !storages_list_path.exists() {
        // Legacy (2.0.0) bank snapshot: storages live as hardlinks under
        // `<account_path>/snapshot/<slot>/`, with symlinks in
        // `<bank_snapshot_dir>/accounts_hardlinks/` tying them to the bank snapshot. Move the
        // files back into `<account_path>/run/` and write out the storages list so the load
        // path below can read it like any other 3.0+ snapshot.
        migrate_legacy_hardlinks(bank_snapshot_dir, account_paths)?;
    }
    let storages_list =
        deserialize_storages_list(&storages_list_path, MAX_STORAGES_LIST_FILE_SIZE)?;
    prune_stale_storages(account_paths, storages_list)?;

    let snapshot_file_path = snapshot_info.snapshot_path();
    let snapshot_version_path = bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
    let (file_receiver, stream_files_handle) = spawn_streaming_snapshot_dir_files(
        snapshot_file_path,
        snapshot_version_path,
        account_paths,
    );

    let snapshot_result = snapshot_fields_from_files(&file_receiver).and_then(
        |SnapshotFieldsBundle {
             bank_fields,
             accounts_db_fields,
             append_vec_files,
             ..
         }| {
            let storage = SnapshotStorageRebuilder::rebuild_storages(
                append_vec_files.into_iter().chain(file_receiver),
                next_append_vec_id,
                SnapshotFrom::Dir,
                obsolete_accounts,
            )?;
            Ok((storage, bank_fields, accounts_db_fields))
        },
    );

    // Producer errors are usually the root cause (no files -> no reception).
    let stream_files_result = stream_files_handle.join().expect("must join dir thread");
    match (stream_files_result, snapshot_result) {
        // Rebuilder closed the receiver early; the producer's send failure is just the
        // downstream symptom — surface the rebuilder's error instead.
        (Err(SnapshotError::CrossbeamSend(_)), snap @ Err(_)) => snap,
        (Err(err), _) => Err(err),
        (Ok(()), snap) => snap,
    }
}

/// Reads the `snapshot_version` from a file. Before opening the file, its size
/// is compared to `MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE`. If the size exceeds this
/// threshold, it is not opened and an error is returned.
fn snapshot_version_from_file(mut file_info: FileInfo) -> io::Result<String> {
    let file_size = file_info.size;
    if file_size > MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE {
        let error_message = format!(
            "snapshot version file too large: '{}' has {} bytes (max size is {} bytes)",
            file_info.path.display(),
            file_size,
            MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE,
        );
        return Err(IoError::other(error_message));
    }

    // Read snapshot_version from file.
    let mut snapshot_version = String::new();
    file_info
        .file
        .read_to_string(&mut snapshot_version)
        .map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "failed to read snapshot version from file '{}': {err}",
                file_info.path.display()
            ))
        })?;

    Ok(snapshot_version.trim().to_string())
}

/// Check if an incremental snapshot is compatible with a full snapshot.  This is done by checking
/// if the incremental snapshot's base slot is the same as the full snapshot's slot.
fn check_are_snapshots_compatible(
    full_snapshot_archive_info: &FullSnapshotArchiveInfo,
    incremental_snapshot_archive_info: Option<&IncrementalSnapshotArchiveInfo>,
) -> Result<()> {
    if incremental_snapshot_archive_info.is_none() {
        return Ok(());
    }

    let incremental_snapshot_archive_info = incremental_snapshot_archive_info.unwrap();

    (full_snapshot_archive_info.slot() == incremental_snapshot_archive_info.base_slot())
        .then_some(())
        .ok_or_else(|| {
            SnapshotError::MismatchedBaseSlot(
                full_snapshot_archive_info.slot(),
                incremental_snapshot_archive_info.base_slot(),
            )
        })
}

pub fn purge_old_snapshot_archives(
    full_snapshot_archives_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    incremental_snapshot_archives_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain: NonZeroUsize,
    maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain: NonZeroUsize,
) {
    info!(
        "Purging old full snapshot archives in {}, retaining up to {} full snapshots",
        full_snapshot_archives_dir.as_ref().display(),
        maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain
    );

    let mut full_snapshot_archives =
        snapshot_paths::full_snapshot_archives_iter(full_snapshot_archives_dir.as_ref())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    full_snapshot_archives.sort_unstable();
    full_snapshot_archives.reverse();

    let num_to_retain = full_snapshot_archives
        .len()
        .min(maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get());
    trace!(
        "There are {} full snapshot archives, retaining {}",
        full_snapshot_archives.len(),
        num_to_retain,
    );

    let (full_snapshot_archives_to_retain, full_snapshot_archives_to_remove) =
        if full_snapshot_archives.is_empty() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(full_snapshot_archives.split_at(num_to_retain))
        }
        .unwrap_or_default();

    let retained_full_snapshot_slots = full_snapshot_archives_to_retain
        .iter()
        .map(|ai| ai.slot())
        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();

    fn remove_archives<T: SnapshotArchiveInfoGetter>(archives: &[T]) {
        for path in archives.iter().map(|a| a.path()) {
            trace!("Removing snapshot archive: {}", path.display());
            let result = fs::remove_file(path);
            if let Err(err) = result {
                info!(
                    "Failed to remove snapshot archive '{}': {err}",
                    path.display()
                );
            }
        }
    }
    remove_archives(full_snapshot_archives_to_remove);

    info!(
        "Purging old incremental snapshot archives in {}, retaining up to {} incremental snapshots",
        incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.as_ref().display(),
        maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain
    );
    let mut incremental_snapshot_archives_by_base_slot = HashMap::<Slot, Vec<_>>::new();
    for incremental_snapshot_archive in
        incremental_snapshot_archives_iter(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.as_ref())
    {
        incremental_snapshot_archives_by_base_slot
            .entry(incremental_snapshot_archive.base_slot())
            .or_default()
            .push(incremental_snapshot_archive)
    }

    let highest_full_snapshot_slot = retained_full_snapshot_slots.iter().max().copied();
    for (base_slot, mut incremental_snapshot_archives) in incremental_snapshot_archives_by_base_slot
    {
        incremental_snapshot_archives.sort_unstable();
        let num_to_retain = if Some(base_slot) == highest_full_snapshot_slot {
            maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get()
        } else {
            usize::from(retained_full_snapshot_slots.contains(&base_slot))
        };
        trace!(
            "There are {} incremental snapshot archives for base slot {}, removing {} of them",
            incremental_snapshot_archives.len(),
            base_slot,
            incremental_snapshot_archives
                .len()
                .saturating_sub(num_to_retain),
        );

        incremental_snapshot_archives.truncate(
            incremental_snapshot_archives
                .len()
                .saturating_sub(num_to_retain),
        );
        remove_archives(&incremental_snapshot_archives);
    }
}

pub fn verify_unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version(
    unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version: &UnpackedSnapshotsDirAndVersion,
) -> Result<(SnapshotVersion, BankSnapshotInfo)> {
    info!(
        "snapshot version: {}",
        unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version.snapshot_version
    );

    let snapshot_version = unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version.snapshot_version;
    let mut bank_snapshots =
        get_bank_snapshots(&unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version.unpacked_snapshots_dir);
    if bank_snapshots.len() > 1 {
        return Err(IoError::other(format!(
            "invalid snapshot format: only one snapshot allowed, but found {}",
            bank_snapshots.len(),
        ))
        .into());
    }
    let root_paths = bank_snapshots.pop().ok_or_else(|| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "no snapshots found in snapshots directory '{}'",
            unpacked_snapshots_dir_and_version
                .unpacked_snapshots_dir
                .display(),
        ))
    })?;
    Ok((snapshot_version, root_paths))
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
/// allow tests to specify what happened to the serialized format
pub enum VerifyBank {
    /// the bank's serialized format is expected to be identical to what we are comparing against
    Deterministic,
    /// the serialized bank was 'reserialized' into a non-deterministic format
    /// so, deserialize both files and compare deserialized results
    NonDeterministic,
}

/// For each account run dir, wipes the sibling `snapshot/` dir.
///
/// Validator account paths are laid out as a parent containing two siblings: `run/` (the live
/// storage files) and `snapshot/` (legacy per-slot hardlink dirs, pre-3.0). `account_run_paths`
/// here holds the `run/` paths, so for each entry we walk up to the parent and wipe the
/// `snapshot/` sibling. Nothing new is written under `snapshot/` anymore, so any content is
/// either legacy hardlink dirs (written by pre-3.0 validators during fastboot) or orphans
/// from purged bank snapshots. Used by the legacy-hardlink migration path and the
/// archive-load path to drop that leftover state.
pub fn wipe_account_snapshot_dirs(account_run_paths: &[PathBuf]) {
    for account_run_path in account_run_paths {
        if let Some(parent) = account_run_path.parent() {
            move_and_async_delete_path_contents(parent.join(ACCOUNTS_SNAPSHOT_DIR));
        }
    }
}

/// Purges all bank snapshots
pub fn purge_all_bank_snapshots(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) {
    let bank_snapshots = get_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots_dir);
    purge_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots);
}

/// Purges bank snapshots, retaining the newest `num_bank_snapshots_to_retain`
pub fn purge_old_bank_snapshots(
    bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>,
    num_bank_snapshots_to_retain: usize,
) {
    let mut bank_snapshots = get_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots_dir);

    bank_snapshots.sort_unstable();
    purge_bank_snapshots(
        bank_snapshots
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .skip(num_bank_snapshots_to_retain),
    );
}

/// At startup, purge old (i.e. unusable) bank snapshots
pub fn purge_old_bank_snapshots_at_startup(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) {
    purge_old_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots_dir, 1);

    let highest_bank_snapshot = get_highest_bank_snapshot(&bank_snapshots_dir);
    if let Some(highest_bank_snapshot) = highest_bank_snapshot {
        debug!(
            "Retained bank snapshot for slot {}, and purged the rest.",
            highest_bank_snapshot.slot
        );
    }
}

/// Purges bank snapshots that are older than `slot`
pub fn purge_bank_snapshots_older_than_slot(bank_snapshots_dir: impl AsRef<Path>, slot: Slot) {
    let mut bank_snapshots = get_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots_dir);
    bank_snapshots.retain(|bank_snapshot| bank_snapshot.slot < slot);
    purge_bank_snapshots(&bank_snapshots);
}

/// Purges all `bank_snapshots`
///
/// Does not exit early if there is an error while purging a bank snapshot.
fn purge_bank_snapshots<'a>(bank_snapshots: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a BankSnapshotInfo>) {
    for snapshot_dir in bank_snapshots.into_iter().map(|s| &s.snapshot_dir) {
        if purge_bank_snapshot(snapshot_dir).is_err() {
            warn!("Failed to purge bank snapshot: {}", snapshot_dir.display());
        }
    }
}

/// Remove the bank snapshot at this path
pub fn purge_bank_snapshot(bank_snapshot_dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<()> {
    const FN_ERR: &str = "failed to purge bank snapshot";
    // Migration: snapshots written by pre-storages-list versions kept an `accounts_hardlinks/`
    // subdir of symlinks pointing at hardlink dirs under `<account_path>/snapshot/<slot>/`.
    // Follow them so the hardlink dirs don't outlive the owning bank snapshot when we purge at
    // runtime (startup-time cleanup catches any leftovers).
    let accounts_hardlinks_dir = bank_snapshot_dir
        .as_ref()
        .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ACCOUNTS_HARDLINKS);
    if accounts_hardlinks_dir.is_dir() {
        let read_dir = fs::read_dir(&accounts_hardlinks_dir).map_err(|err| {
            IoError::other(format!(
                "{FN_ERR}: failed to read accounts hardlinks dir '{}': {err}",
                accounts_hardlinks_dir.display(),
            ))
        })?;
        for entry in read_dir {
            let accounts_hardlink_dir = entry?.path();
            let accounts_hardlink_dir = fs::read_link(&accounts_hardlink_dir).map_err(|err| {
                IoError::other(format!(
                    "{FN_ERR}: failed to read symlink '{}': {err}",
                    accounts_hardlink_dir.display(),
                ))
            })?;
            move_and_async_delete_path(&accounts_hardlink_dir);
        }
    }
    fs::remove_dir_all(&bank_snapshot_dir).map_err(|err| {
        IoError::other(format!(
            "{FN_ERR}: failed to remove dir '{}': {err}",
            bank_snapshot_dir.as_ref().display(),
        ))
    })?;
    Ok(())
}

pub fn should_take_full_snapshot(
    block_height: Slot,
    full_snapshot_archive_interval_slots: Slot,
) -> bool {
    block_height.is_multiple_of(full_snapshot_archive_interval_slots)
}

pub fn should_take_incremental_snapshot(
    block_height: Slot,
    incremental_snapshot_archive_interval_slots: Slot,
    latest_full_snapshot_slot: Option<Slot>,
) -> bool {
    block_height.is_multiple_of(incremental_snapshot_archive_interval_slots)
        && latest_full_snapshot_slot.is_some()
}

/// Creates an "accounts path" directory for tests
///
/// This temporary directory will contain the "run" and "snapshot"
/// sub-directories required by a validator.
#[cfg(feature = "dev-context-only-utils")]
pub fn create_tmp_accounts_dir_for_tests() -> (TempDir, PathBuf) {
    let tmp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
    let account_dir = create_accounts_run_and_snapshot_dirs(&tmp_dir).unwrap().0;
    (tmp_dir, account_dir)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use {
        super::*,
        crate::serde_snapshot::{deserialize_wincode_from, serialize_into},
        agave_snapshots::{
            paths::{
                full_snapshot_archives_iter, get_highest_full_snapshot_archive_slot,
                get_highest_incremental_snapshot_archive_slot,
            },
            snapshot_config::{
                DEFAULT_MAX_FULL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN,
                DEFAULT_MAX_INCREMENTAL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN,
            },
        },
        assert_matches::assert_matches,
        solana_accounts_db::accounts_file::{AccountsFile, AccountsFileProvider},
        solana_hash::Hash,
        std::{convert::TryFrom, mem::size_of},
        tempfile::NamedTempFile,
        test_case::test_case,
    };

    #[test]
    fn test_serialize_snapshot_data_file_under_limit() {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let expected_consumed_size = size_of::<u32>() as u64;
        let consumed_size = serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped(
            &temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            expected_consumed_size,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
            |stream| {
                serialize_into(stream, &2323_u32)?;
                Ok(())
            },
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(consumed_size, expected_consumed_size);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_serialize_snapshot_data_file_over_limit() {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let expected_consumed_size = size_of::<u32>() as u64;
        let result = serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped(
            &temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            expected_consumed_size - 1,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
            |stream| {
                serialize_into(stream, &2323_u32)?;
                Ok(())
            },
        );
        assert_matches!(result, Err(SnapshotError::Io(ref message)) if message.to_string().contains("bytes would exceed limit of"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialize_snapshot_data_file_under_limit() {
        let expected_data = 2323_u32;
        let expected_consumed_size = size_of::<u32>() as u64;

        let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped(
            &temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            expected_consumed_size,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
            |stream| {
                serialize_into(stream, &expected_data)?;
                Ok(())
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let snapshot_root_paths = SnapshotRootPaths {
            full_snapshot_root_file_path: temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            incremental_snapshot_root_file_path: None,
        };

        let actual_data = deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped(
            &snapshot_root_paths,
            expected_consumed_size,
            |stream| {
                Ok(deserialize_wincode_from::<_, u32>(
                    &mut *stream.full_snapshot_stream,
                )?)
            },
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(actual_data, expected_data);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialize_snapshot_data_file_over_limit() {
        let expected_data = 2323_u32;
        let expected_consumed_size = size_of::<u32>() as u64;

        let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped(
            &temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            expected_consumed_size,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
            |stream| {
                serialize_into(stream, &expected_data)?;
                Ok(())
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let snapshot_root_paths = SnapshotRootPaths {
            full_snapshot_root_file_path: temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            incremental_snapshot_root_file_path: None,
        };

        let result = deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped(
            &snapshot_root_paths,
            expected_consumed_size - 1,
            |stream| {
                Ok(deserialize_wincode_from::<_, u32>(
                    &mut *stream.full_snapshot_stream,
                )?)
            },
        );
        assert_matches!(result, Err(SnapshotError::Io(ref message)) if message.to_string().starts_with("too large snapshot data file to deserialize"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_deserialize_snapshot_data_file_extra_data() {
        let expected_data = 2323_u32;
        let expected_consumed_size = size_of::<u32>() as u64;

        let temp_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        serialize_snapshot_data_file_capped(
            &temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            expected_consumed_size * 2,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
            |stream| {
                // Write two u32s (in one call, since the wincode writer finalizes on finish) so
                // the file has trailing bytes left over after a single-u32 deserialize.
                serialize_into(&mut *stream, &(expected_data, expected_data))?;
                Ok(())
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        let snapshot_root_paths = SnapshotRootPaths {
            full_snapshot_root_file_path: temp_dir.path().join("data-file"),
            incremental_snapshot_root_file_path: None,
        };

        let result = deserialize_snapshot_data_files_capped(
            &snapshot_root_paths,
            expected_consumed_size * 2,
            |stream| {
                Ok(deserialize_wincode_from::<_, u32>(
                    &mut *stream.full_snapshot_stream,
                )?)
            },
        );
        assert_matches!(result, Err(SnapshotError::Io(ref message)) if message.to_string().starts_with("invalid snapshot data file"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_snapshot_version_from_file_under_limit() {
        let file_content = SnapshotVersion::default().as_str();
        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
        file.write_all(file_content.as_bytes()).unwrap();
        let file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(file.path()).unwrap();
        let version_from_file = snapshot_version_from_file(file_info).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(version_from_file, file_content);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_snapshot_version_from_file_over_limit() {
        let over_limit_size = usize::try_from(MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE + 1).unwrap();
        let file_content = vec![7u8; over_limit_size];
        let mut file = NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
        file.write_all(&file_content).unwrap();
        let file_info = FileInfo::new_from_path(file.path()).unwrap();
        assert_matches!(
            snapshot_version_from_file(file_info),
            Err(ref message) if message.to_string().starts_with("snapshot version file too large")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_check_are_snapshots_compatible() {
        let slot1: Slot = 1234;
        let slot2: Slot = 5678;
        let slot3: Slot = 999_999;

        let full_snapshot_archive_info = FullSnapshotArchiveInfo::new_from_path(PathBuf::from(
            format!("/dir/snapshot-{}-{}.tar.zst", slot1, Hash::new_unique()),
        ))
        .unwrap();

        assert!(check_are_snapshots_compatible(&full_snapshot_archive_info, None,).is_ok());

        let incremental_snapshot_archive_info =
            IncrementalSnapshotArchiveInfo::new_from_path(PathBuf::from(format!(
                "/dir/incremental-snapshot-{}-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                slot1,
                slot2,
                Hash::new_unique()
            )))
            .unwrap();

        assert!(
            check_are_snapshots_compatible(
                &full_snapshot_archive_info,
                Some(&incremental_snapshot_archive_info)
            )
            .is_ok()
        );

        let incremental_snapshot_archive_info =
            IncrementalSnapshotArchiveInfo::new_from_path(PathBuf::from(format!(
                "/dir/incremental-snapshot-{}-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                slot2,
                slot3,
                Hash::new_unique()
            )))
            .unwrap();

        assert!(
            check_are_snapshots_compatible(
                &full_snapshot_archive_info,
                Some(&incremental_snapshot_archive_info)
            )
            .is_err()
        );
    }

    /// A test heler function that creates bank snapshot files
    fn common_create_bank_snapshot_files(
        bank_snapshots_dir: &Path,
        min_slot: Slot,
        max_slot: Slot,
    ) {
        for slot in min_slot..max_slot {
            let snapshot_dir = snapshot_paths::get_bank_snapshot_dir(bank_snapshots_dir, slot);
            fs::create_dir_all(&snapshot_dir).unwrap();

            let snapshot_filename = snapshot_paths::get_snapshot_file_name(slot);
            let snapshot_path = snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_filename);
            fs::File::create(snapshot_path).unwrap();

            let status_cache_file =
                snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME);
            fs::File::create(status_cache_file).unwrap();

            let version_path = snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
            fs::write(version_path, SnapshotVersion::default().as_str().as_bytes()).unwrap();
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_bank_snapshots() {
        let temp_snapshots_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_slot = 10;
        let max_slot = 20;
        common_create_bank_snapshot_files(temp_snapshots_dir.path(), min_slot, max_slot);

        let bank_snapshots = get_bank_snapshots(temp_snapshots_dir.path());
        assert_eq!(bank_snapshots.len() as Slot, max_slot - min_slot);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_highest_bank_snapshot() {
        let temp_snapshots_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_slot = 99;
        let max_slot = 123;
        common_create_bank_snapshot_files(temp_snapshots_dir.path(), min_slot, max_slot);

        let highest_bank_snapshot = get_highest_bank_snapshot(temp_snapshots_dir.path());
        assert!(highest_bank_snapshot.is_some());
        assert_eq!(highest_bank_snapshot.unwrap().slot, max_slot - 1);
    }

    /// A test helper function that creates full and incremental snapshot archive files.  Creates
    /// full snapshot files in the range (`min_full_snapshot_slot`, `max_full_snapshot_slot`], and
    /// incremental snapshot files in the range (`min_incremental_snapshot_slot`,
    /// `max_incremental_snapshot_slot`].  Additionally, "bad" files are created for both full and
    /// incremental snapshots to ensure the tests properly filter them out.
    fn common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
        full_snapshot_archives_dir: &Path,
        incremental_snapshot_archives_dir: &Path,
        min_full_snapshot_slot: Slot,
        max_full_snapshot_slot: Slot,
        min_incremental_snapshot_slot: Slot,
        max_incremental_snapshot_slot: Slot,
    ) {
        fs::create_dir_all(full_snapshot_archives_dir).unwrap();
        fs::create_dir_all(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir).unwrap();
        for full_snapshot_slot in min_full_snapshot_slot..max_full_snapshot_slot {
            for incremental_snapshot_slot in
                min_incremental_snapshot_slot..max_incremental_snapshot_slot
            {
                let snapshot_filename = format!(
                    "incremental-snapshot-{}-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                    full_snapshot_slot,
                    incremental_snapshot_slot,
                    Hash::default()
                );
                let snapshot_filepath = incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.join(snapshot_filename);
                fs::File::create(snapshot_filepath).unwrap();
            }

            let snapshot_filename = format!(
                "snapshot-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                full_snapshot_slot,
                Hash::default()
            );
            let snapshot_filepath = full_snapshot_archives_dir.join(snapshot_filename);
            fs::File::create(snapshot_filepath).unwrap();

            // Add in an incremental snapshot with a bad filename and high slot to ensure filename are filtered and sorted correctly
            let bad_filename = format!(
                "incremental-snapshot-{}-{}-bad!hash.tar.zst",
                full_snapshot_slot,
                max_incremental_snapshot_slot + 1,
            );
            let bad_filepath = incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.join(bad_filename);
            fs::File::create(bad_filepath).unwrap();
        }

        // Add in a snapshot with a bad filename and high slot to ensure filename are filtered and
        // sorted correctly
        let bad_filename = format!("snapshot-{}-bad!hash.tar.zst", max_full_snapshot_slot + 1);
        let bad_filepath = full_snapshot_archives_dir.join(bad_filename);
        fs::File::create(bad_filepath).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_full_snapshot_archives() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_slot = 123;
        let max_slot = 456;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            min_slot,
            max_slot,
            0,
            0,
        );

        let snapshot_archives =
            full_snapshot_archives_iter(full_snapshot_archives_dir.path()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(snapshot_archives.len() as Slot, max_slot - min_slot);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_full_snapshot_archives_remote() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_slot = 123;
        let max_slot = 456;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            &full_snapshot_archives_dir
                .path()
                .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_DOWNLOAD_DIR),
            &incremental_snapshot_archives_dir
                .path()
                .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_DOWNLOAD_DIR),
            min_slot,
            max_slot,
            0,
            0,
        );

        let snapshot_archives =
            full_snapshot_archives_iter(full_snapshot_archives_dir.path()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(snapshot_archives.len() as Slot, max_slot - min_slot);
        assert!(snapshot_archives.iter().all(|info| info.is_remote()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_incremental_snapshot_archives() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_full_snapshot_slot = 12;
        let max_full_snapshot_slot = 23;
        let min_incremental_snapshot_slot = 34;
        let max_incremental_snapshot_slot = 45;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            min_full_snapshot_slot,
            max_full_snapshot_slot,
            min_incremental_snapshot_slot,
            max_incremental_snapshot_slot,
        );

        let incremental_snapshot_archives =
            incremental_snapshot_archives_iter(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            incremental_snapshot_archives.len() as Slot,
            (max_full_snapshot_slot - min_full_snapshot_slot)
                * (max_incremental_snapshot_slot - min_incremental_snapshot_slot)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_incremental_snapshot_archives_remote() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_full_snapshot_slot = 12;
        let max_full_snapshot_slot = 23;
        let min_incremental_snapshot_slot = 34;
        let max_incremental_snapshot_slot = 45;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            &full_snapshot_archives_dir
                .path()
                .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_DOWNLOAD_DIR),
            &incremental_snapshot_archives_dir
                .path()
                .join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVE_DOWNLOAD_DIR),
            min_full_snapshot_slot,
            max_full_snapshot_slot,
            min_incremental_snapshot_slot,
            max_incremental_snapshot_slot,
        );

        let incremental_snapshot_archives =
            incremental_snapshot_archives_iter(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            incremental_snapshot_archives.len() as Slot,
            (max_full_snapshot_slot - min_full_snapshot_slot)
                * (max_incremental_snapshot_slot - min_incremental_snapshot_slot)
        );
        assert!(
            incremental_snapshot_archives
                .iter()
                .all(|info| info.is_remote())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_highest_full_snapshot_archive_slot() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_slot = 123;
        let max_slot = 456;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            min_slot,
            max_slot,
            0,
            0,
        );

        assert_eq!(
            get_highest_full_snapshot_archive_slot(full_snapshot_archives_dir.path()),
            Some(max_slot - 1)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_highest_incremental_snapshot_slot() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let min_full_snapshot_slot = 12;
        let max_full_snapshot_slot = 23;
        let min_incremental_snapshot_slot = 34;
        let max_incremental_snapshot_slot = 45;
        common_create_snapshot_archive_files(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            min_full_snapshot_slot,
            max_full_snapshot_slot,
            min_incremental_snapshot_slot,
            max_incremental_snapshot_slot,
        );

        for full_snapshot_slot in min_full_snapshot_slot..max_full_snapshot_slot {
            assert_eq!(
                get_highest_incremental_snapshot_archive_slot(
                    incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
                    full_snapshot_slot
                ),
                Some(max_incremental_snapshot_slot - 1)
            );
        }

        assert_eq!(
            get_highest_incremental_snapshot_archive_slot(
                incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
                max_full_snapshot_slot
            ),
            None
        );
    }

    fn common_test_purge_old_snapshot_archives(
        snapshot_names: &[&String],
        maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain: NonZeroUsize,
        maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain: NonZeroUsize,
        expected_snapshots: &[&String],
    ) {
        let temp_snap_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();

        for snap_name in snapshot_names {
            let snap_path = temp_snap_dir.path().join(snap_name);
            let mut _snap_file = fs::File::create(snap_path);
        }
        purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            temp_snap_dir.path(),
            temp_snap_dir.path(),
            maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain,
            maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain,
        );

        let mut retained_snaps = HashSet::new();
        for entry in fs::read_dir(temp_snap_dir.path()).unwrap() {
            let entry_path_buf = entry.unwrap().path();
            let entry_path = entry_path_buf.as_path();
            let snapshot_name = entry_path
                .file_name()
                .unwrap()
                .to_str()
                .unwrap()
                .to_string();
            retained_snaps.insert(snapshot_name);
        }

        for snap_name in expected_snapshots {
            assert!(
                retained_snaps.contains(snap_name.as_str()),
                "{snap_name} not found"
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(retained_snaps.len(), expected_snapshots.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_purge_old_full_snapshot_archives() {
        let snap1_name = format!("snapshot-1-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default());
        let snap2_name = format!("snapshot-3-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default());
        let snap3_name = format!("snapshot-50-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default());
        let snapshot_names = vec![&snap1_name, &snap2_name, &snap3_name];

        // expecting only the newest to be retained
        let expected_snapshots = vec![&snap3_name];
        common_test_purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            &snapshot_names,
            NonZeroUsize::new(1).unwrap(),
            DEFAULT_MAX_INCREMENTAL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN,
            &expected_snapshots,
        );

        // retaining 2, expecting the 2 newest to be retained
        let expected_snapshots = vec![&snap2_name, &snap3_name];
        common_test_purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            &snapshot_names,
            NonZeroUsize::new(2).unwrap(),
            DEFAULT_MAX_INCREMENTAL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN,
            &expected_snapshots,
        );

        // retaining 3, all three should be retained
        let expected_snapshots = vec![&snap1_name, &snap2_name, &snap3_name];
        common_test_purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            &snapshot_names,
            NonZeroUsize::new(3).unwrap(),
            DEFAULT_MAX_INCREMENTAL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN,
            &expected_snapshots,
        );
    }

    /// Mimic a running node's behavior w.r.t. purging old snapshot archives.  Take snapshots in a
    /// loop, and periodically purge old snapshot archives.  After purging, check to make sure the
    /// snapshot archives on disk are correct.
    #[test]
    fn test_purge_old_full_snapshot_archives_in_the_loop() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let maximum_snapshots_to_retain = NonZeroUsize::new(5).unwrap();
        let starting_slot: Slot = 42;

        for slot in (starting_slot..).take(100) {
            let full_snapshot_archive_file_name =
                format!("snapshot-{}-{}.tar.zst", slot, Hash::default());
            let full_snapshot_archive_path = full_snapshot_archives_dir
                .as_ref()
                .join(full_snapshot_archive_file_name);
            fs::File::create(full_snapshot_archive_path).unwrap();

            // don't purge-and-check until enough snapshot archives have been created
            if slot < starting_slot + maximum_snapshots_to_retain.get() as Slot {
                continue;
            }

            // purge infrequently, so there will always be snapshot archives to purge
            if slot % (maximum_snapshots_to_retain.get() as Slot * 2) != 0 {
                continue;
            }

            purge_old_snapshot_archives(
                &full_snapshot_archives_dir,
                &incremental_snapshot_archives_dir,
                maximum_snapshots_to_retain,
                NonZeroUsize::new(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
            );
            let mut full_snapshot_archives =
                full_snapshot_archives_iter(full_snapshot_archives_dir.path()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
            full_snapshot_archives.sort_unstable();
            assert_eq!(
                full_snapshot_archives.len(),
                maximum_snapshots_to_retain.get()
            );
            assert_eq!(full_snapshot_archives.last().unwrap().slot(), slot);
            for (i, full_snapshot_archive) in full_snapshot_archives.iter().rev().enumerate() {
                assert_eq!(full_snapshot_archive.slot(), slot - i as Slot);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_purge_old_incremental_snapshot_archives() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let starting_slot = 100_000;

        let maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain =
            DEFAULT_MAX_INCREMENTAL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN;
        let maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain = DEFAULT_MAX_FULL_SNAPSHOT_ARCHIVES_TO_RETAIN;

        let incremental_snapshot_interval = 100;
        let num_incremental_snapshots_per_full_snapshot =
            maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get() * 2;
        let full_snapshot_interval =
            incremental_snapshot_interval * num_incremental_snapshots_per_full_snapshot;

        let mut snapshot_filenames = vec![];
        (starting_slot..)
            .step_by(full_snapshot_interval)
            .take(
                maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain
                    .checked_mul(NonZeroUsize::new(2).unwrap())
                    .unwrap()
                    .get(),
            )
            .for_each(|full_snapshot_slot| {
                let snapshot_filename = format!(
                    "snapshot-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                    full_snapshot_slot,
                    Hash::default()
                );
                let snapshot_path = full_snapshot_archives_dir.path().join(&snapshot_filename);
                fs::File::create(snapshot_path).unwrap();
                snapshot_filenames.push(snapshot_filename);

                (full_snapshot_slot..)
                    .step_by(incremental_snapshot_interval)
                    .take(num_incremental_snapshots_per_full_snapshot)
                    .skip(1)
                    .for_each(|incremental_snapshot_slot| {
                        let snapshot_filename = format!(
                            "incremental-snapshot-{}-{}-{}.tar.zst",
                            full_snapshot_slot,
                            incremental_snapshot_slot,
                            Hash::default()
                        );
                        let snapshot_path = incremental_snapshot_archives_dir
                            .path()
                            .join(&snapshot_filename);
                        fs::File::create(snapshot_path).unwrap();
                        snapshot_filenames.push(snapshot_filename);
                    });
            });

        purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain,
            maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain,
        );

        // Ensure correct number of full snapshot archives are purged/retained
        let mut remaining_full_snapshot_archives =
            full_snapshot_archives_iter(full_snapshot_archives_dir.path()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            remaining_full_snapshot_archives.len(),
            maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get(),
        );
        remaining_full_snapshot_archives.sort_unstable();
        let latest_full_snapshot_archive_slot =
            remaining_full_snapshot_archives.last().unwrap().slot();

        // Ensure correct number of incremental snapshot archives are purged/retained
        // For each additional full snapshot archive, one additional (the newest)
        // incremental snapshot archive is retained. This is accounted for by the
        // `+ maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain.saturating_sub(1)`
        let mut remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives =
            incremental_snapshot_archives_iter(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives.len(),
            maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain
                .get()
                .saturating_add(
                    maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain
                        .get()
                        .saturating_sub(1)
                )
        );
        remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives.sort_unstable();
        remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives.reverse();

        // Ensure there exists one incremental snapshot all but the latest full snapshot
        for i in (1..maximum_full_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get()).rev() {
            let incremental_snapshot_archive =
                remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives.pop().unwrap();

            let expected_base_slot =
                latest_full_snapshot_archive_slot - (i * full_snapshot_interval) as u64;
            assert_eq!(incremental_snapshot_archive.base_slot(), expected_base_slot);
            let expected_slot = expected_base_slot
                + (full_snapshot_interval - incremental_snapshot_interval) as u64;
            assert_eq!(incremental_snapshot_archive.slot(), expected_slot);
        }

        // Ensure all remaining incremental snapshots are only for the latest full snapshot
        for incremental_snapshot_archive in &remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives {
            assert_eq!(
                incremental_snapshot_archive.base_slot(),
                latest_full_snapshot_archive_slot
            );
        }

        // Ensure the remaining incremental snapshots are at the right slot
        let expected_remaining_incremental_snapshot_archive_slots =
            (latest_full_snapshot_archive_slot..)
                .step_by(incremental_snapshot_interval)
                .take(num_incremental_snapshots_per_full_snapshot)
                .skip(
                    num_incremental_snapshots_per_full_snapshot
                        - maximum_incremental_snapshot_archives_to_retain.get(),
                )
                .collect::<HashSet<_>>();

        let actual_remaining_incremental_snapshot_archive_slots =
            remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives
                .iter()
                .map(|snapshot| snapshot.slot())
                .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
        assert_eq!(
            actual_remaining_incremental_snapshot_archive_slots,
            expected_remaining_incremental_snapshot_archive_slots
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_purge_all_incremental_snapshot_archives_when_no_full_snapshot_archives() {
        let full_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let incremental_snapshot_archives_dir = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();

        for snapshot_filenames in [
            format!("incremental-snapshot-100-120-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-100-140-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-100-160-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-100-180-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-200-220-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-200-240-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-200-260-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
            format!("incremental-snapshot-200-280-{}.tar.zst", Hash::default()),
        ] {
            let snapshot_path = incremental_snapshot_archives_dir
                .path()
                .join(snapshot_filenames);
            fs::File::create(snapshot_path).unwrap();
        }

        purge_old_snapshot_archives(
            full_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path(),
            NonZeroUsize::new(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
            NonZeroUsize::new(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
        );

        let remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives =
            incremental_snapshot_archives_iter(incremental_snapshot_archives_dir.path())
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert!(remaining_incremental_snapshot_archives.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_snapshot_file_kind() {
        assert_eq!(None, get_snapshot_file_kind("file.txt"));
        assert_eq!(
            Some(SnapshotFileKind::Version),
            get_snapshot_file_kind(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Some(SnapshotFileKind::BankFields),
            get_snapshot_file_kind("1234")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            Some(SnapshotFileKind::Storage),
            get_snapshot_file_kind("1000.999")
        );
    }

    #[test_case(0)]
    #[test_case(1)]
    #[test_case(10)]
    fn test_serialize_deserialize_account_storage_entries(num_storages: u64) {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let bank_snapshot_dir = temp_dir.path();
        let storage_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let snapshot_slot = num_storages + 1 as Slot;

        // Create AccountStorageEntries
        let mut snapshot_storages = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..num_storages {
            let storage = Arc::new(AccountStorageEntry::new(
                storage_dir.path(),
                i,        // Incrementing slot
                i as u32, // Incrementing id
                1024,
                AccountsFileProvider::AppendVec,
            ));
            snapshot_storages.push(storage);
        }

        // write obsolete accounts to snapshot
        write_obsolete_accounts_to_snapshot(
            bank_snapshot_dir,
            &snapshot_storages,
            snapshot_slot,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        // Deserialize
        let mut deserialized_accounts =
            deserialize_obsolete_accounts(bank_snapshot_dir, MAX_OBSOLETE_ACCOUNTS_FILE_SIZE)
                .unwrap()
                .into_hashmap();

        // Verify
        for storage in &snapshot_storages {
            let obsolete_accounts = deserialized_accounts.remove(&storage.slot()).unwrap();
            assert!(obsolete_accounts.into_tuple().2 == 0);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "bytes would exceed limit of 100")]
    fn test_serialize_obsolete_accounts_too_large_file() {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let bank_snapshot_dir = temp_dir.path();
        let storage_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let num_storages = 10;
        let snapshot_slot = num_storages + 1 as Slot;

        // Create AccountStorageEntries
        let mut snapshot_storages = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..num_storages {
            let storage = Arc::new(AccountStorageEntry::new(
                storage_dir.path(),
                i,        // Incrementing slot
                i as u32, // Incrementing id
                1024,
                AccountsFileProvider::AppendVec,
            ));
            snapshot_storages.push(storage);
        }

        // write obsolete accounts to snapshot
        let obsolete_accounts =
            SerdeObsoleteAccountsMap::new_from_storages(&snapshot_storages, snapshot_slot);

        // Limit the file size to something low for the test
        serialize_obsolete_accounts(
            bank_snapshot_dir,
            &obsolete_accounts,
            100,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "too large obsolete accounts file to deserialize")]
    fn test_deserialize_obsolete_accounts_too_large_file() {
        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let bank_snapshot_dir = temp_dir.path();
        let storage_dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let num_storages = 10;
        let snapshot_slot = num_storages + 1 as Slot;

        // Create AccountStorageEntries
        let mut snapshot_storages = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..num_storages {
            let storage = Arc::new(AccountStorageEntry::new(
                storage_dir.path(),
                i,        // Incrementing slot
                i as u32, // Incrementing id
                1024,
                AccountsFileProvider::AppendVec,
            ));
            snapshot_storages.push(storage);
        }

        // Write obsolete accounts to snapshot
        write_obsolete_accounts_to_snapshot(
            bank_snapshot_dir,
            &snapshot_storages,
            snapshot_slot,
            &IoSetupState::default(),
        )
        .unwrap();

        // Set a very low maximum file size for deserialization
        // This should panic
        deserialize_obsolete_accounts(bank_snapshot_dir, 100).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_bank_snapshot_complete() {
        let temp_dir = TempDir::new().unwrap();
        let slot = 123;
        let bank_snapshot_dir = temp_dir.as_ref().join(slot.to_string());
        fs::create_dir(&bank_snapshot_dir).unwrap();

        let version_path = bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILENAME);
        let serialized_bank_path = bank_snapshot_dir.join(slot.to_string());
        let status_cache_path =
            bank_snapshot_dir.join(snapshot_paths::SNAPSHOT_STATUS_CACHE_FILENAME);

        // scenario 1: no version file
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // scenario 2: bad version file (too large)
        let too_large = format!(
            "{:v>width$}",
            "hi",
            width = (MAX_SNAPSHOT_VERSION_FILE_SIZE + 1) as usize,
        );
        fs::write(&version_path, too_large).unwrap();
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // scenario 3: bad version
        fs::remove_file(&version_path).unwrap();
        let bad_version = String::from("v0.0.0");
        fs::write(&version_path, bad_version).unwrap();
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // scenario 4: empty version
        fs::remove_file(&version_path).unwrap();
        fs::File::create_new(&version_path).unwrap();
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // write a "good" version file so we can check the next file
        fs::remove_file(&version_path).unwrap();
        fs::write(&version_path, SnapshotVersion::default().as_str()).unwrap();

        // scenario 5: no serialized bank file
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // scenario 6: empty serialized bank
        fs::File::create_new(&serialized_bank_path).unwrap();
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // write a "good" serialized bank file so we can check the next file
        fs::remove_file(&serialized_bank_path).unwrap();
        fs::write(&serialized_bank_path, "serialized bank").unwrap();

        // scenario 7: no status cache file
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // scenario 8: empty status cache
        fs::File::create_new(&status_cache_path).unwrap();
        assert!(!is_bank_snapshot_complete(&bank_snapshot_dir));

        // write a "good" status cache file so we can check for all good
        fs::remove_file(&status_cache_path).unwrap();
        fs::write(&status_cache_path, "status cache").unwrap();

        // scenario 9: all good
        assert!(is_bank_snapshot_complete(bank_snapshot_dir));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_prune_stale_storages() {
        let account_path = tempfile::TempDir::new().unwrap();
        // Files that belong to the snapshot.
        let keep_a = account_path.path().join(AccountsFile::file_name(100, 1));
        let keep_b = account_path.path().join(AccountsFile::file_name(200, 2));
        // A stale storage file that should be removed.
        let stale = account_path.path().join(AccountsFile::file_name(300, 3));
        // A non-storage filename — should be left alone.
        let untouched = account_path.path().join("something_else.txt");
        for path in [&keep_a, &keep_b, &stale, &untouched] {
            fs::write(path, b"x").unwrap();
        }

        let storages_list = StoragesList::from_items(vec![
            StorageListItem { slot: 100, id: 1 },
            StorageListItem { slot: 200, id: 2 },
        ]);
        prune_stale_storages(
            std::slice::from_ref(&account_path.path().to_path_buf()),
            storages_list,
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert!(keep_a.exists(), "expected storage file was deleted");
        assert!(keep_b.exists(), "expected storage file was deleted");
        assert!(!stale.exists(), "stale storage file was not removed");
        assert!(untouched.exists(), "non-storage file was wrongly removed");
    }
}