snark_wrapper 0.32.10

ZKsync snark wrapper
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
use super::*;

use crate::traits::pow::RecursivePoWRunner;
use crate::traits::transcript::BoolsBuffer;
use crate::verifier_structs::allocated_queries::AllocatedSingleRoundQueries;

pub(crate) fn verify_fri_part<
    E: Engine,
    CS: ConstraintSystem<E> + 'static,
    H: CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>,
    TR: CircuitGLTranscript<E, CircuitCompatibleCap = H::CircuitOutput>,
    POW: RecursivePoWRunner<E>,
>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    proof: &AllocatedProof<E, H>,
    vk: &AllocatedVerificationKey<E, H>,
    challenges: &mut ChallengesHolder<E, CS>,
    transcript: &mut TR,
    public_input_opening_tuples: Vec<(GL, Vec<(usize, GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>)>)>,
    // parameters
    verifier: &WrapperVerifier<E, CS>,
    fixed_parameters: &VerificationKeyCircuitGeometry,
    constants: &ConstantsHolder,
) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError> {
    let mut validity_flags = vec![];

    // get challenges
    challenges.get_challenges_for_fri_quotiening(cs, transcript, constants.total_num_challenges_for_fri_quotiening)?;
    challenges.get_fri_intermediate_challenges(cs, transcript, proof, fixed_parameters, constants)?;

    assert_eq!(constants.final_expected_degree as usize, proof.final_fri_monomials[0].len());
    assert_eq!(constants.final_expected_degree as usize, proof.final_fri_monomials[1].len());
    assert!(proof.final_fri_monomials[0].len() > 0);

    // witness monomial coeffs
    transcript.witness_field_elements(cs, &proof.final_fri_monomials[0])?;
    transcript.witness_field_elements(cs, &proof.final_fri_monomials[1])?;

    if constants.new_pow_bits != 0 {
        const SEED_BITS: usize = 256;
        // pull enough challenges from the transcript
        let num_challenges = SEED_BITS.next_multiple_of(GL::CHAR_BITS) / GL::CHAR_BITS;
        let challenges: Vec<_> = transcript.get_multiple_challenges(cs, num_challenges as usize)?;
        let (is_valid, pow_challenge_limbs) = POW::verify_from_field_elements(cs, challenges, proof.pow_challenge_le, constants.new_pow_bits)?;
        match is_valid.get_value() {
            Some(is_valid) => {
                if is_valid == false {
                    println!("PoW challenge is invalid")
                }
            }
            None => (),
        }
        transcript.witness_field_elements(cs, &pow_challenge_limbs)?;
    }

    let max_needed_bits = (fixed_parameters.domain_size * fixed_parameters.fri_lde_factor as u64).trailing_zeros() as usize;

    let mut bools_buffer = BoolsBuffer {
        available: vec![],
        max_needed: max_needed_bits,
    };

    let num_bits_for_in_coset_index = max_needed_bits - fixed_parameters.fri_lde_factor.trailing_zeros() as usize;
    let base_tree_index_shift = fixed_parameters.domain_size.trailing_zeros();
    assert_eq!(num_bits_for_in_coset_index, base_tree_index_shift as usize);

    assert_eq!(constants.num_fri_repetitions, proof.queries_per_fri_repetition.len());

    let multiplicative_generator = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(GL::multiplicative_generator(), cs);

    // precompute once, will be handy later
    let mut precomputed_powers = vec![];
    let mut precomputed_powers_inversed = vec![];
    for i in 0..=(fixed_parameters.domain_size * fixed_parameters.fri_lde_factor as u64).trailing_zeros() {
        let omega = domain_generator_for_size::<GL>(1u64 << i);
        precomputed_powers.push(omega);
        precomputed_powers_inversed.push(BoojumPrimeField::inverse(&omega).unwrap());
    }

    // we also want to precompute "steps" for different interpolation degrees
    // e.g. if we interpolate 8 elements,
    // then those will be ordered as bitreverses of [0..=7], namely
    // [0, 4, 2, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7]

    // so we want to have exactly half of it, because separation by 4
    // is exactly -1, so we need [1, sqrt4(1), sqrt8(1), sqrt4(1)*sqrt8(1)]

    let mut interpolation_steps = vec![GL::ONE; 4]; // max size

    for idx in [1, 3].into_iter() {
        BoojumField::mul_assign(&mut interpolation_steps[idx], &precomputed_powers_inversed[2]);
    }
    for idx in [2, 3].into_iter() {
        BoojumField::mul_assign(&mut interpolation_steps[idx], &precomputed_powers_inversed[3]);
    }

    assert_eq!(interpolation_steps[0], GL::ONE);
    assert_eq!(BoojumField::pow_u64(&interpolation_steps[1], 4), GL::ONE);
    assert_eq!(BoojumField::pow_u64(&interpolation_steps[2], 8), GL::ONE);

    let precomputed_powers: Vec<_> = precomputed_powers.into_iter().map(|el| GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(el, cs)).collect();
    let precomputed_powers_inversed: Vec<_> = precomputed_powers_inversed.into_iter().map(|el| GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(el, cs)).collect();
    let interpolation_steps: Vec<_> = interpolation_steps.into_iter().map(|el| GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(el, cs)).collect();

    let base_oracle_depth = fixed_parameters.base_oracles_depth();

    for queries in proof.queries_per_fri_repetition.iter() {
        let query_index_lsb_first_bits = bools_buffer.get_bits(cs, transcript, max_needed_bits)?;

        // we consider it to be some convenient for us encoding of coset + inner index.

        // Small note on indexing: when we commit to elements we use bitreversal enumeration everywhere.
        // So index `i` in the tree corresponds to the element of `omega^bitreverse(i)`.
        // This gives us natural separation of LDE cosets, such that subtrees form independent cosets,
        // and if cosets are in the form of `{1, gamma, ...} x {1, omega, ...} where gamma^lde_factor == omega,
        // then subtrees are enumerated by bitreverse powers of gamma

        // let inner_idx = &query_index_lsb_first_bits[0..num_bits_for_in_coset_index];
        // let coset_idx = &query_index_lsb_first_bits[num_bits_for_in_coset_index..];
        let base_tree_idx = query_index_lsb_first_bits.clone();

        // first verify basic inclusion proofs
        validity_flags.extend(verify_inclusion_proofs(cs, queries, proof, vk, &base_tree_idx, constants, base_oracle_depth)?);

        // now perform the quotiening operation
        let zero_ext = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::zero(cs);
        let mut simulated_ext_element = zero_ext;

        assert_eq!(query_index_lsb_first_bits.len(), precomputed_powers.len() - 1);

        let domain_element = pow_from_precomputations(cs, &precomputed_powers[1..], &query_index_lsb_first_bits);

        // we will find it handy to have power of the generator with some bits masked to be zero
        let mut power_chunks = vec![];
        let mut skip_highest_powers = 0;
        // TODO: we may save here (in circuits case especially) if we compute recursively
        for interpolation_degree_log2 in constants.fri_folding_schedule.iter() {
            let domain_element = pow_from_precomputations(
                cs,
                &precomputed_powers_inversed[(1 + interpolation_degree_log2)..],
                &query_index_lsb_first_bits[(skip_highest_powers + interpolation_degree_log2)..],
            );

            skip_highest_powers += *interpolation_degree_log2;
            power_chunks.push(domain_element);
        }

        // don't forget that we are shifted
        let mut domain_element_for_quotiening = domain_element;
        domain_element_for_quotiening.mul_assign(&multiplicative_generator, cs);

        let mut domain_element_for_interpolation = domain_element_for_quotiening;

        verify_quotening_operations(
            cs,
            &mut simulated_ext_element,
            queries,
            proof,
            &public_input_opening_tuples,
            domain_element_for_quotiening,
            challenges,
            verifier,
            constants,
        )?;

        let base_coset_inverse = BoojumPrimeField::inverse(&GL::multiplicative_generator()).unwrap();

        let mut current_folded_value: GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS> = simulated_ext_element;
        let mut subidx = base_tree_idx;
        let mut coset_inverse = base_coset_inverse;

        let mut expected_fri_query_len = base_oracle_depth;

        for (idx, (interpolation_degree_log2, fri_query)) in constants.fri_folding_schedule.iter().zip(queries.fri_queries.iter()).enumerate() {
            expected_fri_query_len -= *interpolation_degree_log2;
            let interpolation_degree = 1 << *interpolation_degree_log2;
            let subidx_in_leaf = &subidx[..*interpolation_degree_log2];
            let tree_idx = &subidx[*interpolation_degree_log2..];

            assert_eq!(fri_query.leaf_elements.len(), interpolation_degree * 2);

            let [c0, c1] = current_folded_value.into_coeffs_in_base();

            let c0_from_leaf = binary_select(cs, &fri_query.leaf_elements[..interpolation_degree], subidx_in_leaf)?;
            let c1_from_leaf = binary_select(cs, &fri_query.leaf_elements[interpolation_degree..], subidx_in_leaf)?;

            let c0_is_valid = GoldilocksField::equals(cs, &c0, &c0_from_leaf)?;
            let c1_is_valid = GoldilocksField::equals(cs, &c1, &c1_from_leaf)?;

            validity_flags.push(c0_is_valid);
            validity_flags.push(c1_is_valid);

            // verify query itself
            let cap = if idx == 0 { &proof.fri_base_oracle_cap } else { &proof.fri_intermediate_oracles_caps[idx - 1] };
            assert_eq!(fri_query.proof.len(), expected_fri_query_len);
            validity_flags.push(check_if_included::<E, CS, H>(cs, &fri_query.leaf_elements, &fri_query.proof, &cap, tree_idx)?);

            // interpolate
            let mut elements_to_interpolate = Vec::with_capacity(interpolation_degree);
            for (c0, c1) in fri_query.leaf_elements[..interpolation_degree].iter().zip(fri_query.leaf_elements[interpolation_degree..].iter()) {
                let as_ext = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_coeffs_in_base([*c0, *c1]);
                elements_to_interpolate.push(as_ext);
            }

            let mut next = Vec::with_capacity(interpolation_degree / 2);
            let challenges = &challenges.fri_intermediate_challenges[idx];
            assert_eq!(challenges.len(), *interpolation_degree_log2);

            let mut base_pow = power_chunks[idx];

            for challenge in challenges.iter() {
                for (i, [a, b]) in elements_to_interpolate.array_chunks::<2>().enumerate() {
                    let mut result = *a;
                    result.add_assign(b, cs);

                    let mut diff = *a;
                    diff.sub_assign(&b, cs);
                    diff.mul_assign(&challenge, cs);
                    // divide by corresponding power
                    let mut pow = base_pow;
                    pow.mul_assign(&interpolation_steps[i], cs);
                    let coset_inverse = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(coset_inverse, cs);
                    pow.mul_assign(&coset_inverse, cs);

                    GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::mul_by_base_and_accumulate_into(&mut result, &pow, &diff, cs)?;

                    // diff.mul_assign_by_base(&pow, cs);
                    // result.add_assign(&diff, cs);

                    next.push(result);
                }

                std::mem::swap(&mut next, &mut elements_to_interpolate);
                next.clear();
                base_pow.square(cs);
                BoojumField::square(&mut coset_inverse);
            }

            for _ in 0..*interpolation_degree_log2 {
                domain_element_for_interpolation.square(cs);
            }

            // recompute the index
            subidx = tree_idx.to_vec();
            current_folded_value = elements_to_interpolate[0];
        }

        // and we should evaluate monomial form and compare

        let mut result_from_monomial = zero_ext;
        // horner rule
        for (c0, c1) in proof.final_fri_monomials[0].iter().zip(proof.final_fri_monomials[1].iter()).rev() {
            let coeff = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_coeffs_in_base([*c0, *c1]);

            // result_from_monomial = result_from_monomial * z + coeff

            let mut tmp = coeff;
            GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::mul_by_base_and_accumulate_into(&mut tmp, &domain_element_for_interpolation, &result_from_monomial, cs)?;

            result_from_monomial = tmp;

            // result_from_monomial.mul_assign_by_base(&domain_element_for_interpolation, cs);
            // result_from_monomial.add_assign(&coeff, cs);
        }

        let result_from_monomial = result_from_monomial.into_coeffs_in_base();
        let current_folded_value = current_folded_value.into_coeffs_in_base();

        let c0_is_valid = GoldilocksField::equals(cs, &result_from_monomial[0], &current_folded_value[0])?;
        let c1_is_valid = GoldilocksField::equals(cs, &result_from_monomial[1], &current_folded_value[1])?;

        validity_flags.push(c0_is_valid);
        validity_flags.push(c1_is_valid);
    }

    Ok(validity_flags)
}

fn verify_inclusion_proofs<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E> + 'static, H: CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    queries: &AllocatedSingleRoundQueries<E, H>,
    proof: &AllocatedProof<E, H>,
    vk: &AllocatedVerificationKey<E, H>,
    base_tree_idx: &Vec<Boolean>,
    constants: &ConstantsHolder,
    base_oracle_depth: usize,
) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError> {
    let mut validity_flags = Vec::new();

    assert_eq!(constants.witness_leaf_size, queries.witness_query.leaf_elements.len());
    assert_eq!(base_oracle_depth, queries.witness_query.proof.len());
    validity_flags.push(check_if_included::<E, CS, H>(
        cs,
        &queries.witness_query.leaf_elements,
        &queries.witness_query.proof,
        &proof.witness_oracle_cap,
        &base_tree_idx,
    )?);

    assert_eq!(constants.stage_2_leaf_size, queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements.len());
    assert_eq!(base_oracle_depth, queries.stage_2_query.proof.len());
    validity_flags.push(check_if_included::<E, CS, H>(
        cs,
        &queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements,
        &queries.stage_2_query.proof,
        &proof.stage_2_oracle_cap,
        &base_tree_idx,
    )?);

    assert_eq!(constants.quotient_leaf_size, queries.quotient_query.leaf_elements.len());
    assert_eq!(base_oracle_depth, queries.quotient_query.proof.len());
    validity_flags.push(check_if_included::<E, CS, H>(
        cs,
        &queries.quotient_query.leaf_elements,
        &queries.quotient_query.proof,
        &proof.quotient_oracle_cap,
        &base_tree_idx,
    )?);

    assert_eq!(constants.setup_leaf_size, queries.setup_query.leaf_elements.len());
    assert_eq!(base_oracle_depth, queries.setup_query.proof.len());
    validity_flags.push(check_if_included::<E, CS, H>(
        cs,
        &queries.setup_query.leaf_elements,
        &queries.setup_query.proof,
        &vk.setup_merkle_tree_cap,
        &base_tree_idx,
    )?);

    Ok(validity_flags)
}

fn verify_quotening_operations<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E> + 'static, H: CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    simulated_ext_element: &mut GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>,
    queries: &AllocatedSingleRoundQueries<E, H>,
    proof: &AllocatedProof<E, H>,
    public_input_opening_tuples: &Vec<(GL, Vec<(usize, GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>)>)>,
    domain_element_for_quotiening: GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>,
    challenges: &ChallengesHolder<E, CS>,
    verifier: &WrapperVerifier<E, CS>,
    constants: &ConstantsHolder,
) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
    let zero_num = GoldilocksField::zero();
    let zero_base = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::zero(cs);
    let zero_ext = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::zero(cs);

    let mut challenge_offset = 0;

    let z_polys_offset = 0;
    let intermediate_polys_offset = 2;
    let lookup_witness_encoding_polys_offset = intermediate_polys_offset + constants.num_intermediate_partial_product_relations * 2;
    let lookup_multiplicities_encoding_polys_offset = lookup_witness_encoding_polys_offset + constants.num_lookup_subarguments * 2;
    let copy_permutation_polys_offset = 0;
    let constants_offset = 0 + constants.num_copy_permutation_polys;
    let lookup_tables_values_offset = 0 + constants.num_copy_permutation_polys + constants.num_constant_polys;
    let variables_offset = 0;
    let witness_columns_offset = constants.num_variable_polys;
    let lookup_multiplicities_offset = witness_columns_offset + constants.num_witness_polys;

    let evaluations = EvaluationsHolder::from_proof(proof);

    {
        let z = challenges.z;
        let z_omega = challenges.z_omega;

        let cast_from_base = move |el: &[GoldilocksField<E>]| {
            el.iter()
                .map(|el| GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_coeffs_in_base([*el, GoldilocksField::zero()]))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        };

        let cast_from_extension = move |el: &[GoldilocksField<E>]| {
            assert_eq!(el.len() % 2, 0);

            el.array_chunks::<2>()
                .map(|[c0, c1]| GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_coeffs_in_base([*c0, *c1]))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        };

        let mut sources = vec![];
        // witness
        sources.extend(cast_from_base(
            &queries.witness_query.leaf_elements[variables_offset..(variables_offset + constants.num_variable_polys)],
        ));
        sources.extend(cast_from_base(
            &queries.witness_query.leaf_elements[witness_columns_offset..(witness_columns_offset + constants.num_witness_polys)],
        ));
        // normal setup
        sources.extend(cast_from_base(&queries.setup_query.leaf_elements[constants_offset..(constants_offset + constants.num_constant_polys)]));
        sources.extend(cast_from_base(
            &queries.setup_query.leaf_elements[copy_permutation_polys_offset..(copy_permutation_polys_offset + constants.num_copy_permutation_polys)],
        ));
        // copy-permutation
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(&queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[z_polys_offset..intermediate_polys_offset]));
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(
            &queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[intermediate_polys_offset..lookup_witness_encoding_polys_offset],
        ));
        // lookup if exists
        sources.extend(cast_from_base(
            &queries.witness_query.leaf_elements[lookup_multiplicities_offset..(lookup_multiplicities_offset + constants.num_multiplicities_polys)],
        ));
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(
            &queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[lookup_witness_encoding_polys_offset..lookup_multiplicities_encoding_polys_offset],
        ));
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(&queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[lookup_multiplicities_encoding_polys_offset..]));
        // lookup setup
        if verifier.lookup_parameters.lookup_is_allowed() {
            let num_lookup_setups = verifier.lookup_parameters.lookup_width() + 1;
            sources.extend(cast_from_base(
                &queries.setup_query.leaf_elements[lookup_tables_values_offset..(lookup_tables_values_offset + num_lookup_setups)],
            ));
        }
        // quotient
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(&queries.quotient_query.leaf_elements));

        assert_eq!(sources.len(), evaluations.all_values_at_z.len());
        // log!("Making quotiening at Z");
        quotening_operation(
            cs,
            simulated_ext_element,
            &sources,
            &evaluations.all_values_at_z,
            domain_element_for_quotiening,
            z,
            &challenges.challenges_for_fri_quotiening[challenge_offset..(challenge_offset + sources.len())],
        );
        challenge_offset += sources.len();

        // now z*omega
        let mut sources = vec![];
        sources.extend(cast_from_extension(&queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[z_polys_offset..intermediate_polys_offset]));

        assert_eq!(sources.len(), evaluations.all_values_at_z_omega.len());
        // log!("Making quotiening at Z*omega");
        quotening_operation(
            cs,
            simulated_ext_element,
            &sources,
            &evaluations.all_values_at_z_omega,
            domain_element_for_quotiening,
            z_omega,
            &challenges.challenges_for_fri_quotiening[challenge_offset..(challenge_offset + sources.len())],
        );

        challenge_offset += sources.len();
        // now at 0 if lookup is needed
        if verifier.lookup_parameters.lookup_is_allowed() {
            let mut sources = vec![];
            // witness encoding
            sources.extend(cast_from_extension(
                &queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[lookup_witness_encoding_polys_offset..lookup_multiplicities_encoding_polys_offset],
            ));
            // multiplicities encoding
            sources.extend(cast_from_extension(&queries.stage_2_query.leaf_elements[lookup_multiplicities_encoding_polys_offset..]));

            assert_eq!(sources.len(), evaluations.all_values_at_0.len());
            // log!("Making quotiening at 0 for lookups sumchecks");
            quotening_operation(
                cs,
                simulated_ext_element,
                &sources,
                &evaluations.all_values_at_0,
                domain_element_for_quotiening,
                zero_ext,
                &challenges.challenges_for_fri_quotiening[challenge_offset..(challenge_offset + sources.len())],
            );

            challenge_offset += sources.len();
        }
    }

    // and public inputs
    for (open_at, set) in public_input_opening_tuples.iter() {
        let mut sources = Vec::with_capacity(set.len());
        let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(set.len());
        for (column, expected_value) in set.into_iter() {
            let c0 = queries.witness_query.leaf_elements[*column];
            let el = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_coeffs_in_base([c0, zero_num]);
            sources.push(el);

            let value = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_wrapper_coeffs_in_base([*expected_value, zero_base]);
            values.push(value);
        }
        let num_challenges_required = sources.len();
        assert_eq!(values.len(), num_challenges_required);

        // log!("Making quotiening at {} for public inputs", open_at);

        let open_at = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::constant(*open_at, cs);
        let open_at = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_wrapper_coeffs_in_base([open_at, zero_base]);

        quotening_operation(
            cs,
            simulated_ext_element,
            &sources,
            &values,
            domain_element_for_quotiening,
            open_at,
            &challenges.challenges_for_fri_quotiening[challenge_offset..(challenge_offset + sources.len())],
        );

        challenge_offset += num_challenges_required;
    }

    assert_eq!(challenge_offset, challenges.challenges_for_fri_quotiening.len());

    Ok(())
}

fn check_if_included<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>, H: CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    leaf_elements: &Vec<GoldilocksField<E>>,
    proof: &Vec<H::CircuitOutput>,
    tree_cap: &Vec<H::CircuitOutput>,
    path: &[Boolean],
) -> Result<Boolean, SynthesisError> {
    let leaf_hash = <H as CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>>::hash_into_leaf(cs, leaf_elements)?;
    verify_proof_over_cap::<E, H, CS>(cs, proof, tree_cap, &leaf_hash, path)
}

pub fn verify_proof_over_cap<E: Engine, H: CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    proof: &[H::CircuitOutput],
    cap: &[H::CircuitOutput],
    leaf_hash: &H::CircuitOutput,
    path: &[Boolean],
) -> Result<Boolean, SynthesisError> {
    assert!(path.len() >= proof.len());

    let mut current = leaf_hash.clone();
    let path_bits = &path[..proof.len()];
    let cap_bits = &path[proof.len()..];

    for (proof_el, path_bit) in proof.iter().zip(path_bits.iter()) {
        let (left, right) = H::swap_nodes(cs, *path_bit, &current, &proof_el, 0)?;
        current = <H as CircuitGLTreeHasher<E>>::hash_into_node(cs, &left, &right, 0)?;
    }

    let selected_cap_el = H::select_cap_node(cs, cap_bits, cap)?;

    H::compare_output(cs, &current, &selected_cap_el)
}

fn pow_from_precomputations<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E> + 'static>(cs: &mut CS, bases: &[GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>], bits: &[Boolean]) -> GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS> {
    let mut result = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::one(cs);

    for (base, bit) in bases.iter().zip(bits.iter()) {
        let mut tmp = result;
        tmp.mul_assign(base, cs);
        result = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::conditionally_select(cs, *bit, &tmp, &result);
    }

    result
}

fn quotening_operation<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E> + 'static>(
    cs: &mut CS,
    dst: &mut GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>,
    polynomial_values: &Vec<GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>>,
    values_at: &Vec<GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>>,
    domain_element: GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>,
    at: GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>,
    challenges: &[GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper<E, CS>],
) {
    // we precompute challenges outside to avoid any manual extension ops here
    assert_eq!(polynomial_values.len(), values_at.len());
    assert_eq!(polynomial_values.len(), challenges.len());

    let zero_base = GoldilocksAsFieldWrapper::zero(cs);

    let mut denom = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::from_wrapper_coeffs_in_base([domain_element, zero_base]);
    denom.sub_assign(&at, cs);
    denom = denom.inverse(cs);

    let mut acc = GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::zero(cs);

    for ((poly_value, value_at), challenge) in polynomial_values.iter().zip(values_at.iter()).zip(challenges.iter()) {
        // (f(x) - f(z))/(x - z)
        let mut tmp = *poly_value;
        tmp.sub_assign(&value_at, cs);

        GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::mul_and_accumulate_into(&mut acc, &tmp, &challenge, cs);

        // let mut as_ext = *challenge;
        // as_ext.mul_assign(&tmp, cs);
        // acc.add_assign(&as_ext, cs);
    }

    GoldilocksExtAsFieldWrapper::<E, CS>::mul_and_accumulate_into(dst, &acc, &denom, cs);

    // acc.mul_assign(&denom, cs);
    // dst.add_assign(&acc, cs);
}