signet-libmdbx 0.8.1

use crate::{
    Database, Mode, SyncMode,
    error::{MdbxError, MdbxResult, ReadResult, mdbx_result},
    flags::EnvironmentFlags,
    sys::txn_manager::{LifecycleHandle, RwSyncLifecycle},
    tx::aliases::{RoTxSync, RoTxUnsync, RwTxSync, RwTxUnsync},
};
use byteorder::{ByteOrder, NativeEndian};
use mem::size_of;
use std::{
    ffi::CString,
    fmt::{self, Debug},
    mem,
    ops::{Bound, RangeBounds},
    path::Path,
    ptr,
    sync::Arc,
    time::Duration,
};

/// An environment supports multiple databases, all residing in the same shared-memory map.
///
/// Accessing the environment is thread-safe.
/// The environment will be closed when the last instance of this type is dropped.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct Environment {
    inner: Arc<EnvironmentInner>,
}

impl Environment {
    /// Creates a new builder for specifying options for opening an MDBX environment.
    pub fn builder() -> EnvironmentBuilder {
        EnvironmentBuilder {
            flags: EnvironmentFlags::default(),
            max_readers: None,
            max_dbs: None,
            sync_bytes: None,
            sync_period: None,
            rp_augment_limit: None,
            loose_limit: None,
            dp_reserve_limit: None,
            txn_dp_limit: None,
            spill_max_denominator: None,
            spill_min_denominator: None,
            geometry: None,
            log_level: None,
            kind: Default::default(),
            handle_slow_readers: None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if the environment was opened as WRITEMAP.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_write_map(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.env_kind.is_write_map()
    }

    /// Returns the kind of the environment.
    #[inline]
    pub fn env_kind(&self) -> EnvironmentKind {
        self.inner.env_kind
    }

    /// Returns true if the environment was opened in [`crate::Mode::ReadWrite`] mode.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_read_write(&self) -> MdbxResult<bool> {
        Ok(!self.is_read_only()?)
    }

    /// Returns true if the environment was opened in [`crate::Mode::ReadOnly`] mode.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_read_only(&self) -> MdbxResult<bool> {
        Ok(matches!(self.info()?.mode(), Mode::ReadOnly))
    }

    /// Returns the transaction manager.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn txn_manager(&self) -> &LifecycleHandle {
        &self.inner.txn_manager
    }

    /// Create a read-only transaction for use with the environment.
    #[inline]
    pub fn begin_ro_sync(&self) -> MdbxResult<RoTxSync> {
        RoTxSync::begin(self.clone())
    }

    /// Create a read-write transaction for use with the environment. This
    /// method will block while there are any other read-write transactions
    /// open on the environment.
    pub fn begin_rw_sync(&self) -> MdbxResult<RwTxSync> {
        RwTxSync::begin(self.clone())
    }

    /// Create a single-threaded read-only transaction for use with the
    /// environment.
    ///
    /// The returned Tx is `!Sync`. As a result, it saves about 30% overhead on
    /// transaction operations compared to the multi-threaded version, but
    /// cannot be sent or shared between threads.
    ///
    /// If the `read-tx-timeouts` feature is enabled, the transaction will
    /// have a default timeout applied.
    pub fn begin_ro_unsync(&self) -> MdbxResult<RoTxUnsync> {
        RoTxUnsync::begin(self.clone())
    }

    /// Create a single-threaded read-write transaction for use with the
    /// environment. This method will block while there are any other read-write
    /// transactions open on the environment.
    ///
    /// The returned Tx is `!Send` and `!Sync`. As a result, it saves about 30%
    /// overhead on transaction operations compared to the multi-threaded
    /// version, but cannot be sent or shared between threads.
    pub fn begin_rw_unsync(&self) -> MdbxResult<RwTxUnsync> {
        RwTxUnsync::begin(self.clone())
    }

    /// Returns a raw pointer to the underlying MDBX environment.
    ///
    /// The caller **must** ensure that the pointer is never dereferenced after the environment has
    /// been dropped.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn env_ptr(&self) -> *mut ffi::MDBX_env {
        self.inner.env
    }

    /// Executes the given closure once
    ///
    /// This is only intended to be used when accessing mdbx ffi functions directly is required.
    ///
    /// The caller **must** ensure that the pointer is only used within the closure.
    #[inline]
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn with_raw_env_ptr<F, T>(&self, f: F) -> T
    where
        F: FnOnce(*mut ffi::MDBX_env) -> T,
    {
        f(self.env_ptr())
    }

    /// Flush the environment data buffers to disk.
    pub fn sync(&self, force: bool) -> MdbxResult<bool> {
        mdbx_result(unsafe { ffi::mdbx_env_sync_ex(self.env_ptr(), force, false) })
    }

    /// Retrieves statistics about this environment.
    pub fn stat(&self) -> MdbxResult<Stat> {
        unsafe {
            let mut stat = Stat::new();
            mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_stat_ex(
                self.env_ptr(),
                ptr::null(),
                stat.mdb_stat(),
                size_of::<Stat>(),
            ))?;
            Ok(stat)
        }
    }

    /// Retrieves info about this environment.
    pub fn info(&self) -> MdbxResult<Info> {
        unsafe {
            let mut info = Info(mem::zeroed());
            mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_info_ex(
                self.env_ptr(),
                ptr::null(),
                &mut info.0,
                size_of::<Info>(),
            ))?;
            Ok(info)
        }
    }

    /// Retrieves the total number of pages on the freelist.
    ///
    /// Along with [`Environment::info()`], this can be used to calculate the exact number
    /// of used pages as well as free pages in this environment.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use signet_libmdbx::Environment;
    /// let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
    /// let env = Environment::builder().open(dir.path()).unwrap();
    /// let info = env.info().unwrap();
    /// let stat = env.stat().unwrap();
    /// let freelist = env.freelist().unwrap();
    /// let last_pgno = info.last_pgno() + 1; // pgno is 0 based.
    /// let total_pgs = info.map_size() / stat.page_size() as usize;
    /// let pgs_in_use = last_pgno - freelist;
    /// let pgs_free = total_pgs - pgs_in_use;
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Note:
    ///
    /// * MDBX stores all the freelists in the designated database 0 in each
    ///   environment, and the freelist count is stored at the beginning of the
    ///   value as `uint32_t` in the native byte order.
    ///
    /// * It will create a read transaction to traverse the freelist database.
    pub fn freelist(&self) -> ReadResult<usize> {
        let mut freelist: usize = 0;
        let txn = self.begin_ro_unsync()?;
        let db = Database::freelist_db();
        let mut cursor = txn.cursor(db)?;
        let mut iter = cursor.iter_slices();

        while let Some((_key, value)) = iter.borrow_next()? {
            if value.len() < size_of::<u32>() {
                return Err(MdbxError::Corrupted.into());
            }
            let s = &value[..size_of::<u32>()];
            freelist += NativeEndian::read_u32(s) as usize;
        }

        Ok(freelist)
    }
}

/// Container type for Environment internals.
///
/// This holds the raw pointer to the MDBX environment and the transaction
/// manager.
///
/// The env is opened via [`mdbx_env_create`](ffi::mdbx_env_create) and closed
/// when this type drops.
struct EnvironmentInner {
    /// The raw pointer to the MDBX environment.
    ///
    /// Accessing the environment is thread-safe as long as long as this type exists.
    env: *mut ffi::MDBX_env,
    /// Whether the environment was opened as WRITEMAP.
    env_kind: EnvironmentKind,
    /// Transaction manager
    txn_manager: LifecycleHandle,
}

impl Drop for EnvironmentInner {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Close open mdbx environment on drop
        unsafe {
            ffi::mdbx_env_close_ex(self.env, false);
        }
    }
}

// SAFETY: internal type, only used inside [Environment]. Accessing the
// environment pointer is thread-safe
unsafe impl Send for EnvironmentInner {}
unsafe impl Sync for EnvironmentInner {}

/// Determines how data is mapped into memory
///
/// It only takes effect when the environment is opened.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub enum EnvironmentKind {
    /// Open the environment in default mode, without WRITEMAP.
    #[default]
    Default,
    /// Open the environment as mdbx-WRITEMAP.
    ///
    /// Use a writeable memory map unless the environment is opened as
    /// `MDBX_RDONLY` ([`crate::Mode::ReadOnly`]).
    ///
    /// All data will be mapped into memory in the read-write mode
    /// [`crate::Mode::ReadWrite`]. This offers a significant performance
    /// benefit, since the data will be modified directly in mapped memory and
    /// then flushed to disk by single system call, without any memory
    /// management nor copying.
    ///
    /// This mode is incompatible with nested transactions.
    WriteMap,
}

impl EnvironmentKind {
    /// Returns true if the environment was opened as WRITEMAP.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn is_write_map(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::WriteMap)
    }

    /// Additional flags required when opening the environment.
    pub(crate) const fn extra_flags(&self) -> ffi::MDBX_env_flags_t {
        match self {
            Self::Default => ffi::MDBX_ENV_DEFAULTS,
            Self::WriteMap => ffi::MDBX_WRITEMAP,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub(crate) struct EnvPtr(pub(crate) *mut ffi::MDBX_env);
unsafe impl Send for EnvPtr {}
unsafe impl Sync for EnvPtr {}

/// Environment statistics.
///
/// Contains information about the size and layout of an MDBX environment or
/// database.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Stat(ffi::MDBX_stat);

impl Stat {
    /// Create a new Stat with zero'd inner struct `ffi::MDB_stat`.
    pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
        unsafe { Self(mem::zeroed()) }
    }

    /// Returns a mut pointer to `ffi::MDB_stat`.
    pub(crate) const fn mdb_stat(&mut self) -> *mut ffi::MDBX_stat {
        &mut self.0
    }
}

impl Stat {
    /// Size of a database page. This is the same for all databases in the
    /// environment.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn page_size(&self) -> u32 {
        self.0.ms_psize
    }

    /// Depth (height) of the B-tree.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn depth(&self) -> u32 {
        self.0.ms_depth
    }

    /// Number of internal (non-leaf) pages.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn branch_pages(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.ms_branch_pages as usize
    }

    /// Number of leaf pages.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn leaf_pages(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.ms_leaf_pages as usize
    }

    /// Number of overflow pages.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn overflow_pages(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.ms_overflow_pages as usize
    }

    /// Number of data items.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn entries(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.ms_entries as usize
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct GeometryInfo(ffi::MDBX_envinfo__bindgen_ty_1);

impl GeometryInfo {
    /// Minimum geometry setting of the environment.
    pub const fn min(&self) -> u64 {
        self.0.lower
    }
}

/// Environment information.
///
/// Contains environment information about the map size, readers, last txn id
/// etc.
#[derive(Debug)]
#[repr(transparent)]
pub struct Info(ffi::MDBX_envinfo);

impl Info {
    /// Geometry settings of the environment.
    pub const fn geometry(&self) -> GeometryInfo {
        GeometryInfo(self.0.mi_geo)
    }

    /// Size of memory map.
    #[inline]
    pub const fn map_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.mi_mapsize as usize
    }

    /// Last used page number
    #[inline]
    pub const fn last_pgno(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.mi_last_pgno as usize
    }

    /// Last transaction ID
    #[inline]
    pub const fn last_txnid(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.mi_recent_txnid as usize
    }

    /// Max reader slots in the environment
    #[inline]
    pub const fn max_readers(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.mi_maxreaders as usize
    }

    /// Max reader slots used in the environment
    #[inline]
    pub const fn num_readers(&self) -> usize {
        self.0.mi_numreaders as usize
    }

    /// Return the internal page ops metrics
    #[inline]
    pub const fn page_ops(&self) -> PageOps {
        PageOps {
            newly: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.newly,
            cow: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.cow,
            clone: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.clone,
            split: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.split,
            merge: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.merge,
            spill: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.spill,
            unspill: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.unspill,
            wops: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.wops,
            prefault: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.prefault,
            mincore: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.mincore,
            msync: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.msync,
            fsync: self.0.mi_pgop_stat.fsync,
        }
    }

    /// Return the mode of the database
    #[inline]
    pub const fn mode(&self) -> Mode {
        let mode = self.0.mi_mode as ffi::MDBX_env_flags_t;
        if (mode & ffi::MDBX_RDONLY) != 0 {
            Mode::ReadOnly
        } else if (mode & ffi::MDBX_UTTERLY_NOSYNC) != 0 {
            Mode::ReadWrite { sync_mode: SyncMode::UtterlyNoSync }
        } else if (mode & ffi::MDBX_NOMETASYNC) != 0 {
            Mode::ReadWrite { sync_mode: SyncMode::NoMetaSync }
        } else if (mode & ffi::MDBX_SAFE_NOSYNC) != 0 {
            Mode::ReadWrite { sync_mode: SyncMode::SafeNoSync }
        } else {
            Mode::ReadWrite { sync_mode: SyncMode::Durable }
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Environment {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Environment").field("kind", &self.inner.env_kind).finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Environment Builder
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Page size settings for the database environment
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum PageSize {
    /// Determine a page size automatically based on the underlying system.
    MinimalAcceptable,
    /// Use the specified page size in bytes.
    Set(usize),
}

/// Statistics of page operations overall of all (running, completed and
/// aborted) transactions
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct PageOps {
    /// Quantity of a new pages added
    pub newly: u64,
    /// Quantity of pages copied for update
    pub cow: u64,
    /// Quantity of parent's dirty pages clones for nested transactions
    pub clone: u64,
    /// Page splits
    pub split: u64,
    /// Page merges
    pub merge: u64,
    /// Quantity of spilled dirty pages
    pub spill: u64,
    /// Quantity of unspilled/reloaded pages
    pub unspill: u64,
    /// Number of explicit write operations (not a pages) to a disk
    pub wops: u64,
    /// Number of explicit msync/flush-to-disk operations
    pub msync: u64,
    /// Number of explicit fsync/flush-to-disk operations
    pub fsync: u64,
    /// Number of prefault write operations
    pub prefault: u64,
    /// Number of `mincore()` calls
    pub mincore: u64,
}

/// Represents the geometry settings for the database environment
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Geometry<R> {
    /// The size range in bytes.
    pub size: Option<R>,
    /// The growth step in bytes.
    pub growth_step: Option<isize>,
    /// The shrink threshold in bytes.
    pub shrink_threshold: Option<isize>,
    /// The page size.
    pub page_size: Option<PageSize>,
}

impl<R> Default for Geometry<R> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self { size: None, growth_step: None, shrink_threshold: None, page_size: None }
    }
}

/// Handle-Slow-Readers callback function to resolve database full/overflow
/// issue due to a reader(s) which prevents the old data from being recycled.
///
/// Read transactions prevent reuse of pages freed by newer write transactions,
/// thus the database can grow quickly. This callback will be called when there
/// is not enough  space in the database (i.e. before increasing the database
/// size or before `MDBX_MAP_FULL` error) and thus can be used to resolve
/// issues with a "long-lived" read transactions.
///
/// Depending on the arguments and needs, your implementation may wait,
/// terminate a process or thread that is performing a long read, or perform
/// some other action. In doing so it is important that the returned code always
/// corresponds to the performed action.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `process_id` – A process id of the reader process.
/// * `thread_id` – A thread id of the reader thread.
/// * `read_txn_id` – An oldest read transaction number on which stalled.
/// * `gap` – A lag from the last committed txn.
/// * `space` – A space that actually become available for reuse after this
///   reader finished. The callback function can take this value into account
///   to evaluate the impact that a long-running
///   transaction has.
/// * `retry` – A retry number starting from 0. If callback has returned 0 at
///   least once, then at end of current handling loop the callback function
///   will be called additionally with negative `retry` value to notify about
///   the end of loop. The callback function can use this fact to implement
///   timeout reset logic while waiting for a readers.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A return code that determines the further actions for MDBX and must match
/// the action which was executed by the callback:
///
/// * `-2` or less – An error condition and the reader was not killed.
/// * `-1` – The callback was unable to solve the problem and agreed on
///   `MDBX_MAP_FULL` error; MDBX should increase the database size or return
///   `MDBX_MAP_FULL` error.
/// * `0` – The callback solved the problem or just waited for a while, libmdbx
///   should rescan the reader lock table and retry. This also includes a
///   situation when corresponding transaction terminated in normal way by
///   `mdbx_txn_abort()` or `mdbx_txn_reset()`, and may be restarted. I.e.
///   reader slot isn't needed to be cleaned from transaction.
/// * `1` – Transaction aborted asynchronous and reader slot should be cleared
///   immediately, i.e. read transaction will not continue but
///   `mdbx_txn_abort()` nor `mdbx_txn_reset()` will be called later.
/// * `>=2` – The reader process was terminated or killed, and MDBX should
///   entirely reset reader registration.
pub type HandleSlowReadersCallback = extern "C" fn(
    env: *const ffi::MDBX_env,
    txn: *const ffi::MDBX_txn,
    pid: ffi::mdbx_pid_t,
    tid: ffi::mdbx_tid_t,
    laggard: u64,
    gap: std::ffi::c_uint,
    space: usize,
    retry: std::ffi::c_int,
) -> HandleSlowReadersReturnCode;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(i32)]
/// Return codes for the Handle-Slow-Readers callback function.
pub enum HandleSlowReadersReturnCode {
    /// An error condition and the reader was not killed.
    Error = -2,
    /// The callback was unable to solve the problem and agreed on
    /// `MDBX_MAP_FULL` error; MDBX should increase the database size or return
    /// `MDBX_MAP_FULL` error.
    ProceedWithoutKillingReader = -1,
    /// The callback solved the problem or just waited for a while, libmdbx
    /// should rescan the reader lock table and retry. This also includes a
    /// situation when corresponding transaction terminated in normal way by
    /// `mdbx_txn_abort()` or `mdbx_txn_reset()`, and may be restarted. I.e.
    /// reader slot isn't needed to be cleaned from transaction.
    Success = 0,
    /// Transaction aborted asynchronous and reader slot should be cleared
    /// immediately, i.e. read transaction will not continue but
    /// `mdbx_txn_abort()` nor `mdbx_txn_reset()` will be called later.
    ClearReaderSlot = 1,
    /// The reader process was terminated or killed, and MDBX should entirely
    /// reset reader registration.
    ReaderProcessTerminated = 2,
}

/// Options for opening or creating an environment.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct EnvironmentBuilder {
    flags: EnvironmentFlags,
    max_readers: Option<u64>,
    max_dbs: Option<u64>,
    sync_bytes: Option<u64>,
    sync_period: Option<u64>,
    rp_augment_limit: Option<u64>,
    loose_limit: Option<u64>,
    dp_reserve_limit: Option<u64>,
    txn_dp_limit: Option<u64>,
    spill_max_denominator: Option<u64>,
    spill_min_denominator: Option<u64>,
    geometry: Option<Geometry<(Option<usize>, Option<usize>)>>,
    log_level: Option<ffi::MDBX_log_level_t>,
    kind: EnvironmentKind,
    handle_slow_readers: Option<HandleSlowReadersCallback>,
}

impl EnvironmentBuilder {
    /// Open an environment.
    ///
    /// Database files will be opened with 644 permissions.
    pub fn open(&self, path: &Path) -> MdbxResult<Environment> {
        self.open_with_permissions(path, 0o644)
    }

    /// Open an environment with the provided UNIX permissions.
    ///
    /// The path may not contain the null character.
    pub fn open_with_permissions(
        &self,
        path: &Path,
        mode: ffi::mdbx_mode_t,
    ) -> MdbxResult<Environment> {
        let mut env: *mut ffi::MDBX_env = ptr::null_mut();
        unsafe {
            if let Some(log_level) = self.log_level {
                // Returns the previously debug_flags in the 0-15 bits and log_level in the
                // 16-31 bits, no need to use `mdbx_result`.
                ffi::mdbx_setup_debug(log_level, ffi::MDBX_DBG_DONTCHANGE, None);
            }

            mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_create(&mut env))?;

            if let Err(e) = (|| {
                if let Some(geometry) = &self.geometry {
                    let mut min_size = -1;
                    let mut max_size = -1;

                    if let Some(size) = geometry.size {
                        if let Some(size) = size.0 {
                            min_size = size as isize;
                        }

                        if let Some(size) = size.1 {
                            max_size = size as isize;
                        }
                    }

                    mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_set_geometry(
                        env,
                        min_size,
                        -1,
                        max_size,
                        geometry.growth_step.unwrap_or(-1),
                        geometry.shrink_threshold.unwrap_or(-1),
                        match geometry.page_size {
                            None => -1,
                            Some(PageSize::MinimalAcceptable) => 0,
                            Some(PageSize::Set(size)) => size as isize,
                        },
                    ))?;
                }
                for (opt, v) in [
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_max_db, self.max_dbs),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_rp_augment_limit, self.rp_augment_limit),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_loose_limit, self.loose_limit),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_dp_reserve_limit, self.dp_reserve_limit),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_txn_dp_limit, self.txn_dp_limit),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_spill_max_denominator, self.spill_max_denominator),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_spill_min_denominator, self.spill_min_denominator),
                ] {
                    if let Some(v) = v {
                        mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_set_option(env, opt, v))?;
                    }
                }

                // set max readers if specified
                if let Some(max_readers) = self.max_readers {
                    mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_set_option(
                        env,
                        ffi::MDBX_opt_max_readers,
                        max_readers,
                    ))?;
                }

                if let Some(handle_slow_readers) = self.handle_slow_readers {
                    mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_set_hsr(
                        env,
                        convert_hsr_fn(Some(handle_slow_readers)),
                    ))?;
                }

                #[cfg(unix)]
                fn path_to_bytes<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Vec<u8> {
                    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
                    path.as_ref().as_os_str().as_bytes().to_vec()
                }

                #[cfg(windows)]
                fn path_to_bytes<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Vec<u8> {
                    // On Windows, could use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt to encode_wide(),
                    // but we end up with a Vec<u16> instead of a Vec<u8>, so that doesn't
                    // really help.
                    path.as_ref().to_string_lossy().to_string().into_bytes()
                }

                let path = match CString::new(path_to_bytes(path)) {
                    Ok(path) => path,
                    Err(_) => return Err(MdbxError::Invalid),
                };
                mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_open(
                    env,
                    path.as_ptr(),
                    self.flags.make_flags() | self.kind.extra_flags(),
                    mode,
                ))?;

                for (opt, v) in [
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_sync_bytes, self.sync_bytes),
                    (ffi::MDBX_opt_sync_period, self.sync_period),
                ] {
                    if let Some(v) = v {
                        mdbx_result(ffi::mdbx_env_set_option(env, opt, v))?;
                    }
                }

                Ok(())
            })() {
                ffi::mdbx_env_close_ex(env, false);

                return Err(e);
            }
        }

        let env_ptr = EnvPtr(env);

        let txn_manager = RwSyncLifecycle::spawn(env_ptr);

        let env = EnvironmentInner { env, txn_manager, env_kind: self.kind };

        Ok(Environment { inner: Arc::new(env) })
    }

    /// Configures how this environment will be opened.
    pub const fn set_kind(&mut self, kind: EnvironmentKind) -> &mut Self {
        self.kind = kind;
        self
    }

    /// Opens the environment with mdbx WRITEMAP
    ///
    /// See also [`EnvironmentKind`]
    pub const fn write_map(&mut self) -> &mut Self {
        self.set_kind(EnvironmentKind::WriteMap)
    }

    /// Sets the provided options in the environment.
    pub const fn set_flags(&mut self, flags: EnvironmentFlags) -> &mut Self {
        self.flags = flags;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the maximum number of threads or reader slots for the environment.
    ///
    /// This defines the number of slots in the lock table that is used to
    /// track readers in the environment. The default is 126. Starting a
    /// read-only transaction normally ties a lock table slot to [`Tx`] object
    /// until it or the [`Environment`] object is destroyed.
    ///
    /// [`Tx`]: crate::tx::Tx
    pub const fn set_max_readers(&mut self, max_readers: u64) -> &mut Self {
        self.max_readers = Some(max_readers);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the maximum number of named databases for the environment.
    ///
    /// This function is only needed if multiple databases will be used in the
    /// environment. Simpler applications that use the environment as a single
    /// unnamed database can ignore this option.
    ///
    /// Currently a moderate number of slots are cheap but a huge number gets
    /// expensive: 7-120 words per transaction, and every call to
    /// [`Tx::open_db()`] or [`Tx::open_db_no_cache()`] does a linear
    ///
    /// [`Tx::open_db()`]: crate::tx::Tx::open_db
    /// [`Tx::open_db_no_cache()`]: crate::tx::Tx::open_db_no_cache
    /// search of the opened slots.
    pub const fn set_max_dbs(&mut self, v: usize) -> &mut Self {
        self.max_dbs = Some(v as u64);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the interprocess/shared threshold to force flush the data buffers
    /// to disk, if [`SyncMode::SafeNoSync`] is used.
    pub const fn set_sync_bytes(&mut self, v: usize) -> &mut Self {
        self.sync_bytes = Some(v as u64);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the interprocess/shared relative period since the last unsteady commit to force flush
    /// the data buffers to disk, if [`SyncMode::SafeNoSync`] is used.
    pub fn set_sync_period(&mut self, v: Duration) -> &mut Self {
        // For this option, mdbx uses units of 1/65536 of a second.
        let as_mdbx_units = (v.as_secs_f64() * 65536f64) as u64;
        self.sync_period = Some(as_mdbx_units);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the relative limit of the reader's page-table augmentation.
    pub const fn set_rp_augment_limit(&mut self, v: u64) -> &mut Self {
        self.rp_augment_limit = Some(v);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the relative loose limit of the environment.
    pub const fn set_loose_limit(&mut self, v: u64) -> &mut Self {
        self.loose_limit = Some(v);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the relative dirty-page reserve limit of the environment.
    pub const fn set_dp_reserve_limit(&mut self, v: u64) -> &mut Self {
        self.dp_reserve_limit = Some(v);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the relative dirty-page limit per transaction.
    pub const fn set_txn_dp_limit(&mut self, v: u64) -> &mut Self {
        self.txn_dp_limit = Some(v);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the spill maximum denominator.
    pub fn set_spill_max_denominator(&mut self, v: u8) -> &mut Self {
        self.spill_max_denominator = Some(v.into());
        self
    }

    /// Sets the spill minimum denominator.
    pub fn set_spill_min_denominator(&mut self, v: u8) -> &mut Self {
        self.spill_min_denominator = Some(v.into());
        self
    }

    /// Set all size-related parameters of environment, including page size and the min/max size of
    /// the memory map.
    pub fn set_geometry<R: RangeBounds<usize>>(&mut self, geometry: Geometry<R>) -> &mut Self {
        let convert_bound = |bound: Bound<&usize>| match bound {
            Bound::Included(v) | Bound::Excluded(v) => Some(*v),
            _ => None,
        };
        self.geometry = Some(Geometry {
            size: geometry.size.map(|range| {
                (convert_bound(range.start_bound()), convert_bound(range.end_bound()))
            }),
            growth_step: geometry.growth_step,
            shrink_threshold: geometry.shrink_threshold,
            page_size: geometry.page_size,
        });
        self
    }

    /// Set the logging level for the environment.
    pub const fn set_log_level(&mut self, log_level: ffi::MDBX_log_level_t) -> &mut Self {
        self.log_level = Some(log_level);
        self
    }

    /// Set the Handle-Slow-Readers callback. See [`HandleSlowReadersCallback`] for more
    /// information.
    pub fn set_handle_slow_readers(&mut self, hsr: HandleSlowReadersCallback) -> &mut Self {
        self.handle_slow_readers = Some(hsr);
        self
    }
}

/// Converts a [`HandleSlowReadersCallback`] to the actual FFI function pointer.
fn convert_hsr_fn(callback: Option<HandleSlowReadersCallback>) -> ffi::MDBX_hsr_func {
    unsafe { std::mem::transmute(callback) }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use crate::{
        Environment, Geometry, MdbxError, WriteFlags,
        sys::{HandleSlowReadersReturnCode, PageSize},
    };
    use std::{
        ops::RangeInclusive,
        sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
    };

    #[test]
    fn test_handle_slow_readers_callback() {
        static CALLED: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);

        extern "C" fn handle_slow_readers(
            _env: *const ffi::MDBX_env,
            _txn: *const ffi::MDBX_txn,
            _pid: ffi::mdbx_pid_t,
            _tid: ffi::mdbx_tid_t,
            _laggard: u64,
            _gap: std::ffi::c_uint,
            _space: usize,
            _retry: std::ffi::c_int,
        ) -> HandleSlowReadersReturnCode {
            CALLED.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
            HandleSlowReadersReturnCode::ProceedWithoutKillingReader
        }

        let tempdir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let env = Environment::builder()
            .set_geometry(Geometry::<RangeInclusive<usize>> {
                size: Some(0..=1024 * 1024), // Max 1MB, so we can hit the limit
                page_size: Some(PageSize::MinimalAcceptable), // To create as many pages as possible
                ..Default::default()
            })
            .set_handle_slow_readers(handle_slow_readers)
            .open(tempdir.path())
            .unwrap();

        // Insert some data in the database, so the read transaction can lock on the snapshot of it
        {
            let tx = env.begin_rw_sync().unwrap();
            let db = tx.open_db(None).unwrap();
            for i in 0usize..1_000 {
                tx.put(db, i.to_le_bytes(), b"0", WriteFlags::empty()).unwrap()
            }
            tx.commit().unwrap();
        }

        // Create a read transaction
        let _tx_ro = env.begin_ro_sync().unwrap();
        // Change previously inserted data, so the read transaction would use the previous snapshot
        {
            let tx = env.begin_rw_sync().unwrap();
            let db = tx.open_db(None).unwrap();
            for i in 0usize..1_000 {
                tx.put(db, i.to_le_bytes(), b"1", WriteFlags::empty()).unwrap();
            }
            tx.commit().unwrap();
        }

        // Insert more data in the database, so we hit the DB size limit error, and MDBX tries to
        // kick long-lived readers and delete their snapshots
        {
            let tx = env.begin_rw_sync().unwrap();
            let db = tx.open_db(None).unwrap();
            for i in 1_000usize..1_000_000 {
                match tx.put(db, i.to_le_bytes(), b"0", WriteFlags::empty()) {
                    Ok(_) => {}
                    Err(MdbxError::MapFull) => break,
                    result @ Err(_) => result.unwrap(),
                }
            }
            // The transaction may be in an error state after hitting MapFull,
            // so commit could fail. We don't care about the result here since
            // the purpose of this test is to verify the HSR callback was called.
            let _ = tx.commit();
        }

        // Expect the HSR to be called
        assert!(CALLED.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
    }
}