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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" >Rust (programming language)</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Memory-safe programming language without garbage collection</div>
<table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="image"><img alt="Wiki letter w.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/MOS:LEADLENGTH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LEADLENGTH">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Rust</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg" class="image" title="A capitalised letter R set into a sprocket"><img alt="A capitalised letter R set into a sprocket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/220px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/330px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg/440px-Rust_programming_language_black_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The official Rust logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Graydon Hoare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">The Rust Foundation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">July 7, 2010<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-07-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.54.0<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d7d2ae7cad22d8404e74ca8001973bc1f87581cf-v3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d7d2ae7cad22d8404e74ca8001973bc1f87581cf-v3-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575650?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>
/ July 29, 2021<span class="noprint">; 26 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">July 29, 2021</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Affine_type_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Affine type system">Affine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">inferred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nominal_type_system" title="Nominal type system">nominal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data">Rust</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache 2.0</a><sup id="cite_ref-legal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.rs, .rlib</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rust-lang.org">www<wbr />.rust-lang<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(programming_language)" title="Cyclone (programming language)">Cyclone</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem-4">[4]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-influences_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influences-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rust-if-let_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-if-let-5">[5]</a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"/><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a><sup id="cite_ref-elmresult_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elmresult-6">[6]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a><sup id="cite_ref-Idris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idris-7">[7]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">Spark</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jaloyan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaloyan-8">[8]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lattner_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lattner-9">[9]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a><sup id="cite_ref-Project_Verona_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Project_Verona-10">[10]</a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/PHP_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="PHP (programming language)">PHP</a><sup id="cite_ref-PHP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHP-11">[11]</a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Rust</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a> designed for <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">safety</a>, especially safe <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-13">[13]</a></sup> Rust is <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntactically</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> but can guarantee <a href="/wiki/Memory_safety" title="Memory safety">memory safety</a> by using a <i>borrow checker</i> to validate <a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">references</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unsafe_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unsafe-15">[15]</a></sup> Rust achieves memory safety without <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> is optional.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rust was originally designed by Graydon Hoare at <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> Research, with contributions from Dave Herman, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-lamda_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamda-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contributors_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contributors-19">[19]</a></sup> The designers refined the language while writing the <a href="/wiki/Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)">Servo</a> experimental <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rustinservo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustinservo-20">[20]</a></sup> and the Rust <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>. It has gained increasing use in industry, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has been experimenting with the language for secure and safety-critical software components.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rust has been voted the "most loved programming language" in the <a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a> Developer Survey every year since 2016, though only used by 7% of the respondents in the 2021 survey.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Memory_safety"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Memory safety</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Memory_management"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Memory management</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ownership"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Types_and_polymorphism"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Types and polymorphism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Cargo"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cargo</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Rustfmt"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rustfmt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Clippy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Clippy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#RLS"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">RLS</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Language_extensions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Language extensions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Performance"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Performance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Adoption"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Adoption</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Web_browsers"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Web browsers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Experimental_operating_systems"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Experimental operating systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png/220px-Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png/330px-Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png/440px-Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="755" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustc_building_paru_with_cargo_screenshot.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An example of compiling a Rust program</div></div></div>
<p>The language grew out of a personal project begun in 2006 by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare,<sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-13">[13]</a></sup> who stated that the project was possibly named after the <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rust family of fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-name_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-name-24">[24]</a></sup> Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-13">[13]</a></sup> and announced it in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-future-tense_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-tense-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The same year, work shifted from the initial <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> (written in <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">self-hosting compiler</a> written in Rust.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-in-rust_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-in-rust-27">[27]</a></sup> Named <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">rustc</span>, it successfully <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(compilers)" title="Bootstrapping (compilers)">compiled itself</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-compiles-rust_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-compiles-rust-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first numbered <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Pre-alpha" title="Software release life cycle">pre-alpha release</a> of the Rust compiler occurred in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-rustc-0.1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rustc-0.1-29">[29]</a></sup> Rust 1.0, the first stable release, was released on May 15, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Version_history_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Version_history-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Following 1.0, stable point releases are delivered every six weeks, while features are developed in nightly Rust with daily releases, then tested with beta releases that last six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Scheduling_the_Trains_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scheduling_the_Trains-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Every 2 to 3 years, a new Rust "Edition" is produced. This is to provide a easy reference point for changes due to the frequent nature of Rust's <i>Train release schedule,</i> as well as to provide a window to make breaking changes. Editions are largely compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Along with conventional <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static typing</a>, before version 0.4, Rust also supported <a href="/wiki/Typestate_analysis" title="Typestate analysis">typestates</a>. The typestate system modeled assertions before and after program statements, through use of a special <code>check</code> statement. Discrepancies could be discovered at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>, rather than at <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a>, as might be the case with <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (computing)">assertions</a> in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or C++ code. The typestate concept was not unique to Rust, as it was first introduced in the language <a href="/wiki/NIL_(programming_language)" title="NIL (programming language)">NIL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-typestate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-typestate-35">[35]</a></sup> Typestates were removed because in practice they were little used,<sup id="cite_ref-brand-pattern_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brand-pattern-36">[36]</a></sup> though the same functionality can be achieved by leveraging Rust's move <a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">semantics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-typestate2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-typestate2-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>The style of the <a href="/wiki/Object_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Object system">object system</a> changed considerably within versions 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 of Rust. Version 0.2 introduced <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> for the first time, and version 0.3 added several features, including <a href="/wiki/Destructor_(computer_programming)" title="Destructor (computer programming)">destructors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> through the use of interfaces. In Rust 0.4, traits were added as a means to provide <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">inheritance</a>; interfaces were unified with traits and removed as a separate feature. Classes were also removed and replaced by a combination of implementations and <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">structured types</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Starting in Rust 0.9 and ending in Rust 0.11, Rust had two built-in <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointer</a> types: <code>~</code> and <code>@</code>, simplifying the core <a href="/wiki/Memory_model_(programming)" title="Memory model (programming)">memory model</a>. It reimplemented those pointer types in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a> as <code>Box</code> and (the now removed) <code>Gc</code>.
</p><p>In January 2014, before the first stable release, Rust 1.0, the editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobb%27s_Journal" title="Dr. Dobb's Journal">Dr. Dobb's</a></i>, Andrew Binstock, commented on Rust's chances of becoming a competitor to C++ and to the other up-and-coming languages <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> (then Nimrod). According to Binstock, while Rust was "widely viewed as a remarkably elegant language", adoption slowed because it repeatedly changed between versions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rust has a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">foreign function interface</a> (FFI) that can be called from e.g. C language, and can call C. While calling C++ has historically been problematic (from any language), Rust has a library, CXX, to allow calling to or from C++, and "CXX has zero or negligible overhead".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2020, Mozilla laid off 250 of its 1,000 employees worldwide as part of a corporate restructuring caused by the long-term impact of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> Among those laid off were most of the Rust team,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while the Servo team was completely disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The event raised concerns about the future of Rust.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the following week, the Rust Core Team acknowledged the severe impact of the layoffs and announced that plans for a Rust foundation were underway. The first goal of the foundation would be taking ownership of all <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, and also take financial responsibility for their costs.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>On February 8, 2021 the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rust Foundation">Rust Foundation</a> was officially announced by its five founding companies (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">AWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and Mozilla).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>On April 6, 2021, Google announced support for Rust within <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> as an alternative to C/C++.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2><p>
Here is a <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> written in Rust. The <code>println!</code> <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> prints the message to <a href="/wiki/Standard_output" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard output">standard output</a>.</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Hello, World!"</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">syntax</a> of Rust is similar to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, with blocks of code delimited by <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Curly_brackets" title="Bracket">curly brackets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> keywords such as <code><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">if</a></code>, <code>else</code>, <code>while</code>, and <code>for</code>, although the specific syntax for defining functions is more similar to <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>. Despite the resemblance to C and C++, the syntax of Rust in is closer to that of the <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML family</a> of languages and the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell language</a>. Nearly every part of a function body is an <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expression</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-grammar_expr_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grammar_expr-49">[49]</a></sup> even control flow operators. For example, the ordinary <code>if</code> expression also takes the place of <a href="/wiki/%3F:" title="?:">C's ternary conditional</a>, an idiom used by <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>. As in <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, a function need not end with a <code>return</code> expression: in this case if the semicolon is omitted, the last expression in the function creates the <a href="/wiki/Return_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Return value">return value</a>, as seen in the following <a href="/wiki/Recursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recursive">recursive</a> implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> function:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>: <span class="kt">u64</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="kt">u64</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">match</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">i</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<p>The following <a href="/wiki/Iterative" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative">iterative</a> implementation uses the <code>..=</code> operator to create an inclusive range:
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">factorial</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span>: <span class="kt">u64</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span>-> <span class="kt">u64</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">..=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">product</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Features">Features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="316768" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="159048" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/Rust_101.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="564024" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Rust 101.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Rust_101.webm/220px--Rust_101.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Rust_101.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_101.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A presentation on Rust by Emily Dunham from <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>'s Rust team (<a href="/wiki/Linux.conf.au" title="Linux.conf.au">linux.conf.au</a> conference, Hobart, 2017)</div></div></div>
<p>Rust is intended to be a language for highly concurrent and highly safe <a href="/wiki/System_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="System programming">systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-infoq2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoq2012-50">[50]</a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Programming_in_the_large" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming in the large">programming in the large</a></i>, that is, creating and maintaining boundaries that preserve large-system integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> This has led to a feature set with an emphasis on safety, control of <a href="/wiki/Memory_map" title="Memory map">memory layout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memory_safety">Memory safety</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memory safety">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust is designed to be <a href="/wiki/Memory_safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory safe">memory safe</a>. It does not permit <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null pointers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangling_pointer" title="Dangling pointer">dangling pointers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Data_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Data race">data races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lwn_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Rustonomicon_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rustonomicon-54">[54]</a></sup> Data values can be initialized only through a fixed set of forms, all of which require their inputs to be already initialized.<sup id="cite_ref-lang-faq_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-faq-55">[55]</a></sup> To replicate pointers being either valid or <code>NULL</code>, such as in linked list or <a href="/wiki/Binary_tree" title="Binary tree">binary tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>, the Rust core library provides an <a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">option type</a>, which can be used to test whether a pointer has <code>Some</code> value or <code>None</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-lwn_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwn-53">[53]</a></sup> Rust has added syntax to manage <a href="/wiki/Object_lifetime" title="Object lifetime">lifetimes</a>, which are checked at compile time by the <i>borrow checker</i>. Unsafe code can subvert some of these restrictions using the <code>unsafe</code> keyword.<sup id="cite_ref-unsafe_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unsafe-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Memory_management">Memory management</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Memory management">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust does not use automated <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a>. Memory and other resources are managed through the <a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource acquisition is initialization</a> convention,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> with optional <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>. Rust provides deterministic management of resources, with very low <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(computing)" title="Overhead (computing)">overhead</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rust favors <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack allocation</a> of values and does not perform implicit <a href="/wiki/Object_type_(object-oriented_programming)#Boxing" title="Object type (object-oriented programming)">boxing</a>.
</p><p>There is the concept of references (using the <code>&</code> symbol), which does not involve run-time reference counting. The safety of such pointers is verified at compile time, preventing dangling pointers and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Undefined_behavior" title="Undefined behavior">undefined behavior</a>. Rust's type system separates shared, immutable pointers of the form <code>&T</code> from unique, mutable pointers of the form <code>&mut T</code>. A mutable pointer can be coerced to an immutable pointer, but not vice versa.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ownership">Ownership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ownership">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rust has an ownership system where all values have a unique owner, and the <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> of the value is the same as the scope of the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-RustBook_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RustBook-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> Values can be passed by immutable reference, using <code>&T</code>, by mutable reference, using <code>&mut T</code>, or by value, using <code>T</code>. At all times, there can either be multiple immutable references or one mutable reference (an implicit <a href="/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writer_lock" title="Readers–writer lock">readers–writer lock</a>). The Rust compiler enforces these rules at compile time and also checks that all references are valid.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_and_polymorphism">Types and polymorphism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types and polymorphism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the section</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rust_(programming_language)" title="Talk:Rust (programming language)">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">type system</a> supports a mechanism similar to <a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">type classes</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)">traits</a>, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> language. This is a facility for <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_polymorphism" title="Ad hoc polymorphism">ad hoc polymorphism</a>, achieved by adding constraints to type variable declarations.
</p><p>Rust uses <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> for variables declared with the <a href="/wiki/Reserved_word" title="Reserved word">keyword</a> <code>let</code>. Such variables do not require a value to be initially assigned to determine their type. A compile time error results if any branch of code leaves the variable without an assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-type-inference_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-type-inference-59">[59]</a></sup> Variables assigned multiple times must be marked with the keyword <code>mut</code>.
</p><p>Functions can be given <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">parameters</a>, which usually require the generic type to implement a certain trait or traits. Within such a function, the generic value can only be used through those traits. This means that a <a href="/wiki/Generic_function" title="Generic function">generic function</a> can be type-checked as soon as it is defined.
</p><p>The implementation of Rust generics is similar to the typical implementation of C++ templates: a separate copy of the code is generated for each instantiation. This is called monomorphization and contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Type_erasure" title="Type erasure">type erasure</a> scheme typically used in Java and Haskell. Type erasure is also available in Rust by using the keyword <code>dyn</code>. The benefit of monomorphization is optimized code for each specific use case; the drawback is increased compile time and size of the resulting binaries.
</p><p>The object system within Rust is based around implementations, <a href="/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)">traits</a> and structured types. Implementations fulfill a role similar to that of classes within other languages and are defined with the keyword <code>impl</code>. Inheritance and polymorphism are provided by traits; they allow <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">methods</a> to be defined and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">mixed in</a> to implementations. Structured types are used to define fields. Implementations and traits cannot define fields themselves, and only traits can provide inheritance. Among other benefits, this prevents the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond problem">diamond problem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a>, as in C++. In other words, Rust supports interface inheritance, but replaces implementation inheritance with <a href="/wiki/Object_composition" title="Object composition">composition</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance" title="Composition over inheritance">composition over inheritance</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Rust features a large number of components that extend the Rust feature set and make Rust development easier. Component installation is typically managed by <i>rustup,</i> a Rust <a href="/wiki/Toolchain" title="Toolchain">toolchain</a> installer developed by the Rust project.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cargo">Cargo</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cargo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Cargo is Rust's <a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">build system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a>. Cargo handles downloading dependencies, and building dependencies. Cargo also acts as a wrapper for <i>clippy</i> and other Rust components. It requires projects to follow a certain directory structure.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</p><p>The dependencies for a Rust package are specified in a <i>Cargo.<a href="/wiki/TOML" title="TOML">toml</a></i> file along with <a href="/wiki/Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">version</a> requirements, telling Cargo which versions of the dependency are compatible with the package. By default, Cargo sources its dependencies from the user-contributed registry <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crates.io">crates.io</a></i> but <a href="/wiki/Git" title="Git">Git</a> repositories and packages in the local filesystem can be specified as dependencies, too.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rustfmt">Rustfmt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rustfmt">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Rustfmt is a <a href="/wiki/Code_formatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Code formatter">code formatter</a> for Rust. It takes Rust source code as input and changes the whitespace and <a href="/wiki/Indentation_style" title="Indentation style">indentation</a> to produce formatted code in accordance to the Rust <a href="/wiki/Programming_style" title="Programming style">style guide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> Rustfmt can also check whether the input is correctly formatted.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clippy">Clippy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clippy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Clippy is Rust's built in <a href="/wiki/Linting" class="mw-redirect" title="Linting">linting</a> tool to improve the correctness, performance, and readability of Rust code. As of 2021, Clippy has more than 450 rules,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[65]</a></sup> which can be browsed online and filtered by category.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup> Some rules are disabled by default.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="RLS">RLS</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: RLS">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>RLS is a <a href="/wiki/Language_Server_Protocol" title="Language Server Protocol">language server</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> with more information about a Rust project. It provides linting checks via <i>Clippy</i>, formatting via <i>Rustfmt,</i> automatic <a href="/wiki/Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete">code completion</a> via <i>Racer</i>, among other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Development of <i>Racer</i> was slowed down in favor of <i>rust-analyzer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_extensions">Language extensions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language extensions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>It is possible to extend the Rust language using the procedural macro mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-rust-procedural-macros_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rust-procedural-macros-69">[69]</a></sup>
</p><p>Procedural macros use Rust functions that run at compile time to modify the token stream that is processed by the compiler. This complements the user defined macro mechanism which uses pattern matching to achieve similar goals.
</p><p>Procedural macros come in three flavors:
</p>
<ul><li>Function-like macros <code>custom!(...)</code></li>
<li>Derive macros <code>#[derive(CustomDerive)]</code></li>
<li>Attribute macros <code>#[CustomAttribute]</code></li></ul>
<p>The <code>println!</code> macro is an example of a function-like macro and <code>serde_derive</code><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> is a commonly used library for generating code
for reading and writing data in many formats such as <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>. Attribute macros are commonly used for language bindings such as the <code>extendr</code> library for Rust bindings to <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>The following code shows the use of the <code>Serialize</code>, <code>Deserialize</code> and <code>Debug</code> derive procedural macros
to implement JSON reading and writing as well as the ability to format a structure for debugging.
</p>
<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rust mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serde</span>::<span class="p">{</span><span class="n">Serialize</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Deserialize</span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="cp">#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">struct</span> <span class="nc">Point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>: <span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span>: <span class="kt">i32</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="k">fn</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">x</span>: <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span>: <span class="mi">2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serialized</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serde_json</span>::<span class="n">to_string</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">point</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"serialized = {}"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serialized</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">let</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">deserialized</span>: <span class="nc">Point</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">serde_json</span>::<span class="n">from_str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">serialized</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="n">unwrap</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="fm">println!</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"deserialized = {:?}"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">deserialized</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Performance">Performance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Rust aims "to be as efficient and portable as <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">idiomatic</a> C++, without sacrificing safety".<sup id="cite_ref-cpp-design-goals_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpp-design-goals-72">[72]</a></sup> Since Rust utilizes <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, any performance improvements in LLVM also carry over to Rust.<sup id="cite_ref-how-fast-is-rust_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how-fast-is-rust-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Adoption">Adoption</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format, but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" class="image"><img alt="A bright orange crab icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/220px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/330px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg/440px-Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustacean-orig-noshadow.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Some Rust users refer to themselves as Rustaceans (a pun on <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a>) and use Ferris as their unofficial mascot.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rust_(programming_language)_software" title="Category:Rust (programming language) software">Category:Rust (programming language) software</a></div>
<p>Rust was the third-most-loved programming language in the 2015 Stack Overflow annual survey<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> and took first place for 2016–2021.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Web_browsers">Web browsers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Web browsers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> has two projects written in Rust: the <a href="/wiki/Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)">Servo</a> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a> <a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">browser engine</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> developed by Mozilla in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum (software)">Quantum</a>, which is composed of several sub-projects for improving Mozilla's <a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a> browser engine.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Experimental_operating_systems">Experimental operating systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Experimental operating systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>, a "full-blown Unix-like operating system" including a <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup></li>
<li>Theseus, OS with "intralingual design" and a fundamental architecture which embodies Rust concepts<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deno_(software)" title="Deno (software)">Deno</a>, a secure runtime for <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, is built with <a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a>, Rust, and Tokio<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a> uses Rust for portions of its backend, as well as client-side video encoding,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup> to augment the core infrastructure written in <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exa_(command-line_utility)" title="Exa (command-line utility)">exa</a>, a "modern replacement for <a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a>"</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Google_Fuchsia" title="Google Fuchsia">Google Fuchsia</a> capability-based operating system has some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (August 2021)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> tools written in Rust<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> IoT Edge, a platform used to run Azure services and artificial intelligence on IoT devices, has components implemented in Rust<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OpenDNS" title="OpenDNS">OpenDNS</a> uses Rust in two of its components<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(software)" title="Ruffle (software)">Ruffle</a>, an open-source <a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a> emulator written in Rust<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stratis_(configuration_daemon)" title="Stratis (configuration daemon)">Stratis</a>: a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> manager for <a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup> and RHEL 8<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(anonymity_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor (anonymity network)">Tor</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anonymity_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymity network">anonymity network</a>, written in C originally, is experimenting with porting to Rust for its security features<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tor_port_Rust_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tor_port_Rust-95">[95]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TerminusDB" title="TerminusDB">TerminusDB</a>, an open source <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> designed for collaboratively building and curating <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Rust Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_Foundation_logo.png" class="image"><img alt="Rust Foundation logo.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/250px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/375px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rust_Foundation_logo.png/500px-Rust_Foundation_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="219" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">February 8, 2021<span class="noprint">; 6 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-02-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" title="Chairperson">Chairperson</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Shane Miller</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Director">Executive Director</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ashley Williams <small>(interim)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foundation.rust-lang.org">foundation<wbr />.rust-lang<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Rust Foundation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Membership_organization" title="Membership organization">membership organization</a> incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with the primary purposes of supporting the maintenance and development of the language, cultivating the Rust project team members and user communities, managing the technical infrastructure underlying the development of Rust, and managing and stewarding the Rust trademark.
</p><p>It was established on February 8, 2021, with five founding corporate members (Amazon Web Services, Huawei, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p>The foundation's board is chaired by Shane Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> Its interim Executive Director is Ashley Williams.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Rust conferences include:
</p>
<ul><li>RustConf: an annual conference in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>. Held annually since 2016 (except in 2020 and 2021 because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup></li>
<li>Rust Belt Rust: a #rustlang conference in the <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup></li>
<li>RustFest: Europe's @rustlang conference<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup></li>
<li>RustCon Asia</li>
<li>Rust LATAM</li>
<li>Oxidize Global<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-wikidata-d7d2ae7cad22d8404e74ca8001973bc1f87581cf-v3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d7d2ae7cad22d8404e74ca8001973bc1f87581cf-v3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.rust-lang.org/2021/07/29/Rust-1.54.0.html">"Announcing Rust 1.54.0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+Rust+1.54.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.rust-lang.org%2F2021%2F07%2F29%2FRust-1.54.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-legal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legal_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/legal.html">"Rust Legal Policies"</a>. <i>Rust-lang.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073350/https://www.rust-lang.org/en-US/legal.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=Rust+Legal+Policies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rust-lang.org%2Fen-US%2Flegal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-influences-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-influences_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html">"The Rust Reference: Appendix: Influences"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126051127/https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/influences.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Reference%3A+Appendix%3A+Influences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Freference%2Finfluences.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rustwiki-noteresearch-typesystem_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-wiki-backup/blob/master/Note-research.md#type-system">"Note Research: Type System"</a>. February 1, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217182048/https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-wiki-backup/blob/master/Note-research.md#type-system">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+Research%3A+Type+System&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frust-wiki-backup%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2FNote-research.md%23type-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rust-if-let-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rust-if-let_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/160">"RFC for 'if let' expression"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192327/https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/160">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+for+%27if+let%27+expression&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Frust-lang%2Frfcs%2Fpull%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-elmresult-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elmresult_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!searchin/elm-discuss/rust/elm-discuss/lMX_9miTD2E/QBwdvL4JD9wJ">"Command Optimizations?"</a>. June 26, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710034511/https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!searchin/elm-discuss/rust/elm-discuss/lMX_9miTD2E/QBwdvL4JD9wJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Command+Optimizations%3F&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%3Ffromgroups%23%21searchin%2Felm-discuss%2Frust%2Felm-discuss%2FlMX_9miTD2E%2FQBwdvL4JD9wJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Idris-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Idris_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html">"Idris – Uniqueness Types"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072557/http://docs.idris-lang.org/en/latest/reference/uniqueness-types.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idris+%E2%80%93+Uniqueness+Types&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.idris-lang.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Freference%2Funiqueness-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jaloyan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaloyan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJaloyan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jaloyan, Georges-Axel (October 19, 2017). "Safe Pointers in SPARK 2014". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1710.07047">1710.07047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv171007047J">2017arXiv171007047J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Safe+Pointers+in+SPARK+2014&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.07047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv171007047J&rft.aulast=Jaloyan&rft.aufirst=Georges-Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lattner-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lattner_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLattner" class="citation web cs1">Lattner, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/">"Chris Lattner's Homepage"</a>. <i>Nondot.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nondot.org&rft.atitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&rft.aulast=Lattner&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Project_Verona-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Project_Verona_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/">"Microsoft opens up Rust-inspired Project Verona programming language on GitHub"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117143852/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+opens+up+Rust-inspired+Project+Verona+programming+language+on+GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmicrosoft-opens-up-rust-inspired-project-verona-programming-language-on-github%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PHP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHP_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.php.net/rfc/shorter_attribute_syntax">"PHP RFC: Shorter Attribute Syntax"</a>. June 3, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307201934/https://wiki.php.net/rfc/shorter_attribute_syntax">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHP+RFC%3A+Shorter+Attribute+Syntax&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.php.net%2Frfc%2Fshorter_attribute_syntax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHoare2016" class="citation web cs1">Hoare, Graydon (December 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graydon2.dreamwidth.org/247406.html">"Rust is mostly safety"</a>. <i>Graydon2</i>. Dreamwidth Studios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502181357/https://graydon2.dreamwidth.org/247406.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graydon2&rft.atitle=Rust+is+mostly+safety&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Graydon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraydon2.dreamwidth.org%2F247406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rust_Project_FAQ-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rust_Project_FAQ_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609195720/https://www.rust-lang.org/faq.html#project">"FAQ – The Rust Project"</a>. <i>Rust-lang.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/faq.html#project">the original</a> on June 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rust-lang.org&rft.atitle=FAQ+%E2%80%93+The+Rust+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rust-lang.org%2Ffaq.html%23project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apriorit.com/dev-blog/520-rust-vs-c-comparison">"Rust vs. C++ Comparison"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221225/https://www.apriorit.com/dev-blog/520-rust-vs-c-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rust+vs.+C%2B%2B+Comparison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apriorit.com%2Fdev-blog%2F520-rust-vs-c-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-unsafe-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unsafe_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unsafe_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html">"Unsafe Rust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014032016/https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unsafe+Rust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fbook%2Fch19-01-unsafe-rust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-lamda-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lamda_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNoel2010" class="citation web cs1">Noel (July 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/4009">"The Rust Language"</a>. Lambda the Ultimate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6COMjHMod?url=http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/4009">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rust+Language&rft.pub=Lambda+the+Ultimate&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.au=Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flambda-the-ultimate.org%2Fnode%2F4009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2020/12/cpp-rust-interop-cxx/">"Safe Interoperability between Rust and C++ with CXX"</a>. <i>InfoQ</i>. December 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoQ&rft.atitle=Safe+Interoperability+between+Rust+and+C%2B%2B+with+CXX&rft.date=2020-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F12%2Fcpp-rust-interop-cxx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCimpanu2020" class="citation web cs1">Cimpanu, Catalin (August 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/mozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products/">"Mozilla lays off 250 employees while it refocuses on commercial products"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ZDNet" title="ZDNet">ZDNet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=Mozilla+lays+off+250+employees+while+it+refocuses+on+commercial+products&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Cimpanu&rft.aufirst=Catalin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Farticle%2Fmozilla-lays-off-250-employees-while-it-refocuses-on-commercial-products%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCooper2020" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Daniel (August 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html">"Mozilla lays off 250 employees due to the pandemic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213020220/https://www.engadget.com/mozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Mozilla+lays+off+250+employees+due+to+the+pandemic&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Fmozilla-firefox-250-employees-layoffs-151324924.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF@tschneidereit2020" class="citation web cs1">@tschneidereit (August 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/tschneidereit/status/1293868141953667074">"Much of the team I used to manage was part of the Mozilla layoffs on Tuesday. That team was Mozilla's Rust team, and Mozilla's Wasmtime team. I thought I'd know how to talk about it by now, but I don't. It's heartbreaking, incomprehensible, and staggering in its impact"</a> (Tweet)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Much+of+the+team+I+used+to+manage+was+part+of+the+Mozilla+layoffs+on+Tuesday.+That+team+was+Mozilla%27s+Rust+team%2C+and+Mozilla%27s+Wasmtime+team.+I+thought+I%27d+know+how+to+talk+about+it+by+now%2C+but+I+don%27t.+It%27s+heartbreaking%2C+incomprehensible%2C+and+staggering+in+its+impact.&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft.au=%40tschneidereit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Ftschneidereit%2Fstatus%2F1293868141953667074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF@asajeffrey2020" class="citation web cs1">@asajeffrey (August 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/asajeffrey/status/1293220656339988483">"Mozilla is closing down the team I'm on, so I am one of the many folks now wondering what the next gig will be. It's been a wild ride!"</a> (Tweet)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozilla+is+closing+down+the+team+I%27m+on%2C+so+I+am+one+of+the+many+folks+now+wondering+what+the+next+gig+will+be.+It%27s+been+a+wild+ride%21&rft.date=2020-08-11&rft.au=%40asajeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fasajeffrey%2Fstatus%2F1293220656339988483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARust+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "EmbeddedFAQ" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).
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<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "OpenBSD" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).
</span><br />
<span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: A <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:LDR" title="Help:Footnotes">list-defined reference</a> named "rust-on-ios" is not used in the content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_missing_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references missing key">help page</a>).
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0;background:#f9f9f9"><div style="padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center"><b style="display:block">Rust</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto"><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rust_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Rust (programming language)">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Rust" class="extiw" title="v:Rust">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575650" class="extiw" title="d:Q575650">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rust-lang.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575650#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rust-lang">Rust-lang</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programming_languages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Comparison_*_Timeline_*_History">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="image" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_list_class.svg" class="image" title="List-Class article"><img alt="List-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mozilla" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mozilla" title="Template:Mozilla"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mozilla" title="Template talk:Mozilla"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Mozilla&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mozilla" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Projects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br />Labs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugzilla" title="Bugzilla">Bugzilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ChatZilla" title="ChatZilla">ChatZilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolysis Project">Electrolysis Project</a></li>
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<li><i><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(software)" title="Lightning (software)">Lightning</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Persona" title="Mozilla Persona">Persona</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Prism" title="Mozilla Prism">Prism</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Raindrop" title="Mozilla Raindrop">Raindrop</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Skywriter" title="Mozilla Skywriter">Skywriter</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Sunbird" title="Mozilla Sunbird">Sunbird</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PDF.js" title="PDF.js">PDF.js</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Sync" title="Firefox Sync">Sync</a></li>
<li><i>Tinderbox</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(Firefox)" title="Ubiquity (Firefox)">Ubiquity</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mozilla<br />Research</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Open Media</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Servo_(software)" title="Servo (software)">Servo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shumway_(software)" title="Shumway (software)">Shumway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WebVR" title="WebVR">WebVR</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Asm.js" title="Asm.js">asm.js</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenFlint" title="OpenFlint">OpenFlint</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla<br />Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Location_Service" title="Mozilla Location Service">Mozilla Location Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Firefox</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox Browser</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 1">1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 1.5">1.5</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_2" title="Firefox 2">2</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox 3">3</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3.5" title="Firefox 3.5">3.5</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_3.6" title="Firefox 3.6">3.6</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_4" title="Firefox 4">4</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Firefox#Rapid_release" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Firefox">5–current</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Firefox#Future_releases" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Firefox">Future releases</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_for_Android" title="Firefox for Android">for Android</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_for_iOS" title="Firefox for iOS">for iOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Focus" title="Firefox Focus">Focus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lockwise" title="Firefox Lockwise">Firefox Lockwise</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Monitor" title="Firefox Monitor">Firefox Monitor</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Send" title="Firefox Send">Firefox Send</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_VPN" title="Mozilla VPN">Mozilla VPN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_(service)" title="Pocket (service)">Pocket</a></li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla Application Suite</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communicator" title="Netscape Communicator">Netscape Communicator</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape Communications</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex Communicator</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNewSense#Comparison_with_other_distributions" title="GNewSense">BurningDog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goanna_(software)" title="Goanna (software)">Goanna</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Iceape" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Iceape</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Icedove" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Icedove</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian#Iceowl" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Iceowl</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Miro_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miro (software)">Miro</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator_9" title="Netscape Navigator 9">Netscape 9</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">Pale Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Portable" title="Firefox Portable">Portable Edition</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon_(web_browser)#UXP" title="Pale Moon (web browser)">UXP</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB Browser</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Add-on_(Mozilla)" title="Add-on (Mozilla)">Add-on</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_application_framework" title="Mozilla application framework">Necko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">NPAPI</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Composer" title="Mozilla Composer">Composer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Portable_Runtime" title="Netscape Portable Runtime">NSPR</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamarin_(software)" title="Tamarin (software)">Tamarin</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fira_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fira Sans">Fira Sans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zilla_Slab" title="Zilla Slab">Zilla Slab</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Calendar_Project" title="Mozilla Calendar Project">Calendar Project</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefox Home">Firefox Home</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Send" title="Firefox Send">Firefox Send</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Grendel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Grendel">Grendel</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></i></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a></b> (<b><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/XPCOM" title="XPCOM">XPCOM</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/XPInstall" title="XPInstall">XPInstall</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/XULRunner" title="XULRunner">XULRunner</a></b>)</li></ul>
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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Discontinued projects are in <i>italics</i>. Some projects abandoned by Mozilla that are still maintained by third parties are in <b>bold</b>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organization</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Foundation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Former <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Organization">Mozilla Organization</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation" title="Mozilla Corporation">Mozilla Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Messaging" title="Mozilla Messaging">Mozilla Messaging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation#Mozilla_Online" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Online</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_China" title="Mozilla China">Mozilla China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Europe" title="Mozilla Europe">Mozilla Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Japan" title="Mozilla Japan">Mozilla Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Taiwan" title="Mozilla Taiwan">Mozilla Taiwan</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Baker" title="Mitchell Baker">Mitchell Baker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_Baron_(computer_scientist)" title="David Baron (computer scientist)">David Baron</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheeri_Cabral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheeri Cabral (page does not exist)">Sheeri Cabral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tantek_%C3%87elik" title="Tantek Çelik">Tantek Çelik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hammink" title="John Hammink">John Hammink</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_O%27Callahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert O'Callahan (page does not exist)">Robert O'Callahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Stenb%C3%A4ck" title="Johnny Stenbäck">Johnny Stenbäck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Turner_(Mozilla)" title="Doug Turner (Mozilla)">Doug Turner</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Zbarsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Zbarsky (page does not exist)">Boris Zbarsky</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozdev.org" title="Mozdev.org">mozdev.org</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Add-ons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Add-ons">Mozilla Add-ons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MDN_Web_Docs" title="MDN Web Docs">MDN Web Docs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MozillaZine" title="MozillaZine">MozillaZine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Firefox#Promotion" title="Firefox">Spread Firefox</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Manifesto" title="Mozilla Manifesto">Mozilla Manifesto</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mozilla" title="The Book of Mozilla">The Book of Mozilla</a></i></li>
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