seq_runtime/

scheduler.rs

//! Scheduler - Green Thread Management with May
//!
//! CSP-style concurrency for Seq using May coroutines.
//! Each strand is a lightweight green thread that can communicate via channels.
//!
//! ## Non-Blocking Guarantee
//!
//! Channel operations (`send`, `receive`) use May's cooperative blocking and NEVER
//! block OS threads. However, I/O operations (`write_line`, `read_line` in io.rs)
//! currently use blocking syscalls. Future work will make all I/O non-blocking.
//!
//! ## Panic Behavior
//!
//! Functions panic on invalid input (null stacks, negative IDs, closed channels).
//! In a production system, consider implementing error channels or Result-based
//! error handling instead of panicking.

use crate::pool;
use crate::stack::{Stack, StackNode};
use may::coroutine;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Condvar, Mutex, Once};

static SCHEDULER_INIT: Once = Once::new();

// Strand lifecycle tracking
//
// Design rationale:
// - ACTIVE_STRANDS: Lock-free atomic counter for the hot path (spawn/complete)
//   Every strand increments on spawn, decrements on complete. This is extremely
//   fast (lock-free atomic ops) and suitable for high-frequency operations.
//
// - SHUTDOWN_CONDVAR/MUTEX: Event-driven synchronization for the cold path (shutdown wait)
//   Used only when waiting for all strands to complete (program shutdown).
//   Condvar provides event-driven wakeup instead of polling, which is critical
//   for a systems language - no CPU waste, proper OS-level blocking.
//
// Why not track JoinHandles?
// Strands are like Erlang processes - potentially hundreds of thousands of concurrent
// entities with independent lifecycles. Storing handles would require global mutable
// state with synchronization overhead on the hot path. The counter + condvar approach
// keeps the hot path lock-free while providing proper shutdown synchronization.
pub static ACTIVE_STRANDS: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
static SHUTDOWN_CONDVAR: Condvar = Condvar::new();
static SHUTDOWN_MUTEX: Mutex<()> = Mutex::new(());

// Strand lifecycle statistics (for diagnostics)
//
// These counters provide observability into strand lifecycle without any locking.
// All operations are lock-free atomic increments/loads.
//
// - TOTAL_SPAWNED: Monotonically increasing count of all strands ever spawned
// - TOTAL_COMPLETED: Monotonically increasing count of all strands that completed
// - PEAK_STRANDS: High-water mark of concurrent strands (helps detect strand leaks)
//
// Useful diagnostics:
// - Currently running: ACTIVE_STRANDS
// - Completed successfully: TOTAL_COMPLETED
// - Potential leaks: TOTAL_SPAWNED - TOTAL_COMPLETED - ACTIVE_STRANDS > 0 (strands lost)
// - Peak concurrency: PEAK_STRANDS
pub static TOTAL_SPAWNED: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
pub static TOTAL_COMPLETED: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
pub static PEAK_STRANDS: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);

// Unique strand ID generation
static NEXT_STRAND_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);

// =============================================================================
// Lock-Free Strand Registry
// =============================================================================
//
// A fixed-size array of slots for tracking active strands without locks.
// Each slot stores a strand ID (0 = free) and spawn timestamp.
//
// Design principles:
// - Fixed size: No dynamic allocation, predictable memory footprint
// - Lock-free: All operations use atomic CAS, no mutex contention
// - Bounded: If registry is full, strands still run but aren't tracked
// - Zero cost when not querying: Only diagnostics reads the registry
//
// Slot encoding:
// - strand_id == 0: slot is free
// - strand_id > 0: slot contains an active strand
//
// The registry size can be configured via SEQ_STRAND_REGISTRY_SIZE env var.
// Default is 1024 slots, which is sufficient for most applications.

/// Default strand registry size (number of trackable concurrent strands)
const DEFAULT_REGISTRY_SIZE: usize = 1024;

/// A slot in the strand registry
///
/// Uses two atomics to store strand info without locks.
/// A slot is free when strand_id == 0.
pub struct StrandSlot {
    /// Strand ID (0 = free, >0 = active strand)
    pub strand_id: AtomicU64,
    /// Spawn timestamp (seconds since UNIX epoch, for detecting stuck strands)
    pub spawn_time: AtomicU64,
}

impl StrandSlot {
    const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            strand_id: AtomicU64::new(0),
            spawn_time: AtomicU64::new(0),
        }
    }
}

/// Lock-free strand registry
///
/// Provides O(n) registration (scan for free slot) and O(n) unregistration.
/// This is acceptable because:
/// 1. N is bounded (default 1024)
/// 2. Registration/unregistration are infrequent compared to strand work
/// 3. No locks means no contention, just atomic ops
pub struct StrandRegistry {
    slots: Box<[StrandSlot]>,
    /// Number of slots that couldn't be registered (registry full)
    pub overflow_count: AtomicU64,
}

impl StrandRegistry {
    /// Create a new registry with the given capacity
    fn new(capacity: usize) -> Self {
        let mut slots = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
        for _ in 0..capacity {
            slots.push(StrandSlot::new());
        }
        Self {
            slots: slots.into_boxed_slice(),
            overflow_count: AtomicU64::new(0),
        }
    }

    /// Register a strand, returning the slot index if successful
    ///
    /// Uses CAS to atomically claim a free slot.
    /// Returns None if the registry is full (strand still runs, just not tracked).
    pub fn register(&self, strand_id: u64) -> Option<usize> {
        let spawn_time = std::time::SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map(|d| d.as_secs())
            .unwrap_or(0);

        // Scan for a free slot
        for (idx, slot) in self.slots.iter().enumerate() {
            // Set spawn time first, before claiming the slot
            // This prevents a race where a reader sees strand_id != 0 but spawn_time == 0
            // If we fail to claim the slot, the owner will overwrite this value anyway
            slot.spawn_time.store(spawn_time, Ordering::Relaxed);

            // Try to claim this slot (CAS from 0 to strand_id)
            // AcqRel ensures the spawn_time write above is visible before strand_id becomes non-zero
            if slot
                .strand_id
                .compare_exchange(0, strand_id, Ordering::AcqRel, Ordering::Relaxed)
                .is_ok()
            {
                return Some(idx);
            }
        }

        // Registry full - track overflow but strand still runs
        self.overflow_count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        None
    }

    /// Unregister a strand by ID
    ///
    /// Scans for the slot containing this strand ID and clears it.
    /// Returns true if found and cleared, false if not found.
    ///
    /// Note: ABA problem is not a concern here because strand IDs are monotonically
    /// increasing u64 values. ID reuse would require 2^64 spawns, which is practically
    /// impossible (at 1 billion spawns/sec, it would take ~584 years).
    pub fn unregister(&self, strand_id: u64) -> bool {
        for slot in self.slots.iter() {
            // Check if this slot contains our strand
            if slot
                .strand_id
                .compare_exchange(strand_id, 0, Ordering::AcqRel, Ordering::Relaxed)
                .is_ok()
            {
                // Successfully cleared the slot
                slot.spawn_time.store(0, Ordering::Release);
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    /// Iterate over active strands (for diagnostics)
    ///
    /// Returns an iterator of (strand_id, spawn_time) for non-empty slots.
    /// Note: This is a snapshot and may be slightly inconsistent due to concurrent updates.
    pub fn active_strands(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u64, u64)> + '_ {
        self.slots.iter().filter_map(|slot| {
            // Acquire on strand_id synchronizes with the Release in register()
            let id = slot.strand_id.load(Ordering::Acquire);
            if id > 0 {
                // Relaxed is sufficient here - we've already synchronized via strand_id Acquire
                // and spawn_time is written before strand_id in register()
                let time = slot.spawn_time.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                Some((id, time))
            } else {
                None
            }
        })
    }

    /// Get the registry capacity
    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
        self.slots.len()
    }
}

// Global strand registry (lazy initialized)
static STRAND_REGISTRY: std::sync::OnceLock<StrandRegistry> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();

/// Get or initialize the global strand registry
pub fn strand_registry() -> &'static StrandRegistry {
    STRAND_REGISTRY.get_or_init(|| {
        let size = std::env::var("SEQ_STRAND_REGISTRY_SIZE")
            .ok()
            .and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
            .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_REGISTRY_SIZE);
        StrandRegistry::new(size)
    })
}

/// Default coroutine stack size: 128KB (0x20000 bytes)
/// Reduced from 1MB for better spawn performance (~16% faster in benchmarks).
/// Can be overridden via SEQ_STACK_SIZE environment variable.
const DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE: usize = 0x20000;

/// Parse stack size from an optional string value.
/// Returns the parsed size, or DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE if the value is missing, zero, or invalid.
/// Prints a warning to stderr for invalid values.
fn parse_stack_size(env_value: Option<String>) -> usize {
    match env_value {
        Some(val) => match val.parse::<usize>() {
            Ok(0) => {
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: SEQ_STACK_SIZE=0 is invalid, using default {}",
                    DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
                );
                DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
            }
            Ok(size) => size,
            Err(_) => {
                eprintln!(
                    "Warning: SEQ_STACK_SIZE='{}' is not a valid number, using default {}",
                    val, DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
                );
                DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
            }
        },
        None => DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE,
    }
}

/// Initialize the scheduler
///
/// # Safety
/// Safe to call multiple times (idempotent via Once).
/// Configures May coroutines with appropriate stack size for LLVM-generated code.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_scheduler_init() {
    SCHEDULER_INIT.call_once(|| {
        // Configure stack size for coroutines
        // Default is 1MB, which is balanced between safety and May's maximum limit
        // May has internal maximum (attempting 64MB causes ExceedsMaximumSize panic)
        //
        // Can be overridden via SEQ_STACK_SIZE environment variable (in bytes)
        // Example: SEQ_STACK_SIZE=2097152 for 2MB
        // Invalid values (non-numeric, zero) are warned and ignored.
        let stack_size = parse_stack_size(std::env::var("SEQ_STACK_SIZE").ok());
        may::config().set_stack_size(stack_size);

        // Install SIGQUIT handler for runtime diagnostics (kill -3)
        crate::diagnostics::install_signal_handler();

        // Install watchdog timer (if enabled via SEQ_WATCHDOG_SECS)
        crate::watchdog::install_watchdog();
    });
}

/// Run the scheduler and wait for all coroutines to complete
///
/// # Safety
/// Returns the final stack (always null for now since May handles all scheduling).
/// This function blocks until all spawned strands have completed.
///
/// Uses a condition variable for event-driven shutdown synchronization rather than
/// polling. The mutex is only held during the wait protocol, not during strand
/// execution, so there's no contention on the hot path.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_scheduler_run() -> Stack {
    let mut guard = SHUTDOWN_MUTEX.lock().expect(
        "scheduler_run: shutdown mutex poisoned - strand panicked during shutdown synchronization",
    );

    // Wait for all strands to complete
    // The condition variable will be notified when the last strand exits
    while ACTIVE_STRANDS.load(Ordering::Acquire) > 0 {
        guard = SHUTDOWN_CONDVAR
            .wait(guard)
            .expect("scheduler_run: condvar wait failed - strand panicked during shutdown wait");
    }

    // All strands have completed
    std::ptr::null_mut()
}

/// Shutdown the scheduler
///
/// # Safety
/// Safe to call. May doesn't require explicit shutdown, so this is a no-op.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_scheduler_shutdown() {
    // May doesn't require explicit shutdown
    // This function exists for API symmetry with init
}

/// Spawn a strand (coroutine) with initial stack
///
/// # Safety
/// - `entry` must be a valid function pointer that can safely execute on any thread
/// - `initial_stack` must be either null or a valid pointer to a `StackNode` that:
///   - Was heap-allocated (e.g., via Box)
///   - Has a 'static lifetime or lives longer than the coroutine
///   - Is safe to access from the spawned thread
/// - The caller transfers ownership of `initial_stack` to the coroutine
/// - Returns a unique strand ID (positive integer)
///
/// # Memory Management
/// The spawned coroutine takes ownership of `initial_stack` and will automatically
/// free the final stack returned by `entry` upon completion.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_strand_spawn(
    entry: extern "C" fn(Stack) -> Stack,
    initial_stack: Stack,
) -> i64 {
    // Generate unique strand ID
    let strand_id = NEXT_STRAND_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

    // Increment active strand counter and track total spawned
    let new_count = ACTIVE_STRANDS.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release) + 1;
    TOTAL_SPAWNED.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

    // Update peak strands if this is a new high-water mark
    // Uses a CAS loop to safely update the maximum without locks
    // Uses Acquire/Release ordering for proper synchronization with diagnostics reads
    let mut peak = PEAK_STRANDS.load(Ordering::Acquire);
    while new_count > peak {
        match PEAK_STRANDS.compare_exchange_weak(
            peak,
            new_count,
            Ordering::Release,
            Ordering::Relaxed,
        ) {
            Ok(_) => break,
            Err(current) => peak = current,
        }
    }

    // Register strand in the registry (for diagnostics visibility)
    // If registry is full, strand still runs but isn't tracked
    let _ = strand_registry().register(strand_id);

    // Function pointers are already Send, no wrapper needed
    let entry_fn = entry;

    // Convert pointer to usize (which is Send)
    // This is necessary because *mut T is !Send, but the caller guarantees thread safety
    let stack_addr = initial_stack as usize;

    unsafe {
        coroutine::spawn(move || {
            // Reconstruct pointer from address
            let stack_ptr = stack_addr as *mut StackNode;

            // Debug assertion: validate stack pointer alignment and reasonable address
            debug_assert!(
                stack_ptr.is_null() || stack_addr.is_multiple_of(std::mem::align_of::<StackNode>()),
                "Stack pointer must be null or properly aligned"
            );
            debug_assert!(
                stack_ptr.is_null() || stack_addr > 0x1000,
                "Stack pointer appears to be in invalid memory region (< 0x1000)"
            );

            // Execute the entry function
            let final_stack = entry_fn(stack_ptr);

            // Clean up the final stack to prevent memory leak
            free_stack(final_stack);

            // Unregister strand from registry (uses captured strand_id)
            strand_registry().unregister(strand_id);

            // Decrement active strand counter first, then track completion
            // This ordering ensures the invariant SPAWNED = COMPLETED + ACTIVE + lost
            // is never violated from an external observer's perspective
            // Use AcqRel to establish proper synchronization (both acquire and release barriers)
            let prev_count = ACTIVE_STRANDS.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);

            // Track completion after decrementing active count
            TOTAL_COMPLETED.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Release);
            if prev_count == 1 {
                // We were the last strand - acquire mutex and signal shutdown
                // The mutex must be held when calling notify to prevent missed wakeups
                let _guard = SHUTDOWN_MUTEX.lock()
                    .expect("strand_spawn: shutdown mutex poisoned - strand panicked during shutdown notification");
                SHUTDOWN_CONDVAR.notify_all();
            }
        });
    }

    strand_id as i64
}

/// Free a stack allocated by the runtime
///
/// # Safety
/// - `stack` must be either:
///   - A null pointer (safe, will be a no-op)
///   - A valid pointer returned by runtime stack functions (push, etc.)
/// - The pointer must not have been previously freed
/// - After calling this function, the pointer is invalid and must not be used
/// - This function takes ownership and returns nodes to the pool
///
/// # Performance
/// Returns nodes to thread-local pool for reuse instead of freeing to heap
fn free_stack(mut stack: Stack) {
    if !stack.is_null() {
        use crate::value::Value;
        unsafe {
            // Walk the stack and return each node to the pool
            while !stack.is_null() {
                let next = (*stack).next;
                // Drop the value, then return node to pool
                // We need to drop the value to free any heap allocations (String, Variant)
                drop(std::mem::replace(&mut (*stack).value, Value::Int(0)));
                // Return node to pool for reuse
                pool::pool_free(stack);
                stack = next;
            }
        }
    }

    // Reset the thread-local arena to free all arena-allocated strings
    // This is safe because:
    // - Any arena strings in Values have been dropped above
    // - Global strings are unaffected (they have their own allocations)
    // - Channel sends clone to global, so no cross-strand arena pointers
    crate::arena::arena_reset();
}

/// Legacy spawn_strand function (kept for compatibility)
///
/// # Safety
/// `entry` must be a valid function pointer that can safely execute on any thread.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_spawn_strand(entry: extern "C" fn(Stack) -> Stack) {
    unsafe {
        patch_seq_strand_spawn(entry, std::ptr::null_mut());
    }
}

/// Yield execution to allow other coroutines to run
///
/// # Safety
/// Always safe to call from within a May coroutine.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_yield_strand(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
    coroutine::yield_now();
    stack
}

/// Wait for all strands to complete
///
/// # Safety
/// Always safe to call. Blocks until all spawned strands have completed.
///
/// Uses event-driven synchronization via condition variable - no polling overhead.
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub unsafe extern "C" fn patch_seq_wait_all_strands() {
    let mut guard = SHUTDOWN_MUTEX.lock()
        .expect("wait_all_strands: shutdown mutex poisoned - strand panicked during shutdown synchronization");

    // Wait for all strands to complete
    // The condition variable will be notified when the last strand exits
    while ACTIVE_STRANDS.load(Ordering::Acquire) > 0 {
        guard = SHUTDOWN_CONDVAR
            .wait(guard)
            .expect("wait_all_strands: condvar wait failed - strand panicked during shutdown wait");
    }
}

// Public re-exports with short names for internal use
pub use patch_seq_scheduler_init as scheduler_init;
pub use patch_seq_scheduler_run as scheduler_run;
pub use patch_seq_scheduler_shutdown as scheduler_shutdown;
pub use patch_seq_spawn_strand as spawn_strand;
pub use patch_seq_strand_spawn as strand_spawn;
pub use patch_seq_wait_all_strands as wait_all_strands;
pub use patch_seq_yield_strand as yield_strand;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::stack::push;
    use crate::value::Value;
    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};

    #[test]
    fn test_spawn_strand() {
        unsafe {
            static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

            extern "C" fn test_entry(_stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                std::ptr::null_mut()
            }

            for _ in 0..100 {
                spawn_strand(test_entry);
            }

            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(200));
            assert_eq!(COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 100);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scheduler_init_idempotent() {
        unsafe {
            // Should be safe to call multiple times
            scheduler_init();
            scheduler_init();
            scheduler_init();
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_free_stack_null() {
        // Freeing null should be a no-op
        free_stack(std::ptr::null_mut());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_free_stack_valid() {
        unsafe {
            // Create a stack, then free it
            let stack = push(std::ptr::null_mut(), Value::Int(42));
            free_stack(stack);
            // If we get here without crashing, test passed
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_spawn_with_stack() {
        unsafe {
            static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

            extern "C" fn test_entry(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                // Return the stack as-is (caller will free it)
                stack
            }

            let initial_stack = push(std::ptr::null_mut(), Value::Int(99));
            strand_spawn(test_entry, initial_stack);

            std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(200));
            assert_eq!(COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scheduler_shutdown() {
        unsafe {
            scheduler_init();
            scheduler_shutdown();
            // Should not crash
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_many_strands_stress() {
        unsafe {
            static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

            extern "C" fn increment(_stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                std::ptr::null_mut()
            }

            // Reset counter for this test
            COUNTER.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);

            // Spawn many strands to stress test synchronization
            for _ in 0..1000 {
                strand_spawn(increment, std::ptr::null_mut());
            }

            // Wait for all to complete
            wait_all_strands();

            // Verify all strands executed
            assert_eq!(COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1000);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_ids_are_unique() {
        unsafe {
            use std::collections::HashSet;

            extern "C" fn noop(_stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                std::ptr::null_mut()
            }

            // Spawn strands and collect their IDs
            let mut ids = Vec::new();
            for _ in 0..100 {
                let id = strand_spawn(noop, std::ptr::null_mut());
                ids.push(id);
            }

            // Wait for completion
            wait_all_strands();

            // Verify all IDs are unique
            let unique_ids: HashSet<_> = ids.iter().collect();
            assert_eq!(unique_ids.len(), 100, "All strand IDs should be unique");

            // Verify all IDs are positive
            assert!(
                ids.iter().all(|&id| id > 0),
                "All strand IDs should be positive"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arena_reset_with_strands() {
        unsafe {
            use crate::arena;
            use crate::seqstring::arena_string;

            extern "C" fn create_temp_strings(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                // Create many temporary arena strings (simulating request parsing)
                for i in 0..100 {
                    let temp = arena_string(&format!("temporary string {}", i));
                    // Use the string temporarily
                    assert!(!temp.as_str().is_empty());
                    // String is dropped, but memory stays in arena
                }

                // Arena should have allocated memory
                let stats = arena::arena_stats();
                assert!(stats.allocated_bytes > 0, "Arena should have allocations");

                stack // Return empty stack
            }

            // Reset arena before test
            arena::arena_reset();

            // Spawn strand that creates many temp strings
            strand_spawn(create_temp_strings, std::ptr::null_mut());

            // Wait for strand to complete (which calls free_stack -> arena_reset)
            wait_all_strands();

            // After strand exits, arena should be reset
            let stats_after = arena::arena_stats();
            assert_eq!(
                stats_after.allocated_bytes, 0,
                "Arena should be reset after strand exits"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_arena_with_channel_send() {
        unsafe {
            use crate::channel::{close_channel, make_channel};
            use crate::stack::{pop, push};
            use crate::value::Value;
            use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};

            static RECEIVED_COUNT: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

            // Create channel
            let stack = std::ptr::null_mut();
            let stack = make_channel(stack);
            let (stack, chan_val) = pop(stack);
            let chan_id = match chan_val {
                Value::Int(id) => id,
                _ => panic!("Expected channel ID"),
            };

            // Sender strand: creates arena string, sends through channel
            extern "C" fn sender(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                use crate::channel::send;
                use crate::seqstring::arena_string;
                use crate::stack::{pop, push};
                use crate::value::Value;

                unsafe {
                    // Extract channel ID from stack
                    let (stack, chan_val) = pop(stack);
                    let chan_id = match chan_val {
                        Value::Int(id) => id,
                        _ => panic!("Expected channel ID"),
                    };

                    // Create arena string
                    let msg = arena_string("Hello from sender!");

                    // Push string and channel ID for send
                    let stack = push(stack, Value::String(msg));
                    let stack = push(stack, Value::Int(chan_id));

                    // Send (will clone to global)
                    send(stack)
                }
            }

            // Receiver strand: receives string from channel
            extern "C" fn receiver(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                use crate::channel::receive;
                use crate::stack::{pop, push};
                use crate::value::Value;
                use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;

                unsafe {
                    // Extract channel ID from stack
                    let (stack, chan_val) = pop(stack);
                    let chan_id = match chan_val {
                        Value::Int(id) => id,
                        _ => panic!("Expected channel ID"),
                    };

                    // Push channel ID for receive
                    let stack = push(stack, Value::Int(chan_id));

                    // Receive message
                    let stack = receive(stack);

                    // Pop and verify message
                    let (stack, msg_val) = pop(stack);
                    match msg_val {
                        Value::String(s) => {
                            assert_eq!(s.as_str(), "Hello from sender!");
                            RECEIVED_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        }
                        _ => panic!("Expected String"),
                    }

                    stack
                }
            }

            // Spawn sender and receiver
            let sender_stack = push(std::ptr::null_mut(), Value::Int(chan_id));
            strand_spawn(sender, sender_stack);

            let receiver_stack = push(std::ptr::null_mut(), Value::Int(chan_id));
            strand_spawn(receiver, receiver_stack);

            // Wait for both strands
            wait_all_strands();

            // Verify message was received
            assert_eq!(
                RECEIVED_COUNT.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
                1,
                "Receiver should have received message"
            );

            // Clean up channel
            let stack = push(stack, Value::Int(chan_id));
            close_channel(stack);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_no_memory_leak_over_many_iterations() {
        // PR #11 feedback: Verify 10K+ strand iterations don't cause memory growth
        unsafe {
            use crate::arena;
            use crate::seqstring::arena_string;

            extern "C" fn allocate_strings_and_exit(stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                // Simulate request processing: many temp allocations
                for i in 0..50 {
                    let temp = arena_string(&format!("request header {}", i));
                    assert!(!temp.as_str().is_empty());
                    // Strings dropped here but arena memory stays allocated
                }
                stack
            }

            // Run many iterations to detect leaks
            let iterations = 10_000;

            for i in 0..iterations {
                // Reset arena before each iteration to start fresh
                arena::arena_reset();

                // Spawn strand, let it allocate strings, then exit
                strand_spawn(allocate_strings_and_exit, std::ptr::null_mut());

                // Wait for completion (triggers arena reset)
                wait_all_strands();

                // Every 1000 iterations, verify arena is actually reset
                if i % 1000 == 0 {
                    let stats = arena::arena_stats();
                    assert_eq!(
                        stats.allocated_bytes, 0,
                        "Arena not reset after iteration {} (leaked {} bytes)",
                        i, stats.allocated_bytes
                    );
                }
            }

            // Final verification: arena should be empty
            let final_stats = arena::arena_stats();
            assert_eq!(
                final_stats.allocated_bytes, 0,
                "Arena leaked memory after {} iterations ({} bytes)",
                iterations, final_stats.allocated_bytes
            );

            println!(
                "✓ Memory leak test passed: {} iterations with no growth",
                iterations
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_stack_size_valid() {
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(Some("2097152".to_string())), 2097152);
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(Some("1".to_string())), 1);
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(Some("999999999".to_string())), 999999999);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_stack_size_none() {
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(None), DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_stack_size_zero() {
        // Zero should fall back to default (with warning printed to stderr)
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(Some("0".to_string())), DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_stack_size_invalid() {
        // Non-numeric should fall back to default (with warning printed to stderr)
        assert_eq!(
            parse_stack_size(Some("invalid".to_string())),
            DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
        );
        assert_eq!(
            parse_stack_size(Some("-100".to_string())),
            DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
        );
        assert_eq!(parse_stack_size(Some("".to_string())), DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE);
        assert_eq!(
            parse_stack_size(Some("1.5".to_string())),
            DEFAULT_STACK_SIZE
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_registry_basic() {
        let registry = StrandRegistry::new(10);

        // Register some strands
        assert_eq!(registry.register(1), Some(0)); // First slot
        assert_eq!(registry.register(2), Some(1)); // Second slot
        assert_eq!(registry.register(3), Some(2)); // Third slot

        // Verify active strands
        let active: Vec<_> = registry.active_strands().collect();
        assert_eq!(active.len(), 3);

        // Unregister one
        assert!(registry.unregister(2));
        let active: Vec<_> = registry.active_strands().collect();
        assert_eq!(active.len(), 2);

        // Unregister non-existent should return false
        assert!(!registry.unregister(999));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_registry_overflow() {
        let registry = StrandRegistry::new(3); // Small capacity

        // Fill it up
        assert!(registry.register(1).is_some());
        assert!(registry.register(2).is_some());
        assert!(registry.register(3).is_some());

        // Next should overflow
        assert!(registry.register(4).is_none());
        assert_eq!(registry.overflow_count.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 1);

        // Another overflow
        assert!(registry.register(5).is_none());
        assert_eq!(registry.overflow_count.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_registry_slot_reuse() {
        let registry = StrandRegistry::new(3);

        // Fill it up
        registry.register(1);
        registry.register(2);
        registry.register(3);

        // Unregister middle one
        registry.unregister(2);

        // New registration should reuse the slot
        assert!(registry.register(4).is_some());
        assert_eq!(registry.active_strands().count(), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_registry_concurrent_stress() {
        use std::sync::Arc;
        use std::thread;

        let registry = Arc::new(StrandRegistry::new(50)); // Moderate capacity

        let handles: Vec<_> = (0..100)
            .map(|i| {
                let reg = Arc::clone(&registry);
                thread::spawn(move || {
                    let id = (i + 1) as u64;
                    // Register
                    let _ = reg.register(id);
                    // Brief work
                    thread::yield_now();
                    // Unregister
                    reg.unregister(id);
                })
            })
            .collect();

        for h in handles {
            h.join().unwrap();
        }

        // All slots should be free after all threads complete
        assert_eq!(registry.active_strands().count(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_strand_lifecycle_counters() {
        unsafe {
            // Reset counters for isolation (not perfect but helps)
            let initial_spawned = TOTAL_SPAWNED.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let initial_completed = TOTAL_COMPLETED.load(Ordering::Relaxed);

            static COUNTER: AtomicU32 = AtomicU32::new(0);

            extern "C" fn simple_work(_stack: Stack) -> Stack {
                COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                std::ptr::null_mut()
            }

            COUNTER.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);

            // Spawn some strands
            for _ in 0..10 {
                strand_spawn(simple_work, std::ptr::null_mut());
            }

            wait_all_strands();

            // Verify counters incremented
            let final_spawned = TOTAL_SPAWNED.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
            let final_completed = TOTAL_COMPLETED.load(Ordering::Relaxed);

            assert!(
                final_spawned >= initial_spawned + 10,
                "TOTAL_SPAWNED should have increased by at least 10"
            );
            assert!(
                final_completed >= initial_completed + 10,
                "TOTAL_COMPLETED should have increased by at least 10"
            );
            assert_eq!(COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 10);
        }
    }
}