scirs2-linalg 0.4.0

//! Sparse-Dense matrix operations
//!
//! This module provides operations between sparse and dense matrices, facilitating
//! interoperability between the two formats. The operations are optimized for the
//! common case where one matrix is sparse and the other is dense.
//!
//! ## Overview
//!
//! * Matrix-matrix multiplication between sparse and dense matrices
//! * Matrix-vector multiplication with sparse matrices
//! * Element-wise operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication)
//! * Conversions between sparse and dense formats
//!
//! ## Examples
//!
//! ```
//! use scirs2_core::ndarray::{Array2, Array1, array};
//! use scirs2_linalg::sparse_dense::{sparse_from_ndarray, sparse_dense_matvec};
//!
//! // Create a dense matrix and convert to sparse
//! let dense_mat = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];
//! let sparse_mat = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_mat.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");
//!
//! // Create a dense vector
//! let dense_vec = array![1.0, 2.0, 3.0];
//!
//! // Perform sparse-dense matrix-vector multiplication
//! let result = sparse_dense_matvec(&sparse_mat, &dense_vec.view()).expect("Operation failed");
//! assert!(f64::abs(result[0] - 7.0) < 1e-10);
//! assert!(f64::abs(result[1] - 9.0) < 1e-10);
//! assert!(f64::abs(result[2] - 14.0) < 1e-10);
//! ```

use scirs2_core::ndarray::{Array1, Array2, ArrayView1, ArrayView2, Axis};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::ops::{Add, Mul, Sub};

use scirs2_core::numeric::{Float, NumAssign, NumCast, Zero};

use crate::error::{LinalgError, LinalgResult};

/// A simple view struct for sparse matrices in CSR format
///
/// This struct provides a simple interface to view a sparse matrix in CSR format.
/// It is designed to be compatible with the CSR format used in scirs2-sparse.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SparseMatrixView<T> {
    /// Number of rows
    pub rows: usize,
    /// Number of columns
    pub cols: usize,
    /// Row pointers (size rows+1)
    pub indptr: Vec<usize>,
    /// Column indices
    pub indices: Vec<usize>,
    /// Data values
    pub data: Vec<T>,
}

impl<T> SparseMatrixView<T>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero,
{
    /// Create a new CSR sparse matrix view
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `data` - Vector of non-zero values
    /// * `indptr` - Vector of row pointers (size rows+1)
    /// * `indices` - Vector of column indices
    /// * `shape` - Tuple containing the matrix dimensions (rows, cols)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A new sparse matrix view
    pub fn new(
        data: Vec<T>,
        indptr: Vec<usize>,
        indices: Vec<usize>,
        shape: (usize, usize),
    ) -> LinalgResult<Self> {
        let (rows, cols) = shape;

        // Validate input data
        if indptr.len() != rows + 1 {
            return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
                "Row pointer array length must be rows + 1, got {} for {} rows",
                indptr.len(),
                rows
            )));
        }

        if data.len() != indices.len() {
            return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
                "Data and indices must have the same length, got {} and {}",
                data.len(),
                indices.len()
            )));
        }

        // Check if indptr is monotonically increasing
        for i in 1..indptr.len() {
            if indptr[i] < indptr[i - 1] {
                return Err(LinalgError::ValueError(
                    "Row pointer array must be monotonically increasing".to_string(),
                ));
            }
        }

        // Check if the last indptr entry matches the data length
        if indptr[rows] != data.len() {
            return Err(LinalgError::ValueError(format!(
                "Last row pointer entry must match data length, got {} and {}",
                indptr[rows],
                data.len()
            )));
        }

        // Check if indices are within bounds
        if let Some(&max_index) = indices.iter().max() {
            if max_index >= cols {
                return Err(LinalgError::ValueError(format!(
                    "Column index out of bounds: {max_index} for a matrix with {cols} columns"
                )));
            }
        }

        Ok(SparseMatrixView {
            rows,
            cols,
            indptr,
            indices,
            data,
        })
    }

    /// Get the shape of the matrix
    pub fn shape(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        (self.rows, self.cols)
    }

    /// Get the number of non-zero elements in the matrix
    pub fn nnz(&self) -> usize {
        self.data.len()
    }

    /// Get the number of rows
    pub fn nrows(&self) -> usize {
        self.rows
    }

    /// Get the number of columns
    pub fn ncols(&self) -> usize {
        self.cols
    }

    /// Check if the matrix is empty
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.nnz() == 0
    }

    /// Convert the sparse matrix to a dense ndarray
    pub fn to_dense(&self) -> Array2<T> {
        let mut dense = Array2::zeros((self.rows, self.cols));

        for row in 0..self.rows {
            for j in self.indptr[row]..self.indptr[row + 1] {
                let col = self.indices[j];
                dense[[row, col]] = self.data[j];
            }
        }

        dense
    }
}

/// Convert a dense ndarray to a sparse matrix in CSR format
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `array` - Dense ndarray to convert
/// * `threshold` - Threshold below which values are considered zero
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A sparse matrix view in CSR format
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_from_ndarray<T, F>(
    array: &ArrayView2<T>,
    threshold: F,
) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + PartialOrd + Zero + NumCast,
    F: Float + NumCast,
{
    let shape = array.dim();
    let (rows, cols) = (shape.0, shape.1);

    let mut data = Vec::new();
    let mut indices = Vec::new();
    let mut indptr = vec![0; rows + 1];

    let threshold_abs: F = threshold.abs();

    // Count non-zeros and fill data
    for (i, row) in array.axis_iter(Axis(0)).enumerate() {
        for (j, &val) in row.iter().enumerate() {
            let val_abs: F = if let Some(v) = NumCast::from(val) {
                let v_typed: F = v;
                v_typed.abs()
            } else {
                F::zero()
            };
            if val_abs > threshold_abs {
                data.push(val);
                indices.push(j);
                indptr[i + 1] += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    // Convert counts to offsets
    for i in 1..=rows {
        indptr[i] += indptr[i - 1];
    }

    SparseMatrixView::new(data, indptr, indices, (rows, cols))
}

/// Matrix-matrix multiplication between a sparse matrix and a dense matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense matrix containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_dense_matmul<T>(
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array2<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Add<Output = T> + Mul<Output = T>,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if sparse.cols != dense.dim().0 {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix dimensions incompatible for multiplication: {}x{} and {}x{}",
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols,
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1
        )));
    }

    // Initialize result matrix
    let result_rows = sparse.rows;
    let result_cols = dense.dim().1;
    let mut result = Array2::zeros((result_rows, result_cols));

    // Perform matrix multiplication
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in 0..result_cols {
            let mut sum = T::zero();

            // Multiply sparse row by dense column
            for k in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
                let col = sparse.indices[k];
                sum = sum + sparse.data[k] * dense[[col, j]];
            }

            result[[i, j]] = sum;
        }
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Matrix-matrix multiplication between a dense matrix and a sparse matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense matrix containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn dense_sparse_matmul<T>(
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array2<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Add<Output = T> + Mul<Output = T>,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if dense.dim().1 != sparse.rows {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix dimensions incompatible for multiplication: {}x{} and {}x{}",
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1,
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols
        )));
    }

    // Initialize result matrix
    let result_rows = dense.dim().0;
    let result_cols = sparse.cols;
    let mut result = Array2::zeros((result_rows, result_cols));

    // Initialize column sums for each sparse column
    let mut col_sums: HashMap<usize, Vec<T>> = HashMap::new();

    // Populate column sums
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            let val = sparse.data[j];

            col_sums
                .entry(col)
                .or_insert_with(|| vec![T::zero(); result_rows]);

            // Compute dense_row * sparse_val for each dense row
            for (k, dense_row) in dense.axis_iter(Axis(0)).enumerate() {
                col_sums.get_mut(&col).expect("Operation failed")[k] =
                    col_sums[&col][k] + dense_row[i] * val;
            }
        }
    }

    // Fill the result matrix
    for (col, sums) in col_sums.iter() {
        for (row, &sum) in sums.iter().enumerate() {
            result[[row, *col]] = sum;
        }
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Matrix-vector multiplication between a sparse matrix and a dense vector
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
/// * `vector` - Dense vector
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense vector containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_dense_matvec<T>(
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
    vector: &ArrayView1<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Add<Output = T> + Mul<Output = T>,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if sparse.cols != vector.len() {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix-vector dimensions incompatible: {}x{} and {}",
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols,
            vector.len()
        )));
    }

    // Initialize result vector
    let mut result = Array1::zeros(sparse.rows);

    // Perform sparse matrix-vector multiplication
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        let mut sum = T::zero();

        for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            sum = sum + sparse.data[j] * vector[col];
        }

        result[i] = sum;
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Matrix-vector multiplication between a dense matrix and a sparse vector
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
/// * `sparse` - Sparse vector in CSR format (as a single-row sparse matrix)
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense vector containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn dense_sparse_matvec<T>(
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Add<Output = T> + Mul<Output = T>,
{
    // Check if the sparse matrix is actually a vector (single row)
    if sparse.rows != 1 {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Expected a sparse vector (single row), got {} rows",
            sparse.rows
        )));
    }

    // Check dimensions
    if dense.dim().1 != sparse.cols {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix-vector dimensions incompatible: {}x{} and {}",
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1,
            sparse.cols
        )));
    }

    // Initialize result vector
    let mut result = Array1::zeros(dense.dim().0);

    // Perform dense matrix-sparse vector multiplication
    for j in sparse.indptr[0]..sparse.indptr[1] {
        let col = sparse.indices[j];
        let val = sparse.data[j];

        for (i, row_val) in result.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            *row_val = *row_val + dense[[i, col]] * val;
        }
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Element-wise addition between a sparse matrix and a dense matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense matrix containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_dense_add<T>(
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array2<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Add<Output = T>,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if sparse.shape() != dense.dim() {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix dimensions incompatible for addition: {}x{} and {}x{}",
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols,
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1
        )));
    }

    // Start with a copy of the dense matrix
    let mut result = dense.to_owned();

    // Add the sparse elements
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            result[[i, col]] = result[[i, col]] + sparse.data[j];
        }
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Element-wise subtraction between a sparse matrix and a dense matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A dense matrix containing the result (sparse - dense)
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_dense_sub<T>(
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<Array2<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Sub<Output = T> + Neg<Output = T>,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if sparse.shape() != dense.dim() {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix dimensions incompatible for subtraction: {}x{} and {}x{}",
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols,
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1
        )));
    }

    // Start with negative of the dense matrix
    let mut result = dense.mapv(|x| -x);

    // Add the sparse elements
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            result[[i, col]] = result[[i, col]] + sparse.data[j];
        }
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// Element-wise multiplication between a sparse matrix and a dense matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
/// * `dense` - Dense matrix
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A sparse matrix containing the result
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_dense_elementwise_mul<T>(
    sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
    dense: &ArrayView2<T>,
) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero + Mul<Output = T> + PartialEq,
{
    // Check dimensions
    if sparse.shape() != dense.dim() {
        return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(format!(
            "Matrix dimensions incompatible for element-wise multiplication: {}x{} and {}x{}",
            sparse.rows,
            sparse.cols,
            dense.dim().0,
            dense.dim().1
        )));
    }

    // Prepare data structures for result
    let mut data = Vec::new();
    let mut indices = Vec::new();
    let mut indptr = vec![0; sparse.rows + 1];

    // Multiply sparse and dense elements
    for i in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            let val = sparse.data[j] * dense[[i, col]];

            // Only include non-zero values
            if val != T::zero() {
                data.push(val);
                indices.push(col);
                indptr[i + 1] += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    // Convert counts to offsets
    for i in 1..=sparse.rows {
        indptr[i] += indptr[i - 1];
    }

    SparseMatrixView::new(data, indptr, indices, sparse.shape())
}

/// Transpose a sparse matrix
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `sparse` - Sparse matrix in CSR format
///
/// # Returns
///
/// A transposed sparse matrix
#[allow(dead_code)]
pub fn sparse_transpose<T>(sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>>
where
    T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero,
{
    // Compute the number of non-zeros per column
    let mut col_counts = vec![0; sparse.cols];
    for &col in &sparse.indices {
        col_counts[col] += 1;
    }

    // Compute column pointers (cumulative sum)
    let mut col_ptrs = vec![0; sparse.cols + 1];
    for i in 0..sparse.cols {
        col_ptrs[i + 1] = col_ptrs[i] + col_counts[i];
    }

    // Fill the transposed matrix
    let nnz = sparse.nnz();
    let mut indices_t = vec![0; nnz];
    let mut data_t = vec![T::zero(); nnz];
    let mut col_offsets = vec![0; sparse.cols];

    for row in 0..sparse.rows {
        for j in sparse.indptr[row]..sparse.indptr[row + 1] {
            let col = sparse.indices[j];
            let dest = col_ptrs[col] + col_offsets[col];

            indices_t[dest] = row;
            data_t[dest] = sparse.data[j];
            col_offsets[col] += 1;
        }
    }

    SparseMatrixView::new(data_t, col_ptrs, indices_t, (sparse.cols, sparse.rows))
}

/// Advanced sparse matrix operations and integration points
pub mod advanced {
    use super::*;

    /// Adaptive algorithm selection based on sparsity patterns
    pub fn adaptive_sparse_dense_solve<T>(
        sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
        rhs: &ArrayView1<T>,
        tolerance: T,
        max_iterations: usize,
    ) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
    where
        T: Float
            + Clone
            + Copy
            + Debug
            + Zero
            + Add<Output = T>
            + Sub<Output = T>
            + Mul<Output = T>
            + PartialOrd
            + std::iter::Sum
            + scirs2_core::ndarray::ScalarOperand
            + NumAssign
            + Send
            + Sync,
    {
        // Analyze sparsity pattern to choose optimal algorithm
        let sparsity_ratio = sparse.nnz() as f64 / (sparse.nrows() * sparse.ncols()) as f64;
        let avg_nnz_per_row = sparse.nnz() as f64 / sparse.nrows() as f64;

        if sparsity_ratio < 0.1 && avg_nnz_per_row < 50.0 {
            // Very sparse: use iterative methods
            sparse_conjugate_gradient(sparse, rhs, tolerance, max_iterations)
        } else if sparsity_ratio < 0.3 {
            // Moderately sparse: use preconditioned methods
            sparse_preconditioned_cg(sparse, rhs, tolerance, max_iterations)
        } else {
            // Dense-like: convert to dense and use direct methods
            let dense = sparse.to_dense();
            crate::solve::solve(&dense.view(), rhs, None)
        }
    }

    /// Sparse Conjugate Gradient solver
    pub fn sparse_conjugate_gradient<T>(
        a: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
        b: &ArrayView1<T>,
        tolerance: T,
        max_iterations: usize,
    ) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
    where
        T: Float
            + Clone
            + Copy
            + Debug
            + Zero
            + Add<Output = T>
            + Sub<Output = T>
            + Mul<Output = T>
            + PartialOrd
            + scirs2_core::ndarray::ScalarOperand,
    {
        let n = a.nrows();
        if a.ncols() != n {
            return Err(LinalgError::DimensionError(
                "Matrix must be square for conjugate gradient".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        // Initial guess (zero vector)
        let mut x = Array1::zeros(n);

        // Initial residual: r = b - A*x = b (since x = 0)
        let mut r = b.to_owned();
        let mut p = r.clone();

        let mut rsold = r.dot(&r);
        let b_norm = b.dot(b).sqrt();

        if b_norm < T::epsilon() {
            return Ok(x);
        }

        for _ in 0..max_iterations {
            // Compute A*p using sparse matrix-vector multiplication
            let ap = sparse_dense_matvec(a, &p.view())?;

            // Compute step size
            let pap = p.dot(&ap);
            if pap <= T::zero() {
                return Err(LinalgError::ComputationError(
                    "Matrix is not positive definite".to_string(),
                ));
            }

            let alpha = rsold / pap;

            // Update solution and residual
            x = x + &p * alpha;
            r = r - &ap * alpha;

            let rsnew = r.dot(&r);

            // Check convergence
            if rsnew.sqrt() < tolerance * b_norm {
                return Ok(x);
            }

            // Update search direction
            let beta = rsnew / rsold;
            p = &r + &p * beta;
            rsold = rsnew;
        }

        // Return best solution found
        Ok(x)
    }

    /// Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient with diagonal preconditioning
    pub fn sparse_preconditioned_cg<T>(
        a: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
        b: &ArrayView1<T>,
        tolerance: T,
        max_iterations: usize,
    ) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
    where
        T: Float
            + Clone
            + Copy
            + Debug
            + Zero
            + Add<Output = T>
            + Sub<Output = T>
            + Mul<Output = T>
            + PartialOrd
            + scirs2_core::ndarray::ScalarOperand,
    {
        // Extract diagonal for preconditioning
        let mut diag = Array1::zeros(a.nrows());
        for i in 0..a.nrows() {
            for j in a.indptr[i]..a.indptr[i + 1] {
                if a.indices[j] == i {
                    diag[i] = a.data[j];
                    break;
                }
            }
            // Avoid division by zero
            if diag[i].abs() < T::epsilon() {
                diag[i] = T::one();
            }
        }

        // Create diagonal preconditioner M^-1
        let m_inv = diag.mapv(|x| T::one() / x);

        let n = a.nrows();
        let mut x = Array1::zeros(n);
        let mut r = b.to_owned();
        let mut z = &r * &m_inv; // Apply preconditioner
        let mut p = z.clone();

        let mut rzold = r.dot(&z);
        let b_norm = b.dot(b).sqrt();

        for _ in 0..max_iterations {
            let ap = sparse_dense_matvec(a, &p.view())?;
            let pap = p.dot(&ap);

            if pap <= T::zero() {
                return Err(LinalgError::ComputationError(
                    "Matrix is not positive definite".to_string(),
                ));
            }

            let alpha = rzold / pap;

            x = x + &p * alpha;
            r = r - &ap * alpha;

            // Check convergence
            let r_norm = r.dot(&r).sqrt();
            if r_norm < tolerance * b_norm {
                return Ok(x);
            }

            // Apply preconditioner
            z = &r * &m_inv;
            let rznew = r.dot(&z);
            let beta = rznew / rzold;

            p = &z + &p * beta;
            rzold = rznew;
        }

        Ok(x)
    }

    /// Sparse matrix statistics for optimization decisions
    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    pub struct SparseMatrixStats {
        pub sparsity_ratio: f64,
        pub avg_nnz_per_row: f64,
        pub max_nnz_per_row: usize,
        pub bandwidth: usize,
        pub is_symmetric: bool,
        pub is_diagonal_dominant: bool,
    }

    /// Analyze sparse matrix structure for algorithm selection
    pub fn analyze_sparse_structure<T>(sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>) -> SparseMatrixStats
    where
        T: Float + Clone + Copy + Debug + PartialOrd,
    {
        let total_elements = sparse.nrows() * sparse.ncols();
        let sparsity_ratio = sparse.nnz() as f64 / total_elements as f64;
        let avg_nnz_per_row = sparse.nnz() as f64 / sparse.nrows() as f64;

        // Find maximum non-zeros per row
        let mut max_nnz_per_row = 0;
        for i in 0..sparse.nrows() {
            let row_nnz = sparse.indptr[i + 1] - sparse.indptr[i];
            max_nnz_per_row = max_nnz_per_row.max(row_nnz);
        }

        // Estimate bandwidth (maximum distance from diagonal)
        let mut bandwidth = 0;
        for i in 0..sparse.nrows() {
            for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
                let col = sparse.indices[j];
                let distance = i.abs_diff(col);
                bandwidth = bandwidth.max(distance);
            }
        }

        // Check for symmetry (approximate check)
        let is_symmetric = if sparse.nrows() == sparse.ncols() {
            check_sparse_symmetry(sparse)
        } else {
            false
        };

        // Check diagonal dominance
        let is_diagonal_dominant = check_diagonal_dominance(sparse);

        SparseMatrixStats {
            sparsity_ratio,
            avg_nnz_per_row,
            max_nnz_per_row,
            bandwidth,
            is_symmetric,
            is_diagonal_dominant,
        }
    }

    /// Check if sparse matrix is approximately symmetric
    fn check_sparse_symmetry<T>(sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>) -> bool
    where
        T: Float + Clone + Copy + Debug + PartialOrd,
    {
        // Create a map of (row, col) -> value for quick lookup
        let mut elements = HashMap::new();

        for i in 0..sparse.nrows() {
            for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
                let col = sparse.indices[j];
                elements.insert((i, col), sparse.data[j]);
            }
        }

        // Check if A[i,j] ≈ A[j,i] for all non-zero elements
        for i in 0..sparse.nrows() {
            for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
                let col = sparse.indices[j];
                let val_ij = sparse.data[j];

                if let Some(&val_ji) = elements.get(&(col, i)) {
                    let diff = (val_ij - val_ji).abs();
                    let tolerance = T::epsilon() * T::from(100.0).expect("Operation failed");
                    if diff > tolerance {
                        return false;
                    }
                } else if val_ij.abs() > T::epsilon() * T::from(100.0).expect("Operation failed") {
                    // Non-zero element has no symmetric counterpart
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        true
    }

    /// Check if matrix is diagonally dominant
    fn check_diagonal_dominance<T>(sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>) -> bool
    where
        T: Float + Clone + Copy + Debug + PartialOrd,
    {
        for i in 0..sparse.nrows() {
            let mut diag_val = T::zero();
            let mut off_diag_sum = T::zero();

            for j in sparse.indptr[i]..sparse.indptr[i + 1] {
                let col = sparse.indices[j];
                let val = sparse.data[j].abs();

                if col == i {
                    diag_val = val;
                } else {
                    off_diag_sum = off_diag_sum + val;
                }
            }

            if diag_val <= off_diag_sum {
                return false;
            }
        }

        true
    }
}

/// Integration point for future scirs2-sparse crate
/// This trait defines the interface that scirs2-sparse matrices should implement
/// for seamless integration with scirs2-linalg
pub trait SparseLinalg<T> {
    /// Get matrix dimensions
    fn shape(&self) -> (usize, usize);

    /// Get number of non-zero elements
    fn nnz(&self) -> usize;

    /// Convert to CSR format for interoperability
    fn to_csr(&self) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>>;

    /// Matrix-vector multiplication
    fn matvec(&self, x: &ArrayView1<T>) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>;

    /// Solve linear system Ax = b
    fn solve(&self, b: &ArrayView1<T>) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>;

    /// Get sparsity statistics
    fn stats(&self) -> advanced::SparseMatrixStats;
}

/// Blanket implementation for SparseMatrixView
impl<T> SparseLinalg<T> for SparseMatrixView<T>
where
    T: Float
        + Clone
        + Copy
        + Debug
        + Zero
        + Add<Output = T>
        + Sub<Output = T>
        + Mul<Output = T>
        + PartialOrd
        + std::iter::Sum
        + scirs2_core::ndarray::ScalarOperand
        + NumAssign
        + Send
        + Sync,
{
    fn shape(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
        (self.rows, self.cols)
    }

    fn nnz(&self) -> usize {
        self.data.len()
    }

    fn to_csr(&self) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>> {
        Ok(self.clone())
    }

    fn matvec(&self, x: &ArrayView1<T>) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>> {
        sparse_dense_matvec(self, x)
    }

    fn solve(&self, b: &ArrayView1<T>) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>> {
        advanced::adaptive_sparse_dense_solve(
            self,
            b,
            T::epsilon() * T::from(1000.0).expect("Operation failed"),
            1000,
        )
    }

    fn stats(&self) -> advanced::SparseMatrixStats {
        advanced::analyze_sparse_structure(self)
    }
}

/// Utility functions for sparse-dense interoperability
pub mod utils {
    use super::*;

    /// Automatically choose between sparse and dense algorithms based on matrix properties
    pub fn auto_solve<T>(
        matrix: &ArrayView2<T>,
        rhs: &ArrayView1<T>,
        sparsity_threshold: f64,
    ) -> LinalgResult<Array1<T>>
    where
        T: Float
            + Clone
            + Copy
            + Debug
            + Zero
            + Add<Output = T>
            + Sub<Output = T>
            + Mul<Output = T>
            + PartialOrd
            + NumCast
            + NumAssign
            + std::iter::Sum
            + scirs2_core::ndarray::ScalarOperand
            + Send
            + Sync,
    {
        // Analyze matrix sparsity
        let total_elements = matrix.len();
        let mut zero_count = 0;
        let threshold = T::epsilon() * T::from(1000.0).expect("Operation failed");

        for &val in matrix.iter() {
            if val.abs() < threshold {
                zero_count += 1;
            }
        }

        let sparsity_ratio = zero_count as f64 / total_elements as f64;

        if sparsity_ratio > sparsity_threshold {
            // Convert to sparse and solve
            let sparse = sparse_from_ndarray(matrix, threshold)?;
            sparse.solve(rhs)
        } else {
            // Use dense solver
            crate::solve::solve(matrix, rhs, None)
        }
    }

    /// Convert between different sparse formats (placeholder for future expansion)
    pub fn convert_sparse_format<T>(
        sparse: &SparseMatrixView<T>,
        format: &str,
    ) -> LinalgResult<SparseMatrixView<T>>
    where
        T: Clone + Copy + Debug + Zero,
    {
        match format {
            "csr" => Ok(sparse.clone()),
            "csc" => sparse_transpose(sparse), // CSC is essentially transposed CSR
            _ => Err(LinalgError::ValueError(format!(
                "Unsupported sparse format: {format}"
            ))),
        }
    }

    /// Estimate memory usage for sparse vs dense operations
    pub fn estimate_memory_usage<T>(shape: (usize, usize), nnz: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
        let (rows, cols) = shape;
        let elementsize = std::mem::size_of::<T>();

        // Dense matrix memory
        let dense_memory = rows * cols * elementsize;

        // Sparse matrix memory (CSR format)
        let sparse_memory = nnz * elementsize + // data
                          nnz * std::mem::size_of::<usize>() + // indices
                          (rows + 1) * std::mem::size_of::<usize>(); // indptr

        (dense_memory, sparse_memory)
    }
}

// Implementation of Neg trait for T
use std::ops::Neg;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use approx::assert_abs_diff_eq;
    use scirs2_core::ndarray::array;

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_from_ndarray() {
        let dense = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let sparse = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Check dimensions
        assert_eq!(sparse.shape(), (3, 3));
        assert_eq!(sparse.nnz(), 5);

        // Convert back to dense and compare
        let dense_again = sparse.to_dense();
        for i in 0..3 {
            for j in 0..3 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(dense[[i, j]], dense_again[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_dense_matmul() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let dense_b = array![[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0], [5.0, 6.0]];

        let sparse_a = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_a.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Sparse-dense multiplication
        let result = sparse_dense_matmul(&sparse_a, &dense_b.view()).expect("Operation failed");

        // Expected result of A * B
        let expected = array![[11.0, 14.0], [15.0, 18.0], [19.0, 28.0]];

        // Compare
        for i in 0..3 {
            for j in 0..2 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(result[[i, j]], expected[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dense_sparse_matmul() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]];

        let dense_b = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let sparse_b = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_b.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Dense-sparse multiplication
        let result = dense_sparse_matmul(&dense_a.view(), &sparse_b).expect("Operation failed");

        // Manually compute the expected result by direct multiplication
        let expected = dense_a.dot(&dense_b);

        // Compare
        for i in 0..2 {
            for j in 0..3 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(result[[i, j]], expected[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_dense_matvec() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let vec_b = array![1.0, 2.0, 3.0];

        let sparse_a = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_a.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Sparse-dense matvec
        let result = sparse_dense_matvec(&sparse_a, &vec_b.view()).expect("Operation failed");

        // Expected result of A * v
        let expected = array![7.0, 9.0, 14.0];

        // Compare
        for i in 0..3 {
            assert_abs_diff_eq!(result[i], expected[i], epsilon = 1e-10);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_dense_add() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let dense_b = array![[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]];

        let sparse_a = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_a.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Sparse + dense
        let result = sparse_dense_add(&sparse_a, &dense_b.view()).expect("Operation failed");

        // Expected result of A + B
        let expected = array![[2.0, 2.0, 5.0], [4.0, 5.0, 9.0], [11.0, 13.0, 9.0]];

        // Compare
        for i in 0..3 {
            for j in 0..3 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(result[[i, j]], expected[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_dense_elementwise_mul() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let dense_b = array![[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]];

        let sparse_a = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_a.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Element-wise multiplication
        let result =
            sparse_dense_elementwise_mul(&sparse_a, &dense_b.view()).expect("Operation failed");

        // Convert to dense for comparison
        let result_dense = result.to_dense();

        // Expected result of A .* B
        let expected = array![[1.0, 0.0, 6.0], [0.0, 0.0, 18.0], [28.0, 40.0, 0.0]];

        // Compare
        for i in 0..3 {
            for j in 0..3 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(result_dense[[i, j]], expected[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_sparse_transpose() {
        let dense_a = array![[1.0, 0.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 0.0]];

        let sparse_a = sparse_from_ndarray(&dense_a.view(), 1e-10).expect("Operation failed");

        // Transpose
        let transposed = sparse_transpose(&sparse_a).expect("Operation failed");

        // Convert to dense for comparison
        let transposed_dense = transposed.to_dense();

        // Expected result of A^T
        let expected = array![[1.0, 0.0, 4.0], [0.0, 0.0, 5.0], [2.0, 3.0, 0.0]];

        // Compare
        for i in 0..3 {
            for j in 0..3 {
                assert_abs_diff_eq!(transposed_dense[[i, j]], expected[[i, j]], epsilon = 1e-10);
            }
        }
    }
}