rustsat-cadical 0.7.5

#ifndef _internal_hpp_INCLUDED
#define _internal_hpp_INCLUDED

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Wrapped build specific headers which should go first.

#include "inttypes.hpp"

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Common 'C' headers.

#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <csignal>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <variant>

// Less common 'C' header.

extern "C" {
#include <unistd.h>
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Common 'C++' headers.

#include <algorithm>
#include <queue>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <vector>

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// All internal headers are included here.  This gives a nice overview on
// what is needed altogether. The 'Internal' class needs almost all the
// headers anyhow (since the idea is to avoid pointer references as much as
// possible).  Most implementation files need to see the definition of the
// 'Internal' too.  Thus there is no real advantage in trying to reduce the
// number of header files included here.  The other benefit of having all
// header files here is that '.cpp' files then only need to include this.

#include "arena.hpp"
#include "averages.hpp"
#include "bins.hpp"
#include "block.hpp"
#include "cadical.hpp"
#include "checker.hpp"
#include "clause.hpp"
#include "config.hpp"
#include "congruence.hpp"
#include "contract.hpp"
#include "cover.hpp"
#include "decompose.hpp"
#include "drattracer.hpp"
#include "elim.hpp"
#include "ema.hpp"
#include "external.hpp"
#include "factor.hpp"
#include "file.hpp"
#include "flags.hpp"
#include "format.hpp"
#include "frattracer.hpp"
#include "heap.hpp"
#include "idruptracer.hpp"
#include "instantiate.hpp"
#include "internal.hpp"
#include "level.hpp"
#include "lidruptracer.hpp"
#include "limit.hpp"
#include "logging.hpp"
#include "lratchecker.hpp"
#include "lrattracer.hpp"
#include "message.hpp"
#include "occs.hpp"
#include "options.hpp"
#include "parse.hpp"
#include "phases.hpp"
#include "profile.hpp"
#include "proof.hpp"
#include "queue.hpp"
#include "radix.hpp"
#include "random.hpp"
#include "range.hpp"
#include "reap.hpp"
#include "reluctant.hpp"
#include "resources.hpp"
#include "score.hpp"
#include "stats.hpp"
#include "sweep.hpp"
#include "terminal.hpp"
#include "tracer.hpp"
#include "util.hpp"
#include "var.hpp"
#include "veripbtracer.hpp"
#include "version.hpp"
#include "vivify.hpp"
#include "walk.hpp"
#include "watch.hpp"

// c headers
extern "C" {
#include "kitten.h"
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

namespace CaDiCaL {

using namespace std;

struct Coveror;
struct External;
struct WalkerFO;
struct Walker;
class Tracer;
class FileTracer;
class StatTracer;

struct CubesWithStatus {
  int status = 0;
  std::vector<std::vector<int>> cubes;
};

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

struct Internal {

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // The actual internal state of the solver is set and maintained in this
  // section.  This is currently only used for debugging and testing.

  enum Mode {
    BLOCK = (1 << 0),
    CONDITION = (1 << 1),
    CONGRUENCE = (1 << 2),
    COVER = (1 << 3),
    DECOMP = (1 << 4),
    DEDUP = (1 << 5),
    ELIM = (1 << 6),
    FACTOR = (1 << 7),
    LUCKY = (1 << 8),
    PROBE = (1 << 9),
    SEARCH = (1 << 10),
    SIMPLIFY = (1 << 11),
    SUBSUME = (1 << 12),
    SWEEP = (1 << 13),
    TERNARY = (1 << 14),
    TRANSRED = (1 << 15),
    VIVIFY = (1 << 16),
    WALK = (1 << 17),
    BACKBONE = (1 << 18),
  };

  bool in_mode (Mode m) const { return (mode & m) != 0; }
  void set_mode (Mode m) {
    assert (!(mode & m));
    mode |= m;
  }
  void reset_mode (Mode m) {
    assert (mode & m);
    mode &= ~m;
  }
  void require_mode (Mode m) const { assert (mode & m), (void) m; }

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  int mode; // current internal state
  int tier1[2] = {
      2, 2}; // tier1 limit for 0=focused, 1=stable; aka tier1[stable]
  int tier2[2] = {
      6, 6};      // tier2 limit for 0=focused, 1=stable; aka tier1[stable]
  bool unsat;     // empty clause found or learned
  bool iterating; // report learned unit ('i' line)
  bool localsearching;         // true during local search
  bool lookingahead;           // true during look ahead
  bool preprocessing;          // true during preprocessing
  bool protected_reasons;      // referenced reasons are protected
  bool force_saved_phase;      // force saved phase in decision
  bool searching_lucky_phases; // during 'lucky_phases'
  bool stable;                 // true during stabilization phase
  bool reported;               // reported in this solving call
  bool external_prop;         // true if an external propagator is connected
  bool did_external_prop;     // true if ext. propagation happened
  bool external_prop_is_lazy; // true if the external propagator is lazy
  bool forced_backt_allowed;  // external propagator can force backtracking
  bool private_steps;   // no notification of ext. prop during these steps
  char rephased;        // last type of resetting phases
  Reluctant reluctant;  // restart counter in stable mode
  size_t vsize;         // actually allocated variable data size
  int max_var;          // internal maximum variable index
  int64_t clause_id;    // last used id for clauses
  int64_t original_id;  // ids for original clauses to produce LRAT
  int64_t reserved_ids; // number of reserved ids for original clauses
  int64_t conflict_id;  // store conflict id for finalize (frat)
  int64_t saved_decisions;    // to compute decision rate average
  bool concluded;             // keeps track of conclude
  vector<int64_t> conclusion; // store ids of conclusion clauses
  vector<int64_t>
      unit_clauses_idx;       // keep track of unit_clauses (LRAT/FRAT)
  vector<int64_t> lrat_chain; // create LRAT in solver: option lratdirect
  vector<int64_t> mini_chain; // used to create LRAT in minimize
  vector<int64_t> minimize_chain; // used to create LRAT in minimize
  vector<int64_t> unit_chain;     // used to avoid duplicate units
  vector<Clause *> inst_chain;    // for LRAT in instantiate
  vector<vector<vector<int64_t>>>
      probehbr_chains;          // only used if opts.probehbr=false
  bool lrat;                    // generate LRAT internally
  bool frat;                    // finalize non-deleted clauses in proof
  int level;                    // decision level ('control.size () - 1')
  Phases phases;                // saved, target and best phases
  signed char *vals;            // assignment [-max_var,max_var]
  vector<signed char> marks;    // signed marks [1,max_var]
  vector<unsigned> frozentab;   // frozen counters [1,max_var]
  vector<int> i2e;              // maps internal 'idx' to external 'lit'
  vector<unsigned> relevanttab; // Reference counts for observed variables.
  Queue queue;                  // variable move to front decision queue
  Links links;                  // table of links for decision queue
  double score_inc;             // current score increment
  ScoreSchedule scores;         // score based decision priority queue
  vector<double> stab;          // table of variable scores [1,max_var]
  vector<Var> vtab;             // variable table [1,max_var]
  vector<int> parents;          // parent literals during probing
  vector<Flags> ftab;           // variable and literal flags
  vector<int64_t> btab;         // enqueue time stamps for queue
  vector<int64_t> gtab;         // time stamp table to recompute glue
  vector<Occs> otab;            // table of occurrences for all literals
  vector<Occs> rtab;            // table of redundant occurrences
  vector<int> ptab;             // table for caching probing attempts
  vector<int64_t> ntab;         // number of one-sided occurrences table
  vector<Bins> big;             // binary implication graph
  vector<Watches> wtab;         // table of watches for all literals
  Clause *conflict;             // set in 'propagation', reset in 'analyze'
  Clause *ignore;               // ignored during 'vivify_propagate'
  Clause *dummy_binary;         // Dummy binary clause for subsumption
  Clause *external_reason;      // used as reason at external propagations
  Clause *newest_clause;        // used in external_propagate
  bool force_no_backtrack;      // for new clauses with external propagator
  bool from_propagator;         // differentiate new clauses...
  bool ext_clause_forgettable;  // Is new clause from propagator forgettable
  int changed_val;              // used for ILB
  size_t notified;           // next trail position to notify external prop
  Clause *probe_reason;      // set during probing
  size_t propagated;         // next trail position to propagate
  size_t propagated2;        // next binary trail position to propagate
  size_t propergated;        // propagated without blocking literals
  size_t best_assigned;      // best maximum assigned ever
  size_t target_assigned;    // maximum assigned without conflict
  size_t no_conflict_until;  // largest trail prefix without conflict
  vector<int> trail;         // currently assigned literals
  vector<int> clause;        // simplified in parsing & learning
  vector<int> assumptions;   // assumed literals
  vector<int> constraint;    // literals of the constraint
  bool unsat_constraint;     // constraint used for unsatisfiability?
  bool marked_failed;        // are the failed assumptions marked?
  vector<int> original;      // original added literals
  vector<int> levels;        // decision levels in learned clause
  vector<int> analyzed;      // analyzed literals in 'analyze'
  vector<int> unit_analyzed; // to avoid duplicate units in lrat_chain
  vector<int> sign_marked;   // literals skipped in 'decompose'
  vector<int> minimized;     // removable or poison in 'minimize'
  vector<int> shrinkable;    // removable or poison in 'shrink'
  Reap reap;                 // radix heap for shrink
  bool factorcheckdone =
      0; // boolean indicated that we have done the resize 1

  vector<int> sweep_schedule; // remember sweep varibles to reschedule
  bool sweep_incomplete;      // sweep
  uint64_t randomized_deciding;

  kitten *citten;

  size_t num_assigned; // check for satisfied

  vector<int> probes;       // remaining scheduled probes
  vector<Level> control;    // 'level + 1 == control.size ()'
  vector<Clause *> clauses; // ordered collection of all clauses
  Averages averages;        // glue, size, jump moving averages
  Delay delay[2];           // Delay certain functions
  Delay congruence_delay;   // Delay congruence if not successful recently
  Limit lim;                // limits for various phases
  Last last;                // statistics at last occurrence
  Inc inc;                  // increments on limits

  Delay delaying_vivify_irredundant;
  Delay delaying_sweep;

  Proof *proof; // abstraction layer between solver and tracers
  vector<Tracer *>
      tracers; // proof tracing objects (ie interpolant calculator)
  vector<FileTracer *>
      file_tracers; // file proof tracers (ie DRAT, LRAT...)
  vector<StatTracer *> stat_tracers; // checkers

  Options opts; // run-time options
  Stats stats;  // statistics
#ifndef QUIET
  Profiles profiles;         // time profiles for various functions
  bool force_phase_messages; // force 'phase (...)' messages
#endif
  Arena arena;          // memory arena for moving garbage collector
  Format error_message; // provide persistent error message
  string prefix;        // verbose messages prefix

  Internal *internal; // proxy to 'this' in macros
  External *external; // proxy to 'external' buddy in 'Solver'

  static constexpr unsigned max_used =
      31; // must fit into the header of the clause!
  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // Asynchronous termination flag written by 'terminate' and read by
  // 'terminated_asynchronously' (the latter at the end of this header).
  //
  volatile bool termination_forced;

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  const Range vars; // Provides safe variable iteration.
  const Sange lits; // Provides safe literal iteration.

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  Internal ();
  ~Internal ();

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // Internal delegates and helpers for corresponding functions in
  // 'External' and 'Solver'.  The 'init_vars' function initializes
  // variables up to and including the requested variable index.
  //
  void init_vars (int new_max_var);

  void init_enqueue (int idx);
  void init_queue (int old_max_var, int new_max_var);

  void init_scores (int old_max_var, int new_max_var);

  void add_original_lit (int lit);

  // only able to restore irredundant clause
  void finish_added_clause_with_id (int64_t id, bool restore = false);

  // Reserve ids for original clauses to produce lrat
  void reserve_ids (int number);

  // Enlarge tables.
  //
  void enlarge_vals (size_t new_vsize);
  void enlarge (int new_max_var);

  // A variable is 'active' if it is not eliminated nor fixed.
  //
  bool active (int lit) { return flags (lit).active (); }

  int active () const {
    int res = stats.active;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    int tmp = max_var;
    tmp -= stats.unused;
    tmp -= stats.now.fixed;
    tmp -= stats.now.eliminated;
    tmp -= stats.now.substituted;
    tmp -= stats.now.pure;
    assert (tmp >= 0);
    assert (tmp == res);
#endif
    return res;
  }

  void reactivate (int lit); // During 'restore'.

  // Currently remaining active redundant and irredundant clauses.

  int64_t redundant () const { return stats.current.redundant; }

  int64_t irredundant () const { return stats.current.irredundant; }

  double clause_variable_ratio () const {
    return relative (irredundant (), active ());
  }

  // Scale values relative to clause variable ratio.
  //
  double scale (double v) const;

  // Unsigned literals (abs) with checks.
  //
  int vidx (int lit) const {
    int idx;
    assert (lit);
    assert (lit != INT_MIN);
    idx = abs (lit);
    assert (idx <= max_var);
    return idx;
  }

  // Unsigned version with LSB denoting sign.  This is used in indexing
  // arrays by literals.  The idea is to keep the elements in such an array
  // for both the positive and negated version of a literal close together.
  //
  unsigned vlit (int lit) const {
    return (lit < 0) + 2u * (unsigned) vidx (lit);
  }

  int u2i (unsigned u) {
    assert (u > 1);
    int res = u / 2;
    assert (res <= max_var);
    if (u & 1)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }

  int citten2lit (unsigned ulit) {
    int res = (ulit / 2) + 1;
    assert (res <= max_var);
    if (ulit & 1)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }

  unsigned lit2citten (int lit) {
    int idx = vidx (lit) - 1;
    return (lit < 0) + 2u * (unsigned) idx;
  }

  int64_t unit_id (int lit) const {
    assert (lrat || frat);
    assert (val (lit) > 0);
    const unsigned uidx = vlit (lit);
    int64_t id = unit_clauses_idx[uidx];
    assert (id);
    return id;
  }

  inline int64_t &unit_clauses (int uidx) {
    assert (lrat || frat);
    assert (uidx > 0);
    assert ((size_t) uidx < unit_clauses_idx.size ());
    return unit_clauses_idx[uidx];
  }

  // Helper functions to access variable and literal data.
  //
  Var &var (int lit) { return vtab[vidx (lit)]; }
  Link &link (int lit) { return links[vidx (lit)]; }
  Flags &flags (int lit) { return ftab[vidx (lit)]; }
  int64_t &bumped (int lit) { return btab[vidx (lit)]; }
  int &propfixed (int lit) { return ptab[vlit (lit)]; }
  double &score (int lit) { return stab[vidx (lit)]; }

  const Flags &flags (int lit) const { return ftab[vidx (lit)]; }

  bool occurring () const { return !otab.empty (); }
  bool watching () const { return !wtab.empty (); }

  Bins &bins (int lit) { return big[vlit (lit)]; }
  Occs &occs (int lit) { return otab[vlit (lit)]; }
  int64_t &noccs (int lit) { return ntab[vlit (lit)]; }
  Watches &watches (int lit) { return wtab[vlit (lit)]; }

  // Variable bumping through exponential VSIDS (EVSIDS) as in MiniSAT.
  //
  bool use_scores () const { return opts.score && stable; }
  void bump_variable_score (int lit);
  void bump_variable_score_inc ();
  void rescale_variable_scores ();

  // Marking variables with a sign (positive or negative).
  //
  signed char marked (int lit) const {
    signed char res = marks[vidx (lit)];
    if (lit < 0)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }
  void mark (int lit) {
    assert (!marked (lit));
    marks[vidx (lit)] = sign (lit);
    assert (marked (lit) > 0);
    assert (marked (-lit) < 0);
  }
  void unmark (int lit) {
    marks[vidx (lit)] = 0;
    assert (!marked (lit));
  }

  // Use only bits 6 and 7 to store the sign or zero.  The remaining
  // bits can be used as additional flags.
  //
  signed char marked67 (int lit) const {
    signed char res = marks[vidx (lit)] >> 6;
    if (lit < 0)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }
  void mark67 (int lit) {
    signed char &m = marks[vidx (lit)];
    const signed char mask = 0x3f;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    const signed char bits = m & mask;
#endif
    m = (m & mask) | (sign (lit) << 6);
    assert (marked (lit) > 0);
    assert (marked (-lit) < 0);
    assert ((m & mask) == bits);
    assert (marked67 (lit) > 0);
    assert (marked67 (-lit) < 0);
  }
  void unmark67 (int lit) {
    signed char &m = marks[vidx (lit)];
    const signed char mask = 0x3f;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    const signed bits = m & mask;
#endif
    m &= mask;
    assert ((m & mask) == bits);
  }

  void unmark (vector<int> &lits) {
    for (const auto &lit : lits)
      unmark (lit);
  }

  // The other 6 bits of the 'marks' bytes can be used as additional
  // (unsigned) marking bits.  Currently we only use the least significant
  // bit in 'condition' to mark variables in the conditional part.
  //
  bool getbit (int lit, int bit) const {
    assert (0 <= bit), assert (bit < 6);
    return marks[vidx (lit)] & (1 << bit);
  }
  void setbit (int lit, int bit) {
    assert (0 <= bit), assert (bit < 6);
    assert (!getbit (lit, bit));
    marks[vidx (lit)] |= (1 << bit);
    assert (getbit (lit, bit));
  }
  void unsetbit (int lit, int bit) {
    assert (0 <= bit), assert (bit < 6);
    assert (getbit (lit, bit));
    marks[vidx (lit)] &= ~(1 << bit);
    assert (!getbit (lit, bit));
  }

  // Marking individual literals.
  //
  bool marked2 (int lit) const {
    unsigned res = marks[vidx (lit)];
    assert (res <= 3);
    unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    return (res & bit) != 0;
  }
  void mark2 (int lit) {
    marks[vidx (lit)] |= bign (lit);
    assert (marked2 (lit));
  }

  // marks bits 1,2,3 and 4,5,6 depending on fact and sign of lit
  //
  bool getfact (int lit, int fact) const {
    assert (fact == 1 || fact == 2 || fact == 4);
    int res = marks[vidx (lit)];
    if (lit < 0) {
      res >>= 3;
    } else {
      res &= 7;
    }
    // assert (!res || res == 1 || res == 2 || res == 4);
    return res & fact;
  }

  void markfact (int lit, int fact) {
    assert (fact == 1 || fact == 2 || fact == 4);
    assert (!getfact (lit, fact));
#ifndef NDEBUG
    int before = getfact (-lit, fact);
#endif
    int res = marks[vidx (lit)];
    if (lit < 0) {
      res |= fact << 3;
    } else {
      res |= fact;
    }
    marks[vidx (lit)] = res;
    assert (getfact (lit, fact));
#ifndef NDEBUG
    assert (getfact (-lit, fact) == before);
#endif
  }

  void unmarkfact (int lit, int fact) {
    assert (fact == 1 || fact == 2 || fact == 4);
    assert (getfact (lit, fact));
    int res = marks[vidx (lit)];
    if (lit < 0) {
      res &= ~(fact << 3);
    } else {
      res &= ~fact;
    }
    marks[vidx (lit)] = res;
    assert (!getfact (lit, fact));
  }

  // Marking and unmarking of all literals in a clause.
  //
  void mark_clause (); // mark 'this->clause'
  void mark (Clause *);
  void mark2 (Clause *);
  void unmark_clause (); // unmark 'this->clause'
  void unmark (Clause *);

  // Watch literal 'lit' in clause with blocking literal 'blit'.
  // Inlined here, since it occurs in the tight inner loop of 'propagate'.
  //
  inline void watch_literal (int lit, int blit, Clause *c) {
    assert (lit != blit);
    Watches &ws = watches (lit);
    ws.push_back (Watch (blit, c));
    assert (c->literals[0] == lit || c->literals[1] == lit);
    LOG (c, "watch %d blit %d in", lit, blit);
  }

  // Watch literal 'lit' in clause with blocking literal 'blit'.
  // Inlined here, since it occurs in the tight inner loop of 'propagate'.
  //
  inline void watch_binary_literal (int lit, int blit, Clause *c) {
    assert (lit != blit);
    Watches &ws = watches (lit);
    ws.push_back (Watch (true, blit, c));
    LOG (c, "watch binary %d blit %d in", lit, blit);
  }

  // Add two watches to a clause.  This is used initially during allocation
  // of a clause and during connecting back all watches after preprocessing.
  //
  inline void watch_clause (Clause *c) {
    const int l0 = c->literals[0];
    const int l1 = c->literals[1];
    watch_literal (l0, l1, c);
    watch_literal (l1, l0, c);
  }

  inline void unwatch_clause (Clause *c) {
    const int l0 = c->literals[0];
    const int l1 = c->literals[1];
    remove_watch (watches (l0), c);
    remove_watch (watches (l1), c);
  }

  // Update queue to point to last potentially still unassigned variable.
  // All variables after 'queue.unassigned' in bump order are assumed to be
  // assigned.  Then update the 'queue.bumped' field and log it.  This is
  // inlined here since it occurs in several inner loops.
  //
  inline void update_queue_unassigned (int idx) {
    assert (0 < idx);
    assert (idx <= max_var);
    queue.unassigned = idx;
    queue.bumped = btab[idx];
    LOG ("queue unassigned now %d bumped %" PRId64 "", idx, btab[idx]);
  }

  void bump_queue (int idx);

  // Mark (active) variables as eliminated, substituted, pure or fixed,
  // which turns them into inactive variables.
  //
  void mark_eliminated (int);
  void mark_substituted (int);
  void mark_active (int);
  void mark_fixed (int);
  void mark_pure (int);

  // Managing clauses in 'clause.cpp'.  Without explicit 'Clause' argument
  // these functions work on the global temporary 'clause'.
  //
  Clause *new_clause (bool red, int glue = 0);
  void promote_clause (Clause *, int new_glue);
  void promote_clause_glue_only (Clause *, int new_glue);
  size_t shrink_clause (Clause *, int new_size);
  void minimize_sort_clause ();
  void shrink_and_minimize_clause ();
  void reset_shrinkable ();
  void mark_shrinkable_as_removable (int, std::vector<int>::size_type);
  int shrink_literal (int, int, unsigned);
  unsigned shrunken_block_uip (int, int,
                               std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                               std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                               std::vector<int>::size_type, const int);
  void shrunken_block_no_uip (const std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                              const std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                              unsigned &, const int);
  void push_literals_of_block (const std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                               const std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                               int, unsigned);
  unsigned shrink_next (int, unsigned &, unsigned &);
  std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator
  minimize_and_shrink_block (std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                             unsigned int &, unsigned int &, const int);
  unsigned shrink_block (std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &,
                         std::vector<int>::reverse_iterator &, int,
                         unsigned &, unsigned &, const int, unsigned);
  unsigned shrink_along_reason (int, int, bool, bool &, unsigned);

  void deallocate_clause (Clause *);
  void delete_clause (Clause *);
  void mark_garbage (Clause *);
  void assign_original_unit (int64_t, int);
  void add_new_original_clause (int64_t);
  Clause *new_learned_redundant_clause (int glue);
  Clause *new_hyper_binary_resolved_clause (bool red, int glue);
  Clause *new_clause_as (const Clause *orig);
  Clause *new_resolved_irredundant_clause ();

  // Forward reasoning through propagation in 'propagate.cpp'.
  //
  int assignment_level (int lit, Clause *);
  void build_chain_for_units (int lit, Clause *reason, bool forced);
  void build_chain_for_empty ();
  void search_assign (int lit, Clause *);
  void search_assign_driving (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void search_assign_external (int lit);
  void search_assume_decision (int decision);
  static Clause *decision_reason;
  void assign_unit (int lit);
  int64_t cache_lines (size_t bytes) { return (bytes + 127) / 128; }
  int64_t cache_lines (size_t n, size_t bytes) {
    return cache_lines (n * bytes);
  }
  bool propagate ();

#ifdef PROFILE_MODE
  bool propagate_wrapper ();
  bool propagate_unstable ();
  bool propagate_stable ();
  void analyze_wrapper ();
  void analyze_unstable ();
  void analyze_stable ();
  int decide_wrapper ();
  int decide_stable ();
  int decide_unstable ();
#else
#define propagate_wrapper propagate
#define analyze_wrapper analyze
#define decide_wrapper decide
#endif

  void propergate (); // Repropagate without blocking literals.

  // Undo and restart in 'backtrack.cpp'.
  //
  void unassign (int lit);
  void update_target_and_best ();
  void backtrack (int target_level = 0);
  void backtrack_without_updating_phases (int target_level = 0);

  // Minimized learned clauses in 'minimize.cpp'.
  //
  bool minimize_literal (int lit, int depth = 0);
  void minimize_clause ();
  void calculate_minimize_chain (int lit, std::vector<int> &stack);

  // Learning from conflicts in 'analyze.cc'.
  //
  void learn_empty_clause ();
  void learn_unit_clause (int lit);

  void bump_variable (int lit);
  void bump_variables ();
  int recompute_glue (Clause *);
  void bump_clause (Clause *);
  void bump_clause2 (Clause *);
  void clear_unit_analyzed_literals ();
  void clear_analyzed_literals ();
  void clear_analyzed_levels ();
  void clear_minimized_literals ();
  bool bump_also_reason_literal (int lit);
  void bump_also_reason_literals (int lit, int depth_limit,
                                  size_t size_limit);
  void bump_also_all_reason_literals ();
  void analyze_literal (int lit, int &open, int &resolvent_size,
                        int &antecedent_size);
  void analyze_reason (int lit, Clause *, int &open, int &resolvent_size,
                       int &antecedent_size);
  Clause *new_driving_clause (const int glue, int &jump);
  int find_conflict_level (int &forced);
  int determine_actual_backtrack_level (int jump);
  void otfs_strengthen_clause (Clause *, int, int,
                               const std::vector<int> &);
  void otfs_subsume_clause (Clause *subsuming, Clause *subsumed);
  int otfs_find_backtrack_level (int &forced);
  Clause *on_the_fly_strengthen (Clause *conflict, int lit);
  void update_decision_rate_average ();
  void lazy_external_propagator_out_of_order_clause (int &);
  void analyze ();
  void iterate (); // report learned unit clause

  // Learning from external propagator in 'external_propagate.cpp'
  //
  bool external_propagate ();
  bool external_check_solution ();
  void add_external_clause (int propagated_lit = 0,
                            bool no_backtrack = false);
  Clause *learn_external_reason_clause (int lit, int falsified_elit = 0,
                                        bool no_backtrack = false);
  Clause *wrapped_learn_external_reason_clause (int lit);
  void explain_external_propagations ();
  void explain_reason (int lit, Clause *, int &open);
  void move_literals_to_watch ();
  void handle_external_clause (Clause *);
  void notify_assignments ();
  void notify_decision ();
  void notify_backtrack (size_t new_level);
  void force_backtrack (int new_level);
  int ask_decision ();
  bool ask_external_clause ();
  void add_observed_var (int ilit);
  void remove_observed_var (int ilit);
  bool observed (int ilit) const;
  bool is_decision (int ilit);
  void check_watched_literal_invariants ();
  void set_changed_val ();
  void renotify_trail_after_ilb ();
  void renotify_trail_after_local_search ();
  void renotify_full_trail ();

  // adds the assigned literals to assigned
  void renotify_full_trail_between_trail_pos (int start_level,
                                              int end_level,
                                              int propagator_level,
                                              std::vector<int> &assigned,
                                              bool start_new_level);
  void connect_propagator ();
  void mark_garbage_external_forgettable (int64_t id);
  bool is_external_forgettable (int64_t id);
#ifndef NDEBUG
  bool get_merged_literals (std::vector<int> &);
  void get_all_fixed_literals (std::vector<int> &);
#endif

  void recompute_tier ();
  void decay_clauses_upon_incremental_clauses ();
  void print_tier_usage_statistics ();
  // Use last learned clause to subsume some more.
  //
  void eagerly_subsume_recently_learned_clauses (Clause *);

  // Restarting policy in 'restart.cc'.
  //
  bool stabilizing ();
  bool restarting ();
  int reuse_trail ();
  void restart ();

  // Functions to set and reset certain 'phases'.
  //
  void clear_phases (vector<signed char> &); // reset argument to zero
  void copy_phases (vector<signed char> &);  // copy 'saved' to argument
  void save_assigned_phases (
      vector<signed char> &); // save assigned literals to argument

  // Resetting the saved phased in 'rephase.cpp'.
  //
  bool rephasing ();
  char rephase_best ();
  char rephase_flipping ();
  char rephase_inverted ();
  char rephase_original ();
  char rephase_random ();
  char rephase_walk ();
  void shuffle_scores ();
  void shuffle_queue ();
  void rephase ();

  // Lucky feasible case checking.
  //
  int unlucky (int res);
  int lucky_decide_assumptions ();
  bool lucky_propagate_discrepency (int);
  int trivially_false_satisfiable ();
  int trivially_true_satisfiable ();
  int forward_false_satisfiable ();
  int forward_true_satisfiable ();
  int backward_false_satisfiable ();
  int backward_true_satisfiable ();
  int positive_horn_satisfiable ();
  int negative_horn_satisfiable ();

  // Asynchronous terminating check.
  //
  bool terminated_asynchronously (int factor = 1);

  bool search_limits_hit ();

  void terminate () {
    LOG ("forcing asynchronous termination");
    termination_forced = true;
  }

  // Reducing means determining useless clauses with 'reduce' in
  // 'reduce.cpp' as well as root level satisfied clause and then removing
  // those which are not used as reason anymore with garbage collection.
  //
  bool flushing ();
  bool reducing ();
  void protect_reasons ();
  void mark_clauses_to_be_flushed ();
  void mark_useless_redundant_clauses_as_garbage ();
  bool propagate_out_of_order_units ();
  void unprotect_reasons ();
  void reduce ();

  // Garbage collection in 'collect.cpp' called from 'reduce' and during
  // inprocessing and preprocessing.
  //
  int clause_contains_fixed_literal (Clause *);
  void remove_falsified_literals (Clause *);
  void mark_satisfied_clauses_as_garbage ();
  void copy_clause (Clause *);
  void flush_watches (int lit, Watches &);
  size_t flush_occs (int lit);
  void flush_all_occs_and_watches ();
  void update_reason_references ();
  void copy_non_garbage_clauses ();
  void delete_garbage_clauses ();
  void check_clause_stats ();
  void check_var_stats ();
  bool arenaing ();
  void garbage_collection ();

  // only remove binary clauses from the watches
  void remove_garbage_binaries ();

  // Set-up occurrence list counters and containers.
  //
  void init_occs ();
  void init_bins ();
  void init_noccs ();
  void clear_noccs ();
  void clear_occs ();
  void reset_occs ();
  void reset_bins ();
  void reset_noccs ();

  // Operators on watches.
  //
  void init_watches ();
  void connect_watches (bool irredundant_only = false);
  void connect_binary_watches ();
  void sort_watches ();
  void clear_watches ();
  void reset_watches ();

  // Regular forward subsumption checking in 'subsume.cpp'.
  //
  void strengthen_clause (Clause *, int);
  void subsume_clause (Clause *subsuming, Clause *subsumed);
  int subsume_check (Clause *subsuming, Clause *subsumed);
  int try_to_subsume_clause (Clause *, vector<Clause *> &shrunken);
  void reset_subsume_bits ();
  bool subsume_round ();
  void subsume ();

  // Covered clause elimination of large clauses.
  //
  void covered_literal_addition (int lit, Coveror &);
  void asymmetric_literal_addition (int lit, Coveror &);
  void cover_push_extension (int lit, Coveror &);
  bool cover_propagate_asymmetric (int lit, Clause *ignore, Coveror &);
  bool cover_propagate_covered (int lit, Coveror &);
  bool cover_clause (Clause *c, Coveror &);
  int64_t cover_round ();
  bool cover ();

  // Strengthening through vivification in 'vivify.cpp'.
  //
  void demote_clause (Clause *);
  void flush_vivification_schedule (std::vector<Clause *> &, int64_t &);
  void vivify_increment_stats (const Vivifier &vivifier);
  void vivify_subsume_clause (Clause *subsuming, Clause *subsumed);
  void compute_tier_limits (Vivifier &);
  void vivify_initialize (Vivifier &vivifier, int64_t &ticks);
  inline void vivify_prioritize_leftovers (char, size_t prioritized,
                                           std::vector<Clause *> &schedule);
  bool consider_to_vivify_clause (Clause *candidate);
  void vivify_sort_watched (Clause *c);
  bool vivify_instantiate (
      const std::vector<int> &, Clause *,
      std::vector<std::tuple<int, Clause *, bool>> &lrat_stack,
      int64_t &ticks);
  void vivify_analyze_redundant (Vivifier &, Clause *start, bool &);
  void vivify_build_lrat (int, Clause *,
                          std::vector<std::tuple<int, Clause *, bool>> &);
  void vivify_chain_for_units (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void vivify_strengthen (Clause *candidate, int64_t &);
  void vivify_assign (int lit, Clause *);
  void vivify_assume (int lit);
  bool vivify_propagate (int64_t &);
  void vivify_deduce (Clause *candidate, Clause *conflct, int implied,
                      Clause **, bool &);
  bool vivify_clause (Vivifier &, Clause *candidate);
  void vivify_analyze (Clause *start, bool &, Clause **,
                       const Clause *const, int implied, bool &);
  bool vivify_shrinkable (const std::vector<int> &sorted, Clause *c);
  void vivify_round (Vivifier &, int64_t delta);
  bool vivify ();

  // Deduplicating clauses
  //
  void deduplicate_all_clauses ();

  // Compacting (shrinking internal variable tables) in 'compact.cpp'
  //
  bool compacting ();
  void compact ();

  // Transitive reduction of binary implication graph in 'transred.cpp'
  //
  void transred ();

  // backbone computation
  //
  void backbone_decision (int lit);
  bool backbone_propagate (int64_t &);
  void backbone_propagate2 (int64_t &);
  unsigned compute_backbone ();
  void backbone_unit_reassign (
      int lit); // only for reassigning already derived clauses!
  void backbone_unit_assign (
      int lit); // only for reassigning already derived clauses!
  void backbone_assign_any (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void backbone_assign (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void backbone_lrat_for_units (int lit, Clause *c);
  unsigned compute_backbone_round (std::vector<int> &candidates,
                                   std::vector<int> &units,
                                   const int64_t ticks_limit,
                                   int64_t &ticks, unsigned inconsistent);
  void schedule_backbone_cands (std::vector<int> &candidates);
  void keep_backbone_candidates (const std::vector<int> &candidates);
  int backbone_analyze (Clause *, int64_t &);
  void binary_clauses_backbone ();

  // We monitor the maximum size and glue of clauses during 'reduce' and
  // thus can predict if a redundant extended clause is likely to be kept in
  // the next 'reduce' phase.  These clauses are target of subsumption and
  // vivification checks, in addition to irredundant clauses.  Their
  // variables are also marked as being 'added'.
  //
  bool likely_to_be_kept_clause (Clause *c) {
    if (!c->redundant)
      return true;
    if (c->glue <= tier2[false])
      return true;
    if (c->glue > lim.keptglue)
      return false;
    if (c->size > lim.keptsize)
      return false;
    return true;
  }

  // We mark variables in added or shrunken clauses as 'subsume' candidates
  // if the clause is likely to be kept in the next 'reduce' phase (see last
  // function above).  This gives a persistent (across consecutive
  // interleaved search and inprocessing phases) set of variables which have
  // to be reconsidered in subsumption checks, i.e., only clauses with
  // 'subsume' marked variables are checked to be forward subsumed.
  // A similar technique is used to reduce the effort in hyper ternary
  // resolution to focus on variables in new ternary clauses.
  //
  void mark_subsume (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    if (f.subsume)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d as subsuming literal candidate", abs (lit));
    stats.mark.subsume++;
    f.subsume = true;
  }
  void mark_ternary (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    if (f.ternary)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d as ternary resolution literal candidate", abs (lit));
    stats.mark.ternary++;
    f.ternary = true;
  }
  void mark_factor (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    if (f.factor & bit)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d as factor literal candidate", lit);
    stats.mark.factor++;
    f.factor |= bit;
  }
  void mark_added (int lit, int size, bool redundant);
  void mark_added (Clause *);

  bool marked_subsume (int lit) const { return flags (lit).subsume; }

  // If irredundant clauses are removed or literals in clauses are removed,
  // then variables in such clauses should be reconsidered to be eliminated
  // through bounded variable elimination.  In contrast to 'subsume' the
  // 'elim' flag is restricted to 'irredundant' clauses only. For blocked
  // clause elimination it is better to have a more precise signed version,
  // which allows to independently mark positive and negative literals.
  //
  void mark_elim (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    if (f.elim)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d as elimination literal candidate", lit);
    stats.mark.elim++;
    f.elim = true;
  }
  void mark_block (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    if (f.block & bit)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d as blocking literal candidate", lit);
    stats.mark.block++;
    f.block |= bit;
  }
  void mark_removed (int lit) {
    mark_elim (lit);
    mark_block (-lit);
  }
  void mark_removed (Clause *, int except = 0);

  // The following two functions are only used for testing & debugging.

  bool marked_block (int lit) const {
    const Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    return (f.block & bit) != 0;
  }
  void unmark_block (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    f.block &= ~bit;
  }

  // During scheduling literals for blocked clause elimination we skip those
  // literals which occur negated in a too large clause.
  //
  void mark_skip (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    if (f.skip & bit)
      return;
    LOG ("marking %d to be skipped as blocking literal", lit);
    f.skip |= bit;
  }
  bool marked_skip (int lit) {
    const Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    return (f.skip & bit) != 0;
  }

  // During decompose ignore literals where we already built LRAT chains
  //
  void mark_decomposed (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    assert ((f.marked_signed & bit) == 0);
    sign_marked.push_back (lit);
    f.marked_signed |= bit;
  }
  void unmark_decomposed (int lit) {
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    f.marked_signed &= ~bit;
  }
  bool marked_decomposed (int lit) {
    const Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    return (f.marked_signed & bit) != 0;
  }
  void clear_sign_marked_literals ();

  // Blocked Clause elimination in 'block.cpp'.
  //
  bool is_blocked_clause (Clause *c, int pivot);
  void block_schedule (Blocker &);
  size_t block_candidates (Blocker &, int lit);
  Clause *block_impossible (Blocker &, int lit);
  void block_literal_with_at_least_two_negative_occs (Blocker &, int lit);
  void block_literal_with_one_negative_occ (Blocker &, int lit);
  void block_pure_literal (Blocker &, int lit);
  void block_reschedule_clause (Blocker &, int lit, Clause *);
  void block_reschedule (Blocker &, int lit);
  void block_literal (Blocker &, int lit);
  bool block ();

  // Find gates in 'gates.cpp' for bounded variable substitution.
  //
  int second_literal_in_binary_clause_lrat (Clause *, int first);
  int second_literal_in_binary_clause (Eliminator &, Clause *, int first);
  void mark_binary_literals (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void find_and_gate (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void find_equivalence (Eliminator &, int pivot);

  bool get_ternary_clause (Clause *, int &, int &, int &);
  bool match_ternary_clause (Clause *, int, int, int);
  Clause *find_ternary_clause (int, int, int);

  bool get_clause (Clause *, vector<int> &);
  bool is_clause (Clause *, const vector<int> &);
  Clause *find_clause (const vector<int> &);
  void find_xor_gate (Eliminator &, int pivot);

  void find_if_then_else (Eliminator &, int pivot);

  Clause *find_binary_clause (int, int);
  void find_gate_clauses (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void unmark_gate_clauses (Eliminator &);

  // mine definitions for kitten in 'definition.cpp'
  //
  void find_definition (Eliminator &, int);
  void init_citten ();
  void reset_citten ();
  void citten_clear_track_log_terminate ();

  // Bounded variable elimination in 'elim.cpp'.
  //
  bool ineliminating ();
  double compute_elim_score (unsigned lit);
  void mark_redundant_clauses_with_eliminated_variables_as_garbage ();
  void unmark_binary_literals (Eliminator &);
  bool resolve_clauses (Eliminator &, Clause *, int pivot, Clause *, bool);
  void mark_eliminated_clauses_as_garbage (Eliminator &, int pivot, bool &);
  bool elim_resolvents_are_bounded (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void elim_update_removed_lit (Eliminator &, int lit);
  void elim_update_removed_clause (Eliminator &, Clause *, int except = 0);
  void elim_update_added_clause (Eliminator &, Clause *);
  void elim_add_resolvents (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void elim_backward_clause (Eliminator &, Clause *);
  void elim_backward_clauses (Eliminator &);
  void elim_propagate (Eliminator &, int unit);
  void elim_on_the_fly_self_subsumption (Eliminator &, Clause *, int);
  void try_to_eliminate_variable (Eliminator &, int pivot, bool &);
  void increase_elimination_bound ();
  int elim_round (bool &completed, bool &);
  void elim (bool update_limits = true);

  int64_t flush_elimfast_occs (int lit);
  void elimfast_add_resolvents (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  bool elimfast_resolvents_are_bounded (Eliminator &, int pivot);
  void try_to_fasteliminate_variable (Eliminator &, int pivot, bool &);
  int elimfast_round (bool &completed, bool &);
  void elimfast ();

  // sweeping in 'sweep.cpp'
  int sweep_solve ();
  void sweep_set_kitten_ticks_limit (Sweeper &sweeper);
  bool kitten_ticks_limit_hit (Sweeper &sweeper, const char *when);
  void init_sweeper (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void release_sweeper (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void clear_sweeper (Sweeper &sweeper);
  int sweep_repr (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit);
  void add_literal_to_environment (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned depth, int);
  void sweep_clause (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned depth, Clause *);
  void sweep_add_clause (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned depth);
  void add_core (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned core_idx);
  void save_core (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned core);
  void clear_core (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned core_idx);
  void save_add_clear_core (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void init_backbone_and_partition (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_empty_clause (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_refine_partition (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_refine_backbone (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_refine (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void flip_backbone_literals (struct Sweeper &sweeper);
  bool sweep_backbone_candidate (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit);
  int64_t add_sweep_binary (sweep_proof_clause, int lit, int other);
  bool scheduled_variable (Sweeper &sweeper, int idx);
  void schedule_inner (Sweeper &sweeper, int idx);
  void schedule_outer (Sweeper &sweeper, int idx);
  int next_scheduled (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void substitute_connected_clauses (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit, int other,
                                     int64_t id);
  void sweep_remove (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit);
  void flip_partition_literals (struct Sweeper &sweeper);
  const char *sweep_variable (Sweeper &sweeper, int idx);
  bool scheduable_variable (Sweeper &sweeper, int idx, size_t *occ_ptr);
  unsigned schedule_all_other_not_scheduled_yet (Sweeper &sweeper);
  bool sweep_equivalence_candidates (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit, int other);
  unsigned reschedule_previously_remaining (Sweeper &sweeper);
  unsigned incomplete_variables ();
  void mark_incomplete (Sweeper &sweeper);
  unsigned schedule_sweeping (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void unschedule_sweeping (Sweeper &sweeper, unsigned swept,
                            unsigned scheduled);
  bool sweep ();
  void sweep_dense_propagate (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_sparse_mode ();
  void sweep_dense_mode_and_watch_irredundant ();
  void sweep_substitute_lrat (Clause *c, int64_t id);
  void sweep_substitute_new_equivalences (Sweeper &sweeper);
  void sweep_update_noccs (Clause *c);
  void delete_sweep_binary (const sweep_binary &sb);
  bool can_sweep_clause (Clause *c);
  bool sweep_flip (int);
  int sweep_flip_and_implicant (int);
  bool sweep_extract_fixed (Sweeper &sweeper, int lit);

  // factor
  void factor_mode ();
  void reset_factor_mode ();
  double tied_next_factor_score (int);
  Quotient *new_quotient (Factoring &, int);
  void release_quotients (Factoring &);
  size_t first_factor (Factoring &, int);
  void clear_nounted (vector<int> &);
  void clear_flauses (vector<Clause *> &);
  Quotient *best_quotient (Factoring &, size_t *);
  int next_factor (Factoring &, unsigned *);
  void factorize_next (Factoring &, int, unsigned);
  void resize_factoring (Factoring &factoring, int lit);
  void flush_unmatched_clauses (Quotient *);
  void add_self_subsuming_factor (Quotient *, Quotient *);
  bool self_subsuming_factor (Quotient *);
  void add_factored_divider (Quotient *, int);
  void blocked_clause (Quotient *q, int);
  void add_factored_quotient (Quotient *, int not_fresh);
  void eagerly_remove_from_occurences (Clause *c);
  void delete_unfactored (Quotient *q);
  void update_factored (Factoring &factoring, Quotient *q);
  bool apply_factoring (Factoring &factoring, Quotient *q);
  void update_factor_candidate (Factoring &, int);
  void schedule_factorization (Factoring &);
  bool run_factorization (int64_t limit);
  bool factor ();
  int get_new_extension_variable ();
  Clause *new_factor_clause (int);
  void adjust_scores_and_phases_of_fresh_variables (Factoring &);

  // instantiate
  //
  void inst_assign (int lit);
  bool inst_propagate ();
  void collect_instantiation_candidates (Instantiator &);
  bool instantiate_candidate (int lit, Clause *);
  void instantiate (Instantiator &);

  void new_trail_level (int lit);

  // Hyper ternary resolution.
  //
  bool ternary_find_binary_clause (int, int);
  bool ternary_find_ternary_clause (int, int, int);
  Clause *new_hyper_ternary_resolved_clause (bool red);
  Clause *new_hyper_ternary_resolved_clause_and_watch (bool red, bool);
  bool hyper_ternary_resolve (Clause *, int, Clause *);
  void ternary_lit (int pivot, int64_t &steps, int64_t &htrs);
  void ternary_idx (int idx, int64_t &steps, int64_t &htrs);
  bool ternary_round (int64_t &steps, int64_t &htrs);
  bool ternary ();

  // Probing in 'probe.cpp'.
  //
  bool inprobing ();
  void failed_literal (int lit);
  void probe_lrat_for_units (int lit);
  void probe_assign_unit (int lit);
  void probe_assign_decision (int lit);
  void probe_assign (int lit, int parent);
  void mark_duplicated_binary_clauses_as_garbage ();
  int get_parent_reason_literal (int lit);
  void set_parent_reason_literal (int lit, int reason);
  void clean_probehbr_lrat ();
  void init_probehbr_lrat ();
  void get_probehbr_lrat (int lit, int uip);
  void set_probehbr_lrat (int lit, int uip);
  void probe_post_dominator_lrat (vector<Clause *> &, int, int);
  void probe_dominator_lrat (int dom, Clause *reason);
  int probe_dominator (int a, int b);
  int hyper_binary_resolve (Clause *);
  void probe_propagate2 ();
  bool probe_propagate ();
  bool is_binary_clause (Clause *c, int &, int &);
  void generate_probes ();
  void flush_probes ();
  int next_probe ();
  bool probe ();
  void inprobe (bool update_limits = true);

  // ProbSAT/WalkSAT implementation called initially or from 'rephase'.
  //
  void walk_save_minimum (Walker &);
  ClauseOrBinary walk_pick_clause (Walker &);
  unsigned walk_break_value (int lit, int64_t &ticks);
  int walk_pick_lit (Walker &walker, ClauseOrBinary);
  int walk_pick_lit (Walker &, Clause *);
  bool walk_flip_lit (Walker &, int lit);
  int walk_pick_lit (Walker &walker, TaggedBinary c);
  int walk_round (int64_t limit, bool prev);
  void walk ();

  int walk_full_occs_round (int64_t limit, bool prev);
  void walk_full_occs ();
  void walk_full_occs_save_minimum (WalkerFO &);
  void make_clauses_along_occurrences (WalkerFO &walker, int lit);
  void make_clauses_along_unsatisfied (WalkerFO &walker, int lit);

  // Warmup
  inline void warmup_assign (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void warmup_propagate_beyond_conflict ();
  int warmup_decide ();
  int warmup ();

  // Detect strongly connected components in the binary implication graph
  // (BIG) and equivalent literal substitution (ELS) in 'decompose.cpp'.
  //
  void decompose_conflicting_scc_lrat (DFS *dfs, vector<int> &);
  void build_lrat_for_clause (const vector<vector<Clause *>> &dfs_chains,
                              bool invert = false);
  vector<Clause *> decompose_analyze_binary_clauses (DFS *dfs, int from);
  void decompose_analyze_binary_chain (DFS *dfs, int);
  bool decompose_round ();
  void decompose ();

  void reset_limits (); // Reset after 'solve' call.

  // Try flipping a literal while not falsifying a model.

  bool flip (int lit);
  bool flippable (int lit);

  // Assumption handling.
  //
  void assume_analyze_literal (int lit);
  void assume_analyze_reason (int lit, Clause *reason);
  void assume (int);                  // New assumption literal.
  bool failed (int lit);              // Literal failed assumption?
  void reset_assumptions ();          // Reset after 'solve' call.
  void sort_and_reuse_assumptions (); // reorder the assumptions in order to
                                      // reuse parts of the trail
  void failing ();                    // Prepare failed assumptions.

  bool assumed (int lit) { // Marked as assumption.
    Flags &f = flags (lit);
    const unsigned bit = bign (lit);
    return (f.assumed & bit) != 0;
  }

  // Add temporary clause as constraint.
  //
  void constrain (int); // Add literal to constraint.
  bool
  failed_constraint ();     // Was constraint used to proof unsatisfiablity?
  void reset_constraint (); // Reset after 'solve' call.

  // Propagate the current set of assumptions and return the
  // non-witness assigned literals
  int propagate_assumptions ();
  void implied (std::vector<int> &entrailed);

  // Forcing decision variables to a certain phase.
  //
  void phase (int lit);
  void unphase (int lit);

  // Globally blocked clause elimination.
  //
  bool is_autarky_literal (int lit) const;
  bool is_conditional_literal (int lit) const;
  void mark_as_conditional_literal (int lit);
  void unmark_as_conditional_literal (int lit);
  //
  bool is_in_candidate_clause (int lit) const;
  void mark_in_candidate_clause (int lit);
  void unmark_in_candidate_clause (int lit);
  //
  void condition_assign (int lit);
  void condition_unassign (int lit);
  //
  bool conditioning ();
  long condition_round (long unassigned_literal_propagation_limit);
  void condition (bool update_limits = true);

  // Part on picking the next decision in 'decide.cpp'.
  //
  bool satisfied ();
  void start_random_sequence ();
  int next_random_decision ();
  int next_decision_variable_on_queue ();
  int next_decision_variable_with_best_score ();
  int next_decision_variable ();
  int decide_phase (int idx, bool target);
  int likely_phase (int idx);
  bool better_decision (int lit, int other);
  int decide (); // 0=decision, 20=failed

  // Internal functions to enable explicit search limits.
  //
  void limit_terminate (int);
  void limit_decisions (int);     // Force decision limit.
  void limit_conflicts (int);     // Force conflict limit.
  void limit_preprocessing (int); // Enable 'n' preprocessing rounds.
  void limit_local_search (int);  // Enable 'n' local search rounds.
  void limit_ticks (int64_t);     // Force ticks limit.

  // External versions can access limits by 'name'.
  //
  static bool is_valid_limit (const char *name);
  bool limit (const char *name, int); // 'true' if 'name' valid

  // Set all the CDCL search limits and increments for scheduling
  // inprocessing, restarts, clause database reductions, etc.
  //
  void init_report_limits ();
  void init_preprocessing_limits ();
  void init_search_limits ();

  // The computed averages are local to the 'stable' and 'unstable' phase.
  // Their main use is to be reported in 'report', except for the 'glue'
  // averages, which are used to schedule (prohibit actually) restarts
  // during 'unstable' phases ('stable' phases use reluctant doubling).
  //
  void init_averages ();
  void swap_averages ();

  int try_to_satisfy_formula_by_saved_phases ();
  void produce_failed_assumptions ();

  // Main solve & search functions in 'internal.cpp'.
  //
  // We have three pre-solving techniques.  These consist of preprocessing,
  // local search and searching for lucky phases, which in full solving
  // mode except for the last are usually optional and then followed by
  // the main CDCL search loop with inprocessing.  If only preprocessing
  // is requested from 'External::simplify' only preprocessing is called
  // though. This is all orchestrated by the 'solve' function.
  //
  int already_solved ();
  int restore_clauses ();
  bool preprocess_round (int round);
  void preprocess_quickly (bool always);
  int preprocess (bool always);
  int local_search_round (int round);
  int local_search ();
  int lucky_phases ();
  int cdcl_loop_with_inprocessing ();
  void reset_solving ();
  int solve (bool preprocess_only = false);
  void finalize (int);

  //
  int lookahead ();
  CubesWithStatus generate_cubes (int, int);
  int most_occurring_literal ();
  int lookahead_probing ();
  int lookahead_next_probe ();
  void lookahead_flush_probes ();
  void lookahead_generate_probes ();
  std::vector<int> lookahead_populate_locc ();
  int lookahead_locc (const std::vector<int> &);

  bool terminating_asked ();

#ifndef QUIET
  // Built in profiling in 'profile.cpp' (see also 'profile.hpp').
  //
  void start_profiling (Profile &p, double);
  void stop_profiling (Profile &p, double);

  double update_profiles (); // Returns 'time ()'.
  void print_profile ();
#endif

  // Get the value of an internal literal: -1=false, 0=unassigned, 1=true.
  // We use a redundant table for both negative and positive literals.  This
  // allows a branch-less check for the value of literal and is considered
  // substantially faster than negating the result if the argument is
  // negative.  We also avoid taking the absolute value.
  //
  signed char val (int lit) const {
    assert (-max_var <= lit);
    assert (lit);
    assert (lit <= max_var);
    return vals[lit];
  }

  // As suggested by Matt Ginsberg it might be useful to factor-out a common
  // setter function for setting and resetting the value of a literal.
  //
  void set_val (int lit, signed char val) {
    assert (-1 <= val);
    assert (val <= 1);
    assert (-max_var <= lit);
    assert (lit);
    assert (lit <= max_var);
    vals[lit] = val;
    vals[-lit] = -val;
  }

  // As 'val' but restricted to the root-level value of a literal.
  // It is not that time critical and also needs to check the decision level
  // of the variable anyhow.
  //
  int fixed (int lit) {
    assert (-max_var <= lit);
    assert (lit);
    assert (lit <= max_var);
    const int idx = vidx (lit);
    int res = vals[idx];
    if (res && vtab[idx].level)
      res = 0;
    if (lit < 0)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }

  // Map back an internal literal to an external.
  //
  int externalize (int lit) {
    assert (lit != INT_MIN);
    const int idx = abs (lit);
    assert (idx);
    assert (idx <= max_var);
    int res = i2e[idx];
    if (lit < 0)
      res = -res;
    return res;
  }

  // Explicit freezing and melting of variables.
  //
  void freeze (int lit) {
    int idx = vidx (lit);
    if ((size_t) idx >= frozentab.size ()) {
      size_t new_vsize = vsize ? 2 * vsize : 1 + (size_t) max_var;
      while (new_vsize <= (size_t) max_var)
        new_vsize *= 2;
      frozentab.resize (new_vsize);
    }
    unsigned &ref = frozentab[idx];
    if (ref < UINT_MAX) {
      ref++;
      LOG ("variable %d frozen %u times", idx, ref);
    } else
      LOG ("variable %d remains frozen forever", idx);
  }
  void melt (int lit) {
    int idx = vidx (lit);
    unsigned &ref = frozentab[idx];
    if (ref < UINT_MAX) {
      if (!--ref) {
        if (relevanttab[idx]) {
          LOG ("variable %d is observed, can not be completely molten",
               idx);
          ref++;
        } else
          LOG ("variable %d completely molten", idx);
      } else
        LOG ("variable %d melted once but remains frozen %u times", lit,
             ref);
    } else
      LOG ("variable %d remains frozen forever", idx);
  }
  bool frozen (int lit) {
    return (size_t) vidx (lit) < frozentab.size () &&
           frozentab[vidx (lit)] > 0;
  }

  // Congruence closure
  bool extract_gates (bool remove_units_before_run = false);

  // Parsing functions in 'parse.cpp'.
  //
  const char *parse_dimacs (FILE *);
  const char *parse_dimacs (const char *);
  const char *parse_solution (const char *);

  // Enable and disable proof logging and checking.
  //
  void new_proof_on_demand ();
  void force_lrat ();                    // sets lrat=true
  void resize_unit_clauses_idx ();       // resizes unit_clauses_idx
  void close_trace (bool stats = false); // Stop proof tracing.
  void flush_trace (bool stats = false); // Flush proof trace file.
  void trace (File *);                   // Start write proof file.
  void check ();                         // Enable online proof checking.

  void connect_proof_tracer (Tracer *tracer, bool antecedents,
                             bool finalize_clauses = false);
  void connect_proof_tracer (InternalTracer *tracer, bool antecedents,
                             bool finalize_clauses = false);
  void connect_proof_tracer (StatTracer *tracer, bool antecedents,
                             bool finalize_clauses = false);
  void connect_proof_tracer (FileTracer *tracer, bool antecedents,
                             bool finalize_clauses = false);
  bool disconnect_proof_tracer (Tracer *tracer);
  bool disconnect_proof_tracer (StatTracer *tracer);
  bool disconnect_proof_tracer (FileTracer *tracer);
  void conclude_unsat ();
  void reset_concluded ();

  // Dump to '<stdout>' as DIMACS for debugging.
  //
  void dump (Clause *);
  void dump ();

  // Export and traverse all irredundant (non-unit) clauses.
  //
  bool traverse_clauses (ClauseIterator &);

  // Export and traverse all irredundant (non-unit) clauses.
  //
  bool traverse_constraint (ClauseIterator &);

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  double solve_time (); // accumulated time spent in 'solve ()'

  double process_time () const; // since solver was initialized
  double real_time () const;    // since solver was initialized

  double time () { return opts.realtime ? real_time () : process_time (); }

  // Regularly reports what is going on in 'report.cpp'.
  //
  void report (char type, int verbose_level = 0);
  void report_solving (int);

  void print_statistics ();
  void print_resource_usage ();

  /*----------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#ifndef QUIET

  void print_prefix ();

  // Non-verbose messages and warnings, i.e., always printed unless 'quiet'
  // is set, which disables messages at run-time, or even 'QUIET' is defined
  // through the configuration option './configure --quiet', which disables
  // such messages completely at compile-time.
  //
  void vmessage (const char *, va_list &);
  void message (const char *, ...) CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (2, 3);
  void message (); // empty line

  // Verbose messages with explicit verbose 'level' controlled by
  // 'opts.verbose' (verbose level '0' gives the same as 'message').
  //
  void vverbose (int level, const char *fmt, va_list &);
  void verbose (int level, const char *fmt, ...)
      CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (3, 4);
  void verbose (int level);

  // This is for printing section headers in the form
  //
  //  c ---- [ <title> ] ---------------------
  //
  // nicely aligned (and of course is ignored if 'quiet' is set).
  //
  void section (const char *title);

  // Print verbose message about phases if 'opts.verbose > 1' (but not if
  // 'quiet' is set).  Note that setting 'log' or '-l' forces all verbose
  // output (and also ignores 'quiet' set to true').  The 'phase' argument
  // is used to print a 'phase' prefix for the message as follows:
  //
  //  c [<phase>] ...
  //
  void phase (const char *phase, const char *, ...)
      CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (3, 4);

  // Same as the last 'phase' above except that the prefix gets a count:
  //
  //  c [<phase>-<count>] ...
  //
  void phase (const char *phase, int64_t count, const char *, ...)
      CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (4, 5);
#endif

  // Print error messages which are really always printed (even if 'quiet'
  // is set).  This leads to exit the current process with exit status '1'.
  //
  // TODO add possibility to use a call back instead of calling exit.
  //
  void error_message_end ();
  void verror (const char *, va_list &);
  void error (const char *, ...) CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (2, 3);
  void error_message_start ();

  // Warning messages.
  //
  void warning (const char *, ...) CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (2, 3);
};

// Fatal internal error which leads to abort.
//
void fatal_message_start ();
void fatal_message_end ();
void fatal (const char *, ...) CADICAL_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT (1, 2);

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Has to be put here, i.e., not into 'score.hpp', since we need the
// definition of 'Internal::score' above (after '#include "score.hpp"').

inline bool score_smaller::operator() (unsigned a, unsigned b) {

  // Avoid computing twice 'abs' in 'score ()'.
  //
  assert (1 <= a);
  assert (a <= (unsigned) internal->max_var);
  assert (1 <= b);
  assert (b <= (unsigned) internal->max_var);
  double s = internal->stab[a];
  double t = internal->stab[b];

  if (s < t)
    return true;
  if (s > t)
    return false;

  return a > b;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// Implemented here for keeping it all inline (requires Internal::fixed).

inline int External::fixed (int elit) const {
  assert (elit);
  assert (elit != INT_MIN);
  int eidx = abs (elit);
  if (eidx > max_var)
    return 0;
  int ilit = e2i[eidx];
  if (!ilit)
    return 0;
  if (elit < 0)
    ilit = -ilit;
  return internal->fixed (ilit);
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

// We want to have termination checks inlined, particularly the first
// function which appears in preprocessor loops.  Even though this first
// 'termination_forced' is set asynchronously, this should not lead to a
// data race issue (it also has been declared 'volatile').

inline bool Internal::terminated_asynchronously (int factor) {
  // First way of asynchronous termination is through 'terminate' which sets
  // the 'termination_forced' flag directly.  The second way is through a
  // call back to a 'terminator' if it is non-zero, which however is costly.
  //
  if (termination_forced) {
    LOG ("termination asynchronously forced");
    return true;
  }

  // This is only for testing and debugging asynchronous termination calls.
  // In production code this could be removed but then should not be costly
  // and keeping it will allow to test correctness of asynchronous
  // termination on the production platform too.  After this triggers we
  // have to set the 'termination_forced' flag, such that subsequent calls
  // to this function do not check this again.
  //
  if (lim.terminate.forced) {
    assert (lim.terminate.forced > 0);
    if (lim.terminate.forced-- == 1) {
      LOG ("internally forcing termination");
      termination_forced = true;
      return true;
    }
    LOG ("decremented internal forced termination limit to %d",
         lim.terminate.forced);
  }

  // The second way of asynchronous termination is through registering and
  // calling an external 'Terminator' object.  This is of course more costly
  // than just checking a (volatile though) boolean flag, particularly in
  // tight loops.  To avoid this cost we only call the terminator in
  // intervals of 'opts.terminateint', which in addition can be scaled up by
  // the argument 'factor'.  If the terminator returns 'true' we set the
  // 'termination_forced' flag to 'true' in order to remember the
  // termination status and to avoid the terminator again.  Setting this
  // flag leads to the first test above to succeed in subsequent calls.
  //
  if (external->terminator && !lim.terminate.check--) {
    assert (factor > 0);
    assert (INT_MAX / factor > opts.terminateint);
    lim.terminate.check = factor * opts.terminateint;
    if (external->terminator->terminate ()) {
      termination_forced = true; // Cache it.
      LOG ("connected terminator forces termination");
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

inline bool Internal::search_limits_hit () {
  assert (!preprocessing);
  assert (!localsearching);

  if (lim.conflicts >= 0 && stats.conflicts >= lim.conflicts) {
    LOG ("conflict limit %" PRId64 " reached", lim.conflicts);
    return true;
  }

  if (lim.decisions >= 0 && stats.decisions >= lim.decisions) {
    LOG ("decision limit %" PRId64 " reached", lim.decisions);
    return true;
  }

  if (lim.ticks >= 0 &&
      stats.ticks.search[0] + stats.ticks.search[1] >= lim.ticks) {
    LOG ("ticks limit %" PRId64 " reached", lim.ticks);
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

} // namespace CaDiCaL

#endif