rustlr 0.3.93 - Docs.rs

<html><head><link rel="stylesheet" href="resource://content-accessible/plaintext.css"><style media="screen" id="__markdown-viewer__md_css">/*
 * Copyright (c) Sindre Sorhus <sindresorhus@gmail.com> (https://sindresorhus.com)
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
 * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
 * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
 * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
 * of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
 * so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */

@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
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    --color-prettylights-syntax-constant: #79c0ff;
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    --color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag: #7ee787;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-keyword: #ff7b72;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-string: #a5d6ff;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-variable: #ffa657;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched: #f85149;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text: #f0f6fc;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg: #8e1519;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text: #f0f6fc;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg: #b62324;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp: #7ee787;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list: #f2cc60;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading: #1f6feb;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic: #c9d1d9;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold: #c9d1d9;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text: #ffdcd7;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg: #67060c;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text: #aff5b4;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg: #033a16;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text: #ffdfb6;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg: #5a1e02;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text: #c9d1d9;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg: #1158c7;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range: #d2a8ff;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle: #8b949e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark: #484f58;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link: #a5d6ff;
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    --color-fg-muted: #8b949e;
    --color-fg-subtle: #484f58;
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    --color-canvas-subtle: #161b22;
    --color-border-default: #30363d;
    --color-border-muted: #21262d;
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    --color-accent-fg: #58a6ff;
    --color-accent-emphasis: #1f6feb;
    --color-danger-fg: #f85149;
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}

@media (prefers-color-scheme: light) {
  :root {
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    --color-prettylights-syntax-constant: #0550ae;
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    --color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import: #24292f;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag: #116329;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-keyword: #cf222e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-string: #0a3069;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-variable: #953800;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched: #82071e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text: #f6f8fa;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg: #82071e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text: #f6f8fa;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg: #cf222e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-string-regexp: #116329;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list: #3b2300;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading: #0550ae;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic: #24292f;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold: #24292f;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text: #82071e;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg: #FFEBE9;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text: #116329;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg: #dafbe1;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text: #953800;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg: #ffd8b5;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text: #eaeef2;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg: #0550ae;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-meta-diff-range: #8250df;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-angle: #57606a;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-sublimelinter-gutter-mark: #8c959f;
    --color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link: #0a3069;
    --color-fg-default: #24292f;
    --color-fg-muted: #57606a;
    --color-fg-subtle: #6e7781;
    --color-canvas-default: #ffffff;
    --color-canvas-subtle: #f6f8fa;
    --color-border-default: #d0d7de;
    --color-border-muted: hsla(210,18%,87%,1);
    --color-neutral-muted: rgba(175,184,193,0.2);
    --color-accent-fg: #0969da;
    --color-accent-emphasis: #0969da;
    --color-danger-fg: #cf222e;
  }
}

:root {
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.markdownroot details,
.markdownroot figcaption,
.markdownroot figure {
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}

.markdownroot summary {
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}

.markdownroot a {
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  color: var(--color-accent-fg);
  text-decoration: none;
}

.markdownroot a:active,
.markdownroot a:hover {
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}

.markdownroot abbr[title] {
  border-bottom: none;
  -webkit-text-decoration: underline dotted;
  text-decoration: underline dotted;
}

.markdownroot b,
.markdownroot strong {
  font-weight: 600;
}

.markdownroot dfn {
  font-style: italic;
}

.markdownroot h1 {
  margin: .67em 0;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding-bottom: .3em;
  font-size: 2em;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-muted);
}

.markdownroot mark {
  background-color: #ff0;
  color: var(--color-text-primary);
}

.markdownroot small {
  font-size: 90%;
}

.markdownroot sub,
.markdownroot sup {
  font-size: 75%;
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  position: relative;
  vertical-align: baseline;
}

.markdownroot sub {
  bottom: -0.25em;
}

.markdownroot sup {
  top: -0.5em;
}

.markdownroot img {
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.markdownroot code,
.markdownroot kbd,
.markdownroot pre,
.markdownroot samp {
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.markdownroot figure {
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}

.markdownroot hr {
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  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-border-muted);
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  margin: 24px 0;
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.markdownroot html [type=button],
.markdownroot [type=reset],
.markdownroot [type=submit] {
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.markdownroot [type=button]::-moz-focus-inner,
.markdownroot [type=reset]::-moz-focus-inner,
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}

.markdownroot [type=button]:-moz-focusring,
.markdownroot [type=reset]:-moz-focusring,
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.markdownroot [type=checkbox],
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.markdownroot [type=number]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
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.markdownroot [type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
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.markdownroot h2 {
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.markdownroot p {
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.markdownroot ol ul ol,
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.markdownroot ::placeholder {
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.markdownroot .pl-c {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-comment);
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.markdownroot .pl-c1,
.markdownroot .pl-s .pl-v {
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}

.markdownroot .pl-e,
.markdownroot .pl-en {
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}

.markdownroot .pl-smi,
.markdownroot .pl-s .pl-s1 {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import);
}

.markdownroot .pl-ent {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag);
}

.markdownroot .pl-k {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword);
}

.markdownroot .pl-s,
.markdownroot .pl-pds,
.markdownroot .pl-s .pl-pse .pl-s1,
.markdownroot .pl-sr,
.markdownroot .pl-sr .pl-cce,
.markdownroot .pl-sr .pl-sre,
.markdownroot .pl-sr .pl-sra {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string);
}

.markdownroot .pl-v,
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  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-variable);
}

.markdownroot .pl-bu {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-brackethighlighter-unmatched);
}

.markdownroot .pl-ii {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-text);
  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-invalid-illegal-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-c2 {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-text);
  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-carriage-return-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-sr .pl-cce {
  font-weight: bold;
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}

.markdownroot .pl-ml {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list);
}

.markdownroot .pl-mh,
.markdownroot .pl-mh .pl-en,
.markdownroot .pl-ms {
  font-weight: bold;
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);
}

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}

.markdownroot .pl-mb {
  font-weight: bold;
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}

.markdownroot .pl-md {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text);
  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-mi1 {
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  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-mc {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-text);
  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-changed-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-mi2 {
  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-text);
  background-color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-ignored-bg);
}

.markdownroot .pl-mdr {
  font-weight: bold;
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}

.markdownroot .pl-ba {
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}

.markdownroot .pl-sg {
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}

.markdownroot .pl-corl {
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  color: var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant-other-reference-link);
}

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  font-size: 1em;
  font-style: normal !important;
  font-weight: 400;
  line-height: 1;
  vertical-align: -0.075em;
}

.markdownroot g-emoji img {
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.markdownroot::before {
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.markdownroot::after {
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.markdownroot>*:last-child {
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}

.markdownroot a:not([href]) {
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}

.markdownroot .absent {
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}

.markdownroot .anchor {
  float: left;
  padding-right: 4px;
  margin-left: -20px;
  line-height: 1;
}

.markdownroot .anchor:focus {
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.markdownroot p,
.markdownroot blockquote,
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.markdownroot table,
.markdownroot pre,
.markdownroot details {
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.markdownroot blockquote>:last-child {
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.markdownroot h2 .octicon-link,
.markdownroot h3 .octicon-link,
.markdownroot h4 .octicon-link,
.markdownroot h5 .octicon-link,
.markdownroot h6 .octicon-link {
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}

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.markdownroot h3:hover .anchor,
.markdownroot h4:hover .anchor,
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.markdownroot h5:hover .anchor .octicon-link,
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.markdownroot ol[type="1"] {
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.markdownroot ol[type=a] {
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.markdownroot li>p {
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.markdownroot li+li {
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.markdownroot dl dt {
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  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 600;
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.markdownroot dl dd {
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.markdownroot table th {
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.markdownroot table th,
.markdownroot table td {
  padding: 6px 13px;
  border: 1px solid var(--color-border-default);
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.markdownroot table tr {
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  border-top: 1px solid var(--color-border-muted);
}

.markdownroot table tr:nth-child(2n) {
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.markdownroot table img {
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.markdownroot img[align=right] {
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.markdownroot img[align=left] {
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</style><style id="__markdown-viewer__custom_css"></style><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><title>Generating Bump-Allocated ASTs</title></head><body><div id="__markdown-viewer__tools" class="floating"><input type="checkbox" id="__markdown-viewer__show-tools"><label for="__markdown-viewer__show-tools"></label><div id="__markdown-viewer__toc" class="toggleable"><ul><li><a href="#generating-bump-allocated-asts">Generating Bump-Allocated ASTs</a></li></ul></div><p class="toggleable">Pick a markdown and code style:<br><select id="__markdown-viewer__mdselect"><option value="sss">default</option><option value="github">github</option></select><select id="__markdown-viewer__hlselect"><option value="a11y-dark">a11y-dark</option><option value="a11y-light">a11y-light</option><option value="a11y-auto">a11y-auto</option><option value="agate">agate</option><option value="androidstudio">androidstudio</option><option value="an-old-hope">an-old-hope</option><option 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<p>Abstract syntax trees are usually defined recursively.  This normally means
some form of smart pointer is requried to implement them.  The problem with
this aspect of Rust is that the smart pointers block <em>nested</em> patterns from
matching against AST expressions.  It is possible to define recursive structures
using references (borrows) but all references in an AST structure must have
compatible lifetimes.  An "arena" structure is required to hold the values that
they reference.  While it's possible to define such an arena manually, rustlr
provides support for using the <a href="https://docs.rs/bumpalo/latest/bumpalo/index.html">bumpalo</a> crate.</p>
<p>A grammar can begin with the declaration</p>
<pre><code><span class="hljs-keyword">auto</span>-bump
</code></pre>
<p>in place of <code>auto</code>, which enables the generation of bump-allocated ASTs.</p>
<p>The disadvantage of bumpalo is that it bipasses some of the memory
safety checks of Rust. Bump-allocation is not recommended if frequent
changes are made to the allocated structures.  They are appropriate if
the ASTs remain relatively stable once created, with few changes if
any, until the entire structure can be dropped.</p>
<p>The advantage of bump-allocation, besides an increase in speed, is
that it enables the matching of nested patterns against recursive
types.  Consider the following recursive type that tries to avoid
smart pointers:</p>
<pre><code><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">enum</span> <span class="hljs-title">Expr</span></span>&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt; {
  Var(&amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> <span class="hljs-built_in">str</span>),
  Negative(&amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;),
  Plus(&amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;, &amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;),
  Minus(&amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;, &amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;),
}
</code></pre>
<p>and a function that "pretty-prints" such expressions. The function will print
<code>x</code> instead of <code>--x</code>, <code>x-y</code> instead of <code>x+-y</code>, and <code>x+y</code> instead of <code>x--y</code>.
It also pushes negation inside plus/minus, and only prints parentheses as
required by the non-associative minus symbol.</p>
<pre><code><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">fn</span> <span class="hljs-title">pprint</span></span>&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;(expr:&amp;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span> Expr&lt;<span class="hljs-symbol">'t</span>&gt;,) {
  <span class="hljs-keyword">use</span> crate::Expr::*;
  <span class="hljs-keyword">match</span> expr {
    Negative(Negative(n)) =&gt; pprint(n),
    Negative(Plus(a,b)) =&gt; pprint(&amp;Minus(&amp;Negative(a),b)),
    Negative(Minus(a,b)) =&gt; pprint(&amp;Plus(&amp;Negative(a),b)),
    Negative(n) =&gt; {<span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"-"</span>); pprint(n)},
    Plus(a,Negative(b)) =&gt; pprint(&amp;Minus(a,b)),
    Minus(a,Negative(b)) =&gt; pprint(&amp;Plus(a,b)),
    Minus(a,p@Minus(_,_)) =&gt; { pprint(a); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"-("</span>); pprint(p); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">")"</span>)},
    Minus(a,p@Plus(_,_)) =&gt; { pprint(a); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"+("</span>); pprint(p); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">")"</span>)},
    Plus(a,b) =&gt; {pprint(a); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"+"</span>); pprint(b);},
    Minus(a,b) =&gt; {pprint(a); <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"-"</span>); pprint(b)},    
    Var(x) =&gt; <span class="hljs-built_in">print!</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"{}"</span>,x),
  }<span class="hljs-comment">//match expr</span>
}<span class="hljs-comment">//pprint</span>
</code></pre>
<p>Then given</p>
<pre><code>    let q = Plus(&amp;Negative(&amp;Negative(&amp;<span class="hljs-keyword">Var</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"x"</span>))),&amp;Negative(&amp;<span class="hljs-keyword">Var</span>(<span class="hljs-string">"y"</span>)));
    pprint(&amp;q);
</code></pre>
<p>will print <code>x-y</code>. Such a "declarative" style of programming is not
possible if the type is defined using Box (or <a href="https://docs.rs/rustlr/latest/rustlr/generic_absyn/struct.LBox.html">LBox</a>).</p>
<p>However, allocating such structures temporarily on the stack is impractical.
We would not be able to return references to them.
You may also get the dreaded compiler error <em>"creates a temporary which is freed while still in use"</em> when writing expressions such as <code>Plus(&amp;q,&amp;Negative(&amp;q))</code>.</p>
<p>The <a href="https://docs.rs/bumpalo/latest/bumpalo/index.html">bumpalo</a> crate offers an "arena", a kind of <em>simulated heap</em>,
that allow us to access these structures within the lifetime of the arena:</p>
<pre><code> <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> bump = bumpalo::Bump::new(); <span class="hljs-comment">// creates new bump arena</span>
 <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> p = bump.alloc(Negative(bump.alloc(Negative(bump.alloc(Var(<span class="hljs-string">"z"</span>))))));
</code></pre>
<p>The <a href="https://docs.rs/bumpalo/latest/bumpalo/struct.Bump.html#method.alloc">Bump::alloc</a> function returns a reference to the allocated memory within
the arena.  We can pass a reference to the "bump" to a function, which would
then be able to construct and return bump-allocated structures using references
of the same lifetime.</p>
<p>Rustlr (since version 0.3.93) can now generate such structures automatically.
To use this feature, it is necessary to include <code>bumpalo = "3"</code> in a crate's
dependencies.  The easiest way to enable bumpalo is through enhancements to
the <a href="https://docs.rs/rustlr/latest/rustlr/lexer_interface/struct.LexSource.html">Lexsource</a> structure.  The following code fragment
demonstrates how to envoke a parser generated from an <code>auto-bump</code> grammar,
<a href="https://cs.hofstra.edu/~cscccl/rustlr_project/bumpcalc/bautocalc.grammar">bautocalc.grammar</a>,</p>
<pre><code>   <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> srcfile = <span class="hljs-string">"test1.txt"</span>; <span class="hljs-comment">// srcfile names file to parse</span>
   <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> source=LexSource::with_bump(srcfile).unwrap();
   <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> scanner = bautocalcparser::bautocalclexer::from_source(&amp;source);   
   <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> parser = bautocalcparser::make_parser();
   <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> result = bautocalcparser::parse_with(&amp;<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> parser, &amp;<span class="hljs-keyword">mut</span> scanner);
</code></pre>
<p>A Rustlr Lexsource object containing a <a href="https://docs.rs/bumpalo/latest/bumpalo/struct.Bump.html">Bump</a> is created with <a href="https://docs.rs/rustlr/latest/rustlr/lexer_interface/struct.LexSource.html#method.with_bump">Lexsource::with_bump</a>.
The <code>parse_with</code> function, which is generated for individual parsers, will place
a reference to the bump arena inside the parser.  The automatically
generated semantic actions will call <a href="https://docs.rs/bumpalo/latest/bumpalo/struct.Bump.html#method.alloc">Bump::alloc</a> to create ASTS that will have the
same lifetime as the Lexsource structure.</p>
<p>The link to the entire sample crate is <a href="https://cs.hofstra.edu/~cscccl/rustlr_project/bumpcalc/">here</a>.</p>
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