rust_xlsxwriter/

workbook.rs

// workbook - A module for creating the Excel workbook.xml file.
//
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT OR Apache-2.0
//
// Copyright 2022-2026, John McNamara, jmcnamara@cpan.org

//! # Working with Workbooks
//!
//! The [`Workbook`] struct represents an Excel file in its entirety. It is the
//! starting point for creating a new Excel xlsx file.
//!
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_new.rs
//! #
//! use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
//!
//! fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!
//!     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//!
//!     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_new.png">
//!
//!
//! For more details on the Worksheet APIs, see the [`Worksheet`]
//! documentation and the sections below.
//!
//! # Contents
//!
//! - [Creating and saving an xlsx file](#creating-and-saving-an-xlsx-file)
//! - [Checksum of a saved file](#checksum-of-a-saved-file)
//!
//!
//! # Creating and saving an xlsx file
//!
//! Creating a  [`Workbook`] struct instance to represent an Excel xlsx file is
//! done via the [`Workbook::new()`] method:
//!
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_new.rs
//! #
//! # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
//! #
//! # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!
//! #     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//! #
//! #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
//! #
//! #     Ok(())
//! # }
//! ```
//!
//! Once you are finished writing data via a worksheet you can save it with the
//! [`Workbook::save()`] method:
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_new.rs
//! #
//! use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
//!
//! fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!
//!     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//!
//!     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! This will give you a simple output file like the following.
//!
//! <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_new.png">
//!
//! The  `save()` method takes a [`std::path`] or path/filename string. You can
//! also save the xlsx file data to a `Vec<u8>` buffer via the
//! [`Workbook::save_to_buffer()`] method:
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_save_to_buffer.rs
//! #
//! use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
//!
//! fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!
//!     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//!     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
//!
//!     let buf = workbook.save_to_buffer()?;
//!
//!     println!("File size: {}", buf.len());
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! This can be useful if you intend to stream the data.
//!
//!
//! # Checksum of a saved file
//!
//!
//! A common issue that occurs with `rust_xlsxwriter`, but also with Excel, is
//! that running the same program twice doesn't generate the same file, byte for
//! byte. This can cause issues with applications that do checksumming for
//! testing purposes.
//!
//! For example consider the following simple `rust_xlsxwriter` program:
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_properties_checksum1.rs
//! #
//! use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
//!
//! fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//!
//!     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
//!
//!     workbook.save("properties.xlsx")?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! If we run this several times, with a small delay, we will get different
//! checksums as shown below:
//!
//! ```bash
//! $ cargo run --example doc_properties_checksum1
//!
//! $ sum properties.xlsx
//! 62457 6 properties.xlsx
//!
//! $ sleep 2
//!
//! $ cargo run --example doc_properties_checksum1
//!
//! $ sum properties.xlsx
//! 56692 6 properties.xlsx # Different to previous.
//! ```
//!
//! This is due to a file creation datetime that is included in the file and
//! which changes each time a new file is created.
//!
//! The relevant section of the `docProps/core.xml` sub-file in the xlsx format
//! looks like this:
//!
//! ```xml
//! <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
//! <cp:coreProperties>
//!   <dc:creator/>
//!   <cp:lastModifiedBy/>
//!   <dcterms:created xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2023-01-08T00:23:58Z</dcterms:created>
//!   <dcterms:modified xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">2023-01-08T00:23:58Z</dcterms:modified>
//! </cp:coreProperties>
//! ```
//!
//! If required, this can be avoided by setting a constant creation date in the
//! document properties metadata:
//!
//!
//! ```
//! # // This code is available in examples/doc_properties_checksum2.rs
//! #
//! use rust_xlsxwriter::{DocProperties, ExcelDateTime, Workbook, XlsxError};
//!
//! fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
//!     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
//!
//!     // Create a file creation date for the file.
//!     let date = ExcelDateTime::from_ymd(2023, 1, 1)?;
//!
//!     // Add it to the document metadata.
//!     let properties = DocProperties::new().set_creation_datetime(&date);
//!     workbook.set_properties(&properties);
//!
//!     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
//!     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
//!
//!     workbook.save("properties.xlsx")?;
//!
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! Then we will get the same checksum for the same output every time:
//!
//! ```bash
//! $ cargo run --example doc_properties_checksum2
//!
//! $ sum properties.xlsx 8914 6 properties.xlsx
//!
//! $ sleep 2
//!
//! $ cargo run --example doc_properties_checksum2
//!
//! $ sum properties.xlsx 8914 6 properties.xlsx # Same as previous
//! ```
//!
//! For more details see [`DocProperties`] and [`Workbook::set_properties()`].
//!
#![warn(missing_docs)]

mod tests;

use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::fs::{read_to_string, File};
use std::io::{BufReader, Cursor, Read, Seek, Write};
use std::path::Path;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
use zip::ZipArchive;

#[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
use tempfile::tempfile_in;

#[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
use std::io::BufWriter;

#[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
use std::path::PathBuf;

use crate::error::XlsxError;
use crate::feature_property_bag::FeaturePropertyBagTypes;
use crate::format::Format;
use crate::packager::Packager;
use crate::packager::PackagerOptions;
use crate::shared_strings_table::SharedStringsTable;
use crate::theme::{THEME_XML_2007, THEME_XML_2023};
use crate::worksheet::Worksheet;

use crate::{
    utility, Border, Chart, ChartRange, ChartRangeCacheData, ColNum, Color, DefinedName,
    DefinedNameType, DocProperties, Fill, Font, FontScheme, FormatPattern, Image, RowNum, Visible,
    NUM_IMAGE_FORMATS, UNPARSED_SHEET_RANGE,
};

use crate::xmlwriter::{
    self, xml_data_element, xml_declaration, xml_empty_tag, xml_end_tag, xml_start_tag,
    xml_start_tag_only,
};

/// The `Workbook` struct represents an Excel file in its entirety. It is the
/// starting point for creating a new Excel xlsx file.
///
/// <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/demo.png">
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Sample code to generate the Excel file shown above.
///
/// ```rust
/// # // This code is available in examples/app_demo.rs
/// #
/// use rust_xlsxwriter::*;
///
/// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
///     // Create a new Excel file object.
///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
///
///     // Create some formats to use in the worksheet.
///     let bold_format = Format::new().set_bold();
///     let decimal_format = Format::new().set_num_format("0.000");
///     let date_format = Format::new().set_num_format("yyyy-mm-dd");
///     let merge_format = Format::new()
///         .set_border(FormatBorder::Thin)
///         .set_align(FormatAlign::Center);
///
///     // Add a worksheet to the workbook.
///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
///
///     // Set the column width for clarity.
///     worksheet.set_column_width(0, 22)?;
///
///     // Write a string without formatting.
///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Hello")?;
///
///     // Write a string with the bold format defined above.
///     worksheet.write_with_format(1, 0, "World", &bold_format)?;
///
///     // Write some numbers.
///     worksheet.write(2, 0, 1)?;
///     worksheet.write(3, 0, 2.34)?;
///
///     // Write a number with formatting.
///     worksheet.write_with_format(4, 0, 3.00, &decimal_format)?;
///
///     // Write a formula.
///     worksheet.write(5, 0, Formula::new("=SIN(PI()/4)"))?;
///
///     // Write a date.
///     let date = ExcelDateTime::from_ymd(2023, 1, 25)?;
///     worksheet.write_with_format(6, 0, &date, &date_format)?;
///
///     // Write some links.
///     worksheet.write(7, 0, Url::new("https://www.rust-lang.org"))?;
///     worksheet.write(8, 0, Url::new("https://www.rust-lang.org").set_text("Rust"))?;
///
///     // Write some merged cells.
///     worksheet.merge_range(9, 0, 9, 1, "Merged cells", &merge_format)?;
///
///     // Insert an image.
///     let image = Image::new("examples/rust_logo.png")?;
///     worksheet.insert_image(1, 2, &image)?;
///
///     // Save the file to disk.
///     workbook.save("demo.xlsx")?;
///
///     Ok(())
/// }
/// ```
pub struct Workbook {
    pub(crate) writer: Cursor<Vec<u8>>,
    pub(crate) properties: DocProperties,
    pub(crate) worksheets: Vec<Worksheet>,
    pub(crate) xf_formats: Vec<Format>,
    pub(crate) dxf_formats: Vec<Format>,
    pub(crate) font_count: u16,
    pub(crate) fill_count: u16,
    pub(crate) border_count: u16,
    pub(crate) num_formats: Vec<String>,
    pub(crate) has_hyperlink_style: bool,
    pub(crate) embedded_images: Vec<Image>,
    pub(crate) vba_project: Vec<u8>,
    pub(crate) vba_signature: Vec<u8>,
    pub(crate) vba_codename: Option<String>,
    pub(crate) is_xlsm_file: bool,
    pub(crate) has_comments: bool,
    pub(crate) string_table: Arc<Mutex<SharedStringsTable>>,
    pub(crate) feature_property_bags: HashSet<FeaturePropertyBagTypes>,
    pub(crate) theme_xml: String,

    xf_indices: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<Format, u32>>>,
    dxf_indices: HashMap<Format, u32>,
    active_tab: u16,
    first_sheet: u16,
    defined_names: Vec<DefinedName>,
    user_defined_names: Vec<DefinedName>,
    read_only_mode: u8,
    num_worksheets: u16,
    num_chartsheets: u16,
    use_large_file: bool,
    default_format: Format,
    default_row_height: u32,
    default_col_width: u32,
    max_digit_width: u32,
    max_col_width: u32,
    cell_padding: u32,
    default_theme_version: String,

    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    tempdir: Option<PathBuf>,
}

impl Default for Workbook {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Workbook {
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Public (and crate public) methods.
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// Create a new Workbook object to represent an Excel spreadsheet file.
    ///
    /// The `Workbook::new()` constructor is used to create a new Excel workbook
    /// object. This is used to create worksheets and add data prior to saving
    /// everything to an xlsx file with [`Workbook::save()`], or
    /// [`Workbook::save_to_buffer()`].
    ///
    /// **Note**: `rust_xlsxwriter` can only create new files. It cannot read or
    /// modify existing files.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook, with one
    /// unused worksheet.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_new.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_new.png">
    ///
    pub fn new() -> Workbook {
        let writer = Cursor::new(Vec::with_capacity(2048));

        Workbook {
            writer,
            properties: DocProperties::new(),
            font_count: 0,
            active_tab: 0,
            fill_count: 0,
            first_sheet: 0,
            border_count: 0,
            num_formats: vec![],
            read_only_mode: 0,
            has_hyperlink_style: false,
            worksheets: vec![],
            xf_formats: vec![],
            dxf_formats: vec![],
            defined_names: vec![],
            user_defined_names: vec![],
            xf_indices: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::from([(Format::default(), 0)]))),
            string_table: Arc::new(Mutex::new(SharedStringsTable::new())),
            dxf_indices: HashMap::new(),
            embedded_images: vec![],
            is_xlsm_file: false,
            vba_project: vec![],
            vba_signature: vec![],
            vba_codename: None,
            has_comments: false,
            num_worksheets: 0,
            num_chartsheets: 0,
            use_large_file: false,
            feature_property_bags: HashSet::new(),
            default_format: Format::default(),
            default_row_height: 20,
            default_col_width: 64,
            cell_padding: 5,
            max_digit_width: 7,
            max_col_width: 1790,
            theme_xml: String::from(THEME_XML_2007),
            default_theme_version: String::from("124226"),

            #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
            tempdir: None,
        }
    }

    /// Add a new worksheet to a workbook.
    ///
    /// The `add_worksheet()` method adds a new [`Worksheet`] to a workbook.
    ///
    /// The worksheets will be given standard Excel names like `Sheet1`,
    /// `Sheet2`, etc. Alternatively, the name can be set using
    /// `worksheet.set_name()`, see the example below and the docs for
    /// [`Worksheet::set_name()`].
    ///
    /// The `add_worksheet()` method returns a borrowed mutable reference to a
    /// Worksheet instance owned by the Workbook, so only one worksheet can be in
    /// existence at a time, see the example below. This limitation can be
    /// avoided, if necessary, by creating standalone Worksheet objects via
    /// [`Worksheet::new()`] and then later adding them to the workbook with
    /// [`Workbook::push_worksheet`].
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating adding worksheets to a
    /// workbook.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_add_worksheet.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet(); // Sheet1
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet().set_name("Foglio2")?;
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet(); // Sheet3
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_add_worksheet.png">
    ///
    pub fn add_worksheet(&mut self) -> &mut Worksheet {
        let name = format!("Sheet{}", self.num_worksheets + 1);
        self.num_worksheets += 1;

        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();
        worksheet.set_name(&name).unwrap();

        self.initialize_default_format(&mut worksheet);

        self.worksheets.push(worksheet);
        let worksheet = self.worksheets.last_mut().unwrap();

        worksheet
    }

    /// Add a new worksheet that supports "constant memory" mode.
    ///
    /// This method adds a new [`Worksheet`] that is optimizes to reduce memory
    /// usage when writing large files. See the documentation on [Constant
    /// memory mode](../performance/index.html#constant-memory-mode).
    ///
    /// Constant memory mode requires the `rust_xlsxwriter` `constant_memory`
    /// feature flag.
    ///
    /// The [`Worksheet`] reference returned by this method behaves like any
    /// other worksheet, see [`Workbook::add_worksheet()`] above. However there
    /// are some
    /// [restrictions](../performance/index.html#restrictions-when-using-constant-memory-mode)
    /// on its usage.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates adding worksheets in "standard" and
    /// "constant memory" modes.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_add_worksheet_with_constant_memory.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     // Create a new Excel file object.
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet in standard mode.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Standard")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet in "constant memory" mode.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet_with_constant_memory();
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Constant memory")?;
    ///
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_add_worksheet_with_constant_memory.png">
    ///
    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "constant_memory")))]
    pub fn add_worksheet_with_constant_memory(&mut self) -> &mut Worksheet {
        let name = format!("Sheet{}", self.num_worksheets + 1);
        self.num_worksheets += 1;

        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();
        worksheet.set_name(&name).unwrap();

        self.initialize_default_format(&mut worksheet);

        if let Some(tempdir) = &self.tempdir {
            worksheet.file_writer = BufWriter::new(tempfile_in(tempdir).unwrap());
        }

        worksheet.use_inline_strings = true;
        worksheet.use_constant_memory = true;

        worksheet.workbook_xf_indices = Arc::clone(&self.xf_indices);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_xfs = true;

        self.worksheets.push(worksheet);
        let worksheet = self.worksheets.last_mut().unwrap();

        worksheet
    }

    /// Add a new worksheet that supports "low memory" mode.
    ///
    /// This method adds a new [`Worksheet`] that is optimizes to reduce memory
    /// usage when writing large files. See the documentation on [Constant
    /// memory mode](../performance/index.html#constant-memory-mode).
    ///
    /// Constant memory mode requires the `rust_xlsxwriter` `constant_memory`
    /// feature flag.
    ///
    /// The [`Worksheet`] reference returned by this method behaves like any
    /// other worksheet, see [`Workbook::add_worksheet()`] above. However there
    /// are some
    /// [restrictions](../performance/index.html#restrictions-when-using-constant-memory-mode)
    /// on its usage.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates adding worksheets in "standard" and
    /// "low memory" modes.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_add_worksheet_with_low_memory.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     // Create a new Excel file object.
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet in standard mode.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Standard")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet in "low memory" mode.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet_with_low_memory();
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Low memory")?;
    ///
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_add_worksheet_with_low_memory.png">
    ///
    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "constant_memory")))]
    pub fn add_worksheet_with_low_memory(&mut self) -> &mut Worksheet {
        let name = format!("Sheet{}", self.num_worksheets + 1);
        self.num_worksheets += 1;

        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();
        worksheet.set_name(&name).unwrap();

        self.initialize_default_format(&mut worksheet);

        if let Some(tempdir) = &self.tempdir {
            worksheet.file_writer = BufWriter::new(tempfile_in(tempdir).unwrap());
        }

        worksheet.use_inline_strings = false;
        worksheet.use_constant_memory = true;

        worksheet.workbook_xf_indices = Arc::clone(&self.xf_indices);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_xfs = true;

        worksheet.string_table = Arc::clone(&self.string_table);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_sst = true;

        self.worksheets.push(worksheet);
        let worksheet = self.worksheets.last_mut().unwrap();

        worksheet
    }

    /// Create a new worksheet that supports "constant memory" mode.
    ///
    /// This method returns a new standalone [`Worksheet`] that is optimizes to
    /// reduce memory usage when writing large files. See the documentation on
    /// [Constant memory mode](../performance/index.html#constant-memory-mode).
    ///
    /// The `add_worksheet_with_constant_memory()` method above returns a
    /// borrowed mutable reference to a Worksheet instance owned by the Workbook
    /// so only one worksheet can be in existence at a time. This limitation can
    /// be avoided, if necessary, by creating standalone Worksheet objects and
    /// then later adding them to the workbook with
    /// [`Workbook::push_worksheet`]. The "constant memory" [`Worksheet`] object
    /// is create via a [`Workbook`] in order to link it to a parent workbook.
    /// This restriction is required so that formats can be written in "constant
    /// memory" mode.
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// Constant memory mode requires the `rust_xlsxwriter` `constant_memory`
    /// feature flag.
    ///
    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "constant_memory")))]
    pub fn new_worksheet_with_constant_memory(&mut self) -> Worksheet {
        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();

        if let Some(tempdir) = &self.tempdir {
            worksheet.file_writer = BufWriter::new(tempfile_in(tempdir).unwrap());
        }

        worksheet.use_inline_strings = true;
        worksheet.use_constant_memory = true;

        worksheet.workbook_xf_indices = Arc::clone(&self.xf_indices);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_xfs = true;

        worksheet
    }

    /// Create a new worksheet that supports "low memory" mode.
    ///
    /// This method returns a new standalone [`Worksheet`] that is optimizes to
    /// reduce memory usage when writing large files. See the documentation on
    /// [Constant memory mode](../performance/index.html#constant-memory-mode).
    ///
    /// The `add_worksheet_with_constant_memory()` method above returns a
    /// borrowed mutable reference to a Worksheet instance owned by the Workbook
    /// so only one worksheet can be in existence at a time. This limitation can
    /// be avoided, if necessary, by creating standalone Worksheet objects and
    /// then later adding them to the workbook with
    /// [`Workbook::push_worksheet`]. The "low memory" [`Worksheet`] object is
    /// create via a [`Workbook`] in order to link it to a parent workbook. This
    /// restriction is required so that formats and strings can be written in
    /// "constant memory" mode.
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// Constant memory mode requires the `rust_xlsxwriter` `constant_memory`
    /// feature flag.
    ///
    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "constant_memory")))]
    pub fn new_worksheet_with_low_memory(&mut self) -> Worksheet {
        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();

        if let Some(tempdir) = &self.tempdir {
            worksheet.file_writer = BufWriter::new(tempfile_in(tempdir).unwrap());
        }

        worksheet.use_inline_strings = false;
        worksheet.use_constant_memory = true;

        worksheet.workbook_xf_indices = Arc::clone(&self.xf_indices);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_xfs = true;

        worksheet.string_table = Arc::clone(&self.string_table);
        worksheet.has_workbook_global_sst = true;

        worksheet
    }

    /// Set the temporary directory used in "constant memory" and "low memory"
    /// mode.
    ///
    /// In "constant" and "low" memory" mode `rust_xlsxwriter` uses temporary
    /// files to reduce memory usage when writing large files (see [Constant
    /// memory mode](../performance/index.html#constant-memory-mode) for
    /// details).
    ///
    /// By default these files are created in the [`std::env::temp_dir()`]
    /// directory by the [`tempfile`] crate. However, in cases where the default
    /// temporary directory isn't accessible to your application, doesn't
    /// contain enough space, or is mounted in memory you can set a custom
    /// temporary directory using the `set_tempdir()` method.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `dir`: The path/directory to use for temporary files. It must exist
    ///   and be writeable. You can pass the path as a `&str` or as a
    ///   [`std::path`] `Path` or `PathBuf` instance.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - A wrapper for various IO errors when creating
    ///   a temporary file in the custom temporary directory.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates setting a custom directory for
    /// temporary files when creating a file in "constant memory" mode.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_set_tempdir.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     // Create a new Excel file object.
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Set a custom directory for temporary files before adding worksheets.
    ///     workbook.set_tempdir(".")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet in "constant memory" mode.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet_with_constant_memory();
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    /// #
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_set_tempdir.png">
    ///
    #[cfg(feature = "constant_memory")]
    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "constant_memory")))]
    pub fn set_tempdir<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, dir: P) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        // Check that the directory exists and is writable.
        tempfile_in(&dir)?;

        self.tempdir = Some(dir.as_ref().to_path_buf());

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Add a new chartsheet to a workbook.
    ///
    /// The `add_chartsheet()` method adds a new "chartsheet" [`Worksheet`] to a
    /// workbook.
    ///
    /// A Chartsheet in Excel is a specialized type of worksheet that doesn't
    /// have cells but instead is used to display a single chart. It supports
    /// worksheet display options such as headers and footers, margins, tab
    /// selection, and print properties.
    ///
    /// The chartsheets will be given standard Excel name like `Chart1`,
    /// `Chart2`, etc. Alternatively, the name can be set using
    /// [`Worksheet::set_name()`].
    ///
    /// The `add_worksheet()` method returns a borrowed mutable reference to a
    /// Worksheet instance owned by the Workbook so only one worksheet can be in
    /// existence at a time. This limitation can be avoided, if necessary, by
    /// creating standalone Worksheet objects via [`Worksheet::new()`] and then
    /// later adding them to the workbook with [`Workbook::push_worksheet`].
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// A simple chartsheet example. A chart is placed on it own dedicated
    /// worksheet.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_chartsheet.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Chart, ChartType, Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    /// #
    /// #     // Add some data for the chart.
    /// #     worksheet.write(0, 0, 10)?;
    /// #     worksheet.write(1, 0, 60)?;
    /// #     worksheet.write(2, 0, 30)?;
    /// #     worksheet.write(3, 0, 10)?;
    /// #     worksheet.write(4, 0, 50)?;
    /// #
    ///     // Create a new chart.
    ///     let mut chart = Chart::new(ChartType::Column);
    ///
    ///     // Add a data series using Excel formula syntax to describe the range.
    ///     chart.add_series().set_values("Sheet1!$A$1:$A$5");
    ///
    ///     // Create a new chartsheet.
    ///     let chartsheet = workbook.add_chartsheet();
    ///
    ///     // Add the chart to the chartsheet.
    ///     chartsheet.insert_chart(0, 0, &chart)?;
    /// #
    /// #     // Save the file.
    /// #     workbook.save("chart.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/chartsheet.png">
    ///
    pub fn add_chartsheet(&mut self) -> &mut Worksheet {
        let name = format!("Chart{}", self.num_chartsheets + 1);
        self.num_chartsheets += 1;

        let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new_chartsheet();
        worksheet.set_name(&name).unwrap();

        self.worksheets.push(worksheet);
        let worksheet = self.worksheets.last_mut().unwrap();

        worksheet
    }

    /// Get a worksheet reference by index.
    ///
    /// Get a reference to a worksheet created via [`Workbook::add_worksheet()`]
    /// using an index based on the creation order.
    ///
    /// Due to borrow checking rules you can only have one active reference to a
    /// worksheet object created by `add_worksheet()` since that method always
    /// returns a mutable reference. For a workbook with multiple worksheets
    /// this restriction is generally workable if you can create and use the
    /// worksheets sequentially since you will only need to have one reference
    /// at any one time. However, if you can't structure your code to work
    /// sequentially then you get a reference to a previously created worksheet
    /// using `worksheet_from_index()`. The standard borrow checking rules still
    /// apply so you will have to give up ownership of any other worksheet
    /// reference prior to calling this method. See the example below.
    ///
    /// See also [`Workbook::worksheet_from_name()`] and the documentation on
    /// [Creating worksheets] and working with the borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `index`: The index of the worksheet to get a reference to.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::UnknownWorksheetNameOrIndex`] - Error when trying to
    ///   retrieve a worksheet reference by index. This is usually an index out
    ///   of bounds error.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates getting worksheet reference by index.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_worksheet_from_index.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Start with a reference to worksheet1.
    ///     let mut worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet1.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // If we don't try to use the workbook1 reference again we can switch to
    ///     // using a reference to worksheet2.
    ///     let mut worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet2.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // Stop using worksheet2 and move back to worksheet1.
    ///     worksheet1 = workbook.worksheet_from_index(0)?;
    ///     worksheet1.write_string(1, 0, "Sheet1")?;
    ///
    ///     // Stop using worksheet1 and move back to worksheet2.
    ///     worksheet2 = workbook.worksheet_from_index(1)?;
    ///     worksheet2.write_string(1, 0, "Sheet2")?;
    /// #
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_worksheet_from_index.png">
    ///
    pub fn worksheet_from_index(&mut self, index: usize) -> Result<&mut Worksheet, XlsxError> {
        match self.worksheets.get_mut(index) {
            Some(worksheet) => Ok(worksheet),
            _ => Err(XlsxError::UnknownWorksheetNameOrIndex(index.to_string())),
        }
    }

    /// Get a worksheet reference by name.
    ///
    /// Get a reference to a worksheet created via [`Workbook::add_worksheet()`]
    /// using the sheet name.
    ///
    /// Due to borrow checking rules you can only have one active reference to a
    /// worksheet object created by `add_worksheet()` since that method always
    /// returns a mutable reference. For a workbook with multiple worksheets
    /// this restriction is generally workable if you can create and use the
    /// worksheets sequentially since you will only need to have one reference
    /// at any one time. However, if you can't structure your code to work
    /// sequentially then you get a reference to a previously created worksheet
    /// using `worksheet_from_name()`. The standard borrow checking rules still
    /// apply so you will have to give up ownership of any other worksheet
    /// reference prior to calling this method. See the example below.
    ///
    /// Worksheet names are usually "Sheet1", "Sheet2", etc., or else a user
    /// define name that was set using [`Worksheet::set_name()`]. You can also
    /// use the [`Worksheet::name()`] method to get the name.
    ///
    /// See also [`Workbook::worksheet_from_index()`] and the documentation on
    /// [Creating worksheets] and working with the borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `name`: The name of the worksheet to get a reference to.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::UnknownWorksheetNameOrIndex`] - Error when trying to
    ///   retrieve a worksheet reference by index. This is usually an index out
    ///   of bounds error.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates getting worksheet reference by name.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_worksheet_from_name.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     // Start with a reference to worksheet1.
    ///     let mut worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     let name1 = worksheet1.name(); // "Sheet1"
    ///     worksheet1.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // If we don't try to use the workbook1 reference again we can switch to
    ///     // using a reference to worksheet2.
    ///     let mut worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet().set_name("Data")?;
    ///     let name2 = worksheet2.name();
    ///     worksheet2.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // Stop using worksheet2 and move back to worksheet1.
    ///     worksheet1 = workbook.worksheet_from_name(&name1)?;
    ///     worksheet1.write_string(1, 0, "Sheet1")?;
    ///
    ///     // Stop using worksheet1 and move back to worksheet2.
    ///     worksheet2 = workbook.worksheet_from_name(&name2)?;
    ///     worksheet2.write_string(1, 0, "Sheet2")?;
    ///
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_worksheet_from_name.png">
    ///
    pub fn worksheet_from_name(&mut self, sheetname: &str) -> Result<&mut Worksheet, XlsxError> {
        for (index, worksheet) in self.worksheets.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            if sheetname == worksheet.name {
                return self.worksheet_from_index(index);
            }
        }

        // If we didn't find a matching sheet name then raise
        Err(XlsxError::UnknownWorksheetNameOrIndex(
            sheetname.to_string(),
        ))
    }

    /// Get a mutable reference to the vector of worksheets.
    ///
    /// Get a mutable reference to the vector of Worksheets used by the Workbook
    /// instance. This can be useful for iterating over, and performing the same
    /// operation, on all the worksheets in the workbook. See the example below.
    ///
    /// If you are careful you can also use some of the standard [slice]
    /// operations on the vector reference, see below.
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates operating on the vector of all the
    /// worksheets in a workbook.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_worksheets_mut.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Add three worksheets to the workbook.
    ///     let _ = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     let _ = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     let _ = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Write the same data to all three worksheets.
    ///     for worksheet in workbook.worksheets_mut() {
    ///         worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///         worksheet.write_number(1, 0, 12345)?;
    ///     }
    ///
    ///     // If you are careful you can use standard slice operations.
    ///     workbook.worksheets_mut().swap(0, 1);
    /// #
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file, note the same data is in all three worksheets and Sheet2
    /// and Sheet1 have swapped position:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_worksheets_mut.png">
    ///
    pub fn worksheets_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<Worksheet> {
        &mut self.worksheets
    }

    /// Get a reference to the vector of worksheets.
    ///
    /// Get a reference to the vector of Worksheets used by the Workbook
    /// instance. This is less useful than [`Workbook::worksheets_mut`] version
    /// since a mutable reference is required for most worksheet operations.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates operating on the vector of all the
    /// worksheets in a workbook. The non mutable version of this method is less
    /// useful than `workbook.worksheets_mut()`.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_worksheets.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Add three worksheets to the workbook.
    ///     let _worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     let _worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     let _worksheet3 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Get some information from all three worksheets.
    ///     for worksheet in workbook.worksheets() {
    ///         println!("{}", worksheet.name());
    ///     }
    ///
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    pub fn worksheets(&mut self) -> &Vec<Worksheet> {
        &self.worksheets
    }

    /// Add a worksheet object to a workbook.
    ///
    /// Add a worksheet created directly using `Workbook::new()` to a workbook.
    ///
    /// There are two way of creating a worksheet object with `rust_xlsxwriter`:
    /// via the [`Workbook::add_worksheet()`] method and via the
    /// [`Worksheet::new()`] constructor. The first method ties the worksheet to
    /// the workbook object that will write it automatically when the file is
    /// saved, whereas the second method creates a worksheet that is independent
    /// of a workbook. This has certain advantages in keeping the worksheet free
    /// of the workbook borrow checking until you wish to add it.
    ///
    /// When working with the independent worksheet object you can add it to a
    /// workbook using `push_worksheet()`, see the example below.
    ///
    /// See also the documentation on [Creating worksheets] and working with the
    /// borrow checker.
    ///
    /// [Creating worksheets]: ../worksheet/index.html#creating-worksheets
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `worksheet`: The worksheet to add to the workbook.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a standalone worksheet
    /// object and then adding to a workbook.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_push_worksheet.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, Worksheet, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///     let mut worksheet = Worksheet::new();
    ///
    ///     // Use the worksheet object.
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add it to the workbook.
    ///     workbook.push_worksheet(worksheet);
    ///
    ///     // Save the workbook.
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_push_worksheet.png">
    ///
    pub fn push_worksheet(&mut self, mut worksheet: Worksheet) {
        if worksheet.name().is_empty() {
            let name = format!("Sheet{}", self.worksheets.len() + 1);
            worksheet.set_name(&name).unwrap();
        }

        self.worksheets.push(worksheet);
    }

    /// Save the Workbook as an xlsx file.
    ///
    /// The workbook `save()` method writes all the Workbook data to a new xlsx
    /// file. It will overwrite any existing file.
    ///
    /// The `save()` method can be called multiple times so it is possible to
    /// get incremental files at different stages of a process, or to save the
    /// same Workbook object to different paths. However, `save()` is an
    /// expensive operation which assembles multiple files into an xlsx/zip
    /// container so for performance reasons you shouldn't call it
    /// unnecessarily.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `path`: The path of the new Excel file to create as a `&str` or as a
    ///   [`std::path`] `Path` or `PathBuf` instance.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::SheetnameReused`] - Worksheet name is already in use in
    ///   the workbook.
    /// - [`XlsxError::TableNameReused`] - Worksheet Table name is already in
    ///   use in the workbook.
    /// - [`XlsxError::ChartError`] - A Chartsheet doesn't contain a chart.
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - A wrapper for various IO errors when creating
    ///   the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    /// - [`XlsxError::ZipError`] - A wrapper for various zip errors when
    ///   creating the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook using a
    /// string path.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_save.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook using a
    /// Rust [`std::path`] Path.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_save_to_path.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     let path = std::path::Path::new("workbook.xlsx");
    ///     workbook.save(path)?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    pub fn save<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, path: P) -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
        #[cfg(feature = "test-resave")]
        {
            // Some test code to test double/multiple saves.
            let file = std::fs::File::create(<&std::path::Path>::clone(&path.as_ref()))?;
            self.save_internal(file)?;
        }

        let file = std::fs::File::create(path)?;
        self.save_internal(file)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Save the Workbook as an xlsx file and return it as a byte vector.
    ///
    /// The workbook `save_to_buffer()` method is similar to the
    /// [`Workbook::save()`] method except that it returns the xlsx file as a
    /// `Vec<u8>` buffer suitable for streaming in a web application.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::SheetnameReused`] - Worksheet name is already in use in
    ///   the workbook.
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - A wrapper for various IO errors when creating
    ///   the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    /// - [`XlsxError::ZipError`] - A wrapper for various zip errors when
    ///   creating the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook to a
    /// `Vec<u8>` buffer.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_save_to_buffer.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     let buf = workbook.save_to_buffer()?;
    ///
    ///     println!("File size: {}", buf.len());
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    pub fn save_to_buffer(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, XlsxError> {
        let mut buf = vec![];
        let cursor = Cursor::new(&mut buf);
        self.save_internal(cursor)?;
        Ok(buf)
    }

    /// Save the Workbook as an xlsx file to a user supplied file/buffer.
    ///
    /// The workbook `save_to_writer()` method is similar to the
    /// [`Workbook::save()`] method except that it writes the xlsx file to types
    /// that implement the [`Write`] trait such as the [`std::fs::File`] type or
    /// buffers.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `writer`: An object that implements the [`Write`] trait.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::SheetnameReused`] - Worksheet name is already in use in
    ///   the workbook.
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - A wrapper for various IO errors when creating
    ///   the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    /// - [`XlsxError::ZipError`] - A wrapper for various zip errors when
    ///   creating the xlsx file, or its sub-files.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook to some
    /// types that implement the `Write` trait like a file and a buffer.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_save_to_writer.rs
    /// #
    /// # use std::fs::File;
    /// # use std::io::{Cursor, Write};
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    ///
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // Save the file to a File object.
    ///     let file = File::create("workbook1.xlsx")?;
    ///     workbook.save_to_writer(file)?;
    ///
    ///     // Save the file to a buffer. It is wrapped in a Cursor because it need to
    ///     // implement the `Seek` trait.
    ///     let mut cursor = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
    ///     workbook.save_to_writer(&mut cursor)?;
    ///
    ///     // Write the buffer to a file for the sake of the example.
    ///     let buf = cursor.into_inner();
    ///     let mut file = File::create("workbook2.xlsx")?;
    ///     Write::write_all(&mut file, &buf)?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    ///
    pub fn save_to_writer<W>(&mut self, writer: W) -> Result<(), XlsxError>
    where
        W: Write + Seek + Send,
    {
        self.save_internal(writer)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Create a defined name in the workbook to use as a variable.
    ///
    /// The `define_name()` method is used to define a variable name that can
    /// be used to represent a value, a single cell, or a range of cells in a
    /// workbook. These are sometimes referred to as "Named Ranges."
    ///
    /// Defined names are generally used to simplify or clarify formulas by
    /// using descriptive variable names. For example:
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///     // Global workbook name.
    ///     workbook.define_name("Exchange_rate", "=0.96")?;
    ///     worksheet.write_formula(0, 0, "=Exchange_rate")?;
    /// ```
    ///
    /// A name defined like this is "global" to the workbook and can be used in
    /// any worksheet in the workbook.  It is also possible to define a
    /// local/worksheet name by prefixing it with the sheet name using the
    /// syntax `"sheetname!defined_name"`:
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///     // Local worksheet name.
    ///     workbook.define_name('Sheet2!Sales', '=Sheet2!$G$1:$G$10')?;
    /// ```
    ///
    /// See the full example below.
    ///
    /// Note, Excel has limitations on names used in defined names. For example,
    /// it must start with a letter or underscore and cannot contain a space or
    /// any of the characters: `,/*[]:\"'`. It also cannot look like an Excel
    /// range such as `A1`, `XFD12345`, or `R1C1`. If in doubt, it is best to test
    /// the name in Excel first.
    ///
    /// For local defined names sheet name must exist (at the time of saving)
    /// and if the sheet name contains spaces or special characters you must
    /// follow the Excel convention and enclose it in single quotes:
    ///
    /// ```text
    ///     workbook.define_name("'New Data'!Sales", ""=Sheet2!$G$1:$G$10")?;
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The rules for names in Excel are explained in the Microsoft Office
    /// documentation on how to [Define and use names in
    /// formulas](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/define-and-use-names-in-formulas-4d0f13ac-53b7-422e-afd2-abd7ff379c64)
    /// and subsections.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `name`: The variable name to define.
    /// - `formula`: The formula, value or range that the name defines..
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::ParameterError`] - The following Excel error cases will
    ///   raise a `ParameterError` error:
    ///   * If the name doesn't start with a letter or underscore.
    ///   * If the name contains `,/*[]:\"'` or `space`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Example of how to create defined names using the `rust_xlsxwriter`
    /// library.
    ///
    /// This functionality is used to define user friendly variable names to
    /// represent a value, a single cell,  or a range of cells in a workbook.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/app_defined_name.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     // Create a new Excel file object.
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    /// #     // Add two worksheets to the workbook.
    /// #     let _worksheet1 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    /// #     let _worksheet2 = workbook.add_worksheet();
    /// #
    ///     // Define some global/workbook names.
    ///     workbook.define_name("Exchange_rate", "=0.96")?;
    ///     workbook.define_name("Sales", "=Sheet1!$G$1:$H$10")?;
    ///
    ///     // Define a local/worksheet name. Over-rides the "Sales" name above.
    ///     workbook.define_name("Sheet2!Sales", "=Sheet2!$G$1:$G$10")?;
    /// #
    /// #     // Write some text in the file and one of the defined names in a formula.
    /// #     for worksheet in workbook.worksheets_mut() {
    /// #         worksheet.set_column_width(0, 45)?;
    /// #         worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "This worksheet contains some defined names.")?;
    /// #         worksheet.write_string(1, 0, "See Formulas -> Name Manager above.")?;
    /// #         worksheet.write_string(2, 0, "Example formula in cell B3 ->")?;
    /// #
    /// #         worksheet.write_formula(2, 1, "=Exchange_rate")?;
    /// #     }
    /// #
    /// #     // Save the file to disk.
    /// #     workbook.save("defined_name.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/app_defined_name1.png">
    ///
    /// Here is the output in the Excel Name Manager. Note that there is a
    /// Global/Workbook "Sales" variable name and a Local/Worksheet version.
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/app_defined_name2.png">
    ///
    pub fn define_name(
        &mut self,
        name: impl Into<String>,
        formula: &str,
    ) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        let mut defined_name = DefinedName::new();
        let name = name.into();

        // Match Global/Workbook or Local/Worksheet defined names.
        match name.find('!') {
            Some(position) => {
                defined_name.quoted_sheet_name = name[0..position].to_string();
                defined_name.name = name[position + 1..].to_string();
                defined_name.name_type = DefinedNameType::Local;
            }
            None => {
                defined_name.name.clone_from(&name);
                defined_name.name_type = DefinedNameType::Global;
            }
        }

        // Excel requires that the name starts with a letter or underscore.
        // Also, backspace is allowed but undocumented by Excel.
        if !defined_name.name.chars().next().unwrap().is_alphabetic()
            && !defined_name.name.starts_with('_')
            && !defined_name.name.starts_with('\\')
        {
            let error = format!(
                "Name '{}' must start with a letter or underscore in Excel",
                defined_name.name
            );
            return Err(XlsxError::ParameterError(error));
        }

        // Excel also prohibits certain characters in the name.
        if defined_name
            .name
            .contains([' ', ',', '/', '*', '[', ']', ':', '"', '\''])
        {
            let error = format!(
                "Name '{}' cannot contain any of the characters `,/*[]:\"'` or `space` in Excel",
                defined_name.name
            );
            return Err(XlsxError::ParameterError(error));
        }

        defined_name.range = utility::formula_to_string(formula);
        defined_name.set_sort_name();

        self.user_defined_names.push(defined_name);

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Set the Excel document metadata properties.
    ///
    /// Set various Excel document metadata properties such as Author or
    /// Creation Date. It is used in conjunction with the [`DocProperties`]
    /// struct.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `properties`: A reference to a [`DocProperties`] object.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// An example of setting workbook document properties for a file created
    /// using the `rust_xlsxwriter` library.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/app_doc_properties.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{DocProperties, Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     let properties = DocProperties::new()
    ///         .set_title("This is an example spreadsheet")
    ///         .set_subject("That demonstrates document properties")
    ///         .set_author("A. Rust User")
    ///         .set_manager("J. Alfred Prufrock")
    ///         .set_company("Rust Solutions Inc")
    ///         .set_category("Sample spreadsheets")
    ///         .set_keywords("Sample, Example, Properties")
    ///         .set_comment("Created with Rust and rust_xlsxwriter");
    ///
    ///     workbook.set_properties(&properties);
    /// #
    /// #     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    /// #
    /// #     worksheet.set_column_width(0, 30)?;
    /// #     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "See File -> Info -> Properties")?;
    /// #
    /// #     workbook.save("doc_properties.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/app_doc_properties.png">
    ///
    ///
    /// The document properties can also be used to set a constant creation date
    /// so that a file generated by a `rust_xlsxwriter` program will have the
    /// same checksum no matter when it is created.
    ///
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_properties_checksum2.rs
    /// #
    /// use rust_xlsxwriter::{DocProperties, ExcelDateTime, Workbook, XlsxError};
    ///
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     // Create a file creation date for the file.
    ///     let date = ExcelDateTime::from_ymd(2023, 1, 1)?;
    ///
    ///     // Add it to the document metadata.
    ///     let properties = DocProperties::new().set_creation_datetime(&date);
    ///     workbook.set_properties(&properties);
    ///
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///     worksheet.write_string(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     workbook.save("properties.xlsx")?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    ///  See also [Checksum of a saved
    ///  file](../workbook/index.html#checksum-of-a-saved-file).
    ///
    pub fn set_properties(&mut self, properties: &DocProperties) -> &mut Workbook {
        self.properties = properties.clone();
        self
    }

    /// Set the default cell format for a workbook.
    ///
    /// The `rust_xlsxwriter` library uses the Excel 2007 default cell format of
    /// "Calibri 11" for all worksheets. If required, it is possible to change
    /// the default format, mainly the font properties, to something like the
    /// more recent Excel default of "Aptos Narrow 11", the older "Arial 10", or
    /// an international font such as "ＭＳ Ｐゴシック".
    ///
    /// Changing the default format, and font, changes the default column width
    /// and row height for a worksheet and as a result it changes the
    /// positioning and scaling of objects such as images and charts. As such,
    /// it is also necessary to set the default column pixel width and row pixel
    /// height when changing the default format/font. These dimensions can be
    /// obtained by clicking on the row and column gridlines in a sample
    /// worksheet in Excel. See the example below for a "Aptos Narrow 11"
    /// workbook where the required height and width dimensions would be 20 and
    /// 64:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_aptos_narrow.png">
    ///
    /// These dimensions should be obtained from a Windows version of Excel
    /// since the macOS versions use non-standard dimensions.
    ///
    /// Only fonts that have the following column pixel width are currently
    /// supported: 56, 64, 72, 80, 96, 104 and 120. However, this should cover
    /// the most common fonts that Excel uses. If you need to support a
    /// different font/width combination please open a feature request in the
    /// GitHub repository with a sample blank workbook.
    ///
    /// This method must be called before adding any worksheets to the workbook
    /// so that the default format can be shared with new worksheets.
    ///
    /// This method doesn't currently adapt the [`Worksheet::autofit()`] method
    /// for the new format font but this will hopefully be added in a future
    /// release.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `format`: The new default [`Format`] property for the workbook.
    /// - `row_height`: The default row height in pixels.
    /// - `col_width`: The default column width in pixels.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::DefaultFormatError`] - This error occurs if you try to
    ///   set the default format after a worksheet has been added to the
    ///   workbook, or if the pixel column width is not one of the supported
    ///   values shown above.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates changing the default format for a
    /// workbook.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_set_default_format1.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Format, Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Create a new default format for the workbook.
    ///     let format = Format::new()
    ///         .set_font_name("Aptos Narrow")
    ///         .set_font_size(11);
    ///
    ///     // Set the default format for the workbook.
    ///     workbook.set_default_format(&format, 20, 64)?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet to the workbook.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Write some text to demonstrate the changed default format.
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    /// #
    /// #     // Save the workbook to disk.
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_set_default_format1.png">
    ///
    /// Here is another example:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_set_default_format2.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Format, FormatAlign, Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Create a new default format for the workbook.
    ///     let format = Format::new()
    ///         .set_font_name("ＭＳ Ｐゴシック")
    ///         .set_font_size(11)
    ///         .set_font_charset(128)
    ///         .set_align(FormatAlign::VerticalCenter);
    ///
    ///     // Set the default format for the workbook.
    ///     workbook.set_default_format(&format, 18, 72)?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet to the workbook.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Write some text to demonstrate the changed default format.
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "結局きたよ")?;
    /// #
    /// #     // Save the workbook to disk.
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_set_default_format2.png">
    ///
    pub fn set_default_format(
        &mut self,
        format: &Format,
        row_height: u32,
        col_width: u32,
    ) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        if !self.worksheets.is_empty() {
            return Err(XlsxError::DefaultFormatError(
                "Default format must be set before adding worksheets.".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        let Some((max_digit_width, padding, max_col_width)) =
            utility::default_column_metrics(col_width)
        else {
            return Err(XlsxError::DefaultFormatError(format!(
                "Unsupported default column width: {col_width}"
            )));
        };

        self.xf_indices = Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::from([(format.clone(), 0)])));
        self.default_format = format.clone();

        self.cell_padding = padding;
        self.max_col_width = max_col_width;
        self.max_digit_width = max_digit_width;
        self.default_col_width = col_width;
        self.default_row_height = row_height;

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Change the default workbook theme to the Excel 2023 Office/Aptos theme.
    ///
    /// Excel uses themes to define default fonts and colors for a workbook. The
    /// default theme in Excel from 2007 to 2022 was the "Office" theme with the
    /// Calibri 11 font and an associated color palette. In Excel 2023 and later
    /// the "Office" theme uses the Aptos 11 font and a different color palette.
    /// The older "Office" theme is now referred to as the "Office 2013-2022"
    /// theme.
    ///
    /// The `rust_xlsxwriter` library uses the original "Office" theme with
    /// Calibri 11 as the default font but, if required,
    /// `use_excel_2023_theme()` can be used to change to the newer Excel 2023
    /// "Office" theme with Aptos Narrow 11.
    ///
    /// Changing the theme and default font also changes the default row height
    /// and column width which in turn affects the positioning of objects such
    /// as images and charts. These changes are handled automatically.
    ///
    /// This method must be called before adding any worksheets to the workbook
    /// so that the default format can be shared with new worksheets.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::DefaultFormatError`] - This error occurs if you try to
    ///   change the default theme, and by extension the default format, after a
    ///   worksheet has been added to the workbook.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates changing the default theme for a
    /// workbook. The example uses the Excel 2023 Office/Aptos theme.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_use_excel_2023_theme.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Use the Excel 2023 Office/Aptos theme in the workbook.
    ///     workbook.use_excel_2023_theme()?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet to the workbook.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Write some text to demonstrate the changed theme.
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    ///
    ///     // Save the workbook to disk.
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_use_excel_2023_theme.png">
    ///
    pub fn use_excel_2023_theme(&mut self) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        self.theme_xml = THEME_XML_2023.to_string();
        self.default_theme_version = String::from("202300");

        // Set the default font associated with the 2023 theme.
        let format = Format::new()
            .set_font_name("Aptos Narrow")
            .set_font_size(11)
            .set_font_scheme(FontScheme::Body);

        // Set the default format and row/column dimensions.
        self.set_default_format(&format, 20, 64)
    }

    /// Change the default workbook theme to a user defined custom theme.
    ///
    /// Excel uses themes to define default fonts and colors for a workbook. The
    /// `rust_xlsxwriter` library uses the original "Office" theme with Calibri
    /// 11 as the default font but, if required, `use_custom_theme()` can be
    /// used to change to a custom, user-supplied, theme.
    ///
    /// The theme file can be an Excel `.thmx` file or `.xlsx` file. It can also
    /// be a `theme1.xml` file extracted from an unzipped Excel xlsx file, where
    /// it is typically located at `xl/theme/theme1.xml`.
    ///
    /// In addition to supplying the theme XML file it is also necessary to set
    /// the default format to match the theme. This is done via the
    /// [`Workbook::set_default_format()`] method, see the example below. When
    /// setting a font that will be used as the default format it is also
    /// necessary to set the scheme parameter to [`FontScheme::Body`]
    ///
    /// Note, older Excel 2007 style theme files that contain image fills as
    /// part of the theme are not currently supported and will raise an
    /// [`XlsxError::ThemeError`] error on loading.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `path`: A path to a `theme.xml` file.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - I/O errors if the path doesn't exist or is
    ///   restricted.
    /// - [`XlsxError::ThemeError`] - File doesn't contain a `theme` xml file,
    ///   it isn't XML, or it contains unsupported image fills.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates changing the default theme for a workbook
    /// to a user supplied custom theme. The example uses an Excel `.thmx` file but
    /// it can also be an `.xlsx` file or a theme xml file extracted from an Excel
    /// xlsx file.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_use_custom_theme.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{FontScheme, Format, Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     // Add a custom theme to the workbook.
    ///     workbook.use_custom_theme("tests/input/themes/Technic.thmx")?;
    ///
    ///     // Create a new default format to match the custom theme. Note, that the
    ///     // scheme is set to "Body" to indicate that the font is part of the theme.
    ///     let format = Format::new()
    ///         .set_font_name("Arial")
    ///         .set_font_size(11)
    ///         .set_font_scheme(FontScheme::Body);
    ///
    ///     // Add the default format for the workbook.
    ///     workbook.set_default_format(&format, 19, 72)?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet to the workbook.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Write some text to demonstrate the changed theme.
    ///     worksheet.write(0, 0, "Hello")?;
    /// #
    /// #     // Save the workbook to disk.
    /// #     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img
    /// src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_use_custom_theme.png">
    ///
    pub fn use_custom_theme<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        &mut self,
        path: P,
    ) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        let theme_xml = Self::read_theme_from_path(&path)?;

        // Simple check to see if the file is text/XML.
        if !theme_xml.starts_with("<?xml") {
            return Err(XlsxError::ThemeError(format!(
                "Invalid XML theme file: '{}'",
                path.as_ref().display()
            )));
        }

        // Check for Excel 2007 theme files that contain images as fills. These
        // aren't currently supported.
        if theme_xml.contains("<a:blipFill>") {
            return Err(XlsxError::ThemeError(format!(
                "Theme file contains image fills which aren't currently supported: '{}'",
                path.as_ref().display()
            )));
        }

        self.theme_xml = theme_xml;
        self.default_theme_version = String::new();

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Add a vba macro file to the workbook.
    ///
    /// The `add_vba_project()` method can be used to add macros or functions to
    /// a workbook using a binary VBA project file that has been extracted from
    /// an existing Excel `xlsm` file.
    ///
    /// An Excel `xlsm` file is structurally the same as an `xlsx` file except
    /// that it contains an additional `vbaProject.bin` binary file containing
    /// VBA functions and/or macros.
    ///
    /// The `vbaProject.bin` in a `xlsm` file is a binary OLE COM container.
    /// This was the format used in older `xls` versions of Excel prior to Excel
    /// 2007. Unlike other components of an xlsx/xlsm file the data isn't stored
    /// in XML format. Instead the functions and macros as stored as a
    /// pre-parsed binary format. As such it wouldn't be feasible to
    /// programmatically define macros and create a `vbaProject.bin` file from
    /// scratch.
    ///
    /// Instead, as a workaround, the Rust
    /// [`vba_extract`](https://crates.io/crates/vba_extract) utility is used to
    /// extract `vbaProject.bin` files from existing xlsm files which you can
    /// then add to `rust_xlsxwriter` files.
    ///
    /// The utility can be installed via `cargo`:
    ///
    /// ```bash
    /// $ cargo install vba_extract
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Once `vba_extract` is installed it can be used as follows:
    ///
    /// ```bash
    /// $ vba_extract macro_file.xlsm
    ///
    /// Extracted: vbaProject.bin
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If the VBA project is signed, `vba_extract` also extracts the
    /// `vbaProjectSignature.bin` file from the xlsm file (see below).
    ///
    /// The process is explained in detail in [Working with VBA
    /// macros](crate::macros).
    ///
    /// Only one `vbaProject.bin` file can be added per workbook. The name
    /// doesn’t have to be `vbaProject.bin`. Any suitable path/name for an
    /// existing VBA bin file will do.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `path`: A path to a `vbaProject.bin` file.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - I/O errors if the path doesn't exist or is
    ///   restricted.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// An example of adding macros to an `rust_xlsxwriter` file using a VBA
    /// macros file extracted from an existing Excel xlsm file.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/app_macros.rs
    /// #
    /// use rust_xlsxwriter::{Button, Workbook, XlsxError};
    ///
    /// fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     // Create a new Excel file object.
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     // Add the VBA macro file.
    ///     workbook.add_vba_project("examples/vbaProject.bin")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a worksheet and some text.
    ///     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     // Widen the first column for clarity.
    ///     worksheet.set_column_width(0, 30)?;
    ///
    ///     worksheet.write(2, 0, "Press the button to say hello:")?;
    ///
    ///     // Add a button tied to a macro in the VBA project.
    ///     let button = Button::new()
    ///         .set_caption("Press Me")
    ///         .set_macro("say_hello")
    ///         .set_width(80)
    ///         .set_height(30);
    ///
    ///     worksheet.insert_button(2, 1, &button)?;
    ///
    ///     // Save the file to disk. Note the `.xlsm` extension. This is required by
    ///     // Excel or it will raise a warning.
    ///     workbook.save("macros.xlsm")?;
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Output file:
    ///
    /// <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/app_macros.png">
    ///
    pub fn add_vba_project<P: AsRef<Path>>(&mut self, path: P) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        let path_buf = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
        let file = File::open(path_buf)?;
        let mut reader = BufReader::new(file);
        let mut data = vec![];
        reader.read_to_end(&mut data)?;

        self.vba_project = data;
        self.is_xlsm_file = true;

        if self.vba_codename.is_none() {
            self.vba_codename = Some("ThisWorkbook".to_string());
        }

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Use zip large file/ZIP64 extensions.
    ///
    /// The `rust_xlsxwriter` library uses the [zip.rs] crate to provide the zip
    /// container for the xlsx file that it generates. The size limit for a
    /// standard zip file is 4GB for the overall container or for any of the
    /// uncompressed files within it.  Anything greater than that requires
    /// [ZIP64] support. In practice this would apply to worksheets with
    /// approximately 150 million cells, or more.
    ///
    /// The `use_zip_large_file()` option enables ZIP64/large file support by
    /// enabling the `zip.rs` [`large_file()`] option. Here is what the `zip.rs`
    /// library says about the `large_file()` option:
    ///
    /// > If `large_file()` is set to false and the file exceeds the limit, an
    /// > I/O error is thrown and the file is aborted. If set to true, readers
    /// > will require ZIP64 support and if the file does not exceed the limit,
    /// > 20 B are wasted. The default is false.
    ///
    /// You can interpret this to mean that it is safe/efficient to turn on
    /// large file mode by default if you anticipate that your application may
    /// generate files that exceed the 4GB limit. At least for Excel. Other
    /// applications may have issues if they don't support ZIP64 extensions.
    ///
    /// [zip.rs]: https://crates.io/crates/zip
    /// [ZIP64]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)#ZIP64
    /// [`large_file()`]:
    ///     https://docs.rs/zip/latest/zip/write/type.SimpleFileOptions.html#method.large_file
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `enable`: Turn the property on/off. It is off by default.
    ///
    pub fn use_zip_large_file(&mut self, enable: bool) -> &mut Workbook {
        self.use_large_file = enable;

        self
    }

    /// Add a signed vba macro file to the workbook.
    ///
    /// The `add_vba_project_with_signature()` method can be used to add signed
    /// macros or functions to a workbook using a binary VBA project file that
    /// has been extracted from an existing Excel `xlsm` file.
    ///
    /// VBA macros can be signed in Excel to allow for further control over
    /// execution. The signature part is added to the `xlsm` file in a binary
    /// called `vbaProjectSignature.bin` which must be used in conjunction with
    /// `vbaProject.bin`, see above.
    ///
    /// The Rust [`vba_extract`](https://crates.io/crates/vba_extract) utility
    /// will extract the `vbaProject.bin` and `vbaProjectSignature.bin` files
    /// from an `xlsm` file with signed macros.
    ///
    ///
    /// See [`Workbook::add_vba_project()`] above and [Working with VBA
    /// macros](crate::macros) for more details.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `project`: A path to a `vbaProject.bin` file.
    /// - `signature`: A path to a `vbaProjectSignature.bin` file.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::IoError`] - I/O errors if the path doesn't exist or is
    ///   restricted.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates a simple example of adding a vba
    /// project to an xlsm file.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_macros_signed.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # #[allow(unused_variables)]
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    /// #     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    /// #
    ///     workbook.add_vba_project_with_signature(
    ///         "examples/vbaProject.bin",
    ///         "examples/vbaProjectSignature.bin",
    ///     )?;
    /// #
    /// #     let worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    /// #
    /// #     // Note the `.xlsm` extension.
    /// #     workbook.save("macros.xlsm")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    pub fn add_vba_project_with_signature<P: AsRef<Path>>(
        &mut self,
        project: P,
        signature: P,
    ) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        // Add the project binary file.
        self.add_vba_project(project)?;

        // Add the signature binary file.
        let path_buf = signature.as_ref().to_path_buf();
        let file = File::open(path_buf)?;
        let mut reader = BufReader::new(file);
        let mut data = vec![];
        reader.read_to_end(&mut data)?;

        self.vba_signature = data;

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Set the workbook name used in VBA macros.
    ///
    /// This method can be used to set the VBA name for the workbook. This is
    /// sometimes required when a VBA macro included via
    /// [`Workbook::add_vba_project()`] makes reference to the workbook with a
    /// name other than the default Excel VBA name of `ThisWorkbook`.
    ///
    /// See also the
    /// [`Worksheet::set_vba_name()`](crate::Worksheet::set_vba_name()) method
    /// for setting a worksheet VBA name.
    ///
    /// The name must be a valid Excel VBA object name as defined by the
    /// following rules:
    ///
    /// - The name must be less than 32 characters.
    /// - The name can only contain word characters: letters, numbers and
    ///   underscores.
    /// - The name must start with a letter.
    /// - The name cannot be blank.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `name`: The vba name. It must follow the Excel rules, shown above.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// - [`XlsxError::VbaNameError`] - The name doesn't meet one of Excel's
    ///   criteria, shown above.
    ///
    pub fn set_vba_name(&mut self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Result<&mut Workbook, XlsxError> {
        let name = name.into();
        utility::validate_vba_name(&name)?;
        self.vba_codename = Some(name);

        Ok(self)
    }

    /// Add a recommendation to open the file in “read-only” mode.
    ///
    /// This method can be used to set the Excel “Read-only Recommended” option
    /// that is available when saving a file. This presents the user of the file
    /// with an option to open it in "read-only" mode. This means that any
    /// changes to the file can’t be saved back to the same file and must be
    /// saved to a new file.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// The following example demonstrates creating a simple workbook which opens
    /// with a recommendation that the file should be opened in read only mode.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # // This code is available in examples/doc_workbook_read_only_recommended.rs
    /// #
    /// # use rust_xlsxwriter::{Workbook, XlsxError};
    /// #
    /// # fn main() -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
    ///     let mut workbook = Workbook::new();
    ///
    ///     let _worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet();
    ///
    ///     workbook.read_only_recommended();
    ///
    ///     workbook.save("workbook.xlsx")?;
    /// #
    /// #     Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Alert when you open the output file:
    ///
    /// <img src="https://rustxlsxwriter.github.io/images/workbook_read_only_recommended.png">
    ///
    pub fn read_only_recommended(&mut self) -> &mut Workbook {
        self.read_only_mode = 2;
        self
    }

    /// Set the order/index for the format.
    ///
    /// This is currently only used in testing to ensure the same format order
    /// as target Excel files. It can also be used in multi-threaded constant
    /// memory programs to pre-compute the format index so that all uses of the
    /// format only involve a `RwLock` `read()` and not a `write()`.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// `format` - The [`Format`] instance to register.
    ///
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn register_format(&mut self, format: &Format) {
        self.format_xf_index(format);
    }

    /// Set the order/index for shared string table strings.
    ///
    /// This is currently only used in testing to ensure the same string order
    /// as target Excel files.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// `string` - The string to add to the shared string table.
    /// `index` - The index in the shared string table.
    ///
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn populate_string_table(&mut self, string: &str, index: u32) {
        let mut string_table = self.string_table.lock().unwrap();

        string_table.populate_string_index(Arc::from(string), index);
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Internal function/methods.
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    // Reset workbook between saves.
    fn reset(&mut self) {
        xmlwriter::reset(&mut self.writer);

        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            worksheet.reset();
        }
    }

    // Initialize the default format for a worksheet.
    fn initialize_default_format(&mut self, worksheet: &mut Worksheet) {
        worksheet.initialize_default_format(
            &self.default_format,
            self.default_row_height,
            self.default_col_width,
            self.max_digit_width,
            self.cell_padding,
            self.max_col_width,
        );
    }

    // Read theme XML from either a zip file (thmx/xlsx) or a text file.
    fn read_theme_from_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P) -> Result<String, XlsxError> {
        let file = File::open(&path)?;
        let reader = BufReader::new(file);

        // Try to read as a thmx/xlsx zip file first.
        if let Ok(mut archive) = ZipArchive::new(reader) {
            let possible_paths = [
                // Path in .thmx file.
                "theme/theme/theme1.xml",
                // Path in .xlsx file.
                "xl/theme/theme1.xml",
            ];

            for theme_path in &possible_paths {
                if let Ok(mut theme_file) = archive.by_name(theme_path) {
                    let mut theme_xml = String::new();
                    theme_file.read_to_string(&mut theme_xml)?;
                    return Ok(theme_xml);
                }
            }

            return Err(XlsxError::ThemeError(format!(
                "No theme1.xml found in file: '{}'",
                path.as_ref().display()
            )));
        }

        // Try reading as a text file.
        read_to_string(&path).map_err(XlsxError::IoError)
    }

    // Internal function to prepare the workbook and other component files for
    // writing to the xlsx file.
    #[allow(clippy::similar_names)]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
    fn save_internal<W: Write + Seek + Send>(&mut self, writer: W) -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
        // Reset workbook and worksheet state data between saves.
        self.reset();

        // Ensure that there is at least one worksheet in the workbook.
        if self.worksheets.is_empty() {
            self.add_worksheet();
        }
        // Ensure one sheet is active/selected.
        self.set_active_worksheets();

        // Check for the use of hyperlink style in the worksheets and if so add
        // a hyperlink style to the global formats.
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            if worksheet.has_hyperlink_style {
                let format = self.default_format.clone().set_hyperlink();
                self.format_xf_index(&format);
                self.has_hyperlink_style = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        // Also check for hyperlinks in the global format table.
        let xf_indices = self.xf_indices.read().expect("RwLock poisoned");
        for format in xf_indices.keys() {
            if format.font.is_hyperlink {
                self.has_hyperlink_style = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        drop(xf_indices);

        // Check for duplicate sheet names, which aren't allowed by Excel.
        let mut unique_worksheet_names = HashSet::new();
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            let worksheet_name = worksheet.name.to_lowercase();
            if unique_worksheet_names.contains(&worksheet_name) {
                return Err(XlsxError::SheetnameReused(worksheet_name));
            }

            unique_worksheet_names.insert(worksheet_name);
        }

        // Check that chartsheets have a chart.
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            if worksheet.is_chartsheet && worksheet.charts.is_empty() {
                return Err(XlsxError::ChartError(format!(
                    "Chartsheet '{}' doesn't contain a chart",
                    worksheet.name
                )));
            }
        }

        // Write any Tables associated with serialization areas.
        #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            worksheet.store_serialized_tables()?;
        }

        // Convert any worksheet local formats to workbook/global formats. At
        // the worksheet level each unique format will have an index like 0, 1,
        // 2, etc., starting from 0 for each worksheet. However, at a workbook
        // level they may have an equivalent index of 1, 7, 5 or whatever
        // workbook order they appear in.
        let mut worksheet_xf_formats: Vec<Vec<Format>> = vec![];
        let mut worksheet_dxf_formats: Vec<Vec<Format>> = vec![];
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            let formats = worksheet.xf_formats.clone();
            worksheet_xf_formats.push(formats);
            let formats = worksheet.dxf_formats.clone();
            worksheet_dxf_formats.push(formats);
        }

        let mut worksheet_xf_indices: Vec<Vec<u32>> = vec![];
        for formats in &worksheet_xf_formats {
            let mut indices = vec![];
            for format in formats {
                let index = self.format_xf_index(format);
                indices.push(index);
            }
            worksheet_xf_indices.push(indices);
        }
        let mut worksheet_dxf_indices: Vec<Vec<u32>> = vec![];
        for formats in &worksheet_dxf_formats {
            let mut indices = vec![];
            for format in formats {
                let index = self.format_dxf_index(format);
                indices.push(index);
            }
            worksheet_dxf_indices.push(indices);
        }

        // We extract the XF Formats used as keys in the index lookup to a
        // vector of formats sorted by their index number.
        let xf_indices = self.xf_indices.read().expect("RwLock poisoned");

        let mut xf_indices_vec: Vec<(&Format, &u32)> = xf_indices.iter().collect();
        xf_indices_vec.sort_by(|a, b| a.1.cmp(b.1));

        let xf_formats: Vec<Format> = xf_indices_vec.iter().map(|x| x.0.clone()).collect();
        self.xf_formats = xf_formats;

        drop(xf_indices);

        // Map worksheet/local format indices to the workbook/global values.
        for (i, worksheet) in self.worksheets.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            worksheet.set_global_xf_indices(&worksheet_xf_indices[i]);
            worksheet.set_global_dxf_indices(&worksheet_dxf_indices[i]);

            // Perform the autofilter row hiding.
            worksheet.hide_autofilter_rows();

            // Set the index of the worksheets.
            worksheet.sheet_index = i;

            // Set a default codename for the worksheet if the overall workbook
            // is a xlsm file. Note that the VBA sheet naming scheme is based on
            // SheetN and not on the actual sheet name.
            if self.is_xlsm_file {
                let codename = format!("Sheet{}", i + 1);
                if worksheet.vba_codename.is_none() {
                    worksheet.vba_codename = Some(codename);
                }
            }

            // Chartsheets shouldn't use constant memory mode.
            if worksheet.is_chartsheet {
                worksheet.use_constant_memory = false;
            }
        }

        // Generate a global array of embedded images from the worksheets.
        self.prepare_embedded_images();

        // Convert the images in the workbooks into drawing files and rel links.
        self.prepare_drawings();

        // Prepare the worksheet VML elements such as buttons and header images.
        self.prepare_vml();

        // Fill the chart data caches from worksheet data.
        self.prepare_chart_cache_data()?;

        // Prepare the formats for writing with styles.rs.
        self.prepare_format_properties();

        // Prepare worksheet tables.
        self.prepare_tables()?;

        // Update the shared string table in each worksheet.
        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if !worksheet.has_workbook_global_sst {
                let string_table = self.string_table.clone();
                worksheet.update_string_table_ids(string_table);
            }
        }

        // Collect workbook level metadata to help generate the xlsx file.
        let mut package_options = PackagerOptions::new();
        package_options = self.set_package_options(package_options)?;

        // Create the Packager object that will assemble the zip/xlsx file.
        let packager = Packager::new(writer, self.use_large_file);
        packager.assemble_file(self, &package_options)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    // Iterates through the worksheets and finds which is the user-defined Active
    // sheet. If none has been set, then defaults to the first sheet, like Excel.
    fn set_active_worksheets(&mut self) {
        let mut active_index = 0;

        for (i, worksheet) in self.worksheets.iter().enumerate() {
            if worksheet.active {
                active_index = i;
            }
            if worksheet.first_sheet {
                self.first_sheet = i as u16;
            }
        }
        self.worksheets[active_index].set_active(true);
        self.active_tab = active_index as u16;
    }

    // Prepare the worksheet VML elements such as buttons and header images.
    fn prepare_vml(&mut self) {
        let mut comment_id = 1;
        let mut vml_drawing_id = 1;
        let mut vml_data_id = 1;
        let mut vml_shape_id = 1024;

        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if worksheet.has_vml {
                let note_count = worksheet.prepare_vml_objects(vml_data_id, vml_shape_id);
                worksheet.add_vml_drawing_rel_link(vml_drawing_id);
                vml_drawing_id += 1;

                if !worksheet.notes.is_empty() {
                    worksheet.add_comment_rel_link(comment_id);
                    comment_id += 1;
                    self.has_comments = true;
                }

                // Each VML should start with a shape id incremented by 1024.
                vml_data_id += (1024 + note_count) / 1024;
                vml_shape_id += 1024 * ((1024 + note_count) / 1024);
            }

            if worksheet.has_header_footer_images() {
                worksheet.add_vml_drawing_rel_link(vml_drawing_id);
                vml_drawing_id += 1;
            }
        }
    }

    // Convert any embedded images in the worksheets to a global reference. Each
    // worksheet will have a local index to an embedded cell image. We need to
    // map these local references to a workbook/global id that takes into
    // account duplicate images.
    fn prepare_embedded_images(&mut self) {
        let mut embedded_images = vec![];
        let mut image_ids: HashMap<String, u32> = HashMap::new();
        let mut global_image_id = 0;

        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if worksheet.embedded_images.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            let mut global_embedded_image_ids = vec![];
            for image in &worksheet.embedded_images {
                let image_id = match image_ids.get(&image.hash) {
                    Some(image_id) => *image_id,
                    None => {
                        global_image_id += 1;
                        embedded_images.push(image.clone());
                        image_ids.insert(image.hash.clone(), global_image_id);
                        global_image_id
                    }
                };

                global_embedded_image_ids.push(image_id);
            }

            worksheet.global_embedded_image_indices = global_embedded_image_ids;
        }

        self.embedded_images = embedded_images;
    }

    // Convert the images in the workbooks into drawing files and rel links.
    fn prepare_drawings(&mut self) {
        let mut chart_id = 1;
        let mut drawing_id = 1;
        let mut shape_id = 1;
        let mut image_id = self.embedded_images.len() as u32;

        // These are the image ids for each unique image file.
        let mut worksheet_image_ids: HashMap<String, u32> = HashMap::new();
        let mut header_footer_image_ids: HashMap<String, u32> = HashMap::new();
        let mut background_image_ids: HashMap<String, u32> = HashMap::new();

        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if let Some(image) = &worksheet.background_image {
                let image = image.clone();

                let background_image_id = match background_image_ids.get(&image.hash) {
                    Some(image_id) => *image_id,
                    None => {
                        image_id += 1;
                        background_image_ids.insert(image.hash.clone(), image_id);
                        image_id
                    }
                };

                worksheet.prepare_background_image(background_image_id, &image);
            }

            if !worksheet.images.is_empty() {
                worksheet.prepare_worksheet_images(
                    &mut worksheet_image_ids,
                    &mut image_id,
                    drawing_id,
                );
            }

            if !worksheet.charts.is_empty() {
                worksheet.prepare_worksheet_charts(chart_id, drawing_id);
                chart_id += worksheet.charts.len() as u32;
            }

            if !worksheet.shapes.is_empty() {
                worksheet.prepare_worksheet_shapes(shape_id, drawing_id);
                shape_id += worksheet.shapes.len() as u32;
            }

            // Increase the drawing number/id for image/chart file.
            if !worksheet.images.is_empty()
                || !worksheet.charts.is_empty()
                || !worksheet.shapes.is_empty()
            {
                drawing_id += 1;
            }

            if worksheet.has_header_footer_images() {
                worksheet.prepare_header_footer_images(&mut header_footer_image_ids, &mut image_id);
            }
        }
    }

    // Prepare and check each table in the workbook.
    fn prepare_tables(&mut self) -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
        let mut table_id = 1;
        let mut seen_table_names = HashSet::new();

        // Set a unique table id and table name and also set the .rel file
        // linkages.
        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if !worksheet.tables.is_empty() {
                table_id = worksheet.prepare_worksheet_tables(table_id);
            }
        }

        // Check for duplicate table names.
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            for table in &worksheet.tables {
                if seen_table_names.contains(&table.name.to_lowercase()) {
                    return Err(XlsxError::TableNameReused(table.name.clone()));
                }

                seen_table_names.insert(table.name.to_lowercase());
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    // Add worksheet number/string cache data to chart ranges. This isn't
    // strictly necessary, but it helps non-Excel apps to render charts
    // correctly.
    fn prepare_chart_cache_data(&mut self) -> Result<(), XlsxError> {
        // First build up a hash of the chart data ranges. The data may not be
        // in the same worksheet as the chart so we need to do the lookup at the
        // workbook level.
        let mut chart_caches: HashMap<
            (String, RowNum, ColNum, RowNum, ColNum),
            ChartRangeCacheData,
        > = HashMap::new();

        // Add the chart ranges to the cache lookup table.
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            if !worksheet.charts.is_empty() {
                for chart in worksheet.charts.values() {
                    Self::insert_chart_ranges_to_cache(chart, &mut chart_caches);

                    if let Some(chart) = &chart.combined_chart {
                        Self::insert_chart_ranges_to_cache(chart, &mut chart_caches);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Populate the caches with data from the worksheet ranges.
        for (key, cache) in &mut chart_caches {
            if let Ok(worksheet) = self.worksheet_from_name(&key.0) {
                *cache = worksheet.get_cache_data(key.1, key.2, key.3, key.4);
            } else {
                let sheet_name = key.0.clone();

                if sheet_name != UNPARSED_SHEET_RANGE {
                    let range = utility::chart_range_abs(&key.0, key.1, key.2, key.3, key.4);
                    let error =
                        format!("Unknown worksheet name '{sheet_name}' in chart range '{range}'");

                    return Err(XlsxError::UnknownWorksheetNameOrIndex(error));
                }
            }
        }

        // Fill the caches back into the chart ranges.
        for worksheet in &mut self.worksheets {
            if !worksheet.charts.is_empty() {
                for chart in worksheet.charts.values_mut() {
                    Self::update_chart_ranges_from_cache(chart, &mut chart_caches);

                    if let Some(chart) = &mut chart.combined_chart {
                        Self::update_chart_ranges_from_cache(chart, &mut chart_caches);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    // Insert all the various chart ranges into the lookup range cache.
    fn insert_chart_ranges_to_cache(
        chart: &Chart,
        chart_caches: &mut HashMap<(String, RowNum, ColNum, RowNum, ColNum), ChartRangeCacheData>,
    ) {
        Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&chart.title.range, chart_caches);
        Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&chart.x_axis.title.range, chart_caches);
        Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&chart.y_axis.title.range, chart_caches);

        for series in &chart.series {
            Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&series.title.range, chart_caches);
            Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&series.value_range, chart_caches);
            Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&series.category_range, chart_caches);

            for data_label in &series.custom_data_labels {
                Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&data_label.title.range, chart_caches);
            }

            if let Some(error_bars) = &series.y_error_bars {
                Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&error_bars.plus_range, chart_caches);
                Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&error_bars.minus_range, chart_caches);
            }

            if let Some(error_bars) = &series.x_error_bars {
                Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&error_bars.plus_range, chart_caches);
                Self::insert_to_chart_cache(&error_bars.minus_range, chart_caches);
            }
        }
    }

    // Update all the various chart ranges from the lookup range cache.
    fn update_chart_ranges_from_cache(
        chart: &mut Chart,
        chart_caches: &mut HashMap<(String, RowNum, ColNum, RowNum, ColNum), ChartRangeCacheData>,
    ) {
        Self::update_range_cache(&mut chart.title.range, chart_caches);
        Self::update_range_cache(&mut chart.x_axis.title.range, chart_caches);
        Self::update_range_cache(&mut chart.y_axis.title.range, chart_caches);

        for series in &mut chart.series {
            Self::update_range_cache(&mut series.title.range, chart_caches);
            Self::update_range_cache(&mut series.value_range, chart_caches);
            Self::update_range_cache(&mut series.category_range, chart_caches);

            for data_label in &mut series.custom_data_labels {
                if let Some(cache) = chart_caches.get(&data_label.title.range.key()) {
                    data_label.title.range.cache = cache.clone();
                }
            }

            if let Some(error_bars) = &mut series.y_error_bars {
                Self::update_range_cache(&mut error_bars.plus_range, chart_caches);
                Self::update_range_cache(&mut error_bars.minus_range, chart_caches);
            }

            if let Some(error_bars) = &mut series.x_error_bars {
                Self::update_range_cache(&mut error_bars.plus_range, chart_caches);
                Self::update_range_cache(&mut error_bars.minus_range, chart_caches);
            }
        }
    }

    // Insert a chart range (expressed as a hash/key value) into the chart cache
    // for lookup later.
    fn insert_to_chart_cache(
        range: &ChartRange,
        chart_caches: &mut HashMap<(String, RowNum, ColNum, RowNum, ColNum), ChartRangeCacheData>,
    ) {
        if range.has_data() {
            chart_caches.insert(range.key(), ChartRangeCacheData::new());
        }
    }

    // Populate a chart range cache with data read from the worksheet.
    fn update_range_cache(
        range: &mut ChartRange,
        chart_caches: &mut HashMap<(String, RowNum, ColNum, RowNum, ColNum), ChartRangeCacheData>,
    ) {
        if let Some(cache) = chart_caches.get(&range.key()) {
            range.cache = cache.clone();
        }
    }

    // Evaluate a format and return its index number if already seen/used or
    // store it and return a new index.
    fn format_xf_index(&mut self, format: &Format) -> u32 {
        // Try a read() lock first to check if the format is known.
        let xf_indices = self.xf_indices.read().expect("RwLock poisoned");

        if let Some(xf_index) = xf_indices.get(format) {
            return *xf_index;
        }

        // Index wasn't found, so drop the read() lock and get a write() lock to
        // add the format and create a new index.
        drop(xf_indices);

        // Add the new format and give it an index.
        let mut xf_indices = self.xf_indices.write().expect("RwLock poisoned");
        let xf_index = xf_indices.len() as u32;
        xf_indices.insert(format.clone(), xf_index);

        xf_index
    }

    fn format_dxf_index(&mut self, format: &Format) -> u32 {
        match self.dxf_indices.get_mut(format) {
            Some(dxf_index) => *dxf_index,
            None => {
                let dxf_index = self.dxf_formats.len() as u32;
                self.dxf_formats.push(format.clone());
                self.dxf_indices.insert(format.clone(), dxf_index);
                dxf_index
            }
        }
    }

    // Prepare all Format properties prior to passing them to styles.rs.
    fn prepare_format_properties(&mut self) {
        // Set the font index for the format objects.
        self.prepare_fonts();

        // Set the fill index for the format objects.
        self.prepare_fills();

        // Set the border index for the format objects.
        self.prepare_borders();

        // Set the number format index for the format objects.
        self.prepare_num_formats();

        // Check for any format properties that require a feature bag. Currently,
        // this only applies to checkboxes.
        self.prepare_feature_property_bags();
    }

    // Set the font index for the format objects. This only needs to be done for
    // XF formats. DXF formats are handled differently.
    fn prepare_fonts(&mut self) {
        let mut font_count: u16 = 0;
        let mut font_indices: HashMap<Font, u16> = HashMap::new();

        for xf_format in &mut self.xf_formats {
            match font_indices.get(&xf_format.font) {
                Some(font_index) => {
                    xf_format.set_font_index(*font_index, false);
                }
                None => {
                    font_indices.insert(xf_format.font.clone(), font_count);
                    xf_format.set_font_index(font_count, true);
                    font_count += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        self.font_count = font_count;
    }

    // Set the fill index for the format objects.
    fn prepare_fills(&mut self) {
        // The user defined fill properties start from 2 since there are 2
        // default fills: patternType="none" and patternType="gray125". The
        // following code adds these 2 default fills.
        let mut fill_count: u16 = 2;

        let mut fill_indices = HashMap::from([
            (Fill::default(), 0),
            (
                Fill {
                    pattern: crate::FormatPattern::Gray125,
                    ..Default::default()
                },
                1,
            ),
        ]);

        for xf_format in &mut self.xf_formats {
            let fill = &mut xf_format.fill;
            // If the user specifies a foreground or background color without a
            // pattern they probably wanted a solid fill, so we fill in the
            // defaults.
            if (fill.pattern == FormatPattern::None || fill.pattern == FormatPattern::Solid)
                && fill.background_color != Color::Default
                && fill.foreground_color == Color::Default
            {
                fill.foreground_color = fill.background_color;
                fill.background_color = Color::Default;
                fill.pattern = FormatPattern::Solid;
            }

            if (fill.pattern == FormatPattern::None || fill.pattern == FormatPattern::Solid)
                && fill.background_color == Color::Default
                && fill.foreground_color != Color::Default
            {
                fill.background_color = Color::Default;
                fill.pattern = FormatPattern::Solid;
            }

            // Find unique or repeated fill ids.
            match fill_indices.get(fill) {
                Some(fill_index) => {
                    xf_format.set_fill_index(*fill_index, false);
                }
                None => {
                    fill_indices.insert(fill.clone(), fill_count);
                    xf_format.set_fill_index(fill_count, true);
                    fill_count += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        self.fill_count = fill_count;
    }

    // Set the border index for the format objects.
    fn prepare_borders(&mut self) {
        let mut border_count: u16 = 0;
        let mut border_indices: HashMap<Border, u16> = HashMap::new();

        for xf_format in &mut self.xf_formats {
            match border_indices.get(&xf_format.borders) {
                Some(border_index) => {
                    xf_format.set_border_index(*border_index, false);
                }
                None => {
                    border_indices.insert(xf_format.borders.clone(), border_count);
                    xf_format.set_border_index(border_count, true);
                    border_count += 1;
                }
            }
        }
        self.border_count = border_count;

        // For DXF borders we only need to check if any properties have changed.
        for dxf_format in &mut self.dxf_formats {
            dxf_format.has_border = !dxf_format.borders.is_default();
        }
    }

    // Set the number format index for the format objects.
    fn prepare_num_formats(&mut self) {
        let mut unique_num_formats: HashMap<String, u16> = HashMap::new();
        // User defined number formats in Excel start from index 164.
        let mut index = 164;
        let xf_formats = [&mut self.xf_formats, &mut self.dxf_formats];
        self.num_formats = vec![];

        for xf_format in xf_formats.into_iter().flatten() {
            if xf_format.num_format_index > 0 {
                continue;
            }

            if xf_format.num_format.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            let num_format_string = xf_format.num_format.clone();

            match unique_num_formats.get(&num_format_string) {
                Some(index) => {
                    xf_format.set_num_format_index_u16(*index);
                }
                None => {
                    unique_num_formats.insert(num_format_string.clone(), index);
                    xf_format.set_num_format_index_u16(index);
                    index += 1;

                    // Only store XF formats (not DXF formats).
                    if !xf_format.is_dxf_format {
                        self.num_formats.push(num_format_string);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Check for any format properties that require a feature bag. Currently,
    // this only applies to checkboxes.
    fn prepare_feature_property_bags(&mut self) {
        for xf_format in &self.xf_formats {
            if xf_format.has_checkbox() {
                self.feature_property_bags
                    .insert(FeaturePropertyBagTypes::XFComplements);
                break;
            }
        }

        for dxf_format in &self.dxf_formats {
            if dxf_format.has_checkbox() {
                self.feature_property_bags
                    .insert(FeaturePropertyBagTypes::DXFComplements);
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    // Collect some workbook-level metadata to help generate the xlsx
    // package/file.
    fn set_package_options(
        &mut self,
        mut package_options: PackagerOptions,
    ) -> Result<PackagerOptions, XlsxError> {
        package_options.doc_security = self.read_only_mode;
        package_options.num_embedded_images = self.embedded_images.len() as u32;

        let mut defined_names = self.user_defined_names.clone();
        let mut sheet_names: HashMap<String, u16> = HashMap::new();

        package_options.is_xlsm_file = self.is_xlsm_file;
        package_options.has_vba_signature = !self.vba_signature.is_empty();
        package_options
            .feature_property_bags
            .clone_from(&self.feature_property_bags);

        // Iterate over the worksheets to capture workbook and update the
        // package options metadata.
        for (sheet_index, worksheet) in self.worksheets.iter().enumerate() {
            let sheet_name = worksheet.name.clone();
            let quoted_sheet_name = utility::quote_sheet_name(&sheet_name);
            sheet_names.insert(sheet_name.clone(), sheet_index as u16);

            if worksheet.is_chartsheet {
                package_options.num_chartsheets += 1;
            } else {
                package_options.num_worksheets += 1;
            }

            if worksheet.visible == Visible::VeryHidden {
                package_options.worksheet_names.push(String::new());
            } else {
                package_options.worksheet_names.push(sheet_name.clone());
            }

            package_options.properties = self.properties.clone();

            package_options.has_sst_table = self.string_table.lock().unwrap().count > 0;

            if worksheet.has_dynamic_arrays {
                package_options.has_metadata = true;
                package_options.has_dynamic_functions = true;
            }

            if !worksheet.embedded_images.is_empty() {
                package_options.has_metadata = true;
                package_options.has_embedded_images = true;
                if worksheet.has_embedded_image_descriptions {
                    package_options.has_embedded_image_descriptions = true;
                }
            }

            if worksheet.has_vml || worksheet.has_header_footer_images() {
                package_options.has_vml = true;
            }

            if !worksheet.drawing.drawings.is_empty() {
                package_options.num_drawings += 1;
            }

            if !worksheet.charts.is_empty() {
                package_options.num_charts += worksheet.charts.len() as u16;
            }

            if !worksheet.tables.is_empty() {
                package_options.num_tables += worksheet.tables.len() as u16;
            }

            if !worksheet.notes.is_empty() {
                package_options.num_comments += 1;
            }

            // Store the autofilter areas which are a category of defined name.
            if worksheet.autofilter_defined_name.in_use {
                let mut defined_name = worksheet.autofilter_defined_name.clone();
                defined_name.initialize(&quoted_sheet_name);
                defined_names.push(defined_name);
            }

            // Store any user defined print areas which are a category of defined name.
            if worksheet.print_area_defined_name.in_use {
                let mut defined_name = worksheet.print_area_defined_name.clone();
                defined_name.initialize(&quoted_sheet_name);
                defined_names.push(defined_name);
            }

            // Store any user defined print repeat rows/columns which are a
            // category of defined name.
            if worksheet.repeat_row_cols_defined_name.in_use {
                let mut defined_name = worksheet.repeat_row_cols_defined_name.clone();
                defined_name.initialize(&quoted_sheet_name);
                defined_names.push(defined_name);
            }

            // Set the used image types.
            for i in 0..NUM_IMAGE_FORMATS {
                if worksheet.image_types[i] {
                    package_options.image_types[i] = true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Map the sheet name and associated index so that we can map a sheet
        // reference in a Local/Sheet defined name to a worksheet index.
        for defined_name in &mut defined_names {
            let sheet_name = utility::unquote_sheetname(&defined_name.quoted_sheet_name);

            if !sheet_name.is_empty() {
                match sheet_names.get(&sheet_name) {
                    Some(index) => defined_name.index = *index,
                    None => {
                        let error = format!(
                            "Unknown worksheet name '{}' in defined name '{}'",
                            sheet_name, defined_name.name
                        );
                        return Err(XlsxError::ParameterError(error));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Excel stores defined names in a sorted order.
        defined_names.sort_by_key(|n| (n.sort_name.clone(), n.range.clone()));

        // Map the non-Global defined names to App.xml entries.
        for defined_name in &defined_names {
            let app_name = defined_name.app_name();
            if !app_name.is_empty() {
                package_options.defined_names.push(app_name);
            }
        }

        self.defined_names = defined_names;

        Ok(package_options)
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // XML assembly methods.
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    // Assemble and generate the XML file.
    pub(crate) fn assemble_xml_file(&mut self) {
        xml_declaration(&mut self.writer);

        // Write the workbook element.
        self.write_workbook();

        // Write the fileVersion element.
        self.write_file_version();

        // Write the fileSharing element.
        if self.read_only_mode == 2 {
            self.write_file_sharing();
        }

        // Write the workbookPr element.
        self.write_workbook_pr();

        // Write the bookViews element.
        self.write_book_views();

        // Write the sheets element.
        self.write_sheets();

        // Write the definedNames element.
        if !self.defined_names.is_empty() {
            self.write_defined_names();
        }

        // Write the calcPr element.
        self.write_calc_pr();

        // Close the workbook tag.
        xml_end_tag(&mut self.writer, "workbook");
    }

    // Write the <workbook> element.
    fn write_workbook(&mut self) {
        let xmlns = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/spreadsheetml/2006/main";
        let xmlns_r = "http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/relationships";

        let attributes = [("xmlns", xmlns), ("xmlns:r", xmlns_r)];

        xml_start_tag(&mut self.writer, "workbook", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <fileVersion> element.
    fn write_file_version(&mut self) {
        let mut attributes = vec![
            ("appName", "xl"),
            ("lastEdited", "4"),
            ("lowestEdited", "4"),
            ("rupBuild", "4505"),
        ];

        if self.is_xlsm_file {
            attributes.push(("codeName", "{37E998C4-C9E5-D4B9-71C8-EB1FF731991C}"));
        }

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "fileVersion", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <fileSharing> element.
    fn write_file_sharing(&mut self) {
        let attributes = [("readOnlyRecommended", "1")];

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "fileSharing", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <workbookPr> element.
    fn write_workbook_pr(&mut self) {
        let mut attributes = vec![];

        if let Some(codename) = &self.vba_codename {
            attributes.push(("codeName", codename.clone()));
        }

        if !self.default_theme_version.is_empty() {
            attributes.push(("defaultThemeVersion", self.default_theme_version.clone()));
        }

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "workbookPr", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <bookViews> element.
    fn write_book_views(&mut self) {
        xml_start_tag_only(&mut self.writer, "bookViews");

        // Write the workbookView element.
        self.write_workbook_view();

        xml_end_tag(&mut self.writer, "bookViews");
    }

    // Write the <workbookView> element.
    fn write_workbook_view(&mut self) {
        let mut attributes = vec![
            ("xWindow", "240".to_string()),
            ("yWindow", "15".to_string()),
            ("windowWidth", "16095".to_string()),
            ("windowHeight", "9660".to_string()),
        ];

        // Store the firstSheet attribute when it isn't the first sheet.
        if self.first_sheet > 0 {
            let first_sheet = self.first_sheet + 1;
            attributes.push(("firstSheet", first_sheet.to_string()));
        }

        // Store the activeTab attribute when it isn't the first sheet.
        if self.active_tab > 0 {
            attributes.push(("activeTab", self.active_tab.to_string()));
        }

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "workbookView", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <sheets> element.
    fn write_sheets(&mut self) {
        xml_start_tag_only(&mut self.writer, "sheets");

        let mut worksheet_data = vec![];
        for worksheet in &self.worksheets {
            worksheet_data.push((worksheet.name.clone(), worksheet.visible));
        }

        for (index, data) in worksheet_data.iter().enumerate() {
            // Write the sheet element.
            self.write_sheet(&data.0, data.1, (index + 1) as u16);
        }

        xml_end_tag(&mut self.writer, "sheets");
    }

    // Write the <sheet> element.
    fn write_sheet(&mut self, name: &str, visible: Visible, index: u16) {
        let sheet_id = format!("{index}");
        let rel_id = format!("rId{index}");

        let mut attributes = vec![("name", name.to_string()), ("sheetId", sheet_id)];

        match visible {
            Visible::Default => {}
            Visible::Hidden => attributes.push(("state", "hidden".to_string())),
            Visible::VeryHidden => attributes.push(("state", "veryHidden".to_string())),
        }

        attributes.push(("r:id", rel_id));

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "sheet", &attributes);
    }

    // Write the <definedNames> element.
    fn write_defined_names(&mut self) {
        xml_start_tag_only(&mut self.writer, "definedNames");

        for defined_name in &self.defined_names {
            let mut attributes = vec![("name", defined_name.name())];

            match defined_name.name_type {
                DefinedNameType::Global => {}
                _ => {
                    attributes.push(("localSheetId", defined_name.index.to_string()));
                }
            }

            if let DefinedNameType::Autofilter = defined_name.name_type {
                attributes.push(("hidden", "1".to_string()));
            }

            xml_data_element(
                &mut self.writer,
                "definedName",
                &defined_name.range,
                &attributes,
            );
        }

        xml_end_tag(&mut self.writer, "definedNames");
    }

    // Write the <calcPr> element.
    fn write_calc_pr(&mut self) {
        let attributes = [("calcId", "124519"), ("fullCalcOnLoad", "1")];

        xml_empty_tag(&mut self.writer, "calcPr", &attributes);
    }
}