rpn_cli/

value.rs

use crate::context::{Context, Format};
use crate::error::MyResult;
use crate::meaning::Meaning;
use crate::{regex, util};
use big_rational_str::BigRationalExt;
use chrono::{DateTime, Duration, NaiveDateTime};
use num::traits::Inv;
use num::*;
use regex::{Captures, Match};
use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
use std::iter::zip;
use std::ops::{BitAnd, BitOr, BitXor, Div, Mul, Sub};
use std::time::SystemTime;

#[derive(PartialEq)]
pub struct Value {
    pub number: Option<BigRational>,
    pub meaning: Meaning,
    pub comment: Option<String>,
}

const CHUNK_DIGITS: usize = 8;
const CHUNK_VALUE: usize = 0x1_0000_0000;
const ROUNDING_LIMIT: usize = 6;

// noinspection RsLift
impl Value {
    pub const fn new(number: Option<BigRational>) -> Self {
        Self {
            number,
            meaning: Meaning::Plain,
            comment: None,
        }
    }

    pub fn with_meaning(mut self, meaning: Meaning) -> Self {
        self.meaning = meaning;
        self
    }

    pub fn with_comment(mut self, comment: &str) -> Self {
        self.comment = Some(String::from(comment));
        self
    }

    fn with_rounding(mut self) -> Self {
        if let Some(number) = &self.number {
            if let Some(multiplier) = Self::measure_multiplier(number) {
                if let Some(number) = number.checked_mul(&multiplier) {
                    let number = number.round();
                    if let Some(number) = number.checked_div(&multiplier) {
                        self.number = Some(number);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        self
    }

    fn measure_multiplier(number: &BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        let string = big_rational_str::big_rational_ref_to_string(number);
        if let Some(period) = string.find('.') {
            let string = util::remove_char(&string, period);
            for offset in 1..=ROUNDING_LIMIT {
                if let Some((start, count)) = Self::measure_offset(&string, offset) {
                    if let Some(start) = start.checked_sub(period) {
                        if let Some(remain) = string.len().checked_sub(start + count) {
                            if remain >= count * 2 {
                                let multiplier = BigInt::from(10)
                                    .pow(start as u32);
                                let multiplier = BigInt::from(10)
                                    .pow(offset as u32)
                                    .sub(&BigInt::from(1))
                                    .mul(&multiplier);
                                return Some(BigRational::from_integer(multiplier));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    // Span:      <------->
    // Left:  19994564564564564832246034753933155512726838401327...
    // Right: 94564564564564832246034753933155512726838401327630...

    fn measure_offset(string: &str, offset: usize) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
        let left = string.chars();
        let right = string.chars().skip(offset);
        let mut span = None;
        for (index, (left, right)) in zip(left, right).enumerate() {
            if let Some((start, count)) = span {
                if left == right {
                    span = Some((start, count + 1));
                } else if count >= ROUNDING_LIMIT {
                    return span;
                } else {
                    span = None;
                }
            } else {
                if left == right {
                    span = Some((index, 0));
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    pub fn from_string(number: &str) -> MyResult<Self> {
        if number.starts_with("0x") || number.starts_with("0X") {
            Self::from_hexadecimal(&number[2..])
        } else if let Some(value) = Self::from_time(number) {
            Ok(value)
        } else if let Some(value) = Self::from_delta(number) {
            Ok(value)
        } else if let Some(number) = number.strip_prefix(".") {
            let number = format!("0.{}", number);
            Self::from_decimal(&number)
        } else if let Some(number) = number.strip_prefix("-.") {
            let number = format!("-0.{}", number);
            Self::from_decimal(&number)
        } else {
            Self::from_decimal(number)
        }
    }

    fn from_time(time: &str) -> Option<Self> {
        if let Some(time) = Self::parse_time(time) {
            let numer = time.and_utc().timestamp_millis();
            let numer = BigInt::from(numer);
            let denom = BigInt::from(1000);
            let number = BigRational::new(numer, denom);
            let value = Self::new(Some(number)).with_meaning(Meaning::Time);
            return Some(value);
        }
        None
    }

    fn parse_time(time: &str) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
        let regex = regex!(r#"^(\d+-\d+-\d+T\d+:\d+(:\d+(\.\d+)?)?)Z?$"#);
        if let Some(captures) = regex.captures(time) {
            let time = captures.get(1).as_ref().map(Match::as_str).unwrap_or_default();
            let format = if captures.get(2).is_none() {
                "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M"
            } else if captures.get(3).is_none() {
                "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"
            } else {
                "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.f" // "%.f" not ".%f"
            };
            return NaiveDateTime::parse_from_str(time, format).ok();
        }
        None
    }

    fn from_delta(delta: &str) -> Option<Self> {
        if let Some(delta) = Self::parse_delta(delta) {
            let numer = delta.num_milliseconds();
            let numer = BigInt::from(numer);
            let denom = BigInt::from(1000);
            let number = BigRational::new(numer, denom);
            let value = Self::new(Some(number)).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta);
            return Some(value);
        }
        None
    }

    fn parse_delta(delta: &str) -> Option<Duration> {
        let regex = regex!(r#"^(-)?(?:(?:(\d+)[T:])?(\d+):)?(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?$"#);
        if let Some(captures) = regex.captures(delta) {
            let negative = captures.get(1).is_some();
            let days = Self::parse_capture(&captures, 2, None);
            let hours = Self::parse_capture(&captures, 3, None) + (days * 24);
            let minutes = Self::parse_capture(&captures, 4, None) + (hours * 60);
            let seconds = Self::parse_capture(&captures, 5, None) + (minutes * 60);
            let nanos = Self::parse_capture(&captures, 6, Some(9)) + (seconds * 1_000_000_000);
            let delta = Duration::nanoseconds(nanos);
            let delta = if negative { -delta } else { delta };
            return Some(delta);
        }
        None
    }

    fn parse_capture(captures: &Captures, index: usize, expected: Option<usize>) -> i64 {
        if let Some(capture) = captures.get(index) {
            let number = capture.as_str().parse::<i64>().unwrap_or_default();
            if let Some(expected) = expected {
                let length = capture.as_str().len();
                if let Some(diff) = expected.checked_sub(length) {
                    return number * pow(10, diff);
                }
                if let Some(diff) = length.checked_sub(expected) {
                    return number / pow(10, diff);
                }
            }
            return number;
        }
        0
    }

    fn from_decimal(number: &str) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let number = number.replace(&[',', '_'], "");
        let number = BigRational::from_dec_str(&number)?;
        let value = Self::new(Some(number));
        Ok(value)
    }

    fn from_hexadecimal(number: &str) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let number = number.replace(&[',', '_'], "");
        let number = BigInt::from_str_radix(&number, 16)?;
        let number = BigRational::from_integer(number);
        let value = Self::new(Some(number));
        Ok(value)
    }

    pub fn to_strings(&self, context: &Context) -> (String, String, Option<String>) {
        if let Some(number) = &self.number {
            self.format_ratio(context, number, &self.comment)
        } else {
            (String::from("NaN"), String::from(""), self.comment.clone())
        }
    }

    fn format_ratio(
        &self,
        context: &Context,
        number: &BigRational,
        comment: &Option<String>,
    ) -> (String, String, Option<String>) {
        if self.meaning == Meaning::Time {
            let number = number * BigInt::from(1000);
            let number = number.to_i64().unwrap_or_default();
            let number = Self::format_time(number);
            self.format_split(context, number, comment)
        } else if self.meaning == Meaning::Delta {
            let number = number * BigInt::from(1000);
            let number = number.to_i64().unwrap_or_default();
            let number = Self::format_delta(number);
            self.format_split(context, number, comment)
        } else if let Format::Base16(chunks) = context.format {
            let number = number.to_integer();
            let number = Self::format_hexadecimal(number, chunks, context.sep);
            (number, String::from(""), comment.clone())
        } else if let Some(dp) = context.dp {
            let power = BigInt::from(10).pow(dp as u32);
            let number = number.mul(&power).round().div(&power);
            let number = big_rational_str::big_rational_to_string(number);
            self.format_split(context, number, comment)
        } else {
            let number = big_rational_str::big_rational_ref_to_string(number);
            self.format_split(context, number, comment)
        }
    }

    fn format_time(millis: i64) -> String {
        let time = DateTime::from_timestamp_millis(millis).unwrap_or_default();
        time.format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.3fZ").to_string()
    }

    fn format_delta(millis: i64) -> String {
        let (minus, millis) = (if millis < 0 { "-" } else { "" }, abs(millis));
        let (seconds, millis) = (millis / 1000, millis % 1000);
        let (minutes, seconds) = (seconds / 60, seconds % 60);
        let (hours, minutes) = (minutes / 60, minutes % 60);
        let (days, hours) = (hours / 24, hours % 24);
        if days != 0 {
            format!("{}{}T{:02}:{:02}:{:02}.{:03}", minus, days, hours, minutes, seconds, millis)
        } else if hours != 0 {
            format!("{}{:02}:{:02}:{:02}.{:03}", minus, hours, minutes, seconds, millis)
        } else if minutes != 0 {
            format!("{}{:02}:{:02}.{:03}", minus, minutes, seconds, millis)
        } else {
            format!("{}{:02}.{:03}", minus, seconds, millis)
        }
    }

    fn format_hexadecimal(
        mut number: BigInt,
        chunks: usize,
        sep: bool,
    ) -> String {
        if number.is_negative() {
            let range = BigInt::from(CHUNK_VALUE).pow(chunks as u32);
            number += range;
        }
        let number = format!("{:x}", number);
        let padding = util::create_padding('0', chunks * CHUNK_DIGITS, number.len(), 0);
        if sep {
            let number = format!("{}{}", padding, number);
            let chunks = number.as_bytes()
                .chunks(CHUNK_DIGITS)
                .map(std::str::from_utf8);
            std::iter::once(Ok("0x"))
                .chain(chunks)
                .collect::<Result<Vec<&str>, _>>()
                .unwrap_or_default()
                .join(",")
        } else {
            format!("0x{}{}", padding, number)
        }
    }

    fn format_split(
        &self,
        context: &Context,
        number: String,
        comment: &Option<String>,
    ) -> (String, String, Option<String>) {
        let index = number.find('.').unwrap_or(number.len());
        let (integer, fraction) = number.split_at(index);
        let integer = self.modify_integer(context, integer);
        let fraction = self.modify_fraction(context, fraction);
        (integer, fraction, comment.clone())
    }

    fn modify_integer(&self, context: &Context, number: &str) -> String {
        if self.meaning == Meaning::Plain && context.sep {
            let index = if number.starts_with('-') { 1 } else { 0 };
            let (sign, number) = number.split_at(index);
            let number = number.as_bytes()
                .rchunks(3)
                .rev()
                .map(std::str::from_utf8)
                .collect::<Result<Vec<&str>, _>>()
                .unwrap_or_default()
                .join(",");
            return format!("{}{}", sign, number);
        }
        String::from(number)
    }

    fn modify_fraction(&self, context: &Context, number: &str) -> String {
        if self.meaning == Meaning::Plain {
            if let Some(dp) = context.dp {
                if !number.is_empty() || dp > 0 {
                    let index = if number.starts_with('.') { 1 } else { 0 };
                    let number = &number[index..];
                    let dp = dp as usize;
                    return ".".chars()
                        .chain(number.chars().take(dp))
                        .chain(std::iter::repeat('0'))
                        .take(dp + 1)
                        .collect::<String>();
                }
            }
        }
        String::from(number)
    }

    pub fn measure_hexadecimal(&self) -> usize {
        if let Some(number) = &self.number {
            let number = number.to_integer();
            Self::count_hexadecimal(number)
        } else {
            1
        }
    }

    fn count_hexadecimal(mut number: BigInt) -> usize {
        if number.is_negative() {
            number = number.abs() - 1;
        }
        let count = number.iter_u32_digits().count().max(1);
        let chunk = number.iter_u32_digits().last().unwrap_or_default();
        if chunk & 0x80000000 != 0 { count + 1 } else { count }
    }

    fn perform_unary(
        value: Self,
        function: fn(BigRational) -> Option<BigRational>,
    ) -> Self {
        if let Some(number) = value.number {
            Self::new(function(number)).with_rounding()
        } else {
            value
        }
    }

    fn perform_binary(
        lhs: Self,
        rhs: Self,
        function: fn(BigRational, BigRational) -> Option<BigRational>,
    ) -> Self {
        if let Some(lhs) = lhs.number {
            if let Some(rhs) = rhs.number {
                Self::new(function(lhs, rhs)).with_rounding()
            } else {
                rhs
            }
        } else {
            lhs
        }
    }

    fn perform_series(
        values: Vec<Self>,
        function: fn(Vec<BigRational>) -> BigRational,
    ) -> Self {
        let values = values.into_iter().filter_map(|x| x.number).collect();
        let result = function(values);
        Self::new(Some(result)).with_rounding()
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta Time
    // Delta | Delta Delta Time
    // Time  | Time  Time    -

    pub fn calc_add(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pdt, Meaning::ddt, Meaning::ttx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| x.checked_add(&y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta   -
    // Delta | Delta Delta   -
    // Time  | Time  Time  Delta

    pub fn calc_sub(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pdx, Meaning::ddx, Meaning::ttd)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| x.checked_sub(&y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta   -
    // Delta | Delta   -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    pub fn calc_mul(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pdx, Meaning::dxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| x.checked_mul(&y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta | Delta   -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    pub fn calc_div(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::dxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| x.checked_div(&y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    pub fn calc_mod(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::dxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, Self::checked_mod);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_mod(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        lhs.checked_div(&rhs)
            .map(|result| &result - result.to_integer())
            .map(|result| result * rhs)
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta | Delta
    // Time  |   -

    pub fn calc_neg(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = value.meaning.pdx()?;
        let result = Self::perform_unary(value, |x| Some(-x));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta |   -
    // Time  |   -

    pub fn calc_inv(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = value.meaning.pxx()?;
        let result = Self::perform_unary(value, Self::checked_inv);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_inv(x: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        if x.is_zero() { None } else { Some(x.inv()) }
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta |   -     -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    pub fn calc_pow(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, Self::checked_pow);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_pow(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        if rhs.is_integer() {
            if let Some(rhs) = rhs.to_i32() {
                return Some(lhs.pow(rhs));
            }
        } else {
            if let Some(lhs) = lhs.to_f64() {
                if let Some(rhs) = rhs.to_f64() {
                    let result = f64::powf(lhs, rhs);
                    return BigRational::from_f64(result);
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta |   -
    // Time  |   -

    pub fn calc_sqrt(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = value.meaning.pxx()?;
        let result = Self::perform_unary(value, Self::checked_sqrt);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_sqrt(number: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        if let Some(number) = number.to_f64() {
            let result = number.sqrt();
            return BigRational::from_f64(result);
        }
        None
    }

    pub fn calc_sum(values: Vec<Self>) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let result = Self::perform_series(values, |x| x.into_iter().sum());
        Ok(result)
    }

    pub fn calc_prod(values: Vec<Self>) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let result = Self::perform_series(values, |x| x.into_iter().product());
        Ok(result)
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta |   -     -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    pub fn calc_and(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, Self::checked_and);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    pub fn calc_or(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, Self::checked_or);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    pub fn calc_xor(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, Self::checked_xor);
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_and(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        let lhs = lhs.to_integer();
        let rhs = rhs.to_integer();
        let result = lhs.bitand(rhs);
        Some(BigRational::from(result))
    }

    fn checked_or(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        let lhs = lhs.to_integer();
        let rhs = rhs.to_integer();
        let result = lhs.bitor(rhs);
        Some(BigRational::from(result))
    }

    fn checked_xor(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        let lhs = lhs.to_integer();
        let rhs = rhs.to_integer();
        let result = lhs.bitxor(rhs);
        Some(BigRational::from(result))
    }

    pub fn calc_shl(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| Self::checked_shl(x, y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    pub fn calc_shr(lhs: Self, rhs: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let meaning = lhs.meaning.combine(rhs.meaning, Meaning::pxx, Meaning::xxx, Meaning::xxx)?;
        let result = Self::perform_binary(lhs, rhs, |x, y| Self::checked_shl(x, -y));
        Ok(result.with_meaning(meaning))
    }

    fn checked_shl(lhs: BigRational, rhs: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        if let Some(rhs) = rhs.to_i32() {
            let two = BigRational::new(BigInt::from(2), BigInt::from(1));
            Some(lhs * two.pow(rhs))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    pub fn calc_now(time: &Option<SystemTime>) -> MyResult<Self> {
        let time = time.unwrap_or_else(SystemTime::now)
            .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
            .unwrap_or_default()
            .as_millis();
        let numer = BigInt::from(time);
        let denom = BigInt::from(1000);
        let number = BigRational::new(numer, denom);
        let result = Self::new(Some(number)).with_meaning(Meaning::Time);
        Ok(result)
    }

    pub fn cast_plain(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        Ok(value.with_meaning(Meaning::Plain))
    }

    pub fn cast_delta(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        Ok(value.with_meaning(Meaning::Delta))
    }

    pub fn cast_time(value: Self) -> MyResult<Self> {
        Ok(value.with_meaning(Meaning::Time))
    }
}

impl Default for Value {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new(Some(BigRational::zero()))
    }
}

impl Clone for Value {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        let number = self.number.clone();
        let mut value = Self::new(number);
        value.meaning = self.meaning;
        value.comment = self.comment.clone();
        value
    }
}

impl Debug for Value {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if let Some(number) = &self.number {
            write!(f, "{}", big_rational_str::big_rational_ref_to_string(number))
        } else {
            write!(f, "NaN")
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use crate::context::{Context, Format};
    use crate::error::{EngineError, MyError, MyResult};
    use crate::meaning::Meaning;
    use crate::value::Value;
    use num::{BigInt, BigRational, CheckedMul, CheckedSub, FromPrimitive, ToPrimitive};
    use pretty_assertions::assert_eq;

    const VALUE_NAN: Value = Value::new(None);

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_created_from_string_no_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(0, 1), Value::from_string("0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 1), Value::from_string("123456789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 1), Value::from_string("-123456789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 100), Value::from_string("1234567.89").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 100), Value::from_string("-1234567.89").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(999, 1000), Value::from_string(".999").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-999, 1000), Value::from_string("-.999").unwrap());
        assert!(Value::from_string("").is_err());
        assert!(Value::from_string("foo").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_created_from_string_with_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 1), Value::from_string("123,456,789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 1), Value::from_string("123_456_789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 1), Value::from_string("-123,456,789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 1), Value::from_string("-123_456_789").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 100), Value::from_string("1,234,567.89").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(123456789, 100), Value::from_string("1_234_567.89").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 100), Value::from_string("-1,234,567.89").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(-123456789, 100), Value::from_string("-1_234_567.89").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_created_from_lowercase_no_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(0, 1), Value::from_string("0x0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffff, 1), Value::from_string("0xffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0xffffffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0xffffffffffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0x0123456789abcdef, 1), Value::from_string("0x0123456789abcdef").unwrap());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0x").is_err());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0xfoo").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_created_from_uppercase_no_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(0, 1), Value::from_string("0X0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffff, 1), Value::from_string("0XFFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0XFFFFFFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0XFFFFFFFFFFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0x0123456789abcdef, 1), Value::from_string("0X0123456789ABCDEF").unwrap());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0X").is_err());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0XFOO").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_created_from_lowercase_with_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(0, 1), Value::from_string("0x_0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffff, 1), Value::from_string("0x_ffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0x_ffff_ffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0x,ffff,ffff,ffff").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0x0123456789abcdef, 1), Value::from_string("0x,0123,4567,89ab,cdef").unwrap());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0x_").is_err());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0x,foo").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_created_from_uppercase_with_separator() {
        assert_eq!(value(0, 1), Value::from_string("0X_0").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffff, 1), Value::from_string("0X_FFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0X_FFFF_FFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0xffffffffffff, 1), Value::from_string("0X,FFFF,FFFF,FFFF").unwrap());
        assert_eq!(value(0x0123456789abcdef, 1), Value::from_string("0X,0123,4567,89AB,CDEF").unwrap());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0X_").is_err());
        assert!(Value::from_string("0X,FOO").is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time_is_created_from_string_no_zulu() {
        let summer1 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59").unwrap();
        let summer2 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59:59").unwrap();
        let summer3 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59:59.999").unwrap();
        let winter1 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59").unwrap();
        let winter2 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59:59").unwrap();
        let winter3 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59:59.999").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value(1719791940000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer1);
        assert_eq!(value(1719791999000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer2);
        assert_eq!(value(1719791999999, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer3);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689540000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter1);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689599000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter2);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689599999, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time_is_created_from_string_with_zulu() {
        let summer1 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59Z").unwrap();
        let summer2 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59:59Z").unwrap();
        let summer3 = Value::from_string("2024-06-30T23:59:59.999Z").unwrap();
        let winter1 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59Z").unwrap();
        let winter2 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59:59Z").unwrap();
        let winter3 = Value::from_string("2024-12-31T23:59:59.999Z").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value(1719791940000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer1);
        assert_eq!(value(1719791999000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer2);
        assert_eq!(value(1719791999999, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), summer3);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689540000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter1);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689599000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter2);
        assert_eq!(value(1735689599999, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Time), winter3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delta_is_created_from_string_old_format() {
        let minutes1 = Value::from_string("34:56").unwrap();
        let minutes2 = Value::from_string("34:56.7").unwrap();
        let minutes3 = Value::from_string("34:56.789").unwrap();
        let minutes4 = Value::from_string("-34:56").unwrap();
        let minutes5 = Value::from_string("-34:56.7").unwrap();
        let minutes6 = Value::from_string("-34:56.789").unwrap();
        let hours1 = Value::from_string("12:34:56").unwrap();
        let hours2 = Value::from_string("12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let hours3 = Value::from_string("12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        let hours4 = Value::from_string("-12:34:56").unwrap();
        let hours5 = Value::from_string("-12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let hours6 = Value::from_string("-12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        let days1 = Value::from_string("9:12:34:56").unwrap();
        let days2 = Value::from_string("9:12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let days3 = Value::from_string("9:12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        let days4 = Value::from_string("-9:12:34:56").unwrap();
        let days5 = Value::from_string("-9:12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let days6 = Value::from_string("-9:12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value(2096000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes1);
        assert_eq!(value(2096700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes2);
        assert_eq!(value(2096789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes3);
        assert_eq!(value(-2096000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes4);
        assert_eq!(value(-2096700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes5);
        assert_eq!(value(-2096789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), minutes6);
        assert_eq!(value(45296000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours1);
        assert_eq!(value(45296700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours2);
        assert_eq!(value(45296789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours3);
        assert_eq!(value(-45296000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours4);
        assert_eq!(value(-45296700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours5);
        assert_eq!(value(-45296789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), hours6);
        assert_eq!(value(822896000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days1);
        assert_eq!(value(822896700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days2);
        assert_eq!(value(822896789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days3);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days4);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days5);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delta_is_created_from_string_new_format() {
        let days1 = Value::from_string("9T12:34:56").unwrap();
        let days2 = Value::from_string("9T12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let days3 = Value::from_string("9T12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        let days4 = Value::from_string("-9T12:34:56").unwrap();
        let days5 = Value::from_string("-9T12:34:56.7").unwrap();
        let days6 = Value::from_string("-9T12:34:56.789").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(value(822896000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days1);
        assert_eq!(value(822896700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days2);
        assert_eq!(value(822896789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days3);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896000, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days4);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896700, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days5);
        assert_eq!(value(-822896789, 1000).with_meaning(Meaning::Delta), days6);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_value_with_repeating_zero_or_nine_is_rounded() {
        let number1 = fudge(ratio(17, 8)).and_then(opposite); // 1.874999999999999801...
        let number2 = fudge(ratio(16, 8)).and_then(opposite); // 1.999999999999999726...
        let number3 = fudge(ratio(16, 8)); // 2.000000000000000273...
        let number4 = fudge(ratio(17, 8)); // 2.125000000000000198...
        assert_eq!(value(15, 8), Value::new(number1).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(16, 8), Value::new(number2).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(16, 8), Value::new(number3).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(17, 8), Value::new(number4).with_rounding());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_value_with_repeating_one_to_eight_is_rounded() {
        let number1 = fudge(ratio(908992, 9000)); // 100.999111111111094...
        let number2 = fudge(ratio(1088924, 99000)); // 10.999232323232323771...
        let number3 = fudge(ratio(1997457, 999000)); // 1.999456456456456483...
        let number4 = fudge(ratio(19995891, 9999000)); // 1.999789078907890437...
        assert_eq!(value(908992, 9000), Value::new(number1).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(1088924, 99000), Value::new(number2).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(1997457, 999000), Value::new(number3).with_rounding());
        assert_eq!(value(19995891, 9999000), Value::new(number4).with_rounding());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_formatted_with_default() {
        let context = Context::new();
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(""), None), value(0, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1"), String::from(""), None), value(1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12"), String::from(""), None), value(12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123"), String::from(""), None), value(123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1234"), String::from(""), None), value(1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12345"), String::from(""), None), value(12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123456"), String::from(""), None), value(123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1234567"), String::from(""), None), value(1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12345678"), String::from(""), None), value(12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123456789"), String::from(""), None), value(123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1"), String::from(""), None), value(-1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12"), String::from(""), None), value(-12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123"), String::from(""), None), value(-123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1234"), String::from(""), None), value(-1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12345"), String::from(""), None), value(-12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123456"), String::from(""), None), value(-123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1234567"), String::from(""), None), value(-1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12345678"), String::from(""), None), value(-12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123456789"), String::from(""), None), value(-123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".00001"), None), value(1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".0001"), None), value(1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".01"), None), value(1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".1"), None), value(1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".4994"), None), value(49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".49949"), None), value(49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".4995"), None), value(49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".49951"), None), value(49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".9"), None), value(9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".99"), None), value(99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".9999"), None), value(9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".99999"), None), value(99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".00001"), None), value(-1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".0001"), None), value(-1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(-1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".01"), None), value(-1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".1"), None), value(-1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".4994"), None), value(-49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".49949"), None), value(-49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".4995"), None), value(-49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".49951"), None), value(-49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".9"), None), value(-9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".99"), None), value(-99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(-999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".9999"), None), value(-9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".99999"), None), value(-99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_formatted_with_separator() {
        let context = Context::new().with_sep(true);
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(""), None), value(0, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1"), String::from(""), None), value(1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12"), String::from(""), None), value(12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123"), String::from(""), None), value(123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1,234"), String::from(""), None), value(1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12,345"), String::from(""), None), value(12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123,456"), String::from(""), None), value(123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1,234,567"), String::from(""), None), value(1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12,345,678"), String::from(""), None), value(12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123,456,789"), String::from(""), None), value(123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1"), String::from(""), None), value(-1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12"), String::from(""), None), value(-12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123"), String::from(""), None), value(-123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1,234"), String::from(""), None), value(-1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12,345"), String::from(""), None), value(-12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123,456"), String::from(""), None), value(-123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1,234,567"), String::from(""), None), value(-1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12,345,678"), String::from(""), None), value(-12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123,456,789"), String::from(""), None), value(-123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".00001"), None), value(1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".0001"), None), value(1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".01"), None), value(1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".1"), None), value(1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".4994"), None), value(49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".49949"), None), value(49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".4995"), None), value(49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".49951"), None), value(49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".9"), None), value(9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".99"), None), value(99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".9999"), None), value(9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".99999"), None), value(99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".00001"), None), value(-1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".0001"), None), value(-1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(-1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".01"), None), value(-1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".1"), None), value(-1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".4994"), None), value(-49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".49949"), None), value(-49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".4995"), None), value(-49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".49951"), None), value(-49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".9"), None), value(-9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".99"), None), value(-99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(-999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".9999"), None), value(-9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".99999"), None), value(-99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_formatted_with_precision() {
        let context = Context::new().with_dp(Some(3));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".000"), None), value(0, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12"), String::from(".000"), None), value(12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123"), String::from(".000"), None), value(123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1234"), String::from(".000"), None), value(1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12345"), String::from(".000"), None), value(12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123456"), String::from(".000"), None), value(123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1234567"), String::from(".000"), None), value(1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("12345678"), String::from(".000"), None), value(12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("123456789"), String::from(".000"), None), value(123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-12, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-123, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1234"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-1234, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12345"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-12345, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123456"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-123456, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1234567"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-1234567, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-12345678"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-12345678, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-123456789"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-123456789, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".000"), None), value(1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".000"), None), value(1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".010"), None), value(1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".100"), None), value(1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".499"), None), value(49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".499"), None), value(49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".500"), None), value(49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".500"), None), value(49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".900"), None), value(9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".990"), None), value(99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-1, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-1, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".001"), None), value(-1, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".010"), None), value(-1, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".100"), None), value(-1, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".499"), None), value(-49940, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".499"), None), value(-49949, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".500"), None), value(-49950, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".500"), None), value(-49951, 100000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".900"), None), value(-9, 10).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".990"), None), value(-99, 100).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-0"), String::from(".999"), None), value(-999, 1000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-9999, 10000).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("-1"), String::from(".000"), None), value(-99999, 100000).to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_recurring_is_formatted_with_precision() {
        let value = value(1, 3);
        let format = |dp: Option<u8>| {
            let context = Context::new().with_dp(dp);
            let (_, fraction, _) = value.to_strings(&context);
            return fraction;
        };
        assert_eq!(String::from(""), format(Some(0)));
        assert_eq!(String::from(".333333"), format(Some(6)));
        assert_eq!(String::from(".(3)"), format(None));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_formatted_with_default() {
        let context = Context::new().with_format(Format::Base16(3));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000000000000"), String::from(""), None), value(0, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000000000001"), String::from(""), None), value(1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x00000000000000007ffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483646, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x00000000000000007fffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483647, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000080000000"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483648, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000080000001"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483649, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x0000000000000000fffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967294, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x0000000000000000ffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967295, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000100000000"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967296, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000000000000100000001"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967297, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000007ffffffffffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775806, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000007fffffffffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775807, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000008000000000000000"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775808, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000008000000000000001"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775809, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x00000000fffffffffffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551614, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x00000000ffffffffffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551615, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000010000000000000000"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551616, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x000000010000000000000001"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551617, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffff0000000000000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-18446744073709551616, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffff0000000000000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-18446744073709551615, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffff8000000000000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-9223372036854775808, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffff8000000000000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-9223372036854775807, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffffffffffff00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-4294967296, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffffffffffff00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-4294967295, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffffffffffff80000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-2147483648, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffffffffffff80000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-2147483647, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xfffffffffffffffffffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(-2, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0xffffffffffffffffffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(-1, 1).to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_formatted_with_separator() {
        let context = Context::new().with_format(Format::Base16(3)).with_sep(true);
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(0, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(1, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,7ffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483646, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,7fffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483647, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,80000000"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483648, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,80000001"), String::from(""), None), value(2147483649, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,fffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967294, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000000,ffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967295, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000001,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967296, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,00000001,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(4294967297, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,7fffffff,fffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775806, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,7fffffff,ffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775807, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,80000000,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775808, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,80000000,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(9223372036854775809, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,ffffffff,fffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551614, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000000,ffffffff,ffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551615, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000001,00000000,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551616, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,00000001,00000000,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(18446744073709551617, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,00000000,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-18446744073709551616, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,00000000,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-18446744073709551615, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,80000000,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-9223372036854775808, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,80000000,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-9223372036854775807, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,00000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-4294967296, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,00000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-4294967295, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,80000000"), String::from(""), None), value(-2147483648, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,80000001"), String::from(""), None), value(-2147483647, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,fffffffe"), String::from(""), None), value(-2, 1).to_strings(&context));
        assert_eq!((String::from("0x,ffffffff,ffffffff,ffffffff"), String::from(""), None), value(-1, 1).to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_measured_from_valid() {
        assert_eq!(1, value(0, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000"
        assert_eq!(1, value(1, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000001"
        assert_eq!(1, value(2147483646, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "7ffffffe"
        assert_eq!(1, value(2147483647, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "7fffffff"
        assert_eq!(2, value(2147483648, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 80000000"
        assert_eq!(2, value(2147483649, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 80000001"
        assert_eq!(2, value(4294967294, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 fffffffe"
        assert_eq!(2, value(4294967295, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 ffffffff"
        assert_eq!(2, value(4294967296, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000001 00000000"
        assert_eq!(2, value(4294967297, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000001 00000001"
        assert_eq!(2, value(9223372036854775806, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "7fffffff fffffffe"
        assert_eq!(2, value(9223372036854775807, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "7fffffff ffffffff"
        assert_eq!(3, value(9223372036854775808, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 80000000 00000000"
        assert_eq!(3, value(9223372036854775809, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 80000000 00000001"
        assert_eq!(3, value(18446744073709551614, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 ffffffff fffffffe"
        assert_eq!(3, value(18446744073709551615, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000000 ffffffff ffffffff"
        assert_eq!(3, value(18446744073709551616, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000001 00000000 00000000"
        assert_eq!(3, value(18446744073709551617, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "00000001 00000000 00000001"
        assert_eq!(3, value(-18446744073709551616, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "ffffffff 00000000 00000000"
        assert_eq!(3, value(-18446744073709551615, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "ffffffff 00000000 00000001"
        assert_eq!(2, value(-9223372036854775808, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "80000000 00000000"
        assert_eq!(2, value(-9223372036854775807, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "80000000 00000001"
        assert_eq!(2, value(-4294967296, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "ffffffff 00000000"
        assert_eq!(2, value(-4294967295, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "ffffffff 00000001"
        assert_eq!(1, value(-2147483648, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "80000000"
        assert_eq!(1, value(-2147483647, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "80000001"
        assert_eq!(1, value(-2, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "fffffffe"
        assert_eq!(1, value(-1, 1).measure_hexadecimal()); // "ffffffff"
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_time_is_formatted_without_separator() {
        let context = Context::new().with_sep(true).with_dp(Some(6));
        assert_time("2024-06-30T12:00:00", ".000Z", value(1719748800000, 1000), &context);
        assert_time("2024-06-30T12:00:00", ".987Z", value(1719748800987, 1000), &context);
        assert_time("2024-12-31T12:00:00", ".000Z", value(1735646400000, 1000), &context);
        assert_time("2024-12-31T12:00:00", ".987Z", value(1735646400987, 1000), &context);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_delta_is_formatted_without_separator() {
        let context = Context::new().with_sep(true).with_dp(Some(6));
        assert_delta("00", ".000", value(0, 1), &context);
        assert_delta("59", ".999", value(59999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("01:00", ".000", value(60000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("59:59", ".999", value(3599999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("01:00:00", ".000", value(3600000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("23:59:59", ".999", value(86399999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("1T00:00:00", ".000", value(86400000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("100T00:00:00", ".000", value(8640000000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-59", ".999", value(-59999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-01:00", ".000", value(-60000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-59:59", ".999", value(-3599999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-01:00:00", ".000", value(-3600000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-23:59:59", ".999", value(-86399999, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-1T00:00:00", ".000", value(-86400000, 1000), &context);
        assert_delta("-100T00:00:00", ".000", value(-8640000000, 1000), &context);
    }

    fn assert_time(integer: &str, fraction: &str, value: Value, context: &Context) {
        let expected = (String::from(integer), String::from(fraction), None);
        let actual = value.with_meaning(Meaning::Time).to_strings(context);
        assert_eq!(expected, actual);
    }

    fn assert_delta(integer: &str, fraction: &str, value: Value, context: &Context) {
        let expected = (String::from(integer), String::from(fraction), None);
        let actual = value.with_meaning(Meaning::Delta).to_strings(context);
        assert_eq!(expected, actual);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_decimal_is_formatted_from_nan() {
        let context = Context::new();
        assert_eq!((String::from("NaN"), String::from(""), None), VALUE_NAN.to_strings(&context));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_hexadecimal_is_measured_from_nan() {
        assert_eq!(1, VALUE_NAN.measure_hexadecimal());
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta Time
    // Delta | Delta Delta Time
    // Time  | Time  Time    -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_added_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_add(value(55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(8, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_add(value(55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_add(VALUE_NAN, value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_add(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_added_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_add, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta   -
    // Delta | Delta Delta   -
    // Time  | Time  Time  Delta

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_subtracted_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sub(value(55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(3, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sub(value(55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sub(VALUE_NAN, value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sub(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_subtracted_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Time));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_sub, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(Meaning::Delta));
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain Delta   -
    // Delta | Delta   -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_multiplied_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mul(value(55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(1375, 100)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mul(value(55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mul(VALUE_NAN, value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mul(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_multiplied_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mul, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta | Delta   -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_divided_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(value(55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(22, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(value(55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(VALUE_NAN, value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_divided_by_zero() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(value(55, 10), value(0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_div(VALUE_NAN, value(0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_divided_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_div, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_remaindered_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(55, 10), value(-25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(-55, 10), value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(-55, 10), value(-25, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(-55, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(VALUE_NAN, value(25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(VALUE_NAN, value(-25, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_remaindered_by_zero() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(value(55, 10), value(0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_mod(VALUE_NAN, value(0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_remaindered_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_mod, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta | Delta
    // Time  |   -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_negated_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_neg(value(5, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_neg(value(-5, 10)).ok(), Some(value(5, 10)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_neg(VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_negated_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_ok(Value::calc_neg, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_ok(Value::calc_neg, Meaning::Delta), Some(Meaning::Delta));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_err(Value::calc_neg, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta |   -
    // Time  |   -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_inverted_if_valid() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_inv(value(5, 10)).ok(), Some(value(10, 5)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_inv(value(-5, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-10, 5)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_inv(VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_inverted_if_zero() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_inv(value(0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_inverted_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_ok(Value::calc_inv, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_err(Value::calc_inv, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_err(Value::calc_inv, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta |   -     -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_raised_to_integer_power() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(value(3, 1), value(4, 1)).ok(), Some(value(81, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(value(3, 1), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(VALUE_NAN, value(4, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_raised_to_fractional_power() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(value(3, 1), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(VALUE_NAN, value(1, 2)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_pow(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_raised_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_pow, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    // Plain | Plain
    // Delta |   -
    // Time  |   -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_square_root_if_positive() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sqrt(VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_square_root_if_negative() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_sqrt(value(-3, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_square_root_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_ok(Value::calc_sqrt, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_err(Value::calc_sqrt, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_unary_err(Value::calc_sqrt, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_summed() {
        assert_eq!(Some(value(0, 1)), Value::calc_sum(vec![]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(0, 1)), Value::calc_sum(vec![VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(25, 10)), Value::calc_sum(vec![value(25, 10), VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(65, 10)), Value::calc_sum(vec![value(25, 10), value(4, 1), VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(120, 10)), Value::calc_sum(vec![value(25, 10), value(4, 1), value(55, 10)]).ok());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_producted() {
        assert_eq!(Some(value(1, 1)), Value::calc_prod(vec![]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(1, 1)), Value::calc_prod(vec![VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(25, 10)), Value::calc_prod(vec![value(25, 10), VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(100, 10)), Value::calc_prod(vec![value(25, 10), value(4, 1), VALUE_NAN]).ok());
        assert_eq!(Some(value(550, 10)), Value::calc_prod(vec![value(25, 10), value(4, 1), value(55, 10)]).ok());
    }

    //       | Plain Delta Time
    // ------+------------------
    // Plain | Plain   -     -
    // Delta |   -     -     -
    // Time  |   -     -     -

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_and_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_and(value(0xff00, 1), value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(value(0xf000, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_and(value(0xff00, 1), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_and(VALUE_NAN, value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_and(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_and_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_and, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_or_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_or(value(0xff00, 1), value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(value(0xfff0, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_or(value(0xff00, 1), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_or(VALUE_NAN, value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_or(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_or_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_or, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_xor_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_xor(value(0xff00, 1), value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(value(0x0ff0, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_xor(value(0xff00, 1), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_xor(VALUE_NAN, value(0xf0f0, 1)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_xor(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_have_bitwise_xor_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_xor, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_shifted_left_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(35, 10), value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(14, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(-35, 10), value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-14, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(35, 10), value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(875, 1000)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(-35, 10), value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-875, 1000)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(35, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(value(-35, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(VALUE_NAN, value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(VALUE_NAN, value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shl(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_shifted_left_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shl, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_shifted_right_by_value() {
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(35, 10), value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(875, 1000)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(-35, 10), value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-875, 1000)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(35, 10), value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(14, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(-35, 10), value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(value(-14, 1)));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(35, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(value(-35, 10), VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(VALUE_NAN, value(29, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(VALUE_NAN, value(-29, 10)).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
        assert_eq!(Value::calc_shr(VALUE_NAN, VALUE_NAN).ok(), Some(VALUE_NAN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_plain_values_are_shifted_right_by_meaning() {
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_ok(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Plain), Some(Meaning::Plain));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Plain, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Delta, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Plain), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Delta), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
        assert_eq!(perform_binary_err(Value::calc_shr, Meaning::Time, Meaning::Time), Some(EngineError::BadTimeOp));
    }

    fn perform_unary_ok(
        function: fn(Value) -> MyResult<Value>,
        meaning: Meaning,
    ) -> Option<Meaning> {
        let meaning = value(1, 1).with_meaning(meaning);
        let result = function(meaning);
        result.ok().map(get_meaning)
    }

    fn perform_unary_err(
        function: fn(Value) -> MyResult<Value>,
        meaning: Meaning,
    ) -> Option<EngineError> {
        let meaning = value(1, 1).with_meaning(meaning);
        let result = function(meaning);
        result.err().and_then(filter_error)
    }

    fn perform_binary_ok(
        function: fn(Value, Value) -> MyResult<Value>,
        lhs: Meaning,
        rhs: Meaning,
    ) -> Option<Meaning> {
        let lhs = value(1, 1).with_meaning(lhs);
        let rhs = value(1, 1).with_meaning(rhs);
        let result = function(lhs, rhs);
        result.ok().map(get_meaning)
    }

    fn perform_binary_err(
        function: fn(Value, Value) -> MyResult<Value>,
        lhs: Meaning,
        rhs: Meaning,
    ) -> Option<EngineError> {
        let lhs = value(1, 1).with_meaning(lhs);
        let rhs = value(1, 1).with_meaning(rhs);
        let result = function(lhs, rhs);
        result.err().and_then(filter_error)
    }

    fn get_meaning(value: Value) -> Meaning {
        value.meaning
    }

    fn filter_error(error: MyError) -> Option<EngineError> {
        match error {
            MyError::Engine(error) => Some(error),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn value(numer: i128, denom: i128) -> Value {
        let number = ratio(numer, denom);
        Value::new(Some(number))
    }

    fn ratio(numer: i128, denom: i128) -> BigRational {
        let numer = BigInt::from(numer);
        let denom = BigInt::from(denom);
        BigRational::new(numer, denom)
    }

    fn fudge(number: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        number.to_f64()
            .map(f64::sqrt)
            .and_then(BigRational::from_f64)
            .and_then(square)
    }

    fn square(number: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        number.checked_mul(&number)
    }

    fn opposite(number: BigRational) -> Option<BigRational> {
        ratio(2, 1).checked_mul(&number.round()).and_then(|x| x.checked_sub(&number))
    }
}