ring-db 0.4.1

A Rust library for ring queries in high-dimensional vector spaces.
Documentation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
/// Correctness tests for the CPU exact (float32) backend.
///
/// These tests use hand-crafted vectors at known distances from a query so
/// the expected result sets are computed analytically, not by another code path.
use ringdb::{BackendPreference, DiskQuery, Payload, RangeQuery, RingDb, RingDbConfig, RingQuery};

fn cpu_db(dims: usize) -> RingDb {
    RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(dims)).unwrap()
}

// ---- 2-D helpers ----

/// Distance between two 2-D points.
fn dist2(a: (f32, f32), b: (f32, f32)) -> f32 {
    ((a.0 - b.0).powi(2) + (a.1 - b.1).powi(2)).sqrt()
}

#[test]
fn test_basic_hits() {
    let q = (0.0f32, 0.0f32);
    let pts: &[(f32, f32)] = &[
        (3.0, 0.0),  // dist = 3.0  → miss
        (5.0, 0.0),  // dist = 5.0  → hit
        (3.6, 3.6),  // dist ≈ 5.09 → hit
        (10.0, 0.0), // dist = 10.0 → miss
    ];

    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    for &(x, y) in pts {
        db.add_vector(&[x, y], ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[q.0, q.1],
            d: 5.0,
            lambda: 0.5,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();

    for (i, &pt) in pts.iter().enumerate() {
        let d = dist2(q, pt);
        let in_ring = d >= 4.5 && d <= 5.5;
        let found = ids.contains(&(i as u32));
        assert_eq!(
            in_ring,
            found,
            "vector {i} at dist={d:.3} should {} in ring [4.5, 5.5]",
            if in_ring { "be" } else { "NOT be" }
        );
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_lambda_zero() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[3.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[4.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[0.0, 3.0], ()).unwrap();
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 3.0,
            lambda: 0.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![0, 2], "only vectors at dist=3 should match");
}

#[test]
fn test_no_results() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[1.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[0.0, 1.0], ()).unwrap();
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 100.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    assert!(result.ids.is_empty());
}

#[test]
fn test_all_results() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[1.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[0.0, 1.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[-1.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[0.0, -1.0], ()).unwrap();
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 1.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    assert_eq!(result.ids.len(), 4);
}

#[test]
fn test_identical_vectors() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    for _ in 0..5 {
        db.add_vector(&[3.0f32, 4.0], ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 5.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    assert_eq!(result.ids.len(), 5);
}

#[test]
fn test_d_less_than_lambda() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[0.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[2.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 0.5,
            lambda: 1.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert!(ids.contains(&0), "vector at origin should match");
    assert!(!ids.contains(&1), "vector at dist=2 should not match");
}

#[test]
fn test_backend_name() {
    let db = cpu_db(4);
    assert_eq!(db.backend_name(), "cpu");
}

#[test]
fn test_dims_and_len() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(8);
    assert_eq!(db.dims(), 8);
    assert_eq!(db.len(), 0);
    assert!(db.is_empty());

    for _ in 0..10 {
        db.add_vector(&[0.0f32; 8], ()).unwrap();
    }
    assert_eq!(db.len(), 10);
    assert!(!db.is_empty());
}

#[test]
fn test_higher_dims() {
    let dims = 64usize;
    let mut db = cpu_db(dims);

    let vecs: Vec<f32> = (0..100 * dims)
        .map(|i| ((i as f32 * 1.6180339) % 2.0) - 1.0)
        .collect();
    for chunk in vecs.chunks(dims) {
        db.add_vector(chunk, ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let query: Vec<f32> = (0..dims)
        .map(|i| ((i as f32 * 2.7182818) % 2.0) - 1.0)
        .collect();
    let d = 5.0f32;
    let lambda = 0.5f32;

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &query,
            d,
            lambda,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let norm_sq_q: f32 = query.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum();
    for &id in &result.ids {
        let base = id as usize * dims;
        let row = &vecs[base..base + dims];
        let dot: f32 = row.iter().zip(query.iter()).map(|(a, b)| a * b).sum();
        let norm_sq_x: f32 = row.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum();
        let dist_sq = norm_sq_x + norm_sq_q - 2.0 * dot;
        let dist = dist_sq.sqrt();
        assert!(
            dist >= d - lambda - 1e-4 && dist <= d + lambda + 1e-4,
            "returned ID {id} has dist {dist:.4} outside [{}, {}]",
            d - lambda,
            d + lambda
        );
    }
}

#[test]
fn test_payload_roundtrip() {
    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Payload, Debug, PartialEq)]
    struct Meta {
        label: String,
        score: f64,
    }

    let mut db: RingDb<Meta> = RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(2)).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[1.0, 0.0],
        Meta {
            label: "dog".into(),
            score: 0.9,
        },
    )
    .unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[0.0, 1.0],
        Meta {
            label: "cat".into(),
            score: 0.7,
        },
    )
    .unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[5.0, 0.0],
        Meta {
            label: "bird".into(),
            score: 0.5,
        },
    )
    .unwrap();

    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 1.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids.clone();
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![0, 1]);

    let payloads = db.fetch_payloads(&result.ids).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(payloads.len(), 2);

    let p0 = db.fetch_payload(0).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(p0.label, "dog");
    assert_eq!(p0.score, 0.9);

    let p1 = db.fetch_payload(1).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(p1.label, "cat");
}

// ---- RangeQuery tests ----

#[test]
fn test_range_query_basic() {
    // Vectors at distances 1, 3, 5, 7 from origin.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[1.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 1 → miss (< 2.5)
    db.add_vector(&[3.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 3 → hit
    db.add_vector(&[5.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 5 → hit
    db.add_vector(&[7.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 7 → miss (> 6)
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: 2.5,
            d_max: 6.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![1, 2], "only vectors at dist 3 and 5 should match");
}

#[test]
fn test_range_query_inclusive_bounds() {
    // Vectors are placed exactly on the boundaries.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[3.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist = 3.0 (on d_min)
    db.add_vector(&[5.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist = 5.0 (on d_max)
    db.add_vector(&[4.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist = 4.0 (inside)
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: 3.0,
            d_max: 5.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(
        ids,
        vec![0, 1, 2],
        "boundary and interior vectors must all match"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_range_query_empty_interval() {
    // d_min == d_max: only vectors at exactly that distance should match.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[3.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist = 3
    db.add_vector(&[4.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist = 4
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: 3.0,
            d_max: 3.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![0], "only the vector at dist=3 should match");
}

#[test]
fn test_range_query_no_results() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[1.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[2.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: 10.0,
            d_max: 20.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    assert!(result.ids.is_empty());
}

/// A RangeQuery with d_min=(d-lambda).max(0) and d_max=d+lambda must return
/// the same IDs as the equivalent RingQuery.
#[test]
fn test_range_equivalent_to_ring() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    for x in [1.0f32, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0] {
        db.add_vector(&[x, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let (d, lambda) = (5.0f32, 1.5f32);

    let ring_result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d,
            lambda,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let range_result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: (d - lambda).max(0.0),
            d_max: d + lambda,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ring_ids = ring_result.ids;
    let mut range_ids = range_result.ids;
    ring_ids.sort_unstable();
    range_ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(
        ring_ids, range_ids,
        "RingQuery and RangeQuery must return identical IDs"
    );
}

// ---- DiskQuery tests ----

#[test]
fn test_disk_query_basic() {
    // Vectors at distances 1, 3, 5, 7 from origin.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[1.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 1 → hit
    db.add_vector(&[3.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 3 → hit
    db.add_vector(&[5.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 5 → hit (on boundary)
    db.add_vector(&[7.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 7 → miss
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_disk(&DiskQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_max: 5.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(
        ids,
        vec![0, 1, 2],
        "all vectors within radius 5 should match"
    );
}

#[test]
fn test_disk_query_includes_origin() {
    // A vector at the origin is at distance 0 — must always be inside any disk.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[0.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 0
    db.add_vector(&[10.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 10
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_disk(&DiskQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_max: 1.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    assert!(
        result.ids.contains(&0),
        "vector at origin must be inside disk"
    );
    assert!(!result.ids.contains(&1), "far vector must be outside disk");
}

#[test]
fn test_disk_query_d_max_zero() {
    // Disk of radius 0: only vectors coincident with the query match.
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    db.add_vector(&[0.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // coincident  → hit
    db.add_vector(&[1.0, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // dist 1 → miss
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query_disk(&DiskQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_max: 0.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids;
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![0]);
}

/// A DiskQuery must return a superset of a RingQuery with the same outer bound,
/// because the disk covers d_min=0 while the ring excludes the interior.
#[test]
fn test_disk_is_superset_of_ring() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    for x in [1.0f32, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 8.0] {
        db.add_vector(&[x, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let disk_result = db
        .query_disk(&DiskQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_max: 5.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let ring_result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 4.0,
            lambda: 1.5, // covers [2.5, 5.5]
        })
        .unwrap();

    // Every ring hit must also appear in the disk.
    for &id in &ring_result.ids {
        assert!(
            disk_result.ids.contains(&id),
            "ring hit ID {id} not found in disk result"
        );
    }
    // The disk must have at least as many hits.
    assert!(disk_result.ids.len() >= ring_result.ids.len());
}

/// DiskQuery with d_max equals RangeQuery with d_min=0 and same d_max.
#[test]
fn test_disk_equivalent_to_range_d_min_zero() {
    let mut db = cpu_db(2);
    for x in [0.0f32, 1.0, 2.5, 4.9, 5.0, 6.0] {
        db.add_vector(&[x, 0.0], ()).unwrap();
    }
    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let disk_result = db
        .query_disk(&DiskQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_max: 5.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let range_result = db
        .query_range(&RangeQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d_min: 0.0,
            d_max: 5.0,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut disk_ids = disk_result.ids;
    let mut range_ids = range_result.ids;
    disk_ids.sort_unstable();
    range_ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(
        disk_ids, range_ids,
        "DiskQuery must equal RangeQuery(d_min=0)"
    );
}

// ── Persistence tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Build a database with `persist_dir`, drop it, reload it, and verify queries
/// return the same results as the original.
#[test]
fn test_persist_and_load_unit_payload() {
    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ringdb-test-persist-unit-{}", std::process::id()));
    // Clean up any stale run.
    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);

    // --- Build and persist ---
    let mut db = RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(2).with_persist_dir(&dir)).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(&[1.0f32, 0.0], ()).unwrap(); // distance 1.0 from origin
    db.add_vector(&[0.0, 5.0], ()).unwrap(); // distance 5.0 from origin
    db.add_vector(&[3.0, 4.0], ()).unwrap(); // distance 5.0 from origin
    let original = db.build().unwrap();

    let original_result = original
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0f32, 0.0],
            d: 5.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();
    let mut original_ids = original_result.ids.clone();
    original_ids.sort_unstable();

    // Drop the original; files stay on disk.
    drop(original);

    // --- Load from disk ---
    let loaded = RingDb::<()>::load(&dir, BackendPreference::Cpu).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(loaded.len(), 3);
    assert_eq!(loaded.dims(), 2);

    let loaded_result = loaded
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0f32, 0.0],
            d: 5.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();
    let mut loaded_ids = loaded_result.ids;
    loaded_ids.sort_unstable();

    assert_eq!(original_ids, loaded_ids, "loaded db must return same ids");

    // Clean up.
    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
}

#[test]
fn test_persist_and_load_struct_payload() {
    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize, Payload, PartialEq)]
    struct Meta {
        label: String,
        value: i32,
    }

    let dir =
        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ringdb-test-persist-struct-{}", std::process::id()));
    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);

    // --- Build and persist ---
    let mut db: RingDb<Meta> = RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(2).with_persist_dir(&dir)).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[1.0f32, 0.0],
        Meta {
            label: "dog".into(),
            value: 1,
        },
    )
    .unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[0.0, 1.0],
        Meta {
            label: "cat".into(),
            value: 2,
        },
    )
    .unwrap();
    let original = db.build().unwrap();
    drop(original);

    // --- Load from disk ---
    let loaded = RingDb::<Meta>::load(&dir, BackendPreference::Cpu).unwrap();
    assert_eq!(loaded.len(), 2);

    let result = loaded
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[1.0f32, 0.0],
            d: 1.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    // Vector 0 ([1,0]) is exactly at distance 1.0 from [1,0] = 0; should NOT match.
    // Vector 1 ([0,1]) is at distance sqrt(2) ≈ 1.414 from [1,0]; should NOT match.
    // Adjust: query from origin, expecting [1,0] at d=1.
    let result2 = loaded
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0f32, 0.0],
            d: 1.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(result2.ids.len(), 2); // both [1,0] and [0,1] are at distance 1 from origin

    let payloads = loaded.fetch_payloads(&result2.ids).unwrap();
    let labels: Vec<&str> = payloads.iter().map(|m| m.label.as_str()).collect();
    assert!(labels.contains(&"dog"), "dog payload missing after load");
    assert!(labels.contains(&"cat"), "cat payload missing after load");

    // Verify values too.
    for p in &payloads {
        assert!(p.value == 1 || p.value == 2);
    }

    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
    drop(result); // silence unused warning
}

// ── Pod payload tests ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[test]
fn test_pod_payload_roundtrip() {
    use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};

    /// A simple fixed-size payload — no heap allocation, no Serde needed.
    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Pod, Zeroable, Payload, Debug, PartialEq)]
    #[repr(C)]
    #[payload(storage = "pod")]
    struct GeoPoint {
        lat: f32,
        lon: f32,
        altitude: f32,
    }

    let mut db: RingDb<GeoPoint> = RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(2)).unwrap();
    db.add_vector(
        &[1.0, 0.0],
        GeoPoint {
            lat: 48.8566,
            lon: 2.3522,
            altitude: 35.0,
        },
    )
    .unwrap(); // ID 0
    db.add_vector(
        &[0.0, 1.0],
        GeoPoint {
            lat: 51.5074,
            lon: -0.1278,
            altitude: 11.0,
        },
    )
    .unwrap(); // ID 1
    db.add_vector(
        &[5.0, 0.0],
        GeoPoint {
            lat: 0.0,
            lon: 0.0,
            altitude: 0.0,
        },
    )
    .unwrap(); // ID 2 – far

    let db = db.build().unwrap();

    let result = db
        .query(&RingQuery {
            query: &[0.0, 0.0],
            d: 1.0,
            lambda: 0.1,
        })
        .unwrap();

    let mut ids = result.ids.clone();
    ids.sort_unstable();
    assert_eq!(ids, vec![0, 1], "only vectors at distance ≈ 1 should match");

    // fetch_pod returns &GeoPoint — zero-copy, O(1), no Result.
    let p0 = db.fetch_pod(0);
    assert!((p0.lat - 48.8566).abs() < 1e-3, "lat mismatch for ID 0");
    assert!((p0.lon - 2.3522).abs() < 1e-3, "lon mismatch for ID 0");

    let p1 = db.fetch_pod(1);
    assert!((p1.lat - 51.5074).abs() < 1e-3, "lat mismatch for ID 1");

    // fetch_pods returns Vec<&GeoPoint>.
    let refs = db.fetch_pods(&result.ids);
    assert_eq!(refs.len(), 2);
}

#[test]
fn test_pod_storage_mismatch_error() {
    use bytemuck::{Pod, Zeroable};

    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Pod, Zeroable, Payload)]
    #[repr(C)]
    #[payload(storage = "pod")]
    struct Tag(u64);

    let mut pod_db: RingDb<Tag> = RingDb::new(RingDbConfig::new(2)).unwrap();
    pod_db.add_vector(&[1.0, 0.0], Tag(42)).unwrap();
    let pod_db = pod_db.build().unwrap();

    // fetch_pod returns &Tag directly — no Result.
    assert_eq!(pod_db.fetch_pod(0).0, 42);
}