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perpl_sdk/testing/
mod.rs

1//! Local Anvil-based testing environment.
2//!
3//! [`TestExchange`] spins up Anvil instance with collateral token and exchange
4//! smart contracts deployed and provides convenience methods for perpetual
5//! contracts setup and account creation.
6//!
7//! [`TestPerp`] then can be used to configure perpetual contracts and post
8//! orders, while [`TestAccount`] provides basic information about exchange
9//! account.
10//!
11//! [`Indexer`] wraps snapshot creation and event processing, while providing
12//! convenience methods for synchronization in tests.
13mod account;
14mod indexer;
15mod perp;
16
17use std::{
18    str::FromStr,
19    sync::{
20        Arc,
21        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
22    },
23    time::Duration,
24};
25
26pub use account::*;
27use alloy::{
28    hex::ToHexExt,
29    network::TransactionBuilder,
30    node_bindings::{Anvil, AnvilInstance},
31    primitives::{Address, Bytes, U256, address, hex},
32    providers::{DynProvider, Provider, ProviderBuilder, ext::AnvilApi},
33    rpc::{client::RpcClient, types::TransactionRequest},
34};
35use dashmap::{DashMap, DashSet};
36use fastnum::{UD64, udec64};
37pub use indexer::*;
38pub use perp::*;
39
40use crate::{
41    Chain,
42    abi::{dex::Exchange, erc1967_proxy::ERC1967Proxy, testing::TestToken},
43    error::DexError,
44    num, state, types,
45};
46
47const CHAIN_ID: u64 = 1337;
48const BLOCK_TIME_SEC: f64 = 0.4;
49const POLL_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 50;
50
51const USD_DECIMALS: u8 = 6;
52
53/// Creation bytecode of the previous exchange implementation
54/// (`rc_v1.1.7-99-g3afdb99`, contract generation v1.1.7.3b), deployed by
55/// [`TestExchange::new_at_previous_version`].
56///
57/// Only the bytecode is kept: every function the pre-upgrade path calls has an
58/// unchanged signature, so the current bindings drive it, and the current
59/// `ExchangeEvents` still decodes its events - the V1 event signatures are
60/// retained in the ABI for exactly this reason.
61const PREVIOUS_IMPLEMENTATION: &str = include_str!("../../abi/dex/legacy/Exchange.v1.1.7.3.bin");
62
63#[derive(Debug)]
64pub struct TestExchange {
65    pub chain_id: u64,
66    pub rpc_url: String,
67    pub provider: DynProvider,
68    pub exchange: Exchange::ExchangeInstance<DynProvider>,
69    pub token: TestToken::TestTokenInstance<DynProvider>,
70    pub owner: Address,
71    pub owner_pk: String,
72    pub admin: Address,
73    pub admin_pk: String,
74    pub price_admin: Address,
75    pub price_admin_pk: String,
76    pub collateral_converter: num::Converter,
77    perpetual_ids: Arc<DashSet<types::PerpetualId>>,
78    account_address: Arc<DashMap<types::AccountId, Address>>,
79    // True while the deployed generation predates v1.1.7.4 (set by
80    // `new_at_previous_version`, cleared by `upgrade`). That generation's
81    // `addContract` carries two extra genesis-fee args, so `perp` must reach it
82    // through the legacy interface; a v1.1.7.4 deployment uses the current one.
83    legacy: AtomicBool,
84    anvil: AnvilInstance,
85}
86
87impl TestExchange {
88    /// Spins up the environment running the exchange implementation the SDK
89    /// targets ([`state::Exchange::revision`]).
90    pub async fn new() -> Self { Self::deploy(None).await }
91
92    /// Spins up the environment running the *previous* contract generation
93    /// (v1.1.7.3b: V2 information getters, but no version getter, keyed fee
94    /// schedules, builder attribution or existence bitmap) - the generation
95    /// deployed on mainnet before the v1.1.7.4 upgrade.
96    ///
97    /// Use with [`Self::upgrade`] to exercise the SDK across the upgrade
98    /// itself.
99    pub async fn new_at_previous_version() -> Self {
100        Self::deploy(Some(PREVIOUS_IMPLEMENTATION)).await
101    }
102
103    /// Upgrades the proxy to the implementation the SDK targets, seeding the
104    /// exchange-wide fee schedules and repointing every listed perpetual
105    /// contract at the default one.
106    ///
107    /// Runs `initializeV3` in the upgrade transaction, exactly as the real
108    /// upgrade does, so the log sequence a live indexer observes is the real
109    /// one.
110    pub async fn upgrade(
111        &self,
112        taker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
113        maker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
114    ) {
115        let implementation = Exchange::deploy(self.provider.clone())
116            .await
117            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
118            .unwrap();
119        let fee_converter = num::fee_converter();
120        let initialize = self
121            .exchange
122            .initializeV3(
123                taker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
124                maker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
125                // RWA schedule left blank, as in the real upgrade configuration
126                [U256::ZERO; state::FEE_TIERS],
127                [U256::ZERO; state::FEE_TIERS],
128                // Must list every live perpetual: `initializeV3` rejects an
129                // incomplete list rather than leave one on a stale fee key
130                self.perpetual_ids.iter().map(|p| U256::from(*p)).collect(),
131            )
132            .calldata()
133            .clone();
134        self.exchange
135            .upgradeToAndCall(*implementation.address(), initialize)
136            .gas(30_000_000)
137            .send()
138            .await
139            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
140            .unwrap()
141            .get_receipt()
142            .await
143            .unwrap();
144        // The proxy now runs the v1.1.7.4 implementation, whose `addContract`
145        // dropped the two genesis-fee args, so subsequent listings use it.
146        self.legacy.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
147    }
148
149    async fn deploy(implementation: Option<&str>) -> Self {
150        let anvil = Anvil::new()
151            .block_time_f64(BLOCK_TIME_SEC)
152            .chain_id(CHAIN_ID)
153            .args(vec!["--code-size-limit", "131072"])
154            .args(vec!["--gas-limit", "200000000"])
155            .args(vec!["--base-fee", "100000000000"])
156            .args(vec!["--order", "fifo"])
157            .args(vec!["--max-persisted-states", "1000"])
158            .args(vec!["--slots-in-an-epoch", "0"])
159            .try_spawn()
160            .unwrap();
161        let client = RpcClient::builder().http(anvil.endpoint_url());
162        client.set_poll_interval(Duration::from_millis(POLL_INTERVAL_MS));
163        let provider = DynProvider::new(
164            ProviderBuilder::new()
165                .wallet(anvil.wallet().unwrap())
166                .connect_client(client),
167        );
168        // Deploy multicall3 contract (see https://github.com/mds1/multicall3?tab=readme-ov-file#new-deployments)
169        provider
170            .anvil_set_balance(
171                address!("0x05f32b3cc3888453ff71b01135b34ff8e41263f2"),
172                U256::from(1e18 as u64),
173            )
174            .await
175            .unwrap();
176        _ = provider.send_raw_transaction(&hex!("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177
178        let (owner, admin, price_admin) =
179            (anvil.addresses()[0], anvil.addresses()[1], anvil.addresses()[2]);
180
181        // Test USD
182        let token = TestToken::deploy(
183            provider.clone(),
184            "Test USD".to_string(),
185            "USD".to_string(),
186            USD_DECIMALS,
187        )
188        .await
189        .unwrap();
190
191        // Some allocation to owner for the faucet
192        token
193            .mint(owner, usd(1_000_000_000))
194            .send()
195            .await
196            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
197            .unwrap()
198            .get_receipt()
199            .await
200            .unwrap();
201
202        // Exchange implementation and upgradeable proxy. `initialize` is
203        // unchanged across the generations, so its calldata can be built from the
204        // current bindings whichever implementation is deployed.
205        let exchange_impl = match implementation {
206            None => *Exchange::deploy(provider.clone())
207                .await
208                .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
209                .unwrap()
210                .address(),
211            Some(bytecode) => deploy_bytecode(&provider, bytecode).await,
212        };
213        let init_calldata = Exchange::new(exchange_impl, provider.clone())
214            .initialize(*token.address())
215            .calldata()
216            .clone();
217        let proxy = ERC1967Proxy::deploy(provider.clone(), exchange_impl, init_calldata)
218            .await
219            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
220            .unwrap();
221        let exchange = Exchange::new(*proxy.address(), provider.clone());
222
223        // Disable account whitelisting
224        exchange
225            .setWhitelistingEnabled(false)
226            .send()
227            .await
228            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
229            .unwrap()
230            .get_receipt()
231            .await
232            .unwrap();
233
234        // Setup roles
235        exchange
236            .setAdministrator(admin, true)
237            .send()
238            .await
239            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
240            .unwrap()
241            .get_receipt()
242            .await
243            .unwrap();
244        exchange
245            .setPriceAdministrator(price_admin, true)
246            .send()
247            .await
248            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
249            .unwrap()
250            .get_receipt()
251            .await
252            .unwrap();
253
254        Self {
255            chain_id: anvil.chain_id(),
256            rpc_url: anvil.endpoint_url().to_string(),
257            provider,
258            exchange,
259            token,
260            owner,
261            owner_pk: anvil.nth_key(0).unwrap().to_bytes().encode_hex(),
262            admin,
263            admin_pk: anvil.nth_key(1).unwrap().to_bytes().encode_hex(),
264            price_admin,
265            price_admin_pk: anvil.nth_key(2).unwrap().to_bytes().encode_hex(),
266            collateral_converter: num::Converter::new(USD_DECIMALS),
267            perpetual_ids: Arc::new(DashSet::new()),
268            account_address: Arc::new(DashMap::new()),
269            // A specific implementation is only ever requested by
270            // `new_at_previous_version`, so this marks the pre-upgrade generation.
271            legacy: AtomicBool::new(implementation.is_some()),
272            anvil,
273        }
274    }
275
276    pub fn chain(&self) -> Chain {
277        Chain::custom(
278            self.chain_id,
279            *self.token.address(),
280            0,
281            *self.exchange.address(),
282            self.perpetual_ids.iter().map(|p| *p).collect(),
283        )
284    }
285
286    /// Same chain with no perpetual contracts configured, so clients discover
287    /// every listed contract on-chain instead.
288    pub fn chain_with_perpetual_discovery(&self) -> Chain { self.chain().with_perpetuals(vec![]) }
289
290    pub async fn account(&self, idx: usize, usd_balance: u64) -> TestAccount<'_> {
291        let address = self.anvil.addresses()[idx + 3]; // skipping owner, admin and price admin
292        let target_balance = usd(usd_balance);
293        let cur_balance = self.token.balanceOf(address).call().await.unwrap();
294        if target_balance > cur_balance {
295            self.token
296                .mint(address, target_balance - cur_balance)
297                .send()
298                .await
299                .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
300                .unwrap()
301                .get_receipt()
302                .await
303                .unwrap();
304        }
305        self.token
306            .approve(*self.exchange.address(), target_balance)
307            .from(address)
308            .send()
309            .await
310            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
311            .unwrap()
312            .get_receipt()
313            .await
314            .unwrap();
315        let receipt = self
316            .exchange
317            .createAccount(target_balance)
318            .from(address)
319            .send()
320            .await
321            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
322            .unwrap()
323            .get_receipt()
324            .await
325            .unwrap();
326        let log = receipt.decoded_log::<Exchange::AccountCreated>().unwrap();
327        self.account_address.insert(log.id.to(), log.account);
328        TestAccount { id: log.id.to(), address: log.account, exchange: self }
329    }
330
331    /// Sets the exchange-wide default fee schedule, eight `(taker, maker)`
332    /// rates indexed by an account's fee tier. Every perpetual contract
333    /// that has not been repointed resolves its fees from this schedule.
334    pub async fn set_fee_schedule(
335        &self,
336        taker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
337        maker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
338    ) {
339        let fee_converter = num::fee_converter();
340        self.exchange
341            .setDefaultPerpFeeSchedValues(
342                taker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
343                maker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
344            )
345            .send()
346            .await
347            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
348            .unwrap()
349            .get_receipt()
350            .await
351            .unwrap();
352    }
353
354    /// Sets the exchange-wide RWA default fee schedule, see
355    /// [`Self::set_fee_schedule`].
356    pub async fn set_rwa_fee_schedule(
357        &self,
358        taker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
359        maker_fees: [UD64; state::FEE_TIERS],
360    ) {
361        let fee_converter = num::fee_converter();
362        self.exchange
363            .setDefaultRwaFeeSchedValues(
364                taker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
365                maker_fees.map(|fee| fee_converter.to_unsigned(fee)),
366            )
367            .send()
368            .await
369            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
370            .unwrap()
371            .get_receipt()
372            .await
373            .unwrap();
374    }
375
376    /// Assigns fee tiers to accounts, indexing the fee schedule of every
377    /// perpetual contract they trade.
378    pub async fn set_account_fee_tiers(&self, tiers: Vec<(types::AccountId, types::FeeTier)>) {
379        self.exchange
380            .setAccountFeeTiers(
381                tiers
382                    .into_iter()
383                    .map(|(account_id, tier)| Exchange::AccountFeeTier {
384                        accountId: U256::from(account_id),
385                        tier: U256::from(tier),
386                    })
387                    .collect(),
388            )
389            .from(self.admin)
390            .send()
391            .await
392            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
393            .unwrap()
394            .get_receipt()
395            .await
396            .unwrap();
397    }
398
399    /// Adds a perpetual contract, placed on the exchange-wide default fee
400    /// schedule.
401    ///
402    /// Fees are not a listing parameter: the schedule is seeded once at
403    /// deployment, and `addContract` retains its fee arguments for ABI
404    /// stability while ignoring them (v1.1.7.4). Use
405    /// [`Self::set_fee_schedule`] to retune the shared schedule, or
406    /// [`TestPerp::set_fee_schedule`] to give this contract its own.
407    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
408    pub async fn perp(
409        &self,
410        name: &str,
411        perp_id: types::PerpetualId,
412        base_price: UD64,
413        price_decimals: u8,
414        size_decimals: u8,
415        initial_margin: UD64,
416        maintenance_margin: UD64,
417    ) -> TestPerp<'_> {
418        let price_converter = num::Converter::new(price_decimals);
419        let leverage_converter = num::Converter::new(2); // Margin and leverage are in 100th
420        if self.legacy.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
421            // The pre-v1.1.7.4 generation's `addContract` still carries the two
422            // genesis-fee args (dropped in v1.1.7.4); reach it through the legacy
423            // interface so the selector matches the deployed contract. Genesis
424            // fees are seeded to zero and set separately via
425            // `TestPerp::with_legacy_fees`.
426            crate::abi::dex_legacy::LegacyExchange::new(
427                *self.exchange.address(),
428                self.provider.clone(),
429            )
430            .addContract(
431                name.to_string(),
432                name.to_string(),
433                U256::from(perp_id),
434                price_converter.to_unsigned(base_price),
435                U256::from(price_decimals),
436                U256::from(size_decimals),
437                U256::ZERO,
438                U256::ZERO,
439                leverage_converter.to_unsigned(initial_margin),
440                leverage_converter.to_unsigned(maintenance_margin),
441            )
442            .send()
443            .await
444            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
445            .unwrap()
446            .get_receipt()
447            .await
448            .unwrap();
449        } else {
450            self.exchange
451                .addContract(
452                    name.to_string(),
453                    name.to_string(),
454                    U256::from(perp_id),
455                    price_converter.to_unsigned(base_price),
456                    U256::from(price_decimals),
457                    U256::from(size_decimals),
458                    leverage_converter.to_unsigned(initial_margin),
459                    leverage_converter.to_unsigned(maintenance_margin),
460                )
461                .send()
462                .await
463                .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
464                .unwrap()
465                .get_receipt()
466                .await
467                .unwrap();
468        }
469        // Ignore oracle to eliminate ChainLink dependency
470        self.exchange
471            .setIgnOracle(U256::from(perp_id), true)
472            .send()
473            .await
474            .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
475            .unwrap()
476            .get_receipt()
477            .await
478            .unwrap();
479        self.perpetual_ids.insert(perp_id);
480        TestPerp {
481            id: perp_id,
482            name: name.to_string(),
483            price_converter,
484            size_converter: num::Converter::new(size_decimals),
485            leverage_converter,
486            exchange: self,
487        }
488    }
489
490    pub async fn btc_perp(&self) -> TestPerp<'_> {
491        self.perp("BTC", 0x10, udec64!(5000), 1, 5, udec64!(10), udec64!(20))
492            .await
493            .with_mark_price(udec64!(100000))
494            .await
495            .unpause()
496            .await
497    }
498
499    pub async fn eth_perp(&self) -> TestPerp<'_> {
500        self.perp("ETH", 0x20, udec64!(1), 2, 3, udec64!(10), udec64!(20))
501            .await
502            .with_mark_price(udec64!(4000))
503            .await
504            .unpause()
505            .await
506    }
507
508    pub async fn sol_perp(&self) -> TestPerp<'_> {
509        self.perp("SOL", 0x30, udec64!(1), 2, 3, udec64!(10), udec64!(20))
510            .await
511            .with_mark_price(udec64!(200))
512            .await
513            .unpause()
514            .await
515    }
516
517    pub async fn trx_perp(&self) -> TestPerp<'_> {
518        self.perp("TRX", 0x40, udec64!(1), 5, 0, udec64!(10), udec64!(20))
519            .await
520            .with_mark_price(udec64!(0.3))
521            .await
522            .unpause()
523            .await
524    }
525}
526
527/// Deploys a contract from raw creation bytecode, for an implementation the SDK
528/// has no bindings for.
529async fn deploy_bytecode(provider: &DynProvider, bytecode: &str) -> Address {
530    let code = Bytes::from_str(bytecode.trim()).expect("implementation bytecode");
531    provider
532        .send_transaction(TransactionRequest::default().with_deploy_code(code))
533        .await
534        .map_err::<DexError, _>(|err| DexError::Provider(err.into()))
535        .unwrap()
536        .get_receipt()
537        .await
538        .unwrap()
539        .contract_address
540        .expect("implementation deployed")
541}
542
543pub fn scale(amount: u64, decimals: u8) -> U256 {
544    U256::from(amount) * U256::from(10).pow(U256::from(decimals))
545}
546
547pub fn usd(amount: u64) -> U256 { scale(amount, USD_DECIMALS) }