path-security 0.2.0

# Attack Vectors - Path Security

## Overview

This document provides comprehensive coverage of attack vectors targeting path security and how the Path Security module protects against them.

## Attack Vector Categories

### 1. Path Traversal Attacks

#### Directory Traversal

**Description**: Attackers use `../` sequences to access files outside the intended directory.

**Example**:
```
../../../etc/passwd
../../../../var/log/system.log
../../../home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, TraversalDetector};

let detector = TraversalDetector::new()
    .with_patterns(vec![
        r"\.\.",
        r"\.\.",
        r"\.\.",
        r"\.\.",
    ]);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Encoded Directory Traversal

**Description**: Attackers use URL encoding to bypass basic detection.

**Example**:
```
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fvar%2flog%2fsystem.log
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fhome%2fuser%2f.ssh%2fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, EncodingAttackDetector};

let detector = EncodingAttackDetector::new()
    .with_url_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_utf8_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_encoding_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Double Encoding Traversal

**Description**: Attackers use double URL encoding to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fetc%252fpasswd
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fvar%252flog%252fsystem.log
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fhome%252fuser%252f.ssh%252fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, EncodingAttackDetector};

let detector = EncodingAttackDetector::new()
    .with_double_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_nested_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_depth_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 2. Unicode Attacks

#### Unicode Normalization Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use Unicode normalization to bypass path validation.

**Example**:
```
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fetc\u002fpasswd
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fvar\u002flog\u002fsystem.log
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fhome\u002fuser\u002f.ssh\u002fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnicodeAttackDetector};

let detector = UnicodeAttackDetector::new()
    .with_normalization_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_visual_spoofing_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Unicode Visual Spoofing

**Description**: Attackers use visually similar Unicode characters to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
..\u2215..\u2215..\u2215etc\u2215passwd
..\u2215..\u2215..\u2215var\u2215log\u2215system.log
..\u2215..\u2215..\u2215home\u2215user\u2215.ssh\u2215id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnicodeAttackDetector};

let detector = UnicodeAttackDetector::new()
    .with_visual_spoofing_detection(true)
    .with_homoglyph_detection(true)
    .with_character_similarity_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Unicode Encoding Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use Unicode encoding to bypass path validation.

**Example**:
```
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fetc\u002fpasswd
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fvar\u002flog\u002fsystem.log
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fhome\u002fuser\u002f.ssh\u002fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnicodeAttackDetector};

let detector = UnicodeAttackDetector::new()
    .with_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_escape_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_sequence_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 3. Project Name Attacks

#### Malicious Project Names

**Description**: Attackers use malicious project names to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
../../../etc/passwd
../../../../var/log/system.log
../../../home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, ProjectNameValidator};

let validator = ProjectNameValidator::new()
    .with_traversal_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_validator(Box::new(validator));
```

#### Reserved Name Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use reserved system names to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
CON
PRN
AUX
NUL
COM1
COM2
COM3
COM4
COM5
COM6
COM7
COM8
COM9
LPT1
LPT2
LPT3
LPT4
LPT5
LPT6
LPT7
LPT8
LPT9
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, ReservedNameDetector};

let detector = ReservedNameDetector::new()
    .with_windows_reserved_names(true)
    .with_unix_reserved_names(true)
    .with_system_reserved_names(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 4. Filename Attacks

#### Malicious Filenames

**Description**: Attackers use malicious filenames to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
../../../etc/passwd
../../../../var/log/system.log
../../../home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, FilenameValidator};

let validator = FilenameValidator::new()
    .with_traversal_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_validator(Box::new(validator));
```

#### Special Character Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use special characters in filenames to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
file<name>.txt
file>name>.txt
file|name>.txt
file:name>.txt
file"name>.txt
file*name>.txt
file?name>.txt
file\name>.txt
file/name>.txt
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, SpecialCharacterDetector};

let detector = SpecialCharacterDetector::new()
    .with_windows_special_characters(true)
    .with_unix_special_characters(true)
    .with_unicode_special_characters(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 5. Cross-Platform Attacks

#### Windows-Specific Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use Windows-specific path features to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
C:\..\..\..\etc\passwd
C:\..\..\..\var\log\system.log
C:\..\..\..\home\user\.ssh\id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, WindowsAttackDetector};

let detector = WindowsAttackDetector::new()
    .with_drive_letter_attacks(true)
    .with_unc_path_attacks(true)
    .with_windows_special_paths(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Unix-Specific Attacks

**Description**: Attackers use Unix-specific path features to exploit path validation.

**Example**:
```
../../../etc/passwd
../../../../var/log/system.log
../../../home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnixAttackDetector};

let detector = UnixAttackDetector::new()
    .with_absolute_path_attacks(true)
    .with_relative_path_attacks(true)
    .with_unix_special_paths(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

## Advanced Attack Techniques

### 1. Multi-Stage Attacks

#### Encoding Combination Attacks

**Description**: Attackers combine multiple encoding techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fvar%252flog%252fsystem.log
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fhome\u002fuser\u002f.ssh\u002fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, MultiStageAttackDetector};

let detector = MultiStageAttackDetector::new()
    .with_encoding_combination_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_combination_detection(true)
    .with_traversal_combination_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Unicode Combination Attacks

**Description**: Attackers combine multiple Unicode techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fetc\u002fpasswd
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fvar\u002flog\u002fsystem.log
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fhome\u002fuser\u002f.ssh\u002fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnicodeCombinationDetector};

let detector = UnicodeCombinationDetector::new()
    .with_normalization_combination_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_combination_detection(true)
    .with_visual_spoofing_combination_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 2. Evasion Techniques

#### Unicode Evasion

**Description**: Attackers use Unicode evasion techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fetc\u002fpasswd
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fvar\u002flog\u002fsystem.log
..\u002f..\u002f..\u002fhome\u002fuser\u002f.ssh\u002fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnicodeEvasionDetector};

let detector = UnicodeEvasionDetector::new()
    .with_unicode_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_normalization_evasion_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Encoding Evasion

**Description**: Attackers use encoding evasion techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2fetc%2fpasswd
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fvar%252flog%252fsystem.log
%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252f%252e%252e%252fhome%252fuser%252f.ssh%252fid_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, EncodingEvasionDetector};

let detector = EncodingEvasionDetector::new()
    .with_encoding_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_double_encoding_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_nested_encoding_evasion_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 3. Platform-Specific Evasion

#### Windows Evasion

**Description**: Attackers use Windows-specific evasion techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
C:\..\..\..\etc\passwd
C:\..\..\..\var\log\system.log
C:\..\..\..\home\user\.ssh\id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, WindowsEvasionDetector};

let detector = WindowsEvasionDetector::new()
    .with_drive_letter_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_unc_path_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_windows_special_paths_evasion_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Unix Evasion

**Description**: Attackers use Unix-specific evasion techniques to bypass detection.

**Example**:
```
../../../etc/passwd
../../../../var/log/system.log
../../../home/user/.ssh/id_rsa
```

**Protection**:
```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UnixEvasionDetector};

let detector = UnixEvasionDetector::new()
    .with_absolute_path_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_relative_path_evasion_detection(true)
    .with_unix_special_paths_evasion_detection(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

## Detection Strategies

### 1. Pattern-based Detection

#### Regex Patterns

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, PatternDetector};

let patterns = vec![
    r"\.\.",
    r"\.\.",
    r"\.\.",
    r"\.\.",
    r"%2e%2e%2f",
    r"%252e%252e%252f",
    r"\.\u002f",
    r"\.\u2215",
];

let detector = PatternDetector::new()
    .with_patterns(patterns)
    .with_case_sensitive(false)
    .with_fuzzy_matching(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Fuzzy Matching

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, FuzzyPatternDetector};

let base_patterns = vec![
    "..",
    "..",
    "..",
    "..",
    "%2e%2e%2f",
    "%252e%252e%252f",
    ".\u002f",
    ".\u2215",
];

let detector = FuzzyPatternDetector::new()
    .with_base_patterns(base_patterns)
    .with_fuzzy_matching(true)
    .with_edit_distance_threshold(2)
    .with_similarity_threshold(0.8);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

### 2. Semantic Detection

#### Intent Analysis

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, IntentAnalyzer};

let analyzer = IntentAnalyzer::new()
    .with_traversal_intent_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_intent_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_intent_detection(true)
    .with_confidence_threshold(0.8);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(analyzer));
```

#### Context Analysis

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, ContextAnalyzer};

let analyzer = ContextAnalyzer::new()
    .with_path_context_analysis(true)
    .with_platform_context_analysis(true)
    .with_encoding_context_analysis(true)
    .with_unicode_context_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(analyzer));
```

### 3. Machine Learning-based Detection

#### Classification Models

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, MLDetector};

let detector = MLDetector::new()
    .with_model_path("models/path_attack_classifier.onnx")
    .with_input_preprocessing(true)
    .with_output_postprocessing(true)
    .with_confidence_threshold(0.8);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

#### Anomaly Detection

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, AnomalyDetector};

let detector = AnomalyDetector::new()
    .with_model_path("models/path_anomaly_detector.onnx")
    .with_anomaly_threshold(0.8)
    .with_statistical_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(detector));
```

## Mitigation Strategies

### 1. Input Sanitization

#### Character Filtering

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, CharacterFilter};

let filter = CharacterFilter::new()
    .with_dangerous_characters(vec![
        '<', '>', '|', ':', '"', '*', '?', '\\', '/'
    ])
    .with_unicode_normalization(true)
    .with_encoding_standardization(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_sanitizer(Box::new(filter));
```

#### Content Filtering

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, ContentFilter};

let filter = ContentFilter::new()
    .with_traversal_patterns(vec![
        "..",
        "..",
        "..",
        "..",
    ])
    .with_encoding_patterns(vec![
        "%2e%2e%2f",
        "%252e%252e%252f",
    ])
    .with_unicode_patterns(vec![
        ".\u002f",
        ".\u2215",
    ]);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_sanitizer(Box::new(filter));
```

### 2. Output Validation

#### Path Validation

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, PathValidator};

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .with_traversal_detection(true)
    .with_encoding_detection(true)
    .with_unicode_detection(true)
    .with_project_name_validation(true)
    .with_filename_validation(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_validator(Box::new(validator));
```

#### Format Validation

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, FormatValidator};

let validator = FormatValidator::new()
    .with_path_format_validation(true)
    .with_filename_format_validation(true)
    .with_project_name_format_validation(true)
    .with_cross_platform_validation(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_validator(Box::new(validator));
```

### 3. Behavioral Analysis

#### Path Analysis

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, PathAnalyzer};

let analyzer = PathAnalyzer::new()
    .with_path_pattern_analysis(true)
    .with_path_anomaly_analysis(true)
    .with_path_risk_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(analyzer));
```

#### User Behavior Analysis

```rust
use path_security::{PathValidator, UserBehaviorAnalyzer};

let analyzer = UserBehaviorAnalyzer::new()
    .with_user_pattern_analysis(true)
    .with_user_anomaly_analysis(true)
    .with_user_risk_analysis(true);

let validator = PathValidator::new()
    .add_detector(Box::new(analyzer));
```

## Best Practices

### 1. Defense in Depth

- **Multiple Detection Layers**: Use multiple detection methods
- **Redundant Validation**: Validate paths at multiple points
- **Continuous Monitoring**: Monitor for new attack patterns
- **Regular Updates**: Keep detection patterns and models updated

### 2. Adaptive Security

- **Dynamic Patterns**: Update detection patterns based on new threats
- **Machine Learning**: Use ML models for adaptive detection
- **Feedback Loops**: Learn from false positives and negatives
- **Threat Intelligence**: Incorporate threat intelligence feeds

### 3. User Education

- **Security Awareness**: Educate users about attack vectors
- **Best Practices**: Provide security best practices
- **Incident Response**: Train users on incident response
- **Regular Updates**: Keep users informed about new threats

### 4. Continuous Improvement

- **Threat Modeling**: Regular threat modeling exercises
- **Penetration Testing**: Regular security testing
- **Vulnerability Assessment**: Regular vulnerability assessments
- **Security Reviews**: Regular security architecture reviews