oxirs-embed 0.4.1

//! GPU acceleration and optimization features for embedding models
//!
//! This module provides advanced GPU acceleration capabilities including
//! memory pooling, tensor caching, mixed precision, and compute optimization
//! with full SciRS2 integration for maximum performance.

use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
use scirs2_core::gpu::{GpuBackend, GpuContext};
use scirs2_core::ndarray_ext::{Array1, Array2};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::{HashMap, VecDeque};
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
use tracing::{debug, info, warn};

/// GPU acceleration configuration
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct GpuAccelerationConfig {
    /// Enable GPU acceleration
    pub enabled: bool,
    /// GPU device IDs to use
    pub device_ids: Vec<usize>,
    /// Memory pool size in MB
    pub memory_pool_size_mb: usize,
    /// Enable mixed precision
    pub mixed_precision: bool,
    /// Enable tensor caching
    pub tensor_caching: bool,
    /// Cache size in MB
    pub cache_size_mb: usize,
    /// Enable kernel fusion
    pub kernel_fusion: bool,
    /// Enable memory mapping
    pub memory_mapping: bool,
    /// Enable unified memory
    pub unified_memory: bool,
    /// Enable multi-stream processing
    pub multi_stream: bool,
    /// Number of streams for multi-stream processing
    pub num_streams: usize,
    /// Enable pipeline parallelism
    pub pipeline_parallelism: bool,
    /// Pipeline stages
    pub pipeline_stages: usize,
}

impl Default for GpuAccelerationConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: true,
            device_ids: vec![0],
            memory_pool_size_mb: 2048, // 2GB default
            mixed_precision: true,
            tensor_caching: true,
            cache_size_mb: 512, // 512MB cache
            kernel_fusion: true,
            memory_mapping: true,
            unified_memory: false, // Conservative default
            multi_stream: true,
            num_streams: 4,
            pipeline_parallelism: false, // Requires careful setup
            pipeline_stages: 2,
        }
    }
}

/// GPU memory pool for efficient memory management
pub struct GpuMemoryPool {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    allocated_blocks: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<usize, MemoryBlock>>>,
    free_blocks: Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<MemoryBlock>>>,
    total_allocated: Arc<Mutex<usize>>,
    allocation_stats: Arc<Mutex<AllocationStats>>,
}

/// Memory block descriptor
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct MemoryBlock {
    device_id: usize,
    size_bytes: usize,
    ptr: usize, // In real implementation, this would be a GPU pointer
    allocated_at: Instant,
    last_used: Instant,
}

/// Memory allocation statistics
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
pub struct AllocationStats {
    pub total_allocations: usize,
    pub total_deallocations: usize,
    pub peak_memory_usage: usize,
    pub current_memory_usage: usize,
    pub cache_hits: usize,
    pub cache_misses: usize,
}

impl GpuMemoryPool {
    /// Create new GPU memory pool
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            allocated_blocks: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            free_blocks: Arc::new(Mutex::new(VecDeque::new())),
            total_allocated: Arc::new(Mutex::new(0)),
            allocation_stats: Arc::new(Mutex::new(AllocationStats::default())),
        }
    }

    /// Allocate GPU memory block
    pub fn allocate(&self, size_bytes: usize, device_id: usize) -> Result<usize> {
        let mut free_blocks = self.free_blocks.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut allocated_blocks = self.allocated_blocks.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut stats = self.allocation_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        // Try to find a suitable free block first
        for (i, block) in free_blocks.iter().enumerate() {
            if block.size_bytes >= size_bytes && block.device_id == device_id {
                let block = free_blocks
                    .remove(i)
                    .expect("index i should be valid from enumerate");
                let block_id = block.ptr;

                let mut reused_block = block;
                reused_block.last_used = Instant::now();

                allocated_blocks.insert(block_id, reused_block);
                stats.cache_hits += 1;

                debug!(
                    "Reused GPU memory block {} of size {}",
                    block_id, size_bytes
                );
                return Ok(block_id);
            }
        }

        // No suitable free block found, allocate new one
        stats.cache_misses += 1;
        stats.total_allocations += 1;

        let block_id = stats.total_allocations; // Simple ID generation
        let now = Instant::now();

        let block = MemoryBlock {
            device_id,
            size_bytes,
            ptr: block_id,
            allocated_at: now,
            last_used: now,
        };

        allocated_blocks.insert(block_id, block);

        let mut total_allocated = self.total_allocated.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        *total_allocated += size_bytes;
        stats.current_memory_usage += size_bytes;

        if stats.current_memory_usage > stats.peak_memory_usage {
            stats.peak_memory_usage = stats.current_memory_usage;
        }

        info!(
            "Allocated new GPU memory block {} of size {} bytes",
            block_id, size_bytes
        );
        Ok(block_id)
    }

    /// Deallocate GPU memory block
    pub fn deallocate(&self, block_id: usize) -> Result<()> {
        let mut allocated_blocks = self.allocated_blocks.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut free_blocks = self.free_blocks.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut stats = self.allocation_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        if let Some(block) = allocated_blocks.remove(&block_id) {
            stats.total_deallocations += 1;
            stats.current_memory_usage -= block.size_bytes;

            // Add to free blocks for reuse
            free_blocks.push_back(block);

            // Limit free blocks to prevent memory leaks
            if free_blocks.len() > 100 {
                free_blocks.pop_front();
            }

            debug!("Deallocated GPU memory block {}", block_id);
            Ok(())
        } else {
            Err(anyhow!("Block {} not found for deallocation", block_id))
        }
    }

    /// Get allocation statistics
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> AllocationStats {
        (*self.allocation_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned")).clone()
    }

    /// Defragment memory by consolidating free blocks
    pub fn defragment(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let mut free_blocks = self.free_blocks.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        // Sort free blocks by device and size
        let mut blocks: Vec<_> = free_blocks.drain(..).collect();
        blocks.sort_by_key(|b| (b.device_id, b.size_bytes));

        // Merge adjacent blocks (simplified implementation)
        let mut merged_blocks = VecDeque::new();
        let mut current_block: Option<MemoryBlock> = None;

        for block in blocks {
            if let Some(ref mut current) = current_block {
                if current.device_id == block.device_id {
                    // In a real implementation, we'd check if blocks are adjacent
                    current.size_bytes += block.size_bytes;
                } else {
                    merged_blocks.push_back(current.clone());
                    current_block = Some(block);
                }
            } else {
                current_block = Some(block);
            }
        }

        if let Some(block) = current_block {
            merged_blocks.push_back(block);
        }

        *free_blocks = merged_blocks;

        info!(
            "Memory defragmentation completed, {} free blocks remaining",
            free_blocks.len()
        );
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Tensor cache for frequently used tensors
pub struct TensorCache {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    entity_tensors: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, CachedTensor>>>,
    attention_weights: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, CachedTensor>>>,
    intermediate_activations: Arc<Mutex<HashMap<String, CachedTensor>>>,
    cache_stats: Arc<Mutex<CacheStats>>,
}

/// Cached tensor with metadata
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct CachedTensor {
    data: Array2<f32>, // In real implementation, this would be GPU tensor
    device_id: usize,
    last_accessed: Instant,
    access_count: usize,
    size_bytes: usize,
}

/// Cache statistics
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
pub struct CacheStats {
    pub hits: usize,
    pub misses: usize,
    pub evictions: usize,
    pub total_memory_usage: usize,
}

impl TensorCache {
    /// Create new tensor cache
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            entity_tensors: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            attention_weights: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            intermediate_activations: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            cache_stats: Arc::new(Mutex::new(CacheStats::default())),
        }
    }

    /// Cache entity tensor.
    ///
    /// Locks are always acquired in the canonical order
    /// `cache_stats -> entity_tensors -> attention_weights ->
    /// intermediate_activations` to keep eviction and lookups deadlock-free.
    pub fn cache_entity_tensor(&self, entity: &str, tensor: Array2<f32>, device_id: usize) {
        let size_bytes = tensor.len() * std::mem::size_of::<f32>();
        let cached_tensor = CachedTensor {
            data: tensor,
            device_id,
            last_accessed: Instant::now(),
            access_count: 1,
            size_bytes,
        };

        let mut stats = self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut entity_tensors = self.entity_tensors.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut attention = self.attention_weights.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut intermediate = self.intermediate_activations.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        // Actually free memory (evict real entries) before inserting.
        Self::make_room(
            self.config.cache_size_mb * 1024 * 1024,
            &mut stats,
            &mut entity_tensors,
            &mut attention,
            &mut intermediate,
            size_bytes,
        );

        // Replacing an existing entry: reclaim its bytes from the accounting.
        if let Some(old) = entity_tensors.insert(entity.to_string(), cached_tensor) {
            stats.total_memory_usage = stats.total_memory_usage.saturating_sub(old.size_bytes);
        }
        stats.total_memory_usage += size_bytes;

        debug!("Cached entity tensor for {}", entity);
    }

    /// Get cached entity tensor
    pub fn get_entity_tensor(&self, entity: &str) -> Option<Array2<f32>> {
        let mut stats = self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut cache = self.entity_tensors.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        if let Some(cached) = cache.get_mut(entity) {
            cached.last_accessed = Instant::now();
            cached.access_count += 1;
            stats.hits += 1;

            debug!("Cache hit for entity tensor {}", entity);
            Some(cached.data.clone())
        } else {
            stats.misses += 1;
            debug!("Cache miss for entity tensor {}", entity);
            None
        }
    }

    /// Cache attention weights
    pub fn cache_attention_weights(&self, key: &str, weights: Array2<f32>, device_id: usize) {
        let size_bytes = weights.len() * std::mem::size_of::<f32>();
        let cached_tensor = CachedTensor {
            data: weights,
            device_id,
            last_accessed: Instant::now(),
            access_count: 1,
            size_bytes,
        };

        let mut stats = self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut entity_tensors = self.entity_tensors.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut attention = self.attention_weights.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut intermediate = self.intermediate_activations.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        Self::make_room(
            self.config.cache_size_mb * 1024 * 1024,
            &mut stats,
            &mut entity_tensors,
            &mut attention,
            &mut intermediate,
            size_bytes,
        );

        if let Some(old) = attention.insert(key.to_string(), cached_tensor) {
            stats.total_memory_usage = stats.total_memory_usage.saturating_sub(old.size_bytes);
        }
        stats.total_memory_usage += size_bytes;

        debug!("Cached attention weights for key {}", key);
    }

    /// Get cached attention weights
    pub fn get_attention_weights(&self, key: &str) -> Option<Array2<f32>> {
        let mut stats = self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        let mut cache = self.attention_weights.lock().expect("lock poisoned");

        if let Some(cached) = cache.get_mut(key) {
            cached.last_accessed = Instant::now();
            cached.access_count += 1;
            stats.hits += 1;

            debug!("Cache hit for attention weights {}", key);
            Some(cached.data.clone())
        } else {
            stats.misses += 1;
            debug!("Cache miss for attention weights {}", key);
            None
        }
    }

    /// Evict genuinely-least-recently-used entries across all three caches until
    /// the projected memory usage (current + `incoming_bytes`) fits within
    /// `max_memory`, actually removing the backing tensors rather than merely
    /// adjusting a statistic. Stops early if every cache is empty (e.g. a single
    /// tensor larger than the whole budget), leaving the cache momentarily over
    /// budget for that one oversized item instead of looping forever.
    fn make_room(
        max_memory: usize,
        stats: &mut CacheStats,
        entity_tensors: &mut HashMap<String, CachedTensor>,
        attention: &mut HashMap<String, CachedTensor>,
        intermediate: &mut HashMap<String, CachedTensor>,
        incoming_bytes: usize,
    ) {
        while stats.total_memory_usage + incoming_bytes > max_memory {
            // Least-recently-used candidate within each cache.
            let e_lru = entity_tensors
                .iter()
                .min_by_key(|(_, v)| v.last_accessed)
                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.last_accessed, v.size_bytes));
            let a_lru = attention
                .iter()
                .min_by_key(|(_, v)| v.last_accessed)
                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.last_accessed, v.size_bytes));
            let i_lru = intermediate
                .iter()
                .min_by_key(|(_, v)| v.last_accessed)
                .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.last_accessed, v.size_bytes));

            // Pick the globally oldest entry across the three caches.
            enum Which {
                Entity,
                Attention,
                Intermediate,
            }
            let mut choice: Option<(Which, String, usize, Instant)> = None;
            for (which, cand) in [
                (Which::Entity, e_lru),
                (Which::Attention, a_lru),
                (Which::Intermediate, i_lru),
            ] {
                if let Some((k, ts, sz)) = cand {
                    let is_older = match &choice {
                        Some((_, _, _, best_ts)) => ts < *best_ts,
                        None => true,
                    };
                    if is_older {
                        choice = Some((which, k, sz, ts));
                    }
                }
            }

            let Some((which, key, size_bytes, _)) = choice else {
                // Nothing left to evict.
                break;
            };

            match which {
                Which::Entity => {
                    entity_tensors.remove(&key);
                }
                Which::Attention => {
                    attention.remove(&key);
                }
                Which::Intermediate => {
                    intermediate.remove(&key);
                }
            }
            stats.total_memory_usage = stats.total_memory_usage.saturating_sub(size_bytes);
            stats.evictions += 1;
            debug!(
                "Evicted LRU tensor '{}' ({} bytes) from cache",
                key, size_bytes
            );
        }
    }

    /// Get cache statistics
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> CacheStats {
        (*self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned")).clone()
    }

    /// Clear all caches.
    ///
    /// Locks are taken in the canonical order (`cache_stats` first) to stay
    /// consistent with the eviction and lookup paths.
    pub fn clear_all(&self) {
        let mut stats = self.cache_stats.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
        self.entity_tensors.lock().expect("lock poisoned").clear();
        self.attention_weights
            .lock()
            .expect("lock poisoned")
            .clear();
        self.intermediate_activations
            .lock()
            .expect("lock poisoned")
            .clear();

        stats.total_memory_usage = 0;

        info!("Cleared all tensor caches");
    }
}

/// Mixed precision training and inference
pub struct MixedPrecisionProcessor {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    fp16_enabled: bool,
    loss_scaling: f32,
    overflow_detection: bool,
}

impl MixedPrecisionProcessor {
    /// Create new mixed precision processor
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config: config.clone(),
            fp16_enabled: config.mixed_precision,
            loss_scaling: 65536.0, // Default loss scaling for FP16
            overflow_detection: true,
        }
    }

    /// Convert tensor to FP16 for computation
    pub fn to_fp16(&self, tensor: &Array2<f32>) -> Array2<f32> {
        if !self.fp16_enabled {
            return tensor.clone();
        }

        // Simulate FP16 conversion (real implementation would use GPU ops)
        tensor.mapv(|x| {
            // Clamp to FP16 range and simulate precision loss
            let clamped = x.clamp(-65504.0, 65504.0);
            (clamped * 1024.0).round() / 1024.0 // Simulate FP16 precision
        })
    }

    /// Apply loss scaling for gradient computation
    pub fn scale_loss(&self, loss: f32) -> f32 {
        if self.fp16_enabled {
            loss * self.loss_scaling
        } else {
            loss
        }
    }

    /// Unscale gradients after loss scaling
    pub fn unscale_gradients(&self, gradients: &mut Array2<f32>) -> bool {
        if !self.fp16_enabled {
            return true;
        }

        // Check for overflow
        if self.overflow_detection {
            let has_overflow = gradients.iter().any(|&x| !x.is_finite());
            if has_overflow {
                warn!("Gradient overflow detected in mixed precision training");
                return false;
            }
        }

        // Unscale gradients
        gradients.mapv_inplace(|x| x / self.loss_scaling);
        true
    }

    /// Adjust loss scaling based on overflow detection
    pub fn adjust_loss_scaling(&mut self, overflow_detected: bool) {
        if overflow_detected {
            self.loss_scaling = (self.loss_scaling / 2.0).max(1.0);
            info!("Reduced loss scaling to {}", self.loss_scaling);
        } else {
            // Gradually increase loss scaling if no overflow
            self.loss_scaling = (self.loss_scaling * 1.1).min(65536.0);
        }
    }
}

/// Multi-stream processor for parallel GPU operations
pub struct MultiStreamProcessor {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    pub stream_ids: Vec<usize>,
    current_stream: usize,
}

impl MultiStreamProcessor {
    /// Create new multi-stream processor
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        let stream_ids = (0..config.num_streams).collect();

        Self {
            config,
            stream_ids,
            current_stream: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Get next available stream
    pub fn get_next_stream(&mut self) -> usize {
        let stream_id = self.stream_ids[self.current_stream];
        self.current_stream = (self.current_stream + 1) % self.stream_ids.len();
        stream_id
    }

    /// Process embeddings in parallel across multiple streams
    pub async fn process_batch_parallel(
        &mut self,
        entities: Vec<String>,
        process_fn: impl Fn(String, usize) -> Array1<f32> + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> {
        let chunk_size = (entities.len() + self.config.num_streams - 1) / self.config.num_streams;
        let mut tasks = Vec::new();

        for chunk in entities.chunks(chunk_size) {
            let stream_id = self.get_next_stream();
            let chunk_entities = chunk.to_vec();

            let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
                let mut results = Vec::new();
                for entity in chunk_entities {
                    let embedding = process_fn(entity, stream_id);
                    results.push(embedding);
                }
                results
            });

            tasks.push(task);
        }

        // Collect results from all streams
        let mut all_results = Vec::new();
        for task in tasks {
            let chunk_results = task.await?;
            all_results.extend(chunk_results);
        }

        Ok(all_results)
    }

    /// Synchronize all streams
    pub fn synchronize_all(&self) {
        // In real implementation, this would synchronize GPU streams
        debug!("Synchronized {} GPU streams", self.stream_ids.len());
    }
}

/// Main GPU acceleration manager
pub struct GpuAccelerationManager {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    memory_pool: GpuMemoryPool,
    tensor_cache: TensorCache,
    mixed_precision: MixedPrecisionProcessor,
    multi_stream: MultiStreamProcessor,
}

impl GpuAccelerationManager {
    /// Create new GPU acceleration manager
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        let memory_pool = GpuMemoryPool::new(config.clone());
        let tensor_cache = TensorCache::new(config.clone());
        let mixed_precision = MixedPrecisionProcessor::new(config.clone());
        let multi_stream = MultiStreamProcessor::new(config.clone());

        Self {
            config,
            memory_pool,
            tensor_cache,
            mixed_precision,
            multi_stream,
        }
    }

    /// Get memory pool
    pub fn memory_pool(&self) -> &GpuMemoryPool {
        &self.memory_pool
    }

    /// Get tensor cache
    pub fn tensor_cache(&self) -> &TensorCache {
        &self.tensor_cache
    }

    /// Get mixed precision processor
    pub fn mixed_precision(&mut self) -> &mut MixedPrecisionProcessor {
        &mut self.mixed_precision
    }

    /// Get multi-stream processor
    pub fn multi_stream(&mut self) -> &mut MultiStreamProcessor {
        &mut self.multi_stream
    }

    /// Optimize embedding computation with GPU acceleration
    pub async fn accelerated_embedding_generation(
        &mut self,
        entities: Vec<String>,
        base_compute_fn: impl Fn(&str) -> Array1<f32> + Send + Sync + Copy + 'static,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> {
        if !self.config.enabled {
            // Fallback to CPU computation
            return Ok(entities.iter().map(|e| base_compute_fn(e)).collect());
        }

        // Use multi-stream processing for parallel computation
        let results = self
            .multi_stream
            .process_batch_parallel(entities, move |entity, stream_id| {
                // In real implementation, this would use the appropriate GPU stream
                debug!("Processing entity {} on stream {}", entity, stream_id);
                base_compute_fn(&entity)
            })
            .await?;

        self.multi_stream.synchronize_all();
        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Get comprehensive performance stats
    pub fn get_performance_stats(&self) -> GpuPerformanceStats {
        let memory_stats = self.memory_pool.get_stats();
        let cache_stats = self.tensor_cache.get_stats();

        GpuPerformanceStats {
            memory_allocations: memory_stats.total_allocations,
            memory_deallocations: memory_stats.total_deallocations,
            peak_memory_usage_mb: memory_stats.peak_memory_usage / (1024 * 1024),
            current_memory_usage_mb: memory_stats.current_memory_usage / (1024 * 1024),
            memory_pool_hits: memory_stats.cache_hits,
            memory_pool_misses: memory_stats.cache_misses,
            tensor_cache_hits: cache_stats.hits,
            tensor_cache_misses: cache_stats.misses,
            tensor_cache_evictions: cache_stats.evictions,
            tensor_cache_memory_mb: cache_stats.total_memory_usage / (1024 * 1024),
            loss_scaling_factor: self.mixed_precision.loss_scaling,
            num_active_streams: self.config.num_streams,
        }
    }
}

/// GPU performance statistics
#[derive(Debug, Serialize)]
pub struct GpuPerformanceStats {
    pub memory_allocations: usize,
    pub memory_deallocations: usize,
    pub peak_memory_usage_mb: usize,
    pub current_memory_usage_mb: usize,
    pub memory_pool_hits: usize,
    pub memory_pool_misses: usize,
    pub tensor_cache_hits: usize,
    pub tensor_cache_misses: usize,
    pub tensor_cache_evictions: usize,
    pub tensor_cache_memory_mb: usize,
    pub loss_scaling_factor: f32,
    pub num_active_streams: usize,
}

/// Memory defragmentation utilities
pub struct MemoryDefragmenter {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    defrag_threshold: f32,
    last_defrag: Instant,
    defrag_interval: Duration,
}

impl MemoryDefragmenter {
    /// Create new memory defragmenter
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            defrag_threshold: 0.7, // Defrag when 70% fragmented
            last_defrag: Instant::now(),
            defrag_interval: Duration::from_secs(300), // Defrag every 5 minutes max
        }
    }

    /// Check if defragmentation is needed
    pub fn should_defragment(&self, memory_pool: &GpuMemoryPool) -> bool {
        let stats = memory_pool.get_stats();
        let fragmentation_ratio = self.calculate_fragmentation_ratio(&stats);

        fragmentation_ratio > self.defrag_threshold
            && self.last_defrag.elapsed() > self.defrag_interval
    }

    /// Calculate memory fragmentation ratio
    fn calculate_fragmentation_ratio(&self, stats: &AllocationStats) -> f32 {
        if stats.current_memory_usage == 0 {
            return 0.0;
        }

        // Simplified fragmentation calculation
        // In real implementation, would analyze actual memory layout
        let theoretical_optimal = stats.current_memory_usage;
        let actual_allocated = stats.peak_memory_usage;

        if actual_allocated == 0 {
            0.0
        } else {
            1.0 - (theoretical_optimal as f32 / actual_allocated as f32)
        }
    }

    /// Perform memory defragmentation
    pub fn defragment(&mut self, memory_pool: &GpuMemoryPool) -> Result<DefragmentationResult> {
        info!("Starting GPU memory defragmentation");
        let start_time = Instant::now();

        // In real implementation, would:
        // 1. Identify fragmented memory regions
        // 2. Move active allocations to contiguous regions
        // 3. Release fragmented blocks back to the pool

        // Simulate defragmentation work
        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));

        let stats_before = memory_pool.get_stats();

        // Simulate memory compaction (in real implementation would actually move memory)
        // This would involve GPU kernel calls to move data

        let stats_after = memory_pool.get_stats();
        self.last_defrag = Instant::now();

        let result = DefragmentationResult {
            duration: start_time.elapsed(),
            memory_freed: stats_before
                .peak_memory_usage
                .saturating_sub(stats_after.current_memory_usage),
            fragmentation_before: self.calculate_fragmentation_ratio(&stats_before),
            fragmentation_after: self.calculate_fragmentation_ratio(&stats_after),
        };

        info!("Defragmentation completed: {:?}", result);
        Ok(result)
    }
}

/// Results of memory defragmentation operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DefragmentationResult {
    pub duration: Duration,
    pub memory_freed: usize,
    pub fragmentation_before: f32,
    pub fragmentation_after: f32,
}

/// Out-of-core processing for handling datasets larger than GPU memory
pub struct OutOfCoreProcessor {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    chunk_size: usize,
    overlap_size: usize,
    memory_limit: usize,
}

impl OutOfCoreProcessor {
    /// Create new out-of-core processor
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        let memory_limit = config.memory_pool_size_mb * 1024 * 1024; // Convert to bytes
        let chunk_size = memory_limit / 4; // Use 25% of available memory per chunk
        let overlap_size = chunk_size / 10; // 10% overlap between chunks

        Self {
            config,
            chunk_size,
            overlap_size,
            memory_limit,
        }
    }

    /// Process large embedding batch using out-of-core strategy
    pub async fn process_large_batch<T>(
        &self,
        data: Vec<T>,
        process_fn: impl Fn(&[T]) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> + Send + Sync + Copy,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>>
    where
        T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if data.is_empty() {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        // Calculate optimal chunk size based on data size and memory constraints
        let item_size = std::mem::size_of::<T>();
        let max_items_per_chunk = self.chunk_size / item_size;
        let chunk_size = max_items_per_chunk.clamp(1, 1000); // Between 1 and 1000 items

        info!(
            "Processing {} items in chunks of {}",
            data.len(),
            chunk_size
        );

        let mut results = Vec::new();
        let mut processed_count = 0;

        for chunk in data.chunks(chunk_size) {
            // Process chunk on GPU
            let chunk_results = process_fn(chunk)?;
            results.extend(chunk_results);

            processed_count += chunk.len();

            if processed_count % (chunk_size * 10) == 0 {
                info!("Processed {}/{} items", processed_count, data.len());
            }

            // Yield control to allow other tasks to run
            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
        }

        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Process with overlapping windows for context-dependent embeddings
    pub async fn process_with_overlap<T>(
        &self,
        data: Vec<T>,
        process_fn: impl Fn(&[T]) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> + Send + Sync + Copy,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>>
    where
        T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if data.is_empty() {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        let item_size = std::mem::size_of::<T>();
        let max_items_per_chunk = self.chunk_size / item_size;
        let chunk_size = max_items_per_chunk.clamp(1, 1000);

        let mut results = Vec::new();
        let mut start_idx = 0;

        while start_idx < data.len() {
            let end_idx = (start_idx + chunk_size).min(data.len());
            let chunk = &data[start_idx..end_idx];

            let chunk_results = process_fn(chunk)?;

            // Handle overlap by only taking non-overlapping results
            let take_count = if start_idx == 0 {
                chunk_results.len()
            } else {
                // Skip overlap_size results from the beginning
                chunk_results
                    .len()
                    .saturating_sub(self.overlap_size / item_size)
            };

            results.extend(chunk_results.into_iter().take(take_count));

            start_idx += chunk_size - self.overlap_size / item_size;
            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
        }

        Ok(results)
    }
}

/// Dynamic shape handling for variable-size inputs
pub struct DynamicShapeHandler {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    shape_cache: HashMap<Vec<usize>, ShapeInfo>,
    max_cached_shapes: usize,
}

/// Information about tensor shapes for optimization
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct ShapeInfo {
    shape: Vec<usize>,
    memory_requirement: usize,
    optimal_batch_size: usize,
    last_used: Instant,
}

impl DynamicShapeHandler {
    /// Create new dynamic shape handler
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            shape_cache: HashMap::new(),
            max_cached_shapes: 100,
        }
    }

    /// Optimize tensor shapes for GPU processing
    pub fn optimize_shape(&mut self, shape: Vec<usize>) -> Vec<usize> {
        // Check cache first
        if let Some(shape_info) = self.shape_cache.get_mut(&shape) {
            shape_info.last_used = Instant::now();
            return shape_info.shape.clone();
        }

        // Calculate optimal shape based on GPU characteristics
        let optimized_shape = self.calculate_optimal_shape(&shape);

        // Cache the result
        self.cache_shape_info(shape.clone(), optimized_shape.clone());

        optimized_shape
    }

    /// Calculate optimal shape for GPU processing
    fn calculate_optimal_shape(&self, shape: &[usize]) -> Vec<usize> {
        let mut optimized = shape.to_vec();

        // Align dimensions to GPU warp/wavefront sizes (typically 32)
        const WARP_SIZE: usize = 32;

        for dim in &mut optimized {
            if *dim > 0 {
                // Round up to next multiple of warp size for better GPU utilization
                *dim = ((*dim + WARP_SIZE - 1) / WARP_SIZE) * WARP_SIZE;
            }
        }

        optimized
    }

    /// Cache shape information
    fn cache_shape_info(&mut self, original_shape: Vec<usize>, optimized_shape: Vec<usize>) {
        // Evict old entries if cache is full
        if self.shape_cache.len() >= self.max_cached_shapes {
            self.evict_oldest_shape();
        }

        let memory_requirement = optimized_shape.iter().product::<usize>() * 4; // Assume f32
        let optimal_batch_size = self.calculate_optimal_batch_size(memory_requirement);

        let shape_info = ShapeInfo {
            shape: optimized_shape,
            memory_requirement,
            optimal_batch_size,
            last_used: Instant::now(),
        };

        self.shape_cache.insert(original_shape, shape_info);
    }

    /// Calculate optimal batch size for given memory requirement
    fn calculate_optimal_batch_size(&self, memory_per_item: usize) -> usize {
        if memory_per_item == 0 {
            return 1;
        }

        let available_memory = (self.config.memory_pool_size_mb * 1024 * 1024) / 2; // Use 50% of available memory
        let max_batch_size = available_memory / memory_per_item;

        // Clamp to reasonable range
        max_batch_size.clamp(1, 1024)
    }

    /// Evict oldest cached shape
    fn evict_oldest_shape(&mut self) {
        if let Some(oldest_key) = self
            .shape_cache
            .iter()
            .min_by_key(|(_, info)| info.last_used)
            .map(|(key, _)| key.clone())
        {
            self.shape_cache.remove(&oldest_key);
        }
    }

    /// Get optimal batch size for given shape
    pub fn get_optimal_batch_size(&self, shape: &[usize]) -> usize {
        self.shape_cache
            .get(shape)
            .map(|info| info.optimal_batch_size)
            .unwrap_or(1)
    }
}

/// Batch size optimizer for maximizing GPU utilization
pub struct BatchSizeOptimizer {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    performance_history: VecDeque<BatchPerformance>,
    max_history_size: usize,
    current_optimal_batch_size: usize,
}

/// Performance metrics for a batch processing operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct BatchPerformance {
    batch_size: usize,
    processing_time: Duration,
    memory_usage: usize,
    throughput: f64, // items per second
    gpu_utilization: f64,
    timestamp: Instant,
}

impl BatchSizeOptimizer {
    /// Create new batch size optimizer
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Self {
        Self {
            config,
            performance_history: VecDeque::new(),
            max_history_size: 50,
            current_optimal_batch_size: 32, // Conservative starting point
        }
    }

    /// Find optimal batch size through adaptive testing
    pub async fn find_optimal_batch_size<T>(
        &mut self,
        sample_data: Vec<T>,
        process_fn: impl Fn(&[T]) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> + Send + Sync + Copy,
    ) -> Result<usize>
    where
        T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        if sample_data.is_empty() {
            return Ok(1);
        }

        info!("Optimizing batch size for embedding generation");

        let test_sizes = vec![1, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512];
        let max_test_size = sample_data.len().min(512);

        let mut best_batch_size = 1;
        let mut best_throughput = 0.0;

        for &batch_size in &test_sizes {
            if batch_size > max_test_size {
                break;
            }

            // Test this batch size
            let performance = self
                .test_batch_size(
                    &sample_data[..batch_size.min(sample_data.len())],
                    batch_size,
                    process_fn,
                )
                .await?;

            info!(
                "Batch size {}: {:.2} items/sec, {:.1}ms processing time",
                batch_size,
                performance.throughput,
                performance.processing_time.as_millis()
            );

            if performance.throughput > best_throughput {
                best_throughput = performance.throughput;
                best_batch_size = batch_size;
            }

            // Add to performance history
            self.performance_history.push_back(performance);
            if self.performance_history.len() > self.max_history_size {
                self.performance_history.pop_front();
            }

            // Small delay between tests
            tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
        }

        self.current_optimal_batch_size = best_batch_size;
        info!("Optimal batch size determined: {}", best_batch_size);

        Ok(best_batch_size)
    }

    /// Test performance of a specific batch size
    async fn test_batch_size<T>(
        &self,
        sample_data: &[T],
        batch_size: usize,
        process_fn: impl Fn(&[T]) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>>,
    ) -> Result<BatchPerformance>
    where
        T: Clone,
    {
        let start_time = Instant::now();
        let memory_before = self.estimate_memory_usage();

        // Process the batch
        let _results = process_fn(sample_data)?;

        let processing_time = start_time.elapsed();
        let memory_after = self.estimate_memory_usage();
        let memory_usage = memory_after.saturating_sub(memory_before);

        // Calculate throughput
        let throughput = if processing_time.as_secs_f64() > 0.0 {
            sample_data.len() as f64 / processing_time.as_secs_f64()
        } else {
            0.0
        };

        // Estimate GPU utilization (simplified)
        let gpu_utilization = self.estimate_gpu_utilization(batch_size, processing_time);

        Ok(BatchPerformance {
            batch_size,
            processing_time,
            memory_usage,
            throughput,
            gpu_utilization,
            timestamp: Instant::now(),
        })
    }

    /// Estimate current memory usage
    fn estimate_memory_usage(&self) -> usize {
        // In real implementation, would query actual GPU memory usage
        // For simulation, return a reasonable estimate
        (self.config.memory_pool_size_mb * 1024 * 1024) / 4 // Assume 25% usage
    }

    /// Estimate GPU utilization based on batch size and processing time
    fn estimate_gpu_utilization(&self, batch_size: usize, processing_time: Duration) -> f64 {
        // Simplified model: larger batches generally improve utilization up to a point
        let base_utilization = (batch_size as f64).log2() / 10.0; // Log scale
        let time_factor = if processing_time.as_millis() < 10 {
            0.5 // Very fast suggests underutilization
        } else if processing_time.as_millis() > 1000 {
            0.7 // Very slow might indicate bottlenecks
        } else {
            1.0
        };

        (base_utilization * time_factor).clamp(0.0, 1.0)
    }

    /// Get current optimal batch size
    pub fn get_optimal_batch_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.current_optimal_batch_size
    }

    /// Get performance statistics
    pub fn get_performance_stats(&self) -> BatchSizeOptimizerStats {
        let avg_throughput = if !self.performance_history.is_empty() {
            self.performance_history
                .iter()
                .map(|p| p.throughput)
                .sum::<f64>()
                / self.performance_history.len() as f64
        } else {
            0.0
        };

        let avg_gpu_utilization = if !self.performance_history.is_empty() {
            self.performance_history
                .iter()
                .map(|p| p.gpu_utilization)
                .sum::<f64>()
                / self.performance_history.len() as f64
        } else {
            0.0
        };

        BatchSizeOptimizerStats {
            current_optimal_batch_size: self.current_optimal_batch_size,
            avg_throughput,
            avg_gpu_utilization,
            total_tests_performed: self.performance_history.len(),
        }
    }
}

/// Statistics from batch size optimization
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct BatchSizeOptimizerStats {
    pub current_optimal_batch_size: usize,
    pub avg_throughput: f64,
    pub avg_gpu_utilization: f64,
    pub total_tests_performed: usize,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    /// Regression: `TensorCache` eviction previously only adjusted a statistic
    /// and never removed backing tensors, so real memory grew without bound. It
    /// must now genuinely drop entries and keep the map size bounded.
    #[test]
    fn regression_tensor_cache_evicts_real_entries() {
        // Tiny 1 MB budget so a handful of tensors forces eviction.
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig {
            cache_size_mb: 1,
            ..GpuAccelerationConfig::default()
        };
        let cache = TensorCache::new(config);

        // Each tensor is 256 * 256 * 4 bytes = 256 KiB; inserting 40 of them
        // (~10 MiB) vastly exceeds the 1 MiB budget.
        for i in 0..40 {
            let tensor = Array2::<f32>::zeros((256, 256));
            cache.cache_entity_tensor(&format!("entity_{i}"), tensor, 0);
        }

        let stats = cache.get_stats();
        let max_bytes = 1024 * 1024;
        // Real memory must be bounded and evictions must have occurred.
        assert!(
            stats.total_memory_usage <= max_bytes,
            "cache exceeded budget: {} > {}",
            stats.total_memory_usage,
            max_bytes
        );
        assert!(stats.evictions > 0, "expected real evictions to occur");

        // The most recently inserted entry must still be present; an old one
        // must have been dropped (bounded backing store).
        assert!(cache.get_entity_tensor("entity_39").is_some());
        assert!(cache.get_entity_tensor("entity_0").is_none());
    }

    /// Regression: the mixed-precision path used to be a no-op branch identical
    /// to full precision. `round_f32_to_bf16` must genuinely reduce mantissa
    /// precision so the flag produces different numerics.
    #[test]
    fn regression_bf16_rounding_reduces_precision() {
        // A value whose low mantissa bits are dropped by bf16 rounding.
        let x = 1.000_012_3_f32;
        let rounded = round_f32_to_bf16(x);
        assert_ne!(
            rounded, x,
            "bf16 rounding must change a high-precision value"
        );
        // But it must stay close (same magnitude / exponent).
        assert!((rounded - x).abs() < 0.01);

        // Exactly-representable bf16 values are unchanged.
        assert_eq!(round_f32_to_bf16(1.0), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(round_f32_to_bf16(0.0), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(round_f32_to_bf16(2.0), 2.0);
        // NaN stays NaN.
        assert!(round_f32_to_bf16(f32::NAN).is_nan());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gpu_acceleration_config_default() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();
        assert!(config.enabled);
        assert_eq!(config.device_ids, vec![0]);
        assert_eq!(config.memory_pool_size_mb, 2048);
        assert!(config.mixed_precision);
        assert!(config.tensor_caching);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_memory_pool_allocation() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();
        let pool = GpuMemoryPool::new(config);

        let block_id = pool.allocate(1024, 0).expect("should succeed");
        assert!(block_id > 0);

        pool.deallocate(block_id).expect("should succeed");

        // Should reuse the block
        let block_id2 = pool.allocate(1024, 0).expect("should succeed");
        assert_eq!(block_id, block_id2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tensor_cache() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();
        let cache = TensorCache::new(config);

        let tensor = Array2::zeros((10, 20));
        cache.cache_entity_tensor("test_entity", tensor.clone(), 0);

        let cached = cache
            .get_entity_tensor("test_entity")
            .expect("should succeed");
        assert_eq!(cached.shape(), tensor.shape());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_mixed_precision() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();
        let processor = MixedPrecisionProcessor::new(config);

        // Use a value that will definitely cause precision loss in FP16 simulation
        let tensor = Array2::from_elem((2, 2), 1.0001);
        let fp16_tensor = processor.to_fp16(&tensor);

        if processor.fp16_enabled {
            // Should have some precision loss in FP16 simulation
            assert!(fp16_tensor[[0, 0]] != tensor[[0, 0]]);
        } else {
            // If FP16 is disabled, values should be identical
            assert_eq!(fp16_tensor[[0, 0]], tensor[[0, 0]]);
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_multi_stream_processing() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();
        let mut processor = MultiStreamProcessor::new(config);

        let entities = vec!["entity1".to_string(), "entity2".to_string()];
        let process_fn = |entity: String, _stream_id: usize| -> Array1<f32> {
            Array1::from_vec(vec![entity.len() as f32])
        };

        let results = processor
            .process_batch_parallel(entities, process_fn)
            .await
            .expect("should succeed");
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scirs2_gpu_accelerator() {
        // Test initialization - skip if no GPU available
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();

        match SciRS2GpuAccelerator::new(config) {
            Ok(accelerator) => {
                // Verify initialization if GPU is available
                assert!(accelerator.num_devices() > 0);
            }
            Err(_) => {
                // Skip test if no GPU hardware is available
                println!("Skipping GPU test: no hardware available");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tensor_core_operations() {
        let config = GpuAccelerationConfig::default();

        // Skip test if no GPU available
        if let Ok(accelerator) = SciRS2GpuAccelerator::new(config) {
            // Test matrix dimensions
            let _matrix_a = Array2::<f32>::ones((256, 512));
            let _matrix_b = Array2::<f32>::ones((512, 256));

            // This would use tensor cores in production
            let stats = accelerator.get_stats();
            assert_eq!(stats.total_operations, 0);
        } else {
            println!("Skipping tensor core test: no GPU hardware available");
        }
    }
}

/// GPU-gated accelerator built on SciRS2's GPU device abstractions.
///
/// IMPORTANT — current execution model: constructing this type validates that
/// at least one GPU device/context is available (see [`SciRS2GpuAccelerator::new`],
/// which returns an error when no device can be initialized), but the numeric
/// kernels below (`tensor_core_gemm`, `batch_embed`, `simd_similarity`) currently
/// execute on the **CPU**. Device-side kernel dispatch through the held
/// [`GpuContext`]s is not yet wired. These methods are therefore honest CPU
/// implementations rather than GPU/tensor-core execution:
/// - `tensor_core_gemm` performs an f32 matmul; with mixed precision enabled it
///   genuinely rounds operands to bfloat16 precision before multiplying and
///   accumulates in f32, mirroring tensor-core numerics on the CPU.
/// - `batch_embed` / `simd_similarity` perform standard CPU linear algebra.
///
/// The retained `contexts` field records the validated devices and gates
/// construction; it is the anchor point for future real GPU dispatch.
pub struct SciRS2GpuAccelerator {
    config: GpuAccelerationConfig,
    contexts: Vec<GpuContext>,
    operations: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
}

/// Round an `f32` to bfloat16 precision (round-to-nearest-even) and back to
/// `f32`. bfloat16 keeps the f32 exponent but truncates the mantissa from 23 to
/// 7 bits; this is a pure-Rust emulation of the reduced-precision operands used
/// by hardware tensor cores, so the mixed-precision code path produces genuinely
/// different (lower-precision) numerics rather than being a no-op branch.
#[inline]
fn round_f32_to_bf16(x: f32) -> f32 {
    let bits = x.to_bits();
    // NaN: keep as-is (avoid turning a NaN into infinity via rounding).
    if x.is_nan() {
        return x;
    }
    // Round-to-nearest-even on the 16-bit boundary.
    let rounding_bias = 0x0000_7fff + ((bits >> 16) & 1);
    let rounded = bits.wrapping_add(rounding_bias) & 0xffff_0000;
    f32::from_bits(rounded)
}

impl SciRS2GpuAccelerator {
    /// Create new SciRS2 GPU accelerator
    pub fn new(config: GpuAccelerationConfig) -> Result<Self> {
        let mut contexts = Vec::new();

        // Initialize GPU contexts for each device
        // Note: This uses a default backend since device IDs are configuration-specific
        for _device_id in &config.device_ids {
            match GpuContext::new(GpuBackend::Cuda) {
                Ok(ctx) => {
                    info!("Initialized GPU context");
                    contexts.push(ctx);
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    warn!("Failed to initialize GPU device: {}", e);
                }
            }
        }

        if contexts.is_empty() {
            return Err(anyhow!("No GPU devices available for acceleration"));
        }

        Ok(Self {
            config,
            contexts,
            operations: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
        })
    }

    /// Get number of available GPU devices
    pub fn num_devices(&self) -> usize {
        self.contexts.len()
    }

    /// Matrix multiplication, optionally in emulated mixed precision.
    ///
    /// CPU implementation (see the type-level note). When `use_mixed_precision`
    /// is requested and enabled in the config, both operands are rounded to
    /// bfloat16 precision before the product and the result is accumulated in
    /// f32 — a faithful CPU emulation of tensor-core mixed-precision numerics,
    /// not a no-op branch. The inner dimensions must be compatible; a mismatch
    /// is reported as an error rather than panicking.
    pub fn tensor_core_gemm(
        &self,
        a: &Array2<f32>,
        b: &Array2<f32>,
        use_mixed_precision: bool,
    ) -> Result<Array2<f32>> {
        if a.ncols() != b.nrows() {
            return Err(anyhow!(
                "tensor_core_gemm: incompatible shapes {:?} x {:?}",
                a.dim(),
                b.dim()
            ));
        }

        let result = if use_mixed_precision && self.config.mixed_precision {
            // Genuine reduced-precision operands (bf16), f32 accumulation.
            let a_bf16 = a.mapv(round_f32_to_bf16);
            let b_bf16 = b.mapv(round_f32_to_bf16);
            a_bf16.dot(&b_bf16)
        } else {
            a.dot(b)
        };

        self.operations.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Batch embedding lookup: `embedding_matrix · input` for each input.
    ///
    /// CPU implementation (see the type-level note). Each input's dimension must
    /// match the embedding matrix's column count; a mismatch is reported as an
    /// error rather than panicking on the request path.
    pub fn batch_embed(
        &self,
        inputs: &[Array1<f32>],
        embedding_matrix: &Array2<f32>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<Array1<f32>>> {
        let batch_size = inputs.len();
        let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(batch_size);

        let cols = embedding_matrix.ncols();
        for (idx, input) in inputs.iter().enumerate() {
            if input.len() != cols {
                return Err(anyhow!(
                    "batch_embed: input {} has length {} but embedding matrix expects {}",
                    idx,
                    input.len(),
                    cols
                ));
            }
            results.push(embedding_matrix.dot(input));
        }

        self.operations.fetch_add(batch_size, Ordering::Relaxed);

        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Dot-product similarity of `query` against each candidate.
    ///
    /// CPU implementation (see the type-level note). All candidates must share
    /// the query's dimension; a mismatch is reported as an error rather than
    /// panicking.
    pub fn simd_similarity(
        &self,
        query: &Array1<f32>,
        candidates: &[Array1<f32>],
    ) -> Result<Vec<f32>> {
        let dim = query.len();
        let mut similarities = Vec::with_capacity(candidates.len());
        for (idx, candidate) in candidates.iter().enumerate() {
            if candidate.len() != dim {
                return Err(anyhow!(
                    "simd_similarity: candidate {} has length {} but query has {}",
                    idx,
                    candidate.len(),
                    dim
                ));
            }
            similarities.push(query.dot(candidate));
        }

        self.operations
            .fetch_add(candidates.len(), Ordering::Relaxed);

        Ok(similarities)
    }

    /// Get acceleration statistics
    pub fn get_stats(&self) -> AcceleratorStats {
        AcceleratorStats {
            total_operations: self.operations.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
            num_devices: self.contexts.len(),
            profiler_report: "Stats available".to_string(),
        }
    }

    /// Clear profiling data
    pub fn clear_stats(&self) {
        self.operations.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

/// Statistics for GPU accelerator
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AcceleratorStats {
    pub total_operations: usize,
    pub num_devices: usize,
    pub profiler_report: String,
}